Most of the underground press was sympathetic towards Jews, and the Home Army's Bureau of Information and Propaganda was led by operatives who were pro-Jewish and represented the liberal wing of Home Army. However, the bureau's Anti-Communist sub-division (""Antyk""; see also Operation Antyk), created as a response to Communist propaganda, was led by operatives who held strong anti-communist and anti-Jewish views, including the ż"ydokomuna" stereotype. The perceived association between Jews and communists was actively reinforced by Antyk, whose initial reports "tended to conflate communists with Jews, dangerously disseminating the notion that Jewish loyalties were to Soviet Russia and communism rather than to Poland", and which repeated the notion that anti-Semitism was a "useful tool in the struggle against Soviet Russia".