According to Van Voris, “With a century of hindsight it is easy to see Carrie Chapman’s views in the late 1880s as xenophobic oversimplifications that scapegoat immigrants. Nevertheless, both ‘America’ lectures proved popular and were well received by audiences that included dedicated feminists. In part the attraction to these ideas came from the women’s frustration with the laws that denied them the vote while offering it to any alien man who had lived in the country for six months and who had taken out first papers. Catt’s dream was of a sober, educated electorate of women and men. Her suspicion of the alien began to dissolve only when she entered international waters a decade later; her dream did not change.”