The Anglo-American Explosives Company began manufacturing its shotgun powder in Oakland, New Jersey in 1890. DuPont began producing guncotton at Carneys Point Township, New Jersey in 1891. Charles E. Munroe of the Naval Torpedo Station in Newport, Rhode Island patented a formulation of guncotton colloided with nitrobenzene, called "Indurite", in 1891. Several United States firms began producing smokeless powder when Winchester Repeating Arms Company started loading sporting cartridges with Explosives Company powder in 1893. California Powder Works began producing a mixture of nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose with ammonium picrate as "Peyton Powder", Leonard Smokeless Powder Company began producing nitroglycerine-nitrocellulose "Ruby" powders, Laflin & Rand negotiated a license to produce "Ballistite", and DuPont started producing smokeless shotgun powder. The United States Army evaluated 25 varieties of smokeless powder and selected "Ruby" and "Peyton Powders" as the most suitable for use in the Krag-Jørgensen service rifle. "Ruby" was preferred, because tin-plating was required to protect brass cartridge cases from picric acid in the "Peyton Powder". Rather than paying the required royalties for "Ballistite", Laflin & Rand financed Leonard's reorganization as the American Smokeless Powder Company. United States Army Lieutenant Whistler assisted American Smokeless Powder Company factory superintendent Aspinwall in formulating an improved powder named W.A. for their efforts. W.A. smokeless powder was the standard for United States military service rifles from 1897 until 1908.