Carlos Duarte Costa (1888-1961) was a Roman Catholic bishop in Brazil for twenty years before distancing himself, and being excommunicated by the Roman Church over his opposition to its position on clerical celibacy, divorce, vernacular liturgy, and his suspicions of the Roman Church's fascist sympathies during World War II. In 1945, Duarte Costa founded the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church and began consecrating numerous bishops in the apostolic succession. He is known as "St. Charles of Brazil" by the Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church, which had grown to 560,781 members by 2010.