The IUCN list differs from that by Groves (2005) in that Groves excluded "C. a. cesarae" and "C. a. malitiosus" but included "Cebus albifrons unicolor" as a subspecies. In the "Handbook of the Mammals of the World" (2013) Mittermeier and Rylands limit "C. albifrons" to the Humboldt's white-fronted capuchin ranging in the upper Amazon basin in southern Venezuela, southern and eastern Colombia and northwest Brazil, based largely on the work of Jean Boubli, Thomas Defler and Jorge Hernández-Camacho. In particular, the following forms that had previously been considered subspecies or populations of "C. albifrons" have been reclassified as separate species: