The attempt to appreciate, understand and explain "rāga" among European scholars started in the early colonial period. In 1784, Jones translated it as "mode" of European music tradition, but Willard corrected him in 1834 with the statement that a "rāga" is both mode and tune. In 1933, states José Luiz Martinez – a professor of Music, Stern refined this explanation to "the "rāga" is more fixed than mode, less fixed than the melody, beyond the mode and short of melody, and richer both than a given mode or a given melody; it is mode with added multiple specialities".