The Philippines' most political filmmaker was Lino Brocka (1939–1991). His works such as "Maynila: Sa mga Kuko ng Liwanag" (1975) and "Orapronobis" (1989) were considered as the opening and the end of the golden age of film in the country. Brocka's works were committed to an anti-Marcos, anti-authoritarian type of politics and highly valued the freedom of artistic expression. He contributed in the building of a post-Marcos Philippines and was able to help topple the Marcos dictatorship through his active participation in cultural and social activities. His films told the story of the underclass' struggle, the dark side of a sprawling metropolis and featured poverty-stricken locations which were able to make a statement with regards to the Marcos' autocratic rule and human rights violations. He was also notably part of the group of filmmakers, artists and cultural workers that formed the "Free Artist Movement" which eventually became the "Concerned Artists of the Philippines". This group challenged the censorship practice that the Marcoses imposed on all artistic media.