Unlike much later processors from Intel, and others, which offers both segmented and "flat" addressing, the 8086 (and the 8088) offers "only" segmented addressing, with each segment limited to 64 kiB. By effective utilization of the four available segment registers, Code, Data, Stack and Extra, the 512 kiB address space possible with the modified Xerox 820-II 8086 processor card can be very effectively managed, although in 64 kiB chunks. If each "data area" is identified with its segment and its offset, possibly starting with zero offset, then there is little penalty associated with such segmented addressing, just as long as each individual "data area" does not exceed 64 kiB, and most such data areas were intentionally designed so as not to exceed 64 kiB.