Sigismund's almost 45-year rule is perceived as controversial; his reign was distinguished by considerable contributions to architecture, the arts and culture, however, his military victories were tarnished by intrigues, religious antipathy and the endless conflict with Sweden. Throughout these wars Sigismund attempted to stabilize and streamline the Commonwealth government. The electoral monarchy in Poland had created a divided nobility with extensive powers and privileges. He tirelessly tried to allocate more power for the office of king and disregarded the parliament, whose lack of unanimity and agreement caused internal crises. The staunch opposition from republicans, liberals and religious minorities coupled with a minor rebellion did not deter Sigismund from emerging victorious in most undertakings and, in spite of the criticism from historian Paweł Jasienica, his reign marked a period of Polish greatness.