commiss decis novemb declar concentr compat common market function eea agreement case iv enso stora notifi document number english text authent text eea relev ec commiss european commun regard treati establish european commun regard agreement european econom area articl thereof regard council regul eec decemb control concentr undertak amend regul ec articl thereof regard commiss decis juli initi proceed case undertak concern opportun make view object rais commiss regard opinion advisori committe concentr june commiss receiv notif propos concentr pursuant articl regul eec hereinaft refer quot merger regul quot enso oyj enso enter full merger stora kopparberg bergslag ab stora newli merg compani name stora enso oyj stora enso examin notif commiss conclud notifi oper fall scope merger regul commiss decid initi proceed pursuant articl merger regul juli parti enso industri group activ forest industri wood base fibr product activ consist wood procur paper board manufactur pulp sawmil enso activ merchant enso incorpor finland main activ enso product plant european countri germani baltic state asia stora industri group oper forest industri stora produc pulp paper board activ sawmil stora incorpor sweden carri main busi stora product plant european countri germani canada ii oper oper quot merger equal quot carri public bid stora share announc june stora sharehold receiv newli issu share enso public bid stora wholli own subsidiari enso major sharehold stora enso finnish state approxim share vote right investor ab largest sharehold stora approxim share vote right iii commun dimens enso stora combin aggreg world wide turnov excess ecu million enso ecu million stora ecu million commun wide turnov excess ecu million enso ecu million stora ecu million achiev third aggreg commun wide turnov member state notifi oper commun dimens constitut cooper case eea agreement iv compat common market relev product market gener parti identifi horizont affect market newsprint magazin paper fine paper corrug raw materi consum packag pulp parti limit overlap activ corrug raw materi type corrug raw materi flute rippl middl layer corrug board liner flat surfac layer board glu side flute corrug raw materi manufactur corrug board ultim corrug box contain transport packag overlap activ parti corrug raw materi occur product sale flute independ convert stora market share eea level intern group sca jefferson smurfit group enso market share corrug raw materi signific market discuss enso stora engag manufactur pulp merg entiti approxim pulp product market eea level largest competitor yield larg part pulp produc parti intern parti paper board product statist exclud sale conclud parti pulp product exclud quot captiv quot product result signific market share eea global level market discuss commiss previou decis identifi market fine paper uncoat wood uncoat wood free coat wood coat wood free paper commiss date left open exact definit product market precis definit left open case altern market definit consid effect competit significantli imped eea substanti part area market discuss newsprint newsprint primarili public newspap manufactur newsprint requir mechan pulp recycl pulp weight grade newsprint depend paper finish calend white colour bright differ grade parti differ qualiti characterist price grade newsprint suffic separ grade distinct product market parti newsprint singl product market parti high degre demand side suppli side substitut grade printer handl grade costli adjust print machin commiss consid newsprint previou decis found inter alia high degre demand suppli side substitut price differ signific commiss consid newsprint singl product market case market subdivid instanc improv newsprint standard newsprint assess notifi transact materi affect purpos case newsprint consid relev product market magazin paper magazin paper requir mechan pulp chemic recycl pulp chemic filler pigment parti identifi main grade magazin paper uncoat super calend mechan print paper sc coat mechan paper reel parti divid coat paper lightweight coat lwc medium weight coat mwc heavyweight coat paper hwc parti submit wood free coat paper reel wfc compet coat mechan paper parti high degre demand side substitut grade magazin paper gener reaction investig carri commiss point limit demand side substitut decis type paper public depend number criteria type public target group willing pai price balanc qualiti price paper publish chang type paper public defin relev product market assess oper affect narrow product market consid purpos case relev product market consid magazin paper consum packag board consum packag board larg varieti type grade board exist board made pure virgin fibr mixtur recycl virgin fibr distinct made main categori board solid bleach sulphat sb fold box board fbb solid unbleach sulphat su white line chipboard wlc sb fbb su made virgin fibr wlc made recycl fibr board materi convert carton fold box cup sold produc food food consum product includ nonliquid liquid food cigarett cosmet pharmaceut board limit extent graphic applic parti identifi relev product market consum packag board categori includ virgin recycl fibr base board consum packag board grade sb su fbb wlc parti refer market quot virgin recycl market quot parti identifi virgin fibr base board market includ virgin fibr grade sb su fbb parti