An anonymous writer composed a short guide for the would-be "podestà" (although it would be unseemly to appear openly to run for the office), "Oculus pastoralis", of about 1222; in six simple and brief chapters it guides the novice through the requirements of the office, the salary, the address of welcome given by the retiring "podestà" to the new one, the choice of counsellors, the handling of money accounts. The fifth chapter offers some model speeches on public occasions, such as the death of prominent citizens. A final chapter touches upon making war (in a paragraph), and the training of urban officials.