Rummel's version of the democratic peace theory has some distinctive features disputed by some other researchers who support the existence and explanatory power of the democratic peace. Rummel's early research found that democracies are less warlike, even against non-democracies. Other researchers hold only that democracies are far less warlike with one another. Rummel held that democracies properly defined never go to war with each other and that this is an "absolute or (point) claim." Other researchers such as Stuart A. Bremer found that it is a chance, or stochastic, matter. In this sense, Rummel was deterministic. A review by James Lee Ray cited several other studies finding that the increase in the risk of war in democratizing countries happens only if many or most of the surrounding nations are undemocratic. If wars between young democracies are included in the analysis, several studies and reviews still find enough evidence supporting the stronger claim that all democracies, whether young or established, go into war with one another less frequently while some do not.