In 1582, three Bugis polities, Boné, Soppéng, and Wajoq signed a mutual defense pact known as the Treaty of Timurung. The alliance, also referred to as the "Tellumpocco" ("Three Powers", lit. "Three Peaks"), sought to stop Gowa's expansionism and to reclaim the autonomy of the Bugis polities under Gowa's vassalage. Gowa's campaigns against the alliance in 1582, 1585, and 1588 were all successfully repulsed, with another one in 1590 abandoned following the death of Gowa's ruler. By the early 17th century, however, Gowa and Talloq had become the most dominant powers in South Sulawesi as they supported international commerce and embracing the new faith of Islam. Gowa waged successful campaigns against Bugis kingdoms, defeating Soppéng in 1609, Wajoq in 1610, and Boné in 1611.