In Hinduism, state Jones and Ryan, the term first appears in the Upanishads. Techniques of concentration or meditation are a Vedic tradition, states Frits Staal, because these ideas are found in the early Upanishads as "dhyana or abhidhyana". In most of the later Hindu yoga traditions, which derive from Patanjali's Raja Yoga, "dhyana" is "a refined meditative practice", a "deeper concentration of the mind", which is taken up after preceding exercises such as mastering "pranayama" (breath control) and "dharana" (mental focus).