Koran 5:44 applies to '...whomsoever thinks it distasteful to rule in accordance with the just rules which God sent down, and does not rule by them because he has different views, or because he has worldly interests. According to these verses, they are unbelievers; because true faith requires obedience. Obedience requires deeds, and is not consistent with omission' During the winter of 1922-23, just after Turkey had abolished the sultanate, Rida wrote his well-known treatise, "al-Khilafa aw al-Imama al-Uzma" (The Caliphate or the Grand Imamate). In its first part, Rida quoted Al-Mawardi and other classical jurists, elaborating on the necessity of the Caliphate. In accordance with the classical theory, Rida repeated the same general requirements that a caliph must be installed in office. He emphasized, however, that the caliph should be a "mujtahid" and a Qurayshite. Rida also points out that the Prophet had specified Hejaz and Arabian Peninsula as the territory where no other religion is allowed except Islam.( although there's an alternative interpretation which stipulates this condition to Hejaz alone) Rida blamed Mu'awiya, the first Umayyad caliph, for transforming the caliphate into Monarchy through two innovations: first, supplanting the method of selecting a caliph by "shura" with a method based on hereditary kingship; and second, for introducing "asabiyya" of Umayyads.