Justice Noah H. Swayne also wrote a dissenting opinion. Swayne criticized the Court's refusal to accept that the Fourteenth Amendment and its Privileges or Immunities had been intended to transform American government. Speaking of the Court's objection that a broad reading of the Clause would make it a "perpetual censor" on state governments, Swayne wrote: "It is objected that the power conferred is novel and large. The answer is that the novelty was known and the measure deliberately adopted." He continued: "It is necessary to enable the government of the nation to secure to everyone within its jurisdiction the rights and privileges enumerated, which, according to the plainest considerations of reason and justice and the fundamental principles of the social compact all are entitled to enjoy. Without such authority, any government claiming to be national is glaringly defective."