Under "de novo" review, the appellate court acts as if it were considering the question for the first time, affording no deference to the decisions below. Legal decisions of a lower court on questions of law are reviewed using this standard. This is sometimes also called plenary review or the "legal error" standard. It allows the appeals court to substitute its own judgment about whether the lower court correctly applied the law. For example, as noted in "Bose Corp. v. Consumers Union of United States, Inc.", "de novo" review is required in the United States when First Amendment issues are raised on appeal.