Anarchism and nationalism have a long history, going back to prominent anarchist theorist Mikhail Bakunin's early involvement in the Pan-Slavic movement. Anarchists have participated in left-nationalist movements in China, Korea, Vietnam, Ireland, Brittany, Ukraine, Poland, Mexico, Israel, and many other nations. Modern anarchist organizations working on national liberation struggles in Europe, include the in Brittany and Negres Tempestes in Catalonia. The latter self-identifies with an ideology of "Anarcoindependentisme", participating in struggles to defend the Catalan language and culture, while being critical of state based solutions to national questions.