The 18th-century Kokugaku philologist Motoori Norinaga, in the preface to his 1798 treatise "Tamaarare" ('Ice Crystals (like) Jewels'; ) designed to stir people up from their sleepy acquiescence in acquired customs that were not authentically native, and was critical of the use of the word to express gratitude. He felt its use for such a purpose (along with those of and ) was vitiated by its ultimate derivation from imitating forms of Chinese rhetoric and greetings. In his 1934 essay "Nihon-seishin to Bukkyō", the Buddhologist Katō Totsudō (; 1870-1949) included the "aversion to wastefulness" () in a putative series of what he considered to be "core Japanese personality traits".