The early 17th century Malay literary work "Sejarah Melayu" ("Malay Annals") records that Kota Gelanggi lies on the upper reaches of the Johor River with a main fort made of black stone (or "Kota Batu Hitam" in Malay). "Kota Gelanggi" may derive from the Malay mispronunciation of the Thai word "Ghlong-Keow" or "Box of Emeralds", hence in Malay, "Perbendaharaan Permata" (Treasury of Jewels). Some scholars believe that the city formed part of the Ayutthaya Kingdom, and may therefore be the unidentified 12th Naksat city of ancient Siamese folklore. Ancient Tamil inscriptions show that the city was raided in 1025 by South Indian Chola Dynasty conqueror Rajendra Chola I, after he had destroyed the Malay Kingdom of Gangga Negara. The latter is generally equated with the ruins and ancient tombs that can still be seen in Beruas district in the state of Perak. Old European maps of the Malay Peninsula show the location of a city known as Polepi (i.e. Gelanggi) at the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula.