When the number of moment conditions is greater than the dimension of the parameter vector "θ", the model is said to be "over-identified". Sargan (1958) proposed tests for over-identifying restrictions based on instrumental variables estimators that are distributed in large samples as Chi-square variables with degrees of freedom that depend on the number of over-identifying restrictions. Subsequently, Hansen (1982) applied this test to the mathematically equivalent formulation of GMM estimators. Note, however, that such statistics can be negative in empirical applications where the models are misspecified, and likelihood ratio tests can yield insights since the models are estimated under both null and alternative hypotheses (Bhargava and Sargan, 1983).