"The Atlas of North American English" (2006) revealed many of the sound changes active within Atlantic Canadian English, including the fronting of and mild Canadian raising, but notably a lack of the Canadian Shift of the short front vowels that exists in the rest of English-speaking Canada. Canadian raising means that the diphthongs and are raised to, respectively, and before voiceless consonants like , , , , . In all Atlantic Canadian English, (the "short "a" sound") is raised before nasal consonants. This is strongly true in Nova Scotia's Sydney English specifically, which also features a merger of and (e.g. making "haggle" sound like "Hagel"). This merger, typical of Standard Canadian English as well, is not typical however of the rest of Atlantic Canadian English. Nova Scotia's Halifax English and New Brunswick's Saint John English show /æ/ raising before a few consonants, somewhat reminiscent of a New York accent, though nowhere near as defined (thus, "bad" has a different vowel sound than "bat" and "back"), though Charles Boberg suspects this is an older, recessive feature. Nova Scotia's Lunenburg English may show non-rhotic behaviour, and Nova Scotia English generally has a conservatively back compared with other Canadian English dialects.