CHED has also accredited a number of the Ateneo de Manila's departments and programs as Centers of Excellence, indicating the highest degree of instruction, research, and extension in the Philippines of their particular fields or courses, and Centers of Development, indicating "significant improvement" of instruction, research, and extension from the previous year. The Ateneo has Centers of Excellence in information technology, chemistry, mathematics, physics, English literature, philosophy, biology, psychology, sociology, business administration or management, and entrepreneurship. It has Centers of Development in environmental science, communication, electronic engineering, history, Philippine literature, and political science. The Loyola Heights campus also hosts three scientific research institutions: Philippine Institute of Pure and Applied Chemistry, National Chemistry Instrumentation Center, and the Manila Observatory.