Another theory, by Hawley, is that sati started as a "nonreligious, ruling-class, patriarchal" ideology but later spread as a gilded status symbol of "valor", "honor" and "purity", "jauhar" which was dissimilar to Sati and was performed even if it was unknown if the husband had died to avoid becoming a captive and avoid "rape, torture and other ignominies" in internecine Rajput warfare, Muslim conquests and other foreign invasions before them. This was later adopted by Brahmins into the custom of Sati. He posits the enslavement of women by Greek conquerors may have started this variant of the practice.