The second part of Rida's treatise outlined his vision of a renewed viable caliphate and the steps necessary to make it successful. In this section, Rida addressed all three semi-religious and semi-secular themes which the "salafiyya" had emphasized: the desirability of civil government and consultative and democratic rule, the need for an Arab spiritual caliphate, and the preservation of a Muslim temporal power. The theme of civil government and consultative and democratic rule was evident in the way Rida identified the "ahl al-hall wa'l-'aqd", who would apply the principle of consultation ("shura") to choose the caliph and lead the umma. For him, this group were the leaders of the umma in both religious and secular affairs. Rida said that the "ahl al-hall wa'l 'aqd" in modern times should include not only "ulama"' and jurists but, in order to represent all sectors of modern Islamic society, also prominent merchants and agriculturalists, managers of companies and public works, leaders of political parties, distinguished writers, physicians, and lawyers. They were to be elected by the people along democratic lines and their decisions would represent the "ijma" (consensus) of the umma.