Families were under no customary or religious duty to give funeral or burial rites to infants, and were dissuaded from offering them cremation rites or cemetery burial unless the infant had cut its first teeth. Until it had been named by its father on its "dies lustricus" (name-day), 8 or 9 days after birth, an infant or new-born who died remained ritually pure; its death polluted no-one, and its spirit could not become a malevolent, earthbound shade. It needed no funeral rites, and if it died while less than 4 days old, it could be buried almost anywhere, even within the "pomerium" (the city or town ritual boundary); often within houses, or "under the eaves". Children were thought to acquire full humanity only by degrees, and with careful teaching; babies were "fierce, hot-tempered creature, dominated by emotions and sensations." Plutarch held that until the withering and removal of the umbilical cord and its first breath, the neonate was "more like a plant than an animal"; if it died at birth, sadness at its lost potential was entirely natural but mourning should be restrained. Nevertheless, some infants who died during or soon after birth were lovingly commemorated; in at least one such burial, the infant was accompanied to their afterlife with a coin to pay the ferryman. Grave goods in infant burials could include toys, pets, food and images of protective childhood or birth deities, to guard the child's soul on its journey.