A large fraction of the world population cannot afford sufficient cooling or live in poorly designed houses. In addition to air conditioning, which requires electrification and additional power demand, passive building design and urban planning will be needed to ensure cooling needs are met in a sustainable way. Similarly, many households in the developing and developed world suffer from fuel poverty and cannot heat their houses enough. Existing heating practices are often polluting. Alternatives to fossil fuel heating include electrification (heat pumps, or the less efficient electric heater), geothermal, biomass, solar thermal, and waste heat. The costs of all these technologies strongly depend on location, and uptake of the technology sufficient for deep decarbonisation requires stringent policy interventions.