The Yellow Peril was a common subject for colonial adventure fiction, of which Dr. Fu Manchu is the representative villain, created in the likeness of the villain in the novel "The Yellow Danger; Or, what Might Happen in the Division of the Chinese Empire Should Estrange all European Countries" (1898), by M. P. Shiel. The Chinese gangster Fu Manchu is mad scientist intent upon conquering the world, but is continually foiled by the British policemen Sir Denis Nayland Smith and Dr. Petrie, in thirteen novels (1913–59), by Sax Rohmer.