In August 1965, Pakistan, under the leadership of Ayub Khan, launched the so-called "Operation Gibraltar" against India, which escalated to the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965, with results favouring India. Economic growth in 1965 was a mere 0.88%. The economy rapidly rebounded with a GDP growth of 2.32% in 1966, and 9.79% in 1969. However, given the huge economic cost of the war without any clear victory (or loss), Khan surrendered his presidential powers to Army Commander General Yahya Khan (no relation) in 1969.