Any official convicted by the Senate is immediately removed from office, and to prevent the President's Article II appointment power from being used as a de-facto pardon the Senate may also vote by a simple majority, that the removed official be forever disqualified from holding any future office under the United States. Constitutional law expert Senator Matthew Carpenter reported that without the permanent disqualification clause impeachment would have no effect, because the President could simply reinstate his impeached officers "the next morning."