"Batman" writer and editor Dennis O'Neil has said that, figuratively, Batman's Gotham City is akin to "Chicago below downtown at eleven minutes past midnight on the coldest night in November." Batman artist Neal Adams has long believed that Chicago has been the basis for Gotham, stating "one of the things about Chicago is Chicago has alleys (which are virtually nonexistent in New York). Back alleys, that's where Batman fights all the bad guys." The statement "Metropolis is New York by day; Gotham City is New York by night" has been variously attributed to comics creators Frank Miller and John Byrne.