The German artist Joachim von Sandrart (1606–1688) had worked for periods in Holland, and his "Deutsche Akademie" in the same format covers many Dutch artists he knew. Houbraken's master, and Rembrandt's pupil, was Samuel van Hoogstraten (1627–1678), whose "Zichtbare wereld" and "Inleyding tot de Hooge Schoole der Schilderkonst" (1678) contain more critical than biographical information, and are among the most important treatises on painting of the period. Like other Dutch works on the theory of art, they expound many commonplaces of Renaissance theory and do not entirely reflect contemporary Dutch art, still often concentrating on history painting.