The question was next discussed in France ("la question juive") after the French Revolution in 1789. It was discussed in Germany in 1843 via Bruno Bauer's treatise "Die Judenfrage" ("The Jewish Question"). He argued that Jews could achieve political emancipation only if they let go their religious consciousness, as he proposed that political emancipation required a secular state. In 1898, Theodore Herzl's treatise, "Der Judenstaat", advocates Zionism as a "modern solution for the Jewish question" by creating an independent Jewish state, preferably in Palestine.