Ajdukiewicz was born in Wieliczka. From 1868 to 1873, he studied under Władysław Łuszczkiewicz in the School of Fine Arts in Kraków. Later, he travelled to Vienna and Munich on a scholarship along with Wojciech Kossak and studied in Józef Brandt's "atelier" among other places. In 1877, Ajdukiewicz travelled to Paris and the Near East with Count Władysław Branicki. In 1882, he lived in Vienna, where he worked on commissions for the aristocracy. He painted a portrait of the Prince of Wales in 1883 while staying in London.