Saramago was an atheist. The Catholic Church criticised him on numerous occasions due to the content of some of his novels, mainly "The Gospel According to Jesus Christ" and "Cain", in which he uses satire and biblical quotations to present the figure of God in a comical way. The Portuguese government lambasted his 1991 novel "O Evangelho Segundo Jesus Cristo" ("The Gospel according to Jesus Christ") and struck the writer's name from nominees for the European Literature Prize, saying the atheist work offended Portuguese Catholic convictions.