For the old loans, as well as uncontroversial ones from Proto-Baltic and Proto-Germanic, it is more the rule than the exception that only the stem is borrowed, without any case-endings. Proto-Uralic "*nimi-" has been explained according to sound laws governing substitutions in borrowings (Koivulehto 1999), on the assumption that the original was a zero-grade oblique stem PIE "*(H)nmen-" as attested in later Balto-Slavic "*inmen-" and Proto-Celtic "*anmen-". Proto-Uralic "*weti-" could be a loan from the PIE oblique "e"-grade form for 'water' or from an indirectly attested cognate root noun "*wed-". Proto-Uralic "*toHį-" 'give' and PFU "*wetä-" 'lead' also make perfect phonologic sense as borrowings.