In American law, a "bona fide" purchaser who unknowingly purchases and subsequently sells stolen goods will, at common law, be held liable in trover for the full market value of those goods as of the date of conversion. Since the true owner retains legal title, the seller is liable even in a chain of successive "bona fide" purchasers (i.e., the true owner can successfully sue the fifth "bona fide" purchaser in trover). However, the problem of successive "bona fide" purchasers can be remedied: If the jurisdiction recognises an implied warranty that the seller has title to the property (Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) in the United States), then the "bona fide" purchaser can sue the seller for breach of that implied warranty. Courts of equity traditionally also recognise various other exceptions, likely giving rise to the idea embodied in the modern UCC.