The French armies lost by 25 April and were also struck by a collapse of the medical services on the Aisne front, casualties being stranded close to the battlefield for several days; German losses have been estimated at for the same period. A wave of mutinies broke out in the French armies, which eventually affected . Between 16 April and 15 May the mutinies were isolated but then spread, with recorded by 31 May. From violent resistance increased, possibly six people being killed by mutineers, which threatened the battle-worthiness of the French armies, before order slowly returned by the end of June. The French strategy of breakthrough and decisive battle had failed disastrously and for the rest of 1917, the French armies resorted to a strategy of "healing and defence". Continuous and methodical battles were replaced by limited attacks followed by consolidation. A massive rearmament programme was begun to produce aircraft, heavy artillery, tanks and chemicals, which had similar goals to the Hindenburg Programme.