The symbol has featured in modern fiction on historical and mystical themes, as in the bestselling novel "The Da Vinci Code" and other books discussing the Priory of Sion. It recurs in French literature, where examples well known in English translation include Fleur-de-Lys de Gondelaurier, a character in "The Hunchback of Notre Dame" by Victor Hugo, and the mention in Dumas's "The Three Musketeers" of the old custom of branding a criminal with the sign ("fleurdeliser"). During the reign of Elizabeth I of England, known as the Elizabethan era, it was a standard name for an iris, a usage which lasted for centuries, but occasionally refers to lilies or other flowers. It also appeared in the novel "A Confederacy of Dunces" by John Kennedy Toole on a sign composed by the protagonist.