Jane F. Collier demonstrated that access to economic opportunity is a factor in determining to what extent Latina women may choose to conform to traditional notions of Marianismo, and to what degree they are inclined to adapt them to new circumstances. As early as 1997, Dr. Rosa Gil and Dr. Carmen Inoa-Vazquez made reference to "Nuevo Marianismo", which is to embrace the Marianismo ideal of being nurturing and caring, yet breaking away from the barriers those characteristics previously presented. Coined in 1973, researcher Gloria González-López says that marianismo, as a theoretical category, is not only culturally chauvinist but elitist as well.