The New Zealand semi-official history (1919, by Fred Waite) estimated that 8556 New Zealanders served at Gallipoli, and contained an estimate of battle casualties including In 2000, McGibbon wrote that had been killed, about a quarter of those who had initially landed on the peninsula.; other estimates were 2701 (Pugsley) or 2779 (Stowers). A 2019 study by New Zealand historians John Crawford and Matthew Buck arrived at a higher estimate for the numbers of New Zealand soldiers who served at Gallipoli: over 16,000, perhaps 17,000 (rather than earlier revised figures of 13,000 to 14,000 and the 1919 figure of 8,556).