Matrix Reasoning also tested this ability as well as the ability to start with stated rules, premises, or conditions and to engage in one or more steps to reach a solution to a novel problem (deduction). In the Matrix Reasoning test, children were presented a series or sequence of pictures with one picture missing. Their task was to choose the picture that fits the series or sequence from an array of five options. Since Matrix Reasoning and Picture Concepts involved the use of visual stimuli and did not require expressive language, they were considered to be non-verbal tests of "g"f.