Most of the indigenous people of the Wil-lamet Valley were forcibly removed in February of 1859, to the reservation of the Confederated Tribes of Grand Ronde. Most were moved without treaty or compensation for lost lands or resources. Some 22 tribes were moved during the cold winter. It is estimated that some 30% would not survive the first year. The tribes eventually prospered, but outside of Clackamas County. They never received any revenue or compensation from the logging of their homeland forests.