James Emanuel took a major step toward defining African-American literature when he edited (with Theodore Gross) "Dark Symphony: Negro Literature in America" (1968), a collection of black writings released by a major publisher. This anthology, and Emanuel's work as an educator at the City College of New York (where he is credited with introducing the study of African-American poetry), heavily influenced the birth of the genre. Other influential African-American anthologies of this time included "Black Fire: An Anthology of Afro-American Writing", edited by LeRoi Jones (now known as Amiri Baraka) and Larry Neal in 1968; "The Negro Caravan", co-edited by Sterling Brown, Arthur P. Davis and Ulysses Lee in 1969; and "We Speak As Liberators: Young Black Poets — An Anthology", edited by Orde Coombs and published in 1970.