Between 1814 and 1827, Surcouf organised over 116 commercial expeditions. In 1815, Surcouf engaged in slave trade, commissioning the ship "Africain" to ferry slaves from Gabon. "Africain" conducted another slave trading journey in 1819. Four other expeditions are also suspected of having been slaving runs: that of "Marie-Anne" in 1819, "Adolphe" in 1820, and in 1821 "Victor" and "Adolphe", under René Decaen and with Désiré Surcouf as first officer, which sailed under the pretence of sailing to Isle Bourbon (now Réunion), but actually to ferry slaves to Cuba and Philadelphia.