According to the "Oxford English Dictionary" the earliest citation in English where the term was used to mean "the profession or practice of the Jewish religion; the religious system or polity of the Jews" is Robert Fabyan's "The newe cronycles of Englande and of Fraunce" (1516). "Judaism" as a direct translation of the Latin "Iudaismus" first occurred in a 1611 English translation of the apocrypha (Deuterocanon in Catholic and Eastern Orthodoxy), 2 Macc. ii. 21: "Those that behaved themselves manfully to their honour for Iudaisme."