The commander of a warship was always called "kapten" (captain), as is still the case on merchant ships. The "kapten"s duties on land were company commander, adjutant, teacher, instruction officer, etc. and on board commander of smaller ships, such as torpedo cruisers, destroyers, torpedo boats and submarines as well as gunboats, 2nd and 3rd class armored ships, or the second-in-command ("sekond") on 1st class armored ships and armored cruisers, as well as flag lieutenant ("flaggadjutant"), squadrons, department or division, and – as far as younger "kapten"s are concerned – also artillery officer, navigation officer and officer on duty on larger ships.