Standard deduction: In addition, individuals get a deduction from taxable income for certain personal expenses. Alternatively, the individual may claim a standard deduction. For 2018, the basic standard deduction was $12,000 for single individuals or married persons filing separately, $24,000 for a joint return or surviving spouse, and $18,000 for a head of household. For tax year 2019, the basic standard deduction amounts are $12,200 for a single individual or married person filing separately, $24,400 for a joint return or surviving spouse return, and $18,350 for a head of household.