A number of specific legal and moral codes applied to gladiators. In an edict of 22 BC, all men of senatorial class (not including equites) down to their grandsons were prohibited from participating in the games, on penalty of "infamia", which involved loss of social status and certain legal rights. In 19 AD, during the reign of Tiberius, this prohibition was extended under the Larinum Decree, to include equites, and women of citizen rank. Henceforth, all "arenarii" (those who appeared in the arena) could be declared ""infames"". This would have limited the participation of high-status women in the games, as intended, but would have made no difference to those already defined as "infames", such as the low-status (non-citizen) women, freed or slave, who might serve or otherwise assist in the gladiator schools (known as "Ludi") and be gladiators' wives, partners or followers ("Ludia"). The terms of the edict indicate a class based, rather than a gendered prohibition. Roman morality required that all gladiators be of the lowest social classes. Emperors such as Caligula, who failed to respect this distinction, earned the scorn of posterity; Cassius Dio takes pains to point out that when the much admired emperor Titus used female gladiators, they were of acceptably low class.