The "Charodis", the second-largest group, were converts from the Kshatriya (warrior class) and Vaishya (merchant class) castes. They were generally engaged in trade and commercial vocations. The artisan converts formed the third-biggest group and were known as "Sudirs" (the Konkani word for Shudras, which were the labour class). They were workers and agricultural labourers engaged in service professions. The converts from the fisher caste residing around Ullal, Kuloor, and other places around the seacoast were called "Gaudis", and formed the fourth group. They cultivated the lands of the "Bamonns" and the high-caste Hindus. Other minor castes included the "Padvals", whom historian Severine Silva assumes to be local Jain converts.