The FTP-MOI groups were organized in the Paris region in 1941, at the same time as the "Francs-tireurs et partisans". Their ranks were filled with foreign communists living in France who were not part of the French Communist Party. Although integrated with the "FTP", these groups depended directly on Jacques Duclos, who passed on orders from the Communist International (Comintern). Members also included other immigrants, especially many young Hungarian writers, artists and intellectuals. Among them were the painter Sándor Józsa; sculptor István Hajdú (Étienne Hajdu); journalists László Kőrösi and Imre Gyomra; photographers Andras (André) Steiner, Lucien Hervé, and Ervin Marton; and printer Ladislas Mandel.