Adultery and similar offenses are discussed under one of the eighteen "vivādapadas" (titles of laws) in the "Dharma" literature of Hinduism. Adultery is termed as "Strisangrahana" in "dharmasastra" texts. These texts generally condemn adultery, with some exceptions involving consensual sex and "niyoga" (levirate conception) in order to produce an heir. According to "Apastamba Dharmasutra", the earliest dated Hindu law text, cross-varna adultery is a punishable crime, where the adulterous man receives a far more severe punishment than the adulterous "arya" woman. In "Gautama Dharmasutra", the adulterous "arya" woman is liable to harsh punishment for the cross-class adultery. While "Gautama Dharmasutra" reserves the punishment in cases of cross-class adultery, it seems to have been generalized by "Vishnu Dharmasastra" and "Manusmiriti". The recommended punishments in the text also vary between these texts.