Perhaps the most famous critique of the construct of "g" is that of the paleontologist and biologist Stephen Jay Gould, presented in his 1981 book "The Mismeasure of Man". He argued that psychometricians have fallaciously reified the "g" factor as a physical thing in the brain, even though it is simply the product of statistical calculations (i.e., factor analysis). He further noted that it is possible to produce factor solutions of cognitive test data that do not contain a "g" factor yet explain the same amount of information as solutions that yield a "g". According to Gould, there is no rationale for preferring one factor solution to another, and factor analysis therefore does not lend support to the existence of an entity like "g". More generally, Gould criticized the "g" theory for abstracting intelligence as a single entity and for ranking people "in a single series of worthiness", arguing that such rankings are used to justify the oppression of disadvantaged groups.