The Mapuche and Huilliche Indians of Chile cultivated the female strawberry species until 1551, when the Spanish came to conquer the land. In 1765, a European explorer recorded the cultivation of "F. chiloensis", the Chilean strawberry. At first introduction to Europe, the plants grew vigorously but produced no fruit. French gardeners in Brest and Cherbourg around the mid 18th century first noticed that when "F. moschata" and "F. virginiana" were planted in between rows of "F. chiloensis", the Chilean strawberry would bear abundant and unusually large fruits. Soon after, Antoine Nicolas Duchesne began to study the breeding of strawberries and made several discoveries crucial to the science of plant breeding, such as the sexual reproduction of strawberry which he published in 1766. Duchesne discovered that the female "F. chiloensis" plants could only be pollinated by male "F. moschata" or "F. virginiana" plants. This is when the Europeans became aware that plants had the ability to produce male-only or female-only flowers.