Damien Keown also notes that another theory about the meaning of this mantra is that it actually invokes a female deity named Manipadmi. This is due to evidence from texts like the "Kāraṇḍavyūhasūtra" which depict the mantra as a female deity. Also, as noted by Studholme, if the word is read as a vocative, it is most likely in the feminine grammatical gender, because if masculine, it would be a highly irregular form. Thus as Lopez notes, the original meaning of the mantra could in fact be an invocation of "she of the lotus jewel", who is the "vidya" (wisdom) and consort of Avalokiteshvara and is equivalent to Shakti's role "vis a vis" Shiva.