Six of the twelve films have been adapted into novels—"Friday the 13th 1 – 3", "Jason Lives", "Jason X", and "Freddy vs. Jason"—with "Friday the 13th Part 3" being adapted twice. The first novel was Michael Avallone's 1982 adaptation of "Friday the 13th Part 3"; Avallone had previously adapted "Beneath the Planet of the Apes" and "Shock Corridor". The author chose to use an alternate ending, one that was filmed for "Part 3" but never used, as the conclusion for his adaptation. In the alternate ending, Chris, who is in a canoe, hears her boyfriend Rick's voice and immediately runs back to the house. When she opens the door, Jason is standing there with a machete and kills her. The next book was not published until 1986, when Simon Hawke adapted "Jason Lives". Hawke would also adapt the first three films into novels, and his adaptation of the original "Friday the 13th" was published in 1987, with novelizations of "Part 2" and "3" both being published in 1988. Hawke's first adaptation, "Jason Lives", introduced the character of Elias Voorhees, Jason's father, who was supposed to appear in the film before being cut by the studio. The book explains how Elias has Jason's body buried, instead of the planned cremation, after his death in "The Final Chapter".