Some German manufacturers and energy companies have criticized the phase-out plans, warning that Germany could face blackouts. While this did not happen there has been an increase in voltage fluctuations which has damaged industrial facilities and caused them to install voltage regulators. A 2020 study by the Haas School of Business found that the lost nuclear electricity production has been replaced primarily by coal-fired production and net electricity imports. The social cost of this shift from nuclear to coal is approximately twelve billion US dollars per year, mostly from the eleven hundred additional deaths associated with exposure to the local air pollution emitted when burning fossil fuels. Swedish Energy company Vattenfall went in front of the World Bank's International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) to seek compensation from the German government for the premature shut-down of its nuclear plants.