In "Postmodernism, or, the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism" (1991), the Marxist theorist Fredric Jameson linked the reification of information and knowledge to the post-modern distinction between "authentic knowledge" (experience) and "counterfeit knowledge" (vicarious experience), which usually is acquired through the mass communications media. In "Critique of Commodity Aesthetics: Appearance, Sexuality and Advertising in Capitalist Society" (1986), the philosopher Wolfgang Fritz Haug presents a "critique of commodity aesthetics" that examines how human needs and desires are manipulated and reshaped for commercial gain.