Typically such a modified transliteration is based on the ALA-LC, or Library of Congress (in North America), or, less commonly, the British Standard system. Such a simplified system usually omits diacritics and ligatures (tie-bars) from, e.g., "i͡e", "ï" or "ĭ", often simplifies "-yĭ" and "-iĭ" word endings to "-y", omits romanizing the Ukrainian soft sign ("ь") and apostrophe (""'), and may substitute "ya, ye, yu, yo" for "ia, ie, iu, io" at the beginnings of words. It may also simplify doubled letters. Unlike in the English language where an apostrophe is punctuation, in the Ukrainian language it is a letter. Therefore sometimes Rus' is translated with an apostrophe, even when the apostrophe is dropped for most other names and words.