The MMSE was first published in 1975 as an appendix to an article written by Marshal F. Folstein, Susan Folstein, and Paul R. McHugh. It was published in Volume 12 of the "Journal of Psychiatric Research", published by Pergamon Press. While the MMSE was attached as an appendix to the article, the copyright ownership of the MMSE (to the extent that it contains copyrightable content) remained with the three authors. Pergamon Press was subsequently taken over by Elsevier, who also took over copyright of the "Journal of Psychiatric Research".