refer market quot virgin market quot parti virgin fibr base board packag liquid liquid good board base recycl fibr packag liquid good wlc limit packag food liquid product liquid deterg parti submit volum insuffici justifi inclus wlc quot virgin quot market demand side substitut substitut liquid liquid virgin fibr base board parti claim high degre demand side substitut virgin fibr base grade ow inter alia basic raw materi similar manufactur technolog parti acknowledg grade board produc meet specif set convert custom specif set partli function end packag parti result variat physic characterist board grade due differ pulp mixtur number layer chemic addit parti argu convert capabl switch grade virgin fibr base board frequent liquid packag applic refer end product milk juic packag carton fill special fill machin main type liquid packag system call asept packag system fresh packag system asept packag distinct long shelf live year fresh packag chill shelf life week parti princip technic differ board packag liquid good good applic plastic coat aluminium lamin board packag fresh liquid board plastic coat polyethylen coat pe coat board asept packag liquid lamin lamin refer bond combin aluminium plastic board parti physic characterist quot base quot board packag liquid food product virtual parti maintain suitabl board packag liquid achiev applic plastic coat combin plastic coat aluminium lamin opinion parti role board produc restrict product base board packag liquid liquid good respons commiss enquiri show finish board suffici produc liquid packag board requir impos base board differ substanti type virgin fibr base board custom produc liquid packag board contact commiss liquid packag demand end tougher requir characterist board liquid packag compar type virgin fibr base board gener term liquid packag board numer perform requir relat inter alia abil run fill machin ensur pack result board resist light crack leakag resist moistur result fill process meet special demand transport fill product cool chain distribut fresh product result commiss investig examin detail commiss investig found import differ liquid packag board board end liquid packag board high absorpt resist order avoid liquid penetr size requir commiss enquiri found size board packag liquid liquid packag board meet higher bacteriolog food law environment requir industri gener american fda rule german bgvv rule custom commun direct applic custom produc regul liquid applic restrict liquid applic gener percept custom produc rule difficult meet liquid liquid food packag case asept food packag board materi sterilis sterilis carri treat board peroxid peroxid aggress substanc impos extra high demand size adequ make fibr repel peroxid solut respect size custom produc critic nonliquid food packag investig show crack resist critic liquid packag board type board abil board fold import liquid escap easili smallest crack case solid crack reduc ga tight packag expos unsterilis materi instanc fibr unsteril matter dissolv liquid case asept packag long shelf life year impos special requir hoard materi packag avoid crack entir shelf life product parti organolept qualiti taint odour difficult meet liquid food packag board type board liquid food product milk sensit respect easili absorb taint odour solid food withstand unsteril influenc liquid food parti admit packag liquid food demand end applic acknowledg import characterist paragraph liquid packag board parti argu number abovement requir appli board packag type good commiss acknowledg correct instanc organolept requir board packag cigarett chocol similar appli liquid packag board note requir impos liquid packag board resist absorpt liquid end consum packag board requir fulfil requir narrow toler base conclud liquid packag board form distinct relev product market liquid packag board point view demand side substitut substitut liquid packag board packag materi parti high degre demand side substitut board packag liquid good packag materi glass plastic inter materi substitut claim put forward parti dismiss custom packag board custom liquid packag board produc convert tetra pak sig combibloc elopak final custom dairi convert switch packag materi exist packag system precis replac board materi viabl solut ow inter alia product technolog exist machineri chang packag product requir heavi invest exist fill pack machineri custom liquid packag board switch back packag materi board plastic glass respons short term price movement parti argu chang demand custom distribut chain dairi retail forc convert switch product plastic commiss opinion decis part food manufactur switch liquid packag board plastic step chang word decis switch made applic last chang demand pattern commiss note demand liquid packag board affect plastic long run last basi plastic consid direct substitut liquid packag board purpos defin relev product market find case line previou decis food beverag packag commiss find relev product market includ packag materi reason state commiss packag materi belong relev product market liquid packag board suppli side substitut substitut liquid liquid virgin fibr base grade parti claim high degre suppli side substitut virgin fibr base grade ow inter alia basic raw materi similar manufactur technolog parti fact machin product grade evid suppli side substitut parti argu technic