While Article 1 of the Ninth-of-May Constitution vested all power in "the people," Article 2 of the 1960 Constitution vested power in "the working people." State power was exercised "by the working people through representative bodies which are elected by, surveilled by, and accountable to them." Article 4 stipulated that "the leading force in the society and the state is the vanguard of the working class, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia (KSČ)." The party had not even been mentioned in the Ninth-of-May Constitution.