The first study to demonstrate neurofeedback was reported by Joe Kamiya in 1962. Kamiya's experiment had two parts. In the first part, a subject was asked to keep his eyes closed and when a tone sounded to say whether he thought he was in alpha. He was then told whether he was correct or wrong. Initially the subject would get about fifty percent correct, but some subjects would eventually develop the ability to better distinguish between states. Many could then produce alpha and non-alpha states at will. In the second part of the study, a tone was sounded whenever alpha was present, and subjects were asked to increase the percentage time the tone was on. Most participants were able increase their percent time spent in alpha within about four training sessions. Maintaining the alpha state was found to be associated with relaxation, a sense of “letting go,” and pleasant affect. High alpha amplitude had been seen in advanced meditators, combined with an emerging counter-cultural interest in altered states of consciousness, led to significant public interest in alpha training as an alternative to psychedelic drugs. Several optimistic studies replicated Kamiya’s findings and suggested alpha training could be useful for treating stress and anxiety. However, other studies found that alpha was not reliably associated with calm and pleasant mental states, while eyes-closed alpha never increased above the resting baseline. Hardt and Kamiya (1976) argued that the replication failures were an artifact of an incorrect method of measuring alpha, and future studies continued to demonstrate learning of alpha based on feedback.