It has been demonstrated, however, that resultatives exist independently of the perfect in sentences like "I turned this offer down", creating the need to reexamine the role of resultatives. To address this, it has been claimed that the resultative expresses both a state and the preceding action it has resulted from. This emphasizes that the resultative describes how a state was acted upon. Therefore, it must use the passive form. However, this analysis does not account for phrases such as "I turned this offer down", which uses the active rather than the passive voice.