While the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 do not explicitly create a doctrine of command responsibility, they do uphold a notion that a superior must account for the actions of his subordinates. It also suggests that military superiors have a duty to ensure that their troops act in accordance with international law and if they fail to command them lawfully, their respective states may be held criminally liable. In turn, those states may choose to punish their commanders. At such, the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 have been viewed as foundational roots of the modern doctrine of command responsibility. After World War I, the Allied Powers' Commission on the Responsibility of the Authors of the War and on the Enforcement of Penalties recommended the establishment of an international tribunal, which would try individuals for "orderor, with knowledge thereof and with power to intervene, abstain[ing from preventing or taking measures to prevent, putting an end to or repressing, violations of the laws or customs of war."