The extent of her influence at matters of court and state has been a matter of debate among historians. Philostorgius considers her to be more intelligent than her husband but comments on her "barbarian arrogance". Zosimus considers her strong-willed but ultimately manipulated by eunuchs at court and the women of her environment. "Barbarians and Bishops: Army, Church, and State in the Age of Arcadius and Chrysostom" (1990) by J. W. H. G. Liebeschuetz considers her influence overestimated in primary sources while "The Cambridge Ancient History XIII. The Late Empire A.D. 337–425" (1998) reports her dominating the government between 400 and her death in 404.