After the first partition Frederick engaged in plunder of Polish property, gradually appropriating Polish estates and monasteries to support German colonization, and in 1783 he ordered forced buy-outs of Polish holdings. The new strict tax system and bureaucracy was particularly disliked among the Polish population, as was the compulsory Prussian military service that served to Germanize the Poles. Frederick abolished the gentry's freedom from taxation and restricted its power. Royal estates formerly belonging to the Polish Crown were redistributed to German landowners, further reinforcing Germanization.