The Court derived this state-federal citizenship distinction from Miller's reading of the first section of the Fourteenth Amendment—the Citizenship Clause—which had conferred national U.S. citizenship upon freed black slaves and superseded the Court's 1857 decision "Dred Scott v. Sandford". Miller accepted that Article IV of the U.S. Constitution's original Privileges and Immunities Clause, on which the Fourteenth Amendment's Privileges or Immunities Clause had been modeled, protected Americans' broad state rights. But Miller said the Fourteenth Amendment's language was distinguishable from the Article IV clause. Miller wrote—misquoting the Fourteenth Amendment's text—that the Privileges or Immunities Clause "speaks only of privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States, and does not speak of those of citizens of the several states." He concluded that "the entire domain of the privileges and immunities of the states ... lay within the constitutional and legislative power of the states, and without that of the Federal government."