The word "Dvija" is neither found in any Vedas and Upanishads, nor is it found in any Vedanga literature such as the Shrauta-sutras or Grihya-sutras. The word scarcely appears in Dharmasutras literature. Increasing mentions of it appear in Dharmasastras text of mid to late 1st-millennium CE texts. The presence of the word "Dvija" is a marker that the text is likely a medieval era Indian text, however the Mahabharata, which dates back to at least 400 BCE mentions the word "Dvijottama", thus contradicting the claim.