Some academic journals use the registered report format, which aims to counteract issues such as data dredging and hypothesizing after the results are known. For example, "Nature Human Behaviour" has adopted the registered report format, as it "shift the emphasis from the results of research to the questions that guide the research and the methods used to answer them". The "European Journal of Personality" defines this format: "In a registered report, authors create a study proposal that includes theoretical and empirical background, research questions/hypotheses, and pilot data (if available). Upon submission, this proposal will then be reviewed prior to data collection, and if accepted, the paper resulting from this peer-reviewed procedure will be published, regardless of the study outcomes."