barrier product liquid packag board produc virgin fibr base board produc liquid packag board investig show theoret produc grade virgin fibr base board machin technic point view enquiri show high degre specialis instanc grade liquid packag board supplier lead board manufactur tend specialis categori end strateg reason establish pattern produc convert parti custom confirm underli reason streamlin board machin avoid switch cost achiev economi scale investig show switch product grade liquid packag board simpl take time experienc produc liquid packag board custom liquid packag board find produc product board requir elabor plan develop test trial product field test procedur commerci product launch custom month reason time period initi commerci product liquid packag board shorter exist produc liquid packag board produc step parti argu produc previous produc liquid packag board start commerci product period month commiss enquiri show exist produc liquid packag board switch product signific cost basi conclud quick suppli respons commiss suppli side substitut market definit consid element potenti competit conclus ow limit demand side substitut liquid liquid packag board packag materi limit suppli side substitut liquid liquid packag board relev product market purpos case consid market liquid packag board liquid packag board rule includ recycl fibr base board inconceiv divis board applic cigarett carton cupstock cosmet graphic purpos warrant question resolv final case oper lead creation strengthen domin posit narrowest market definit liquid packag board area relev geograph market newsprint parti relev geograph market newsprint world wide parti argu newsprint internation trade product substanti import export eea view parti major custom sourc nation intern supplier irrespect actual locat supplier final parti claim price differ signific degre contin barrier trade previou case commiss held competit newsprint take place eea level recent case involv canadian produc abitibi consolid commiss found strong indic eea market investig carri commiss case confirm thesi eea wide market global market import newsprint eea small stabl past ten year repres tonn consumpt canada smaller extent russia usa comment obtain newsprint custom show locat mill relat locat print site import gener signific import made europ duti transport cost regard increas price newsprint barrier sourc europ qualiti eea ident qualiti produc north america instanc import canada qualiti perceiv inferior european qualiti quot cheap quot import russia custom qualiti deliv adequ purpos final custom state price movement north america eea part relev geograph market price custom vari consider contin parti argu event temporari capac suppli part world suppli offer sale eea market parti argu evid global market commiss agre sale necessarili indic global market stage investig evid happen argument pure hypothet basi purpos decis relev geograph market newsprint consid wider eea magazin paper parti substanti export eea parti market magazin paper worldwid export eea constitut parti total product import limit share import eea neglig earlier decis commiss defin relev geograph market eea wide inform obtain parti confirm case basi purpos case relev geograph market magazin paper consid eea wide liquid packag board indic market liquid packag board eea wide purpos case defin geograph market liquid packag board oper lead creation strengthen domin posit narrowest market definit liquid packag board parti substanti global trade flow liquid packag board parti submit relev geograph market global parti argu high level export eea indic global market parti export liquid packag board amount total product high export board parti proof global market basi inform provid parti total export eea total market note case liquid packag board export asia virtual product liquid packag board parti argu liquid packag custom import signific amount board north america base inform provid parti import liquid packag board north america western europ total market import unevenli divid buyer firm import substanti amount virtual indic import prohibit expens difficult commiss found board north america import strateg reason parti argu decis eec tetra pak ii commiss recognis fact competit sale board liquid packag applic occur worldwid level market liquid packag board subject investig decis concern downstream market liquid packag board relev geograph market state explicitli decis factor import export duti tariff barrier trade examin commiss account parti submiss commiss accept relev geograph market worldwid gener view express custom sourc europ attract account duti transport cost environment regul member state fibr cost lower north america eea duti import liquid packag board duti phase end basi inform provid parti transport cost unit state america higher result price increas approxim tonn commiss found board grade eea develop meet environment requir necessarili case europ liquid packag board concern commiss found investig consider differ board sold unit state america eea unit state supplier produc grade europ limit extent ow inter alia higher weight compar european grade aspect plai member state reduct wast import environment issu germani austria netherland scandinavia environment regul germani netherland base weight board germani quot dsd dual system deutschland