In the first half of the century, the novel in France was still dominated by the chivalric novels of the Middle Ages (in their prose versions) such as: "Les Quatre fils Aymon" (or "Renaud de Montauban"), "Fierabras", "Ogier le Danois", "Perceforest" and "Galien le Réthoré". From 1540 on however, the genre was dominated by foreign productions, most notably the Hispano-Portuguese multi-volume adventure novels "Amadis de Gaule", "Palmerin d'Olive", "Primaléon de Grèce" and others like them. The first of these, "Amadis of Gaul" – in its celebrated French translation/adaptation by Nicolas de Herberay des Essarts – became the "de facto" code of conduct of the French court from Francis I through Henry IV and was emulated in jousts and in manners. Of similar tone and content (albeit in verse), the Italian epic poems "Roland amoureux" ("Orlando Innamorato") by Matteo Maria Boiardo and "Roland furieux" ("Orlando furioso") by Ludovico Ariosto (and, at the end of the century, Tasso's "Jerusalem Delivered") were also enormous successes (French translations of these works were often in prose). Finally, the Italian Luigi Pulci's "Morgant le géant", a comic version of the chivalric novel, was an important model for Rabelais's giants.