The archaeological site of Mamre (Ramat el-Khalil, Grid Ref. 160300/107200) was first excavated by in 1926-28, followed by Sayf al-Din Haddad (1977), 'Abd el-Aziz Arjub (1984-85), and Yitzhak Magen (1986-88), Magen publishing his findings in 1991 and 2003. The outstanding components of the site are a large Roman-era enclosure, a Byzantine church, and a Crusader church. It must be noted that Denys Pringle's analysis leads to the firm conclusion that the Crusader-era Church of the Trinity, mentioned by medieval pilgrims, stood at the foot of a hill, not at its top, and certainly not at Ramat el-Khalil, where the remains of the Constantinian church were found undisturbed by any later building in 1926. The main periods of settlement are: Early Roman, Late Roman, Byzantine, and Crusader, with less substantial findings from the Iron Age IIc and the Hellenistic period. Archaeological excavation by Yitzhak Magen indicate that findings previously attributed to the biblical time of the Kings during the Iron Age, and the Hellenistic Hasmoneans, are in fact of far newer date, Byzantine or later.