Furthermore, Said said that Orientalism, as an "idea of representation is a theoretical one: The Orient is a stage on which the whole East is confined" to make the Eastern world "less fearsome to the West"; and that the developing world, primarily the West, is the cause of colonialism. In "Empire: A Very Short Introduction" (2000), Stephen Howe agreed with Said that Western nations and their empires were created by the exploitation of underdeveloped countries, and the extraction of wealth and labour from one country to another country.