There were three principal groups of critics against Montero's policies: one headed by journalist Carlos Dávila, another (socialist) headed by Air Commodore Marmaduque Grove, and the third, known as the NAP ("New Public Association") headed by Eugenio Matte (of socialist orientation also.) On June 4, 1932, the Air Force, under the leadership of Commodore Grove, rebelled against the government, causing the immediate resignation of President Montero, and the proclamation of the Socialist Republic of Chile. The executive power was vested in a Government Junta made up of General Arturo Puga (in representation of the military party), Carlos Dávila and Eugenio Matte.