According to the "Wall Street Journal", these include a tendency toward top-down determination of research directions, and an emphasis on revenue generation. Since his tenure began at ASU, there have been several lawsuits against the university brought by professors alleging that the normal academic procedures for determining professorial tenure and the allocation of research resources were being bypassed. "Newsweek" pointed out that Crow's shift toward a corporate CEO style of academic management with an emphasis on bringing in corporate partners and radically restructuring old departments into interdisciplinary institutes was already evident when he was Vice-Provost of Columbia University in the 1990s. The "Wall Street Journal" reported in 2006 that during his tenure there Crow "led Columbia into the top ranks of universities by royalty income, bringing in more than $100 million a year"