There were a number of early experiments in limited animation television cartoons. These cartoons usually were about five minutes in length and were episodic in nature, allowing stations to flexibly program them. One of the first cartoons produced expressly for television was "Crusader Rabbit", a creation of Alexander Anderson and Jay Ward. Soundac, a small studio in Florida, was responsible for another early adventure serial, "Colonel Bleep". Often, existing programs would be a launching ground for new cartoon characters. In 1956, the "Howdy Doody" show aired the first "Gumby" clay animated cartoon from creator Art Clokey. Sam Singer earned a certain degree of infamy for his efforts at television animation, which included an animated adaptation of "The Adventures of Paddy the Pelican" (which may or may not have made it to air) and the original series "Bucky and Pepito", both of which have been cited as among the worst of their kind. On the other hand, a long-running series of animated shorts named "Tom Terrific" was produced by Terrytoons for the "Captain Kangaroo" show, and this series was praised by film historian Leonard Maltin as "one of the finest cartoons ever produced for television."