Senators are chosen by their districts equal in free white population. The number of senators is to never be less than one third or more than one half of that of representatives. Each district is to have one member. Senators are chosen for three years on the first Monday of September. They must be citizens of the Republic, reside in the district they represent for at least one year before the election, and be at least thirty. The Vice President is to be the President of the Senate but does not vote unless there is a tie. Each house is the judge of elections, qualifications, and returns of its own members. Two thirds of each House is needed for a quorum, but a smaller number can still adjourn and call those who are not in attendance. Houses are able to determine their own rules for proceedings and punishment. Vacancies that happen in either house are to be filled by the President.