The chief priest at a shrine is known as a "gūji". Larger shrines may also have an assistant head priest, the "gon-gūji". As with teachers, instructors, and Buddhist clergy, Shinto priests are often referred to as "sensei" by lay practitioners. Historically, there were various female priests although they were largely pushed out of their positions in 1868. During the Second World War, women were again allowed to become priests to fill the void caused by large numbers of men being enlisted in the military. In the early 21st century, male priests have still dominated Shinto institutions. Male priests are free to marry and have children. At smaller shrines, priests often have other full-time jobs, and serve only as priests during special occasions.