"Titanic" researchers continued to debate the causes and mechanics of the ships breakup. According to his book, "A Night to Remember", Walter Lord described "Titanic" as assuming an "absolutely perpendicular" position shortly before its final plunge. This view remained largely unchallenged even after the wreck was discovered by Robert Ballard in 1985, which confirmed that "Titanic" had broken in two pieces at or near the surface; paintings by noted marine artist Ken Marschall and in James Cameron's film "Titanic", both of which depicted the ship attaining a steep angle prior to the breakup. Most researchers acknowledged that "Titanic"s after expansion joint—designed to allow for flexing of the hull in a seaway—played little to no role in the ship's breakup, though debate continued as to whether the ship had broken from the top downwards or from the bottom upwards.