Kaprow's piece "18 Happenings in 6 Parts" (1959) is commonly cited as the first happening, although that distinction is sometimes given to a 1952 performance of "Theater Piece No. 1" at Black Mountain College by John Cage, one of Kaprow's teachers in the mid-1950s. Cage stood reading from a ladder, Charles Olson read from another ladder, Robert Rauschenberg showed some of his paintings and played wax cylinders of Édith Piaf on an Edison horn recorder, David Tudor performed on a prepared piano and Merce Cunningham danced. All these things took place at the same time, among the audience rather than on a stage. Cage credited a collaborative close reading of Antonin Artaud's "The Theatre and Its Double" with M.C. Richards and David Tudor as the impetus for the event.