Under Ming administration, the jurisdictional authority of tusi began to be replaced with state territorial authority. The "tusi" acted as stop gaps until enough Chinese settlers arrived for a "tipping point" to be reached, and they were then converted into official prefectures and counties to be fully annexed into the central bureaucratic system of the Ming dynasty. This process was known as "gaitu guiliu" (), or "turning native rule into regular administration". The most notable example of this was the consolidation of southwestern "tusi" chiefdoms into the province of Guizhou in 1413.