Estimates of the mass of the Milky Way vary, depending upon the method and data used. The low end of the estimate range is 5.8 solar masses (), somewhat less than that of the Andromeda Galaxy. Measurements using the Very Long Baseline Array in 2009 found velocities as large as for stars at the outer edge of the Milky Way. Because the orbital velocity depends on the total mass inside the orbital radius, this suggests that the Milky Way is more massive, roughly equaling the mass of Andromeda Galaxy at 7  within of its center. In 2010, a measurement of the radial velocity of halo stars found that the mass enclosed within 80 kiloparsecs is 7 . According to a study published in 2014, the mass of the entire Milky Way is estimated to be 8.5 , but this is only half the mass of the Andromeda Galaxy. A recent mass estimate for the Milky Way is 1.29 .