Carol Dweck and Jo Boaler have done extensive research on the topics of fixed and growth mindset. However, studies on this topic show that there is a disparity in the fixed and growth mindsets of females and males. In Boaler's Ability and Mathematics: the Mindset Revolution that is Reshaping Education, the author argues that fixed mindset beliefs lead to inequalities in education; these findings partially explain low achievement and participation amongst minorities and female students. Boaler's research shows that many women feel as though they are not smart enough nor capable enough to continue in certain subjects, such as STEM areas of academia. Boaler uses Carol Dweck's research showing that "gender differences in mathematics performance only existed among fixed mindset students" (Boaler, 2013).