There are a few methods to calculate line length to fit the intended average count of characters that such line should contain based on the factors listed above. Most, if not all of these methods, use the length of the lowercase alphabet or LCA as a reference for its calculation. The lowercase alphabet (a measurement of the array of characters of the hegemonic roman alphabet from "a" to "z" in typographic points) was sometimes included in type specimen booklets. If not available, the first step to calculate the line length for all these methods is the measurement of the LCA at the size that will be ultimately used.