By the time of the Gulf War, the capabilities of "smart" aeroplanes dropping unguided bombs from low altitudes were sufficient to place an munition within of a target. However, Iraqi air defenses in the Kuwait theater of operations, characterized by large numbers of man-portable air-defense systems, larger surface-to-air missiles and rapid-firing light anti-aircraft guns, would not permit low altitude operatings. Operations from medium altitudes (15,000 ft and higher) at longer slant ranges severely complicated bombing accuracy, particularly against targets that required a direct hit to be destroyed, such as hangars, bunkers, tanks, and artillery. As one analytical study concluded: "Medium and high-altitude bombing with unguided munitions posed problems, even with digital smart platforms. Using smart platforms to deliver dumb bombs against point targets smaller than the circular error probable (CEP) may well require redundant targeting."