According to Grubb, based on Banfield and considerably modified by Geist, these subspecies and divisions are considered valid: the "caribou" or woodland caribou division, which includes "R. t. buskensis", "R. t. caribou", "R. t. dawsoni", "R. t. fennicus", "R. t. phylarchus" and "R. t. valentinae" ("R. t. osborni" is a transitional subspecies between the "caribou" and "tarandus" divisions), the "tarandus" or tundra reindeer division, which includes "R. t. caboti", "R. t. groenlandicus", "R. t. pearsoni", "R. t. sibiricus" and "R. t. terraenovae" and the "platyrhynchus" or dwarf reindeer division, which includes "R. t. pearyi" and "R. t. platyrhynchus".