At the end of the Cold War Moskos identified yet another trend in military organizations, which he called the postmodern military. The threat environment eased considerably as the disbanding of the Soviet Union ushered in or reinforced many changes. He noted that the perceived threat moved from that of Nuclear war to the subnational level where ethnic conflict and terrorism became key concerns. The force structure moved from a large professional military to a much smaller one. The definition of defense moved from a consistent support of the alliance to new missions such as peacekeeping. Civilian employees and contractors grew in importance. Full integration of women and gays became a norm. Conscientious objection was subsumed under civilian service. His edited book with John Allen Williams and David Segal ("The postmodern military: Armed forces after the Cold War")is among his most influential. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan changed the threat environment yet again. Although many of the characteristics of the postmodern military identified by Moskos remained others changed.