protocol convent long rang transboundari air pollut control emiss nitrogen oxid transboundari flux parti determin implement convent long rang transboundari air pollut concern present emiss air pollut caus damag expos part europ north america natur resourc vital environment econom import recal execut bodi convent recogn session reduc effect total annual emiss nitrogen oxid stationari mobil sourc transboundari flux part state made progress reduc emiss maintain review emiss standard nitrogen oxid take consider exist scientif technic data emiss atmospher movement effect environ nitrogen oxid secondari product control technolog consciou advers environment effect emiss nitrogen oxid vari countri determin effect action control reduc nation annual emiss nitrogen oxid transboundari flux applic nation emiss standard mobil major stationari sourc retrofit exist major stationari sourc recogn scientif technic knowledg matter develop develop account review oper protocol decid action note elabor approach base critic load aim establish effect orient scientif basi account review oper protocol decid internation agre measur limit reduc emiss nitrogen oxid transboundari flux recogn expediti consider procedur creat favour condit exchang technolog contribut effect reduct emiss nitrogen oxid region commiss note appreci mutual commit undertaken countri implement substanti reduct nation annual emiss nitrogen oxid acknowledg measur countri effect reduc emiss nitrogen oxid agre articl definit purpos present protocol convent mean convent long rang transboundari air pollut adopt geneva novemb emep mean cooper programm monitor evalu long rang transmiss air pollut europ execut bodi mean execut bodi convent constitut pursuant articl convent geograph scope emep mean area defin articl protocol convent long rang transboundari air pollut long term financ cooper programm monitor evalu long rang transmiss air pollut europ emep adopt geneva septemb parti mean context requir parti present protocol commiss mean unit nation econom commiss europ critic load mean quantit estim exposur pollut signific harm effect sensit element environ occur present knowledg major exist stationari sourc mean exist stationari sourc thermal input mw major stationari sourc mean stationari sourc thermal input mw major sourc categori mean categori sourc emit emit air pollut form nitrogen oxid includ categori technic annex contribut total nation emiss nitrogen oxid annual basi measur calcul calendar year date entri forc present protocol fourth year stationari sourc mean stationari sourc construct substanti modif commenc expir year date entri forc protocol mobil sourc mean motor vehicl mobil sourc manufactur expir year date entri forc present protocol articl basic oblig parti step effect measur control reduc nation annual emiss nitrogen oxid transboundari flux latest decemb exce nation annual emiss nitrogen oxid transboundari flux emiss calendar year previou year signatur access protocol provid addit respect parti previou year nation averag annual transboundari flux nation averag annual emiss nitrogen oxid period januari januari exce transboundari flux nation emiss calendar year parti year date entri forc present protocol appli nation emiss standard major stationari sourc sourc categori substanti modifi stationari sourc major sourc categori base technolog econom feasibl take consider technic annex appli nation emiss standard mobil sourc major sourc categori base technolog econom feasibl take consider technic annex relev decis framework inland transport committe commiss introduc pollut control measur major exist stationari sourc take consider technic annex characterist plant ag rate util avoid undu oper disrupt parti step commenc negoti month date entri forc present protocol step reduc nation annual emiss nitrogen oxid transboundari flux emiss take account scientif technolog develop internation accept critic load element result work programm undertaken pursuant articl end parti cooper order establish critic load ii reduct nation annual emiss nitrogen oxid transboundari flux emiss requir achiev agre object base critic load iii measur timet commenc januari achiev reduct parti stringent measur requir present articl articl exchang technolog parti consist nation law regul practic facilit exchang technolog reduc emiss nitrogen oxid promot commerci exchang technolog direct industri contact cooper includ joint ventur exchang inform experi provis technic assist promot activ subparagraph parti creat favour condit facilit contact cooper organ individu privat public sector capabl provid technolog design engin servic equip financ parti month date entri forc present protocol commenc consider procedur creat favour condit exchang technolog reduc emiss nitrogen oxid articl unlead fuel parti year date entri forc present protocol make unlead fuel suffici case minimum main intern transit rout facilit circul vehicl equip catalyt convert articl review process parti regularli review