Major units of the NSKK were formed by 1944, operating throughout Germany. There were two full brigades of the NSKK supporting the Luftwaffe; a "Motorobergruppe Alpenland" in the Austrian Alps; "Motorobergruppe Mitte" (middle) which operated in Berlin, Franconia, and the Lower Rhine; "Motorobergruppe Nord" (north) that covered Hamburg, Lower Saxony, the Baltic Sea and Schleswig-Holstein; "Motorobergruppe Nordost" (northeast) in Danzig, East Prussia, and Wartheland; "Motorobergruppe Ost" (east) for Leipzig, Lower and Upper Silesia; "Motorobergruppe Süd" (south) which served Bavaria and Hochland; "Motorobergruppe Südwest" (southwest) for the Rhine-Moselle, and Swabian regions; "Motorobergruppe Südost" (southeast) covering the Upper and Lower Danube, Sudetenland; and "Motorobergruppe West" (west) which was responsible for Hessen, Thuringia, and Westphalia. Moreover, there were also NSKK units assigned to Organization Todt, operating in France, Italy and Russia. Historian Peter Longerich suggests that members of the NSKK along with the para-military police, the Waffen-SS, and the German Army were all culpable in varying degrees for large-scale arrests, torture, and mass executions.