Early successful experiments of successful defibrillation by the discharge of a capacitor performed on animals were reported by N. L. Gurvich and G. S. Yunyev in 1939. In 1947 their works were reported in western medical journals. Serial production of Gurvich's pulse defibrillator started in 1952 at the electromechanical plant of the institute, and was designated model ИД-1-ВЭИ ("Импульсный Дефибриллятор 1, Всесоюзный Электротехнический Институт", or in English, "Pulse Defibrillator 1, All-Union Electrotechnical Institute"). It is described in detail in Gurvich's 1957 book, "Heart Fibrillation and Defibrillation".