In 1996, NASA funded Richard Stoner’s research to develop a natural liquid biocontrol, known then as organic disease control (ODC), to prevent plant diseases and increase yields without the  use of pesticides for closed-loop hydroponic systems. By 1997, Stoner’s biocontrol experiments were conducted by NASA. BioServe Space Technologies’s GAP technology (miniature growth chambers) delivered the ODC solution unto bean seeds. Triplicate ODC experiments were conducted in GAP’s flown to the MIR by the space shuttle; at the Kennedy Space Center; and at Colorado State University (J. Linden). All GAPS were housed in total darkness to eliminate light as an experiment variable. The NASA experiment was to study only the benefits of the biocontrol.