Lazaridis et al. (2016) notes "The demographic impact of steppe related populations on South Asia was substantial, as the Mala, a south Indian Dalit population with minimal Ancestral North Indian (ANI) ancestry still have ~ 18% steppe-related Yamnaya ancestry, while the Kalash of Pakistan are inferred to have ~ 50% steppe-related Yamnaya ancestry, one of the highest percentage next to eastern Europeans at 51%." Lazaridis et al.'s 2016 study estimated (6.5–50.2%) steppe related admixture in South Asians. Lazaridis et al. further notes that "A useful direction of future research is a more comprehensive sampling of ancient DNA from steppe populations, as well as populations of central Asia (east of Iran and south of the steppe), which may reveal more proximate sources of the ANI than the ones considered here, and of South Asia to determine the trajectory of population change in the area directly.