It identifies modern Italy as the heir to the Roman Empire and Italy during the Renaissance and promotes the cultural identity of "Romanitas" (Roman-ness). Italian Fascism historically sought to forge a strong Italian Empire as a Third Rome, identifying ancient Rome as the First Rome and Renaissance-era Italy as the Second Rome. Italian Fascism has emulated ancient Rome and Mussolini in particular emulated ancient Roman leaders, such as Julius Caesar as a model for the Fascists' rise to power and Augustus as a model for empire-building. Italian Fascism has directly promoted imperialism, such as within the "Doctrine of Fascism" (1932), ghostwritten by Giovanni Gentile on behalf of Mussolini: