A genetic study published in 2012 has cast doubt on the validity of some of the species recognized in the review in 2006. Aside from limited hybridization among many species, in both natural and human-altered environments, several species do not show sufficient differentiation to imply reproductive isolation and/or a history of independent evolution. Among the species implicated as probable "good" species were "C. intermedia", "C. orinocensis", "C. temensis", "C. melaniae", "C. mirianae", and "C. piquiti". The other species were suggested to be part of two widespread meta-species or species complexes, called "Cichla pinima sensu lato" (including "C. jariina", "C. thyrorus", and "C. vazzoleri") and "C. ocellaris sensu lato" (including "C. monoculus", "C. nigromaculata", "C. pleiozona", and "C. kelberi"). In contrast, a genetic study published in 2007 suggested that two of those demoted taxa, "C. monoculus" and "C. pleiozona", are valid species (this study lacked samples from some of the more localized proposed species).