Mongolian first adopted loanwords from many languages including Old Turkic, Sanskrit (these often through Uighur), Persian, Arabic, Tibetan, Tungusic, and Chinese. However, more recent loanwords come from Russian, English, and Mandarin Chinese (mainly in Inner Mongolia). Language commissions of the Mongolian state continuously translate new terminology into Mongolian, so as the Mongolian vocabulary now has 'president' ("generalizer") and 'beer' ("yellow kumys"). There are several loan translations, e.g., 'train' ('fire-having cart') from Chinese (, fire cart) 'train'. Other loan translations include (essence) from Chinese (, true quality), (population) from Chinese (, person mouth), (corn, maize) from Chinese (, jade rice) and (republic) from Chinese (, public collaboration nation).