By 1923, Reza Khan had largely succeeded in securing Iran's interior from any remaining domestic and foreign threats. Upon his return to the capital he was appointed Prime Minister, which prompted Ahmad Shah to leave Iran for Europe, where he would remain (at first voluntarily, and later in exile) until his death. It induced the Parliament to grant Reza Khan dictatorial powers, who in turn assumed the symbolic and honorific styles of "Janab-i-Ashraf" (His Serene Highness) and "Hazrat-i-Ashraf" on 28 October 1923. He quickly established a political cabinet in Tehran to help organize his plans for modernization and reform.