quot collect recycl fee kilogram board netherland quot integratiecoven verpakkingen quot requir sourc reduct packag includ board year sourc reduct aim reduc weight board maintain perform requir case american board econom disadvantag data submit parti north american board sold eea expens squar metr demand structur duti environment requir eea render difficult unit state supplier export eea indic fibr cost lower unit state produc eea produc difficulti underlin fact import unit state america stabl past year total consumpt eea lastli commiss enquiri found sourc eastern europ gener consid viabl due inferior qualiti board import liquid packag board eastern europ low level import duti transport cost tariff barrier field environment legisl evid suppli structur north america eastern europ eea relev geograph market liquid packag board consid wider eea factor discuss phase custom duti point gradual shift wider market factor suffici prove conclus present stage market wider eea role plai import eea discuss part assess devot potenti competit assess newsprint current competit parti estim total consumpt newsprint eea amount million tonn combin market share eea estim enso stora parti unabl provid market share competitor basi sale term volum term provid share instal capac eea commiss verifi confidenti figur suppli main competitor share capac broadli reflect share term sale public statist confeder european paper industri cepi confirm capac consumpt eea basic balanc basi tabl repres rel posit lead supplier eea tabl market posit main supplier gt tabl gt note number smaller supplier eea sca myllykoski palm import newsprint eea primarili canada russia repres consumpt suppli newsprint appear fairli concentr lead produc account largest smaller produc account capac half size smallest big produc competitor express concern current oper number custom express gener concern trend concentr newsprint industri specif concern present merger custom market rig case commiss found competit largest supplier crucial market outcom demand side consist larg buyer murdoch group axel springer verlag great number medium size small buyer parti estim largest buyer account market largest buyer newsprint bui volum fill complet capac larg produc supplier biggest buyer sourc stabil secur lose partli lose larg custom substanti problem supplier fill mill capac supplier sensit lose larg custom hand largest buyer larg supplier realiti repres sourc suppli evid commiss investig show largest buyer bui largest produc basic compani actual potenti supplier condit achiev contract negoti biggest custom big supplier signific effect rest market supplier account market due sheer size volum buyer result contract negoti supplier larg buyer plai pivot role function market newsprint largest supplier upm kymmen enso stora norsk skog modo haindl effect constitut oligopoli competit oligopoli member larg contract crucial market outcom reason oligopoli succeed increas price vi vi largest buyer result increas price level market commiss examin oper lead creation strengthen oligopolist domin posit oligopolist domin decis ec gencor lonrho commiss note quot similar neg effect aris domin posit held firm aris domin posit held oligopoli situat occur mere adapt member oligopoli market condit anti competit parallel behaviour oligopoli domin activ collus requir member oligopoli domin behav appreci extent independ remain competitor custom ultim consum quot case commiss found characterist newsprint market market incent member oligopoli compet market characterist anti competit oligopolist market moder growth demand side suppli side highli concentr product homogen product technolog matur high entri barrier similar cost structur commiss note oper lead increas herfindahl hirschman index point signific chang detail examin market commiss conclud oper lead creation strengthen oligopolist domin posit parti market newsprint transpar kei paramet suppli price price secret discount market lack transpar commiss note appar potenti competit notabl canada countervail purchas power largest buyer appear exist balanc commiss found chang member oligopoli signific order lead creation strengthen oligopolist domin posit circumst present case magazin paper parti estim total consumpt magazin paper eea million tonn parti combin market share estim enso stora parti unabl provid market share competitor basi sale term volum provid share instal capac eea basi tabl repres rel posit lead produc eea refer capac tabl market posit main supplier gt tabl gt merger lead supplier magazin paper account capac eea lead supplier account capac reason newsprint commiss examin question oligopolist domin relat magazin paper market commiss conclud essenti reason newsprint present oper lead creation strengthen oligopolist domin posit market magazin paper liquid packag board market parti achiev market share eea market split applic cigarett cupstock limit market overlap parti depend applic stora enso produc liquid consum packag board applic merger lead creation strengthen domin posit liquid packag board market liquid packag board market share parti unabl provid estim total market liquid packag board commiss roughli estim eea virgin fibr market rang ecu billion liquid packag board form substanti part total volum liquid packag board market estim parti tonn term deliveri commiss