In the free electron model with scattering, the value of formula_42 is of order formula_43, where formula_44 is the Fermi temperature, and so a typical value of the Seebeck coefficient in the Fermi gas is formula_45 (the prefactor varies somewhat depending on details such as dimensionality and scattering). In highly conductive metals the Fermi temperatures are typically around 104 – 105 K, and so it is understandable why their absolute Seebeck coefficients are only of order 1 – 10 μV/K at room temperature. Note that whereas the free electron model predicts a negative Seebeck coefficient, real metals actually have complicated band structures and may exhibit positive Seebeck coefficients (examples: Cu, Ag, Au).