The Italian Jesuits who arrived in Mangalore in 1878, devoted themselves to the study and development of Konkani, and were thus responsible for the revival of the Konkani language in Mangalore. The origin of their literature dates to 1883, when Angelus Francis Xavier Maffei, an Italian Jesuit, published the first "An English–Konkani Dictionary" in Mangalore. He published a book on Konkani grammar in 1882, with a revised version in 1893. In 1912 the first Konkani periodical, "Konknni Dirvem" (Konkani Treasure), was published in Mangalore by Louis Mascarenhas. Popular Konkani periodicals published in Mangalore include "Raknno" (Guardian) (1938) by Mons. Sylvester Menezes, "Konkan Daiz" (Heritage of Konkani) (1958), and "Kannik" (Donation) (1965) by Raymond Miranda. The twentieth-century literature focused on themes like the suffering of the Mangalorean Catholics during their 15-year captivity at Seringapatam and the oppression of Goan Catholics during the Goa Inquisition. The first Konkani novel in Karnataka "Aangel" (1915), was written in the Kannada script by Joachim Santan Alvares. In Bombay—which had a small Mangalorean Catholic community—periodicals like "Sukh-Dukh" (Ups and Downs) (1948) by G.M.B. Rodrigues, "Konknni Yuvak" (Konkani Youth) (1949) by George Fernandes, "Poinnari" (Traveller) (1950) by V.J.P. Saldanha, and "Divo" (Lamp) (1995) by J.B. Moraes were published.