verifi parti estim confidenti figur provid parti conclud figur broadli reflect estim parti term deliveri consumpt parti estim joint deliveri tonn basi parti market share liquid packag board applic posit ahead player market parti estim market share korsnä assidomän commiss verifi parti estim market share confidenti sale figur provid custom liquid packag board potenti competit barrier entri entri barrier virgin fibr base board market high substanti cost build board machin parti estim cost ecu million entri riski due signific economi scale minimum viabl sale estim region tonn year depend mill modest growth demand region year make entri attract regard liquid packag board market addit barrier entri importantli produc liquid packag board requir practic integr long fibr pulp mill addit parti identifi technic equip process need produc liquid packag board enhanc pulp wash capac increas pulp beat capac modif white water circul system instal ph control system ow high invest cost fact produc liquid packag board requir level product capac sale potenti entrant secur contract custom invest machineri problem connect switch fact relationship exist produc custom liquid packag board tend establish tradition long term difficult entri liquid packag board market eea year ii potenti competitor construct board mill take year invest cost substanti green field entrant emerg virgin fibr base board market liquid packag board market forese futur parti identifi intern paper mill svetogorsk russia viabl potenti competitor liquid packag board market commiss investig show board produc mill inferior qualiti suitabl western european market mill suppli board russian market commiss enquiri confirm requir signific invest year produc board svetogorsk mill western european market parti argu mill kwidzyn poland belong intern paper deliv liquid packag board convert facil franc commiss mill produc liquid packag board export liquid packag board eea forese futur parti argu current increas capac rival liquid packag produc korsnä assidomän intensifi competit eea parti current capac exce demand comment obtain parti suggest recent capac increas respond increas demand liquid packag board investig show consider amount capac buyer commiss consult paper board manufactur compani modo metsä serla enter liquid packag board market compani produc liquid packag board modo metsä serla theoret start product liquid packag board medium term exist machin consult modo metsä serla commiss conclud produc enter market forese futur commiss note potenti import bring limit insignific competit pressur bear market pressur increas futur due phase duti import year undertak parti oppos applic duti free quota liquid packag board make effect rapidli quota adopt countervail buyer power liquid packag board market characteris larg produc larg buyer addit stora enso produc liquid packag board europ includ korsnä assidomän buyer liquid packag board market domin tetra pak repres estim market share close main buyer liquid packag board elopak sig combibloc eea market merger structur suppli side mirror structur demand side market liquid packag board larg supplier smaller supplier face larg buyer smaller buyer parti larg custom tetra pak exercis consider buyer power prevent produc liquid packag board increas price investig show relationship supplier custom mutual depend liquid packag board market relationship supplier buyer long term natur switch supplier liquid packag board rare custom switch supplier lead delai costli technic demand due fact evalu process liquid packag board complex time consum investig show supplier specif type liquid packag board requir consider invest produc custom term machineri technic support product product trial human resourc evid long term relationship produc buyer note case enso longest custom relationship back year evid long term mutual depend supplier buyer relationship industri fact enso divid research develop activ unit specialis develop board tetra pak elopak sig combibloc examin main buyer confirm demand side countervail buyer power tetra pak bui tonn liquid packag board year eea volum bought enso stora assidomän korsnä eea tetra pak local supplier tetra pak past instrument develop current supplier produc liquid packag board tetra pak bui requir eea stora enso purchas tetra pak repres output board machin parti total output eea consid product liquid packag board high fix cost industri high rate capac utilis order achiev satisfactori level profit lose larg volum purchas tetra pak parti find custom order fill capac easi task short term tetra pak hand bui volum liquid packag board option develop capac exist supplier parti attempt exercis market power addit tetra pak close cooper produc liquid packag board intim knowledg cost structur parti liquid packag board repres cost blank suppli tetra pak custom commiss note plastic extent substitut liquid packag board long term downstream market packag liquid tetra pak incent seek exercis countervail buyer power reason state conclud tetra pak countervail buyer power extent neutralis potenti increas market power merger stora enso elopak sig combibloc bui smaller volum liquid packag board tetra pak elopak concern note elopak enso subsidiari pakenso present run joint convert activ lahti finland joint convert activ repres signific proport total amount carton