Emperor Pedro II of Brazil established federal control over the area in 1861, and efforts began to restore the former forest on the bare slopes and abandoned fields. Re-planting of trees was carried out by Major Manuel Gomes Archer in the second half of the 19th, with over 100,000 trees planted from 1861 to 1887. Around this time, a cog railway was built to carry passengers to the top of Corcovado, and between 1922 and 1931 the famous statue "Christ the Redeemer" was built.