Several Russian authors published works critical of Custine's "La Russie en 1839", among them "Un mot sur l'ouvrage de M. de Custine, intitulé: La Russie en 1839" by Xavier Labenski (Jean Polonius) and "Examen de l'ouvrage de M. le marquis de Custine intitulé "La Russie en 1839"" (Paris, 1844) by Nicholas Gretsch. Tsarist authorities also sponsored a more scholarly investigation of Russia by a foreigner, August von Haxthausen, who authored the "Studies on the Interior of Russia". This work can be interpreted as an attempt to provide an objective research of Russia's traditional social institutions, which the Tsar's advisors believed would effectively counter Custine's work. "Studies" was translated from German into French and English in 1848.