The contents of the nganga are termed the "fundamento". A key ingredient in these are sticks, termed "palos", which are selected from specific trees. The choice of tree selected indicates the sect of Palo involved. Human bones will also typically be included, if possible including a skull, termed the "kiyumba". If bones of a deceased person are unavailable then soil from a dead individual's grave may suffice. Other material added can include animal bones, shells, plants, gemstones, coins, razorblades, knives, padlocks, blood, wax, "aguardiente" liquor, wine, quicksilver, and spices. Soil from various locations is added, including from a graveyard, hospital, prison, and a market, as may water from a river or the sea. Often the quantity of material will spill out from the cauldron itself and be arranged around it, sometimes taking up a whole room. The mix of items produces a strong, putrid odour and attracts insects.