In photography and optics, vignetting (; ) is a reduction of an image's brightness or saturation toward the compared to the image center. The word "", from the same root as "vine", originally referred to a decorative border in a book. Later, the word came to be used for a photographic portrait that is clear at the center and fades off toward the edges. A similar effect is visible in photographs of projected images or videos off a projection screen, resulting in a so-called "hotspot" effect.