The last service rifles to use polygonal rifling were the British Lee–Metford rifle, named after its proprietary Metford rifling; and the Japanese Arisaka rifles designed by Col. Arisaka and Col. Nambu. The Lee-Metford rifle turned out to be a failure after the switch to the erosive Cordite proved too much for the smooth and shallow Metford rifling, which had been designed to reduce barrel fouling for black powder ammunition. When the Metford rifling design was dropped, the Lee–Metford became the Lee–Enfield rifle in favour of Enfield type rifling, which was deep-grooved for longer service life. On the other hand, the Arisakas were manufactured extensively for the Imperial Japanese Army from 1897 to 1945 with no excessive rifling erosion problems, as the Japanese having adopted a better, non-erosive rifle powder.