The first documented development of handheld micrometer-screw calipers was by Jean Laurent Palmer of Paris in 1848; the device is therefore often called "palmer" in French, "tornillo de Palmer" ("Palmer screw") in Spanish, and "calibro Palmer" ("Palmer caliper") in Italian. (Those languages also use the "micrometer" cognates: "micromètre, micrómetro, micrometro".) The micrometer caliper was introduced to the mass market in anglophone countries by Brown & Sharpe in 1867, allowing the penetration of the instrument's use into the average machine shop. Brown & Sharpe were inspired by several earlier devices, one of them being Palmer's design. In 1888, Edward W. Morley added to the precision of micrometric measurements and proved their accuracy in a complex series of experiments.