allow the prediction of concentrations of each dissolved inorganic carbon species in solution, from the added concentration of (which constitutes more than 90% of Bjerrum plot species from pH 7 to pH 8 at 25 °C in fresh water). Addition of will increase concentration at any pH. Rearranging the equations given above, we can see that = , and [ = . Therefore, when concentration is known, the maximum concentration of Ca2+ ions before scaling through CaCO3 precipitation can be predicted from the formula: