The term ' () is added to the various terms for the overseas Chinese to indicate those who would be considered ethnic minorities in China. The terms ' and () are all in usage. The Overseas Chinese Affairs Office of the PRC does not distinguish between Han and ethnic minority populations for official policy purposes. For example, members of the Tibetan people may travel to China on passes granted to certain people of Chinese descent. Various estimates of the Chinese emigrant minority population include 3.1 million (1993), 3.4 million (2004), 5.7 million (2001, 2010), or approximately one tenth of all Chinese emigrants (2006, 2011). Cross-border ethnic groups (, "kuàjìng mínzú") are not considered Chinese emigrant minorities unless they left China "after" the establishment of an independent state on China's border.