Rogner "et al." (2007) reported that the then-current estimated total atmospheric concentration of long-lived GHGs was around 455 parts-per-million (ppm) -eq (range: 433-477 ppm -eq). The effects of aerosol and land-use changes (e.g., deforestation) reduced the physical effect (the radiative forcing) of this to 311 to 435 ppm -eq, with a central estimate of about 375 ppm -eq. The 2011 estimate of -eq concentrations (the long-lived GHGs, made up of , methane (), nitrous oxide (), chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12), CFC-11, and fifteen other halogenated gases) is 473 ppm -eq (NOAA, 2012). The NOAA (2012) estimate excludes the overall cooling effect of aerosols (e.g., sulfate).