The rise of secularism led to the decline of traditional churches whose attendance fall off dramatically in the 1960s-1970s. The replacement of a religious worldview by a scientific worldview left many people in the West disenchanted as science failed to provide the traditional spiritual comforts of religion, leading to a feeling on part of many Westerners in the 1960s-1970s that the world was adrift. Furthermore, in a world full of injustice and pain, science for many seemed to be an unacceptable basis for morality, leading many to search for something spiritual outside of traditional religion. Duren wrote that a situation had been created where by the late 1960s-early 1970s there was "...a widespread apathy punctuated by a continued desire to believe something...anything". The American-Canadian scholar David Frum wrote of the times that many "yearned as fervently as ever for a direct encounter with the transcendental, but they chafed against the authority that had once guided them towards that encounter".