In the era of silent film, the source material for early comedy horror films came from stage performances instead of literature. One example, "The Ghost Breaker" (1914), was based on a 1909 play, though the film's horror elements were more interesting to the audience than the comedy elements. In the United States following the trauma of World War I, film audiences sought to see horror on screen but tempered with humor. The "pioneering" comedy horror film was "One Exciting Night" (1922), written, directed and produced by D. W. Griffith, who noticed the stage success of the genre and foresaw a cinematic translation. While the film included comedic blackface performances, Griffith also included footage of a hurricane for a climactic storm. As an early experiment, the various genres were not well-balanced with horror and comedy, and later films improved the balance and took more sophisticated approaches. Charles Bramesco of Vulture.com identifies "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein" as the first commercially successful comedy horror film. Its success legitimized the genre and established it as commercially viable.