A change first occurred in the Irish courts which repudiated the English railroad decision and recognised liability for "nervous shock" in the "Byrne" (1884) and "Bell" (1890) cases In England, the idea that physical/mental shock without impact from an external source should be a bar to recovery was first questioned at the Queen's Bench in "Pugh v. London etc. Railroad Co." In the following year, the Queen's Bench formally recognised the tort, for the first time, in the case of , although it was referred to as "intentional infliction of mental shock". "Wilkinson" has been subsequently approved by both the Court of Appeal ("Janvier v Sweeney" [1919 2 KB 316) and House of Lords (). Citing "Pugh" and the Irish courts as precedent, the "Wilkinson" court noted the willful nature of the act as a direct cause of the harm.