This was a significant development in Malay nationalism, given that the nationalism that had developed in Malaya, in contrast to the movements developing in the other British colonial possessions of India and Burma, remained relatively placid and moderate. Groups such as the Kesatuan Melayu Singapura, while advocating self- strengthening within the Malayan community, for instance by purchasing land for Malay reservations in 1928, or by pooling funds to send Malays to Oxford and Cambridge in order to ensure the continued preeminence of Malays in the administration of British Malaya, did not challenge British rule, and opted to collaborate with the British. In contrast, the ideology of the Indonesian nationalists was fundamentally radical and anti- colonialist. Pamphlets from the Partai Nasional Indonesia were spread locally, advocating non- compliance with the British and resistance to colonial rule. This Indonesian radicalism would later come to form the intellectual nucleus of the KMM.