Both ApoD and Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) protein levels increase drastically at the site of regeneration following a nerve crush injury in the rat. Similar observations have been made in rabbits, marmoset monkeys and in mice. Elevated levels of ApoD were observed in the cerebrospinal fluid, hippocampus and cortex of human patients with Alzheimer’s disease, cerebrovascular disease, motoneuron disease, meningoencephalitis and stroke. ApoD expression is altered in plasma and post-mortem brains of schizophrenic patients. In patients with Parkinson’s disease or with multiple sclerosis, ApoD expression is strongly increased in glial cells of the substantia nigra.