The Auckland area came under regular attack by Taua or war parties from the Ngāpuhi iwi in Northland. In 1821 a large musket armed Ngapuhi war party devastated the eastern area of Auckland attacking Mokoia Pa at Panmure. By the 1830s many of the local Maori had been killed or enslaved by their deadly enemies to the north. In 1926 Geoff Fairfield, the great grandson of Alfred Buckland and a keen historian, drew a detailed scaled map of the Pa. The main isthmus of Auckland was also depopulated by Maori migrating south to avoid the regular carnage. The Tamaki River, to the west of Bucklands Beach, became a main highway for attacking Taua or those seeking revenge (utu) from previous attacks.