The differences between the two texts have made it difficult to interpret the treaty and continues to undermine its effect. The most critical difference between the texts revolves around the interpretation of three Māori words: "kāwanatanga" (governorship), which is ceded to the Queen in the first article; "rangatiratanga" (chieftainship) not "mana" (leadership) (which was stated in the Declaration of Independence just five years before the treaty was signed), which is retained by the chiefs in the second; and "taonga" (property or valued possessions), which the chiefs are guaranteed ownership and control of, also in the second article. Few Māori involved with the treaty negotiations understood the concepts of sovereignty or "governorship", as they were used by 19th-century Europeans, and lawyer Moana Jackson has stated that "ceding mana or sovereignty in a treaty was legally and culturally incomprehensible in Māori terms".