William of Orange would go on to defeat James II at the Battle of the Boyne on 12 July 1690. Though not a major skirmish, this confrontation proved to be decisive as, in the course of the battle, James fled the field eventually leaving Ireland for France. William would also leave Ireland after a disastrous failed assault on the Jacobite-held Limerick city. The war would go on for another year, with the major, decisive engagement coming at the brutal battle of Aughrim. Over 7,000 men lost their lives during this confrontation, making it the bloodiest battle ever fought on Irish soil. Afterwards, the remaining Jacobite forces left Ireland after a second siege of Limerick with many volunteering for French military service. With James deposed, William and Mary were crowned joint monarchs on the condition that Parliament could pass stringent measures to protect Protestant Britain from any further Catholic incursions. Harsher penal laws were introduced to enshrine Protestantism in British society and, subsequently, Irish life. Anyone outside of the Anglican Church was subject to fines, arrest and, in extreme circumstances, execution. The political influence of Presbyterians was removed along with nearly all of the Irish Catholic (what would be called in modern times) civil rights. Catholics could not hold office, vote or join the military. Catholic property could only be inherited if it were subdivided between sons. Similar to medieval times and the English town settlements, Irish Catholics once again found themselves all but excluded from mainstream society in Ireland.