The Bhakti (devotional) movement was active during this time, and involved well known Haridasas (devotee saints) of that time. Like the Virashaiva movement of the 12th century, this movement presented another strong current of devotion, pervading the lives of millions. The haridasas represented two groups, the "Vyasakuta" and "Dasakuta", the former being required to be proficient in the Vedas, Upanishads and other Darshanas, while the "Dasakuta" merely conveyed the message of Madhvacharya through the Kannada language to the people in the form of devotional songs ("Devaranamas" and "Kirthanas"). The philosophy of Madhvacharya was spread by eminent disciples such as Naraharitirtha, Jayatirtha, Sripadaraya, Vyasatirtha, Vadirajatirtha and others. Vyasatirtha, the "guru" (teacher) of Vadirajatirtha, Purandaradasa (Father of Carnatic music) and Kanakadasa earned the devotion of King Krishnadevaraya. The king considered the saint his "Kuladevata" (family deity) and honoured him in his writings. During this time, another great composer of early carnatic music, Annamacharya composed hundreds of "Kirthanas" in Telugu at Tirupati in present-day Andhra Pradesh.