convert elopak link parti weaken buyer power elopak merger consid compani place order larg fill capac board machin make difficult elopak sig combibloc switch signific proport volum sourc altern supplier short notic mean larg shift volum altern supplier assidomän korsnä principl switch wtl capac product liquid packag board hurt stora enso significantli parti attempt exercis market power elopak sig combibloc sourc strateg volum unit state strengthen countervail buyer power signific oper eea final tetra pak elopak sig combibloc detail knowledg cost structur parti incent tetra pak exercis buyer power compar tetra pak compani weaker posit short medium term vi vi stora enso eea supplier merger tetra pak elopak sig combibloc sourc smaller volum tetra pak true elopak sig combibloc mean counter price increas propos merger shift balanc power stora enso relationship elopak sig combibloc case elopak sig combibloc consid parti incent compani major player market order complet depend tetra pak concern elopak sig combibloc disadvantag merger comparison tetra pak complet remov recognis countervail buyer power tetra pak reason extent spill elopak sig combibloc addit undertak parti attempt parti address concern paragraph note enso divestitur share joint convert activ elopak lahti finland remov concern link parti increas leverag elopak conclus merger result market structur larg smaller supplier face larg smaller buyer except market structur balanc commiss consid buyer special market circumst suffici countervail buyer power remov possibl parti exercis market power reaction parti custom rang neutral posit reaction custom major long term strateg issu liquid packag board industri possibl plastic time replac paper applic liquid packag board industri competit merger stora enso effici product liquid packag board contribut improv long term competit liquid packag board vi vi plastic packag materi finnish organis central union agricultur produc forest owner quot mtk quot rais concern effect merger wood procur finland mtk consid merger strengthen posit parti parti greater opportun sourc wood eea baltic state sweden mtk put consider pressur finnish suppli market parti control price level commiss agre view commiss found merger virtual effect finnish wood procur market conclus base conclud parti larg market posit market liquid packag board limit potenti competit demand side concentr suppli side countervail buyer power main buyer tetra pak mean oper lead creation strengthen domin posit market liquid packag board undertak parti commiss note reaction statement object parti submit undertak parti undertaken provid price protect mechan smaller custom period year date complet merger parti undertaken increas price largest custom smaller percentag term increas price smaller custom similarli percentag price decreas largest custom greater percentag price decreas smaller custom deviat rule limit toler margin special factor object cost differ warrant differ percentag increas decreas price paid largest smaller custom parti notifi commiss differ percentag price increas decreas toler margin justifi object cost differ price protect mechan audit annual independ auditor work strict oblig confidenti event request commun processor manufactur open duti free quota import liquid packag board parti undertaken effort facilit open quota oppos quota addit parti provid letter finnish swedish govern show finnish swedish govern oppos open quota enso joint convert activ elopak lahti finland enso undertaken sell entir interest activ elopak sale remov concern link reduc countervail buyer power elopak elopak enso fail reach agreement sale enso undertaken extend current agreement expir event activ sold elopak term contract elopak enso vi conclus conclus notifi oper creat strengthen domin posit market result effect competit significantli imped common market substanti part oper compat common market function eea agreement adopt decis articl concentr notifi parti june relat full merger stora kopparberg bergslag ab enso oyj declar compat common market function eea agreement articl decis address enso oyj kanavaranta fin helsinki stora kopparberg bergslag ab group head offic falun brussel novemb commiss karel van miert member commiss oj correct version oj oj oj part text edit ensur confidenti inform disclos part enclos squar bracket mark asterisk decis februari iv torra sarrió oj decis septemb iv jefferson smurfit saint gobain oj decis februari iv svenska cellulosa pwa papierwerk oj decis june iv upm kymmen april oj decis octob iv repola kymmen oj size refer process impregn board form glue bind fibr board size ad pulp pulp fed head box board machin food drug administr feder food drug cosmet act bga bundesgesundheitsamt bundesinstitut für gesundheitlichen verbraucherschutz veterinärmedizin council direct eec june lai health rule product place market raw milk heat treat milk milk base product oj peroxid appli submerg packag materi hot bath peroxid sprai peroxid form carton decis june iv viag continent oj decis ec iv crown cork amp seal carnaud metalbox oj decis april iv owen illinoi btr packag oj decis iv mondi frantschach oj iv repola kymmen footnot decis septemb iv norsk skog abitibi hansol paper oj import subject duti phase year duti free quota import canada tonn iv repola kymmen footnot case iv oj case iv oj paragraph