Female black widows have potent venom containing a neurotoxin active against a range of mammals (see latrodectism). In humans, symptoms to this venom include pain, nausea, goosebumps, and localized sweating. In historical literature, fatalities were reported at anywhere between 0.5% and 12%, but studies within the past several decades have been unable to confirm any fatalities from this or any of the other U.S. species of "Latrodectus" (e.g. zero fatalities among 23,409 documented "Latrodectus" bites from 2000 through 2008). The female's consumption of the male after courtship, a cannibalistic and suicidal behavior observed in "Latrodectus hasseltii" (Australia's redback),