After Hamlin, Robert College was administrated by George Washburn (1877–1903) and Caleb Gates (1903–1932). Though founded at the time of the Ottoman Empire as an institution of higher learning serving mainly the Christian minorities of the Empire as well as foreigners living in Constantinople, the school adopted a strictly secular educational model in accordance with the republican principles of Turkey in 1923. Robert College, in the past had junior high school, high school, and university sections under the names "Robert Academy", "Robert Yüksek" and "American College for Girls". Since 1971, the current-day Robert College has functioned only as a "high school" (more comparable to the French "lycée" in academic rigor) on its Arnavutköy campus (formerly the campus of "American College for Girls"), yet it retains the title of 'College'. The Bebek campus and academic staff were turned over to the Republic of Turkey for use as a public university named Boğaziçi University, the renamed continuation of Robert College's university section.