Wright's protest novel was an immediate best-seller; it sold 250,000 hardcover copies within three weeks of its publication by the Book-of-the-Month Club on March 1, 1940. It was one of the earliest successful attempts to explain the racial divide in America in terms of the social conditions imposed on African Americans by the dominant white society. It also made Wright the wealthiest Black writer of his time and established him as a spokesperson for African American issues, and the "father of Black American literature." As Irving Howe said in his 1963 essay "Black Boys and Native Sons": "The day "Native Son" appeared, American culture was changed forever. No matter how much qualifying the book might later need, it made impossible a repetition of the old lies ... brought out into the open, as no one ever had before, the hatred, fear, and violence that have crippled and may yet destroy our culture."