In 1856, the "Hatt-ı Hümayun" promised equality for all Ottoman citizens regardless of their ethnicity and religious confession; which thus widened the scope of the 1839 "Hatt-ı Şerif" of Gülhane. Overall, the Tanzimat reforms had far-reaching effects. Those educated in the schools established during the Tanzimat period included Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and other progressive leaders and thinkers of the Republic of Turkey and of many other former Ottoman states in the Balkans, the Middle East and North Africa. These reforms included guarantees to ensure the Ottoman subjects perfect security for their lives, honour and property;