Ludwig van Beethoven felt a certain reluctance in writing program music, and said of his 1808 Symphony No. 6 ("Pastoral") that the "whole work can be perceived without description – it is more an expression of feelings rather than tone-painting" . Yet the work clearly contains depictions of bird calls, a babbling brook, a storm, and so on. Beethoven later returned to program music with his Piano Sonata Op. 81a, "Les Adieux", which depicts the departure and return of his close friend the Archduke Rudolph.