present protocol take account scientif substanti technolog develop review place year date entri forc present protocol articl work undertaken parti give high prioriti research monitor relat develop applic approach base critic load determin scientif basi reduct emiss nitrogen oxid parti nation research programm work plan execut bodi cooper programm framework convent seek identifi quantifi effect emiss nitrogen oxid human plant anim life water soil materi take account impact nitrogen oxid sourc atmospher deposit determin geograph distribut sensit area develop measur model calcul includ harmon methodolog calcul emiss quantifi long rang transport nitrogen oxid relat pollut improv estim perform cost technolog control emiss nitrogen oxid record develop improv technolog develop context approach base critic load method integr scientif technic econom data order determin control strategi articl nation programm polici strategi parti develop undu delai nation programm polici strategi implement oblig present protocol serv mean control reduc emiss nitrogen oxid transboundari flux articl inform exchang annual report parti exchang inform notifi execut bodi nation programm polici strategi develop accord articl report annual progress achiev programm polici strategi level nation annual emiss nitrogen oxid basi calcul progress appli nation emiss standard requir pursuant articl subparagraph nation emiss standard appli appli sourc sourc categori concern progress introduc pollut control measur requir pursuant articl subparagraph sourc concern measur introduc introduc progress make unlead fuel measur facilit exchang technolog progress establish critic load inform submit accord uniform report framework articl calcul emep util model good time annual meet execut bodi provid execut bodi calcul nitrogen budget transboundari flux deposit nitrogen oxid geograph scope emep area geograph scope emep model circumst parti convent articl technic annex technic annex present protocol recommendatori charact form integr part protocol articl amend protocol parti propos amend present protocol propos amend submit write execut secretari commiss commun parti execut bodi discuss propos amend annual meet provid propos circul execut secretari parti dai advanc amend protocol amend technic annex adopt consensu parti present meet execut bodi enter forc parti accept dai date third parti deposit instrument accept thereof amend enter forc parti accept third parti deposit instrument accept amend dai date parti deposit instrument accept amend amend technic annex adopt consensu parti present meet execut bodi effect dai date commun accord paragraph amend paragraph adopt commun execut secretari parti articl settlement disput disput aris parti interpret applic present protocol seek solut negoti method disput settlement accept parti disput articl signatur present protocol open signatur sofia novemb novemb inclus headquart unit nation york member state commiss state consult statu commiss pursuant paragraph econom social council resolut iv march region econom intregr organ constitut sovereign state member commiss compet respect negoti conclus applic intern agreement matter cover protocol provid state organ concern parti convent matter compet region econom integr organ behalf exercis right fulfil respons present protocol attribut member state case member state organ entitl exercis right individu articl ratif accept approv access present protocol subject ratif accept approv signatori present protocol open access state organ refer articl state organ acced present protocol decemb implement articl decemb instrument ratif accept approv access deposit secretari gener unit nation perform function depositari articl entri forc present protocol enter forc dai date instrument ratif accept approv access deposit state organ refer articl ratifi accept approv present protocol acced thereto deposit instrument ratif accept approv access protocol enter forc dai date deposit parti instrument ratif accept approv access articl withdraw time year date present protocol forc respect parti parti withdraw give written notif depositari withdraw effect dai date receipt depositari date notif withdraw articl authent text origin present protocol english french russian text equal authent deposit secretari gener unit nation wit whereof undersign duli author thereto sign present protocol sofia thirti dai octob thousand hundr eighti technic annex inform emiss perform cost base offici document execut bodi subsidiari bodi document eb air wg env wp corr reproduc chapter effect control transboundari air pollut technolog list consid establish basi oper experi inform contain annex incomplet experi engin plant incorpor low emiss technolog retrofit exist plant continu expand regular elabor amend annex annex exhaust statement technic option aim provid guidanc parti identifi econom feasibl technolog give effect oblig protocol control technolog nox emiss stationari sourc fossil fuel combust main stationari