Similarly, what historians call the "Carolingian Empire" and "Holy Roman Empire" – in French and Spanish, "Holy Roman Germanic Empire" ("Saint Empire romain germanique", "Sacro Imperio Romano Germánico") was the "Roman Empire", "Empire of the Romans" or simply "Empire" to their own subjects and rulers, with "Frankish" or "of the Franks" sometimes added depending on context. Only in 1157 did the twists and turns of the Investiture Controversy lead to the practice of calling the Empire, though not the Emperor himself, "holy" ("sacrum"). The reference to Germany ("Heiliges Römisches Reich Deutscher Nation", "Sacrum Imperium Romanum Nationis Germanicæ"), which first appeared in the late 15th century, was never much used in official Imperial documents, and even then was a misnomer since the Empire's jurisdiction in Italy had not entirely disappeared. Other colloquial designations in the early Modern era included "German Empire" () or "Roman-German Empire" ().