The result of this linguistic displacement was that Goans did not develop a literature in Konkani, nor could the language unite the population as several scripts (including Roman, Devanagari and Kannada) were used to write it. Konkani became the "língua de criados" (language of the servants) as Hindu and Catholic elites turned to Marathi and Portuguese, respectively. Ironically, Konkani is at present the 'cement' that binds all Konkanis across caste, religion and class and is affectionately termed "Konkani Mai" (Mother Konkani). The language only received official recognition in 1987, when on the February of that year, the Indian government recognised Konkani as the official language of Goa.