Most forms of absolutism (in monarchies, or in republican, imperial or military dictatures that have brutally followed them, as it occurred in France or Russia, or later in Germany, and in Africa, South America or Asia) have rapidly failed to unify and develop a country with its people; instead, it initiated various forms of nationalism and ethnic or cultural divisions (sometimes with deadly civil conflicts), frequently followed by territorial splits (initially "de facto", but later recognized as plain independences), or followed by military invasions, annexions or occupations by neighbouring countries, also often with forced and massive migrations of people, with major difficulties (during several generations) to restore an internal stability and a significant economic, political and cultural external influence for the newer regimes.