The sequentially placed 12 universal pitch classes in an Octave on the string, are represented in the above diagram by the Indian synonyms r, R, g, G, M, m, P, d, D, n, N, S'. Most Western music divides the octave into 12 notes, whereas Indian classical music divides them into 22 notes. Except for P (Perfect 5th) and S'(Fundamental frequency) which are played at a single point each (13 and 22 respectively), all other 10 notes have a 'spread' or a 'region' on the string (Swara-kshetra). The 'beginning' and 'end' of these regions form a total of 22 points. e.g., For the region of "r", the perception of r begins at point "1" (called "swara-uday-bindu" in Sanskrit meaning, the point where the swara emerges or starts) and ends at point '2' (called 'Swara-Asta-Bindu' in Sanskrit meaning, the point where the swara disappears or ends). For the region of 'R', the perception of R begins at point '3' and ends at point '4', and so on.