Child support policies have been criticized by fathers' rights advocacy groups, as well as by some feminists, who state that child support policy violates gender equality and deny reproductive choice to men. States have claimed to have found no gender discrimination in the child support system, as child support is based upon income and custody arrangements and not on gender. As child support is for the benefit of the child, not the parent, courts are not sympathetic to the idea that a parent should be able to refuse to support a child by claiming that he would have preferred that the child not be born.