Another Islamist, Mustafa Bouyali, a "gifted inflammatory preacher" and veteran of the Algerian independence struggle, called for the application of the "sharia" and creating of an Islamic state by "jihad". After persecution by the security services he founded the "Mouvement Islamique Arme" (MIA), "a loose association of tiny groups", with himself as "amir" in 1982. His group carried out a series of "bold attacks" against the regime and was able to carry it fight on underground for five years before Bouyali was killed in February 1987.