The Scottish Enlightenment also influenced American thinkers. David Hume's "Essays" and his "History of England" were widely read in the colonies, and Hume's political thought had a particular influence on James Madison and the Constitution. Another important Scottish writer was Francis Hutcheson. Hutcheson's ideas of ethics, along with notions of civility and politeness developed by the Earl of Shaftesbury, and Addison and Richard Steele in their "Spectator", were a major influence on upper-class American colonists who sought to emulate European manners and learning.