Victory titles were suffixed to the commander's name and were usually the name of the enemy defeated by the commander. Some victory titles became hereditary "cognomina", while others were personal "agnomina" and not carried on by later family members. Names like "Africanus" ("the African"), "Numidicus" ("the Numidian"), "Isauricus" ("the Isaurian"), "Creticus" ("the Cretan"), "Gothicus" ("the Goth"), "Germanicus" ("the German") and "Parthicus" ("the Parthian") expressed the triumphal subjugation of these peoples or their territories, or commemorated the locations of general's successful campaigns, equivalent to modern titles like Lawrence of Arabia, and were not indicators of origin.