The third level, tied to the third cycle of the Bologna Process, covers the "Dottorato di ricerca" in university institutions and the "Diploma accademico di formazione alla ricerca" in AFAM institutions. The old "Dottorato di ricerca" and "Diploma di specializzazione" are tied to this level. The "Dottorato di ricerca", under both new and old systems, takes a minimum of three years after the "laurea magistralie/specialistica" and gives the academic titles of "Dottore di Ricerca (Dott. Ric.)" and PhD. The old "Diploma di specializzazione" took two to six years and gave the academic title of "Specialista".