An East Asian parallel to the concept of "ruling prince" would be the Sino-Xenic word (pronounced "wáng" in Mandarin, "wong4" in Cantonese, "ō" in Japanese, "wang" in Korean and "" in Vietnamese), which commonly refers to Korean and non-East-Asian "kings", but usually refers to non-imperial monarchs (who would go by ("emperor" or "empress regnant") instead) in ancient China and Vietnam and therefore is frequently translated to "prince", especially for those who became rulers well after to the first adoption of the title 皇帝 by Qin Shi Huang. Some examples include China's Prince Wucheng and Vietnam's Prince Hưng Đạo. On the other hand, the son of a monarch would go by different titles, such as ("imperial son"), ("prince of the blood") or ("royal son"). A "European sovereign prince" may have the same title as a "duke", namely , and "principality" is translated to the same word as "duchy", namely .