As the 20th century opened, British surgeons were still knife-happy, and called for "surgical bacteriology". Surgical pioneer Sir Arbuthnot Lane, famed for an emergency appendectomy performed on England's royalty, drew from Metchnikoff and clinical observation to issue dire warnings about "chronic intestinal stasis"—that is, constipation—its "flooding of the circulation with filthy material" and causing autointoxication, which Lane then treated with colon bypass and colectomy. In America, alleged "bowel sepsis" wreaking degeneration and disease had been targeted since 1875 by John Harvey Kellogg in Michigan at his huge Battle Creek Sanitarium—he coined the term "sanitarium"—yearly receiving several thousand patients, including US Presidents and celebrities, and advertising itself as the "University of Health". When embracing focal infection theory, however, American medical doctors sided against alleged "health faddists" like Kellogg as well as Sylvester Graham, and endorsed the academic tradition of German "scientific medicine".