Most estimates of democide are uncertain and scholars often give widely different estimates. His figures for Communist regimes are higher than those given by most other scholars. According to Benjamin Valentino, the figures range from 60 to 100 million. Rummel's counts 43 million deaths due to democide during Stalin's regime inside and outside the Soviet Union, a much higher estimate than an often quoted figure of 20 million. Rummel has responded that this is based on a figure from Robert Conquest's book "The Great Terror" from 1968 and that Conquest's qualifier "almost certainly too low" is usually forgotten. According to Rummel, Conquest's calculations excluded camp deaths after 1950, and before 1936; executions 1939–1953; the population transfer in the Soviet Union, i.e. the forced transfer of various groups and their deaths in 1939–1953; the deportation within the Soviet Union of minorities in 1941–1944; and their deaths; and those the Soviet Red Army and secret police executed throughout Eastern Europe after their conquest during 1944–1945. Moreover, the Holodomor that killed 5 million in 1932–1934 (according to Rummel) is not included. Rummel considered communism to be a significant causative factor in democides.