and proteomics with bioinformatics strategies. Many exciting developments in large-scale screening of pathogens are currently taking place. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) has initiated an endeavor for systematic mapping of B and T cell epitopes of category A-C pathogens. These pathogens include "Bacillus anthracis" (anthrax), "Clostridium botulinum" toxin (botulism), "Variola major" (smallpox), "Francisella tularensis" (tularemia), viral hemorrhagic fevers, "Burkholderia pseudomallei", "Staphylococcus enterotoxin" B, yellow fever, influenza, rabies, Chikungunya virus etc. Rule-based systems have been reported for the automated extraction and curation of influenza A records.