Ironically, the word "Volksgemeinschaft" was probably first used in Gottlob August Tittel's 1791 translation of a text written by John Locke, synthesising the expression "in any "place, generally". Among 19th century scholars who used the word "Volksgemeinschaft" were Friedrich Schleiermacher, Friedrich Carl von Savigny, Carl Theodor Welcker, Johann Caspar Bluntschli, Hermann Schulze, Wilhelm Dilthey, and Wilhelm Wundt. Most influential was perhaps Ferdinand Tönnies' theory in his work "Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft" ("Community and Society") of 1887. Decades later, in 1932, Tönnies joined the Social Democratic Party of Germany to oppose the rise of Nazism and protest against their use of his concept. He had his honorary professorship removed when Adolf Hitler came to power. In 1914, the Emperor Wilhelm II proclaimed before the "Reichstag" the "Burgfrieden" ("unity within a besieged castle"), announcing that henceforward all of the regional differences between the different states of the "Reich"; between rich, middle class and poor; between Roman Catholics and Protestants; and between rural and urban no longer existed and the German people were all one for the duration of the war. During the war, many Germans longed to have the sense of unity that the "Burgfrieden" inspired continue after the war, and it was during this period that many ideas started to circulate about how to convert the wartime "Burgfrieden" into a peacetime "volksgemeinschaft".