In the United States, the prevailing style is called "American style", whereby commas and periods are almost always placed inside closing quotation marks. The American style is used by most newspapers, publishing houses, and style guides in the United States and, to a lesser extent, Canada as well. It is the style recommended by the Modern Language Association's "MLA Style Manual", the American Psychological Association's "APA Publication Manual", the University of Chicago's "The Chicago Manual of Style", the American Institute of Physics's "AIP Style Manual", the American Medical Association's "AMA Manual of Style", the American Political Science Association's "APSA Style Manual", the Associated Press' "The AP Guide to Punctuation", and the Canadian Public Works' "The Canadian Style".