VOFDM was proposed by Xiang-Gen Xia in 2000 ("Proceedings of ICC 2000", New Orleans, and "IEEE Trans. on Communications", Aug. 2001) for single transmit antenna systems. VOFDM replaces each scalar value in the conventional OFDM by a vector value and is a bridge between OFDM and the single carrier frequency domain equalizer (SC-FDE). When the vector size is formula_36, it is OFDM and when the vector size is at least the channel length and the FFT size is formula_36, it is SC-FDE.