In the Late Roman army, the "primicerius" was a rank junior to the "tribunus" and senior to the "senator". They are best attested in units associated with the imperial court, chiefly imperial guards. Thus in the 4th to 6th centuries there were the "primicerii" of the "protectores domestici" and of the "Scholae Palatinae", but also "primicerii" in charge of the armament factories ("fabricae"), which, like the "Scholae", where under the jurisdiction of the "magister officiorum". "Primicerii" are also to be found in the staffs of regional military commanders ("duces"), as well as in some regular military units. In the later Byzantine era, under the Komnenian emperors, "primikērioi" appear as commanders in the palace regiments of the "Manglabitai", "Vardariōtai", "Vestiaritai" and the Varangians.