(as "rabbi" essentially means "teacher", not necessarily "halachic authority"). The testing here covers "Orach Chaim" extensively, usually with less emphasis on the underlying "sugyas". The Chief Rabbinate of Israel confers a "semikhah" known as "Rav Ir", " Rabbi of a City", covering relevant topics from all sections of Shulchan Aruch, such as "gerut"; as for "Dayanut", "Yoreh Yoreh" is a prerequisite; see . Certification, with similar testing, is also required for one to qualify as a "Shochet", "Mohel", "Sofer", or "Menakker". These include, also, an element of "shimush", or apprenticeship.