Signs were used to indicate where African Americans could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat. Segregated facilities extended from white-only schools to white-only graveyards. The U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of segregation in "Plessy v. Ferguson" (1896), so long as "separate but equal" facilities were provided, a requirement that was rarely met in practice. The doctrine was overturned unanimously in "Brown v. Board of Education" "(1954)" by the Supreme Court under Chief Justice Earl Warren, and in the following years the Warren Court further ruled against racial segregation in several landmark cases including "Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964)," which helped bring an end to the Jim Crow laws.