A number of attempts were made throughout history to end the practice. In 1664, the Manchu Kangxi Emperor attempted to ban foot binding, but failed in doing so. In the later 19th century, Chinese reformers also challenged the practice; however, it was not until the early 20th century that the practice of foot binding began to die out, following the efforts of anti-foot binding campaigners and campaigns. Despite foot binding no longer being practiced, a number of Chinese women who had their feet bound are still alive. , this number had dwindled to only a small handful of elderly Chinese women.