The beginning of the 20th century brought with it a series of pogroms that led to the murder of hundreds of thousands of Jews. A large number of the pogroms were carried out by the Ukrainian nationalist military and migrant industrial workers. Between 1918 and 1919, there were over 1,200 pogroms in Ukraine which stemmed from the belief that Jews were disloyal to the Tsar and were supporters of the Bolsheviks. There were rumors that Alexander III gave people the right to attack Jews because of the assassination of Alexander II. By the time the pogroms ended, 30,000 Jews were killed, 500,000 Jews were left homeless, and a total of 150,000 died due to diseases and wounds.