The term "hipster" was coined by Harry Gibson in 1944. By the 1940s, the terms "hip", "hep" and "hepcat" were popular in Harlem jazz slang, although "hep" eventually came to denote an inferior status to "hip". In Greenwich Village in the early 1960s, New York City, young counterculture advocates were named "hips" because they were considered "in the know" or "cool", as opposed to being "square", meaning conventional and old-fashioned. In the April 27, 1961 issue of The Village Voice, "An open letter to JFK & Fidel Castro", Norman Mailer utilizes the term hippies, in questioning JFK's behavior. In a 1961 essay, Kenneth Rexroth used both the terms "hipster" and "hippies" to refer to young people participating in black American or Beatnik nightlife. According to Malcolm X's 1964 autobiography, the word "hippie" in 1940s Harlem had been used to describe a specific type of white man who "acted more Negro than Negroes". Andrew Loog Oldham refers to "all the Chicago hippies," seemingly in reference to black blues/R&B musicians, in his rear sleeve notes to the 1965 LP "The Rolling Stones, Now!"