The reduction constraint acts on high likelihood combinations of operators and arguments and makes more compact forms. Certain reductions allow words to be omitted completely from an utterance. For example, "I expect John to come" is reducible to "I expect John", because "to come" is highly likely under "expect". The sentence "John wears boots and John wears hats" can be reduced to "John wears boots and hats" because repetition of the first argument "John" under the operator "and" is highly likely. "John reads things" can be reduced to "John reads", because the argument "things" has high likelihood of occurring under any operator.