In 1961, Hoa controlled 80 percent of all the capital in the retail trade and 75 percent of South Vietnam's commercial activities. Utilizing the Confucian paradigm of personal networks, Hoa have dominated several types of businesses such as financial services, food, information technology, chemicals, electronic and electrical equipment, machinery, fabricated metals, wholesale trade, transportation equipment, and other miscellaneous services. Constituting a mere 1 percent of Vietnam's population, Hoa controlled an estimated 90 percent of non-European private capital in the mid-1960s and dominated South Vietnam's entire retail trade, financial services, manufacturing, and transportation sectors, and the country's rice economy. In the hospitality and tourist sector, Hoa owned more than 50 percent of all the largest hotels and 90 percent of small hotels and boarding houses in the Saigon-Cholon and Gia Dinh areas, in addition to 92 large restaurants, 243 tea and beer shops, 48 hotels, and 826 eating houses. Hoa controlled much of the restaurants, drink and hotel, amusement and recreation, medical, educational, and other miscellaneous establishments and services. Hoa businessmen operated restaurants and hotels as a stepping stone as these businesses turned in a quick profit while requiring very little initial startup capital. Furthermore, hospitality businesses were not regulated by government or local discriminatory policies. Although there were also numerous wealthy Vietnamese in the commercial class, the disproportionate amount economic power held by the Hoa minority led to resentment from the Vietnamese. Before 1975, the Hoa controlled 77 percent of factories in Southern Vietnam. Moreover, the Hoa controlled 3 of South Vietnam's largest textile corporations (Vinatex; Vinatexco; and Vinatefico) and more than 600 small and medium-sized textile enterprises were under Chinese hands supplying more than 80% of South Vietnam's domestic textile products. The Hoa also dominated the wholesale trade markets in places such as Binh Tay, An Dong, and Soai Kinh Lam and up to 60% of retail goods were meted out by Hoa businessmen throughout South Vietnam as well as Cambodia.