The model appears to have been first proposed for carbon monoxide on silica-supported platinum by Brandt "et al." (1993). A similar, but independent model was developed by King and co-workers to describe hydrogen adsorption on silica-supported alkali promoted ruthenium, silver-ruthenium and copper-ruthenium bimetallic catalysts. The same group applied the model to CO hydrogenation (Fischer–Tropsch synthesis). Zupanc "et al." (2002) subsequently confirmed the same model for hydrogen adsorption on magnesia-supported caesium-ruthenium bimetallic catalysts. Trens "et al." (2009) have similarly described CO surface diffusion on carbon-supported Pt particles of varying morphology.