sourc anthropogen nox emiss addit combust process contribut relev nox emiss major stationari sourc categori nox emiss includ combust plant industri process furnac cement manufactur stationari ga turbin intern combust engin combust process nitric acid product technolog reduct nox emiss focu combust process modif larg power plant flue ga treatment retrofit exist plant extent applic low nox technolog limit neg oper side effect site specif constraint case retrofit approxim estim typic achiev nox emiss valu plant neg side effect minim exclud design featur data cost combust modif consid small plant case retrofit instanc larg power plant rang swiss franc kwel rule invest cost flue ga treatment system consider higher stationari sourc emiss factor express milligram normal mb cubic metr mg dry basi combust plant categori combust plant compris fossil fuel combust furnac boiler indirect heater combust facil heat input larger mw mix combust flue gase effluent treat materi combust technolog singli combin exist instal low temperatur design firebox includ fluidiz bed combust low excess air oper instal special low nox burner flue ga recircul combust air stage combust overfir air oper reburn fuel stage perform standard achiev summar tabl gt tabl gt flue ga treatment select catalyt reduct scr addit nox emiss reduct measur effici consider oper experi retrofit instal obtain region commiss power plant larger mw thermal combin combust modif emiss valu mg solid fuel mg liquid fuel easili met select catalyt reduct sncr flue ga treatment nox reduct cheaper technolog special applic refineri furnac base load ga combust stationari ga turbin intern combust ic engin nox emiss stationari ga turbin reduc combust modif dry control water steam inject wet control measur establish mean emiss valu mg ga mg oil met retrofit nox emiss stationari spark ignit ic engin reduc combust modif lean burn exhaust ga recircul concept flue ga treatment close loop catalyt convert scr technic econom feasibl process depend engin size engin type stroke stroke engin oper mode constant vari load lean burn concept capabl meet nox emiss valu mg scr process reduc nox emiss mg catalyt convert reduc emiss mg industri process furnac cement calcin precalcin process evalu region commiss technolog potenci reduc nox concentr flue ga exist cement calcin furnac mg combust process nitric acid product nitric acid product high pressur absorpt gt bar capabl keep nox concentr undilut effluent emiss perform met medium pressur absorpt combin scr process similar effici nox reduct process retrofit ii control technolog nox emiss motor vehicl motor vehicl consid annex road transport petrol fuell diesel fuell passeng car light duti vehicl heavi duti vehicl refer made specif vehicl categori defin eec regul pursuant agreement adopt uniform condit approv reciproc recognit approv motor vehicl equip part road transport major sourc anthropogen nox emiss commiss countri contribut total nation emiss typic petrol fuell vehicl contribut third total road transport nox emiss technolog control nitrogen oxid motor vehicl summar tabl conveni group technolog refer exist propos nation intern emiss standard differ stringenc control current regulatori test cycl reflect urban metropolitan drive estim rel nox emiss account higher speed drive nox emiss import addit product cost figur technolog tabl manufactur cost estim retail price control product conform vehicl perform import ensur reduct potenti emiss standard achiev practic technolog incorpor base catalyt convert requir unlead fuel free circul vehicl equip catalyt convert depend gener avail unlead petrol petrol fuell diesel fuell passeng car tabl emiss standard summar tabl group engin technolog petrol vehicl nox emiss reduct potenti gt tabl gt gt tabl gt emiss standard includ limit hydrocarbon hc carbon monoxid emiss nox estim emiss reduct pollut rel baselin ec case tabl gt tabl gt current diesel car meet nox emiss requir standard strict particul emiss requir stringent nox limit standard impli diesel passeng car requir develop includ electron control fuel pump advanc fuel inject system exhaust ga recircul particul trap experiment vehicl exist date tabl footnot light duti vehicl control method passeng car applic nox reduct cost commerci lead time factor differ heavi duti petrol fuell vehicl class vehicl insignific western europ decreas eastern europ nox emiss level tabl achiev modest cost signific technolog advanc heavi duti diesel fuell vehicl tabl emiss standard summar tabl group engin technolog heavi duti diesel vehicl nox reduct potenti baselin engin configur chang trend natur aspir turbo charg engin trend implic improv baselin fuel consumpt perform compar estim consumpt includ gt tabl gt gt tabl gt air pollut studi unit nation public sale ii present difficult provid reliabl data cost control technolog absolut term cost data includ present annex emphasi relationship cost technolog absolut cost figur limit oper experi type combust technolog