According to Ludwig Alsdorf, "Indian vegetarianism is unequivocally based on "ahimsa" (non-violence)" as evidenced by ancient "smritis" and other ancient texts of Hinduism." He adds that the endearment and respect for cattle in Hinduism is more than a commitment to vegetarianism and has become integral to its theology. The respect for cattle is widespread but not universal. According to Christopher Fuller, animal sacrifices have been rare among the Hindus outside a few eastern states. To the majority of modern Indians, states Alsdorf, respect for cattle and disrespect for slaughter is a part of their ethos and there is "no "ahimsa" without renunciation of meat consumption".