According to a number of scholars, Mahāyāna Buddhism flourished during the time of the Kuṣāṇa Empire, and this is illustrated in the form of Mahāyāna influence on the "Mahāvibhāṣā Śāstra". The "Mañjuśrīmūlakalpa" also records that Kaniṣka presided over the establishment of Prajñāpāramitā doctrines in the northwest of India. Étienne Lamotte has also pointed out that a Sarvāstivāda master is known to have stated that the Mahāyāna Prajñā sūtras were to be found amongst their Vaipulya sūtras. According to Paul Williams, the similarly massive "Mahāprajñāpāramitāupadeśa" also has a clear association with the Vaibhāṣika Sarvāstivādins.