In 1997, law professor Annette Gordon-Reed published "", analyzing the historiography of the controversy. She demonstrated how historians since the nineteenth century had accepted early assumptions and failed to note all the facts. In this book, Gordon-Reed discusses many important facts that other writers of the Jefferson–Hemings controversy were too biased to acknowledge. The most convincing evidence is that all of Sally Hemings's children were freed after coming of age, two being allowed to "walk away" and two granted freedom in Jefferson's will, as they were minors at his death. In addition, Jefferson appealed to the state legislature to allow these two Hemings males to stay in Virginia, rather than being forced out as were other free black people. In his 1873 memoir, Madison Hemings wrote that Jefferson had not displayed fatherly warmth to the Hemings children, but he gave them lighter work responsibilities compared to other people whom he enslaved, and apprenticed them to learn artisan skills when they were old enough.