Booth publicly criticized the claims of H. M. Hyndman, the leader of the Social Democratic Federation, Britain's first socialist party. In the "Pall Mall Gazette" of 1885, Hyndman stated that 25% of Londoners lived in abject poverty. The survey of life and labor began with a pilot study in Tower Hamlets. Booth then hired numerous researchers to assist with the full study of the whole of London, which investigated the three main topics of poverty, occupations, and religion. Among his researchers were his cousin Beatrice Potter (Beatrice Webb) and the chapter on women's work was conducted by the budding economist Clara Collet. This research, which looked at incidences of pauperism in the East End of London, showed that 35% were living in abject poverty – even higher than the original figure. This work was published under the title "Life and Labour of the People" in 1889. A second volume, entitled "Labour and Life of the People", covering the rest of London, appeared in 1891. Booth also popularized the idea of a 'poverty line', a concept conceived by the London School Board. Booth set this line at 10 to 20 shillings a week, which he considered to be the minimum amount necessary for a family of 4 or 5 people to subsist.