References to the crossbow are basically nonexistent in Europe from the 5th century until the 10th century. It's argued that the term "solenarion", found in the "Strategikon of Maurice", refers to a crossbow. This is disputed by other historians who interpret "the device in question as an arrow guide." There is however a depiction of a crossbow as a hunting weapon on four Pictish stones from early medieval Scotland (6th to 9th centuries): St. Vigeans no. 1, Glenferness, Shandwick, and Meigle.