commiss decis juli relat proceed articl ec treati iv virgin british airwai notifi document number english text authent text eea relev ec commiss european commun regard treati establish european commun regard council regul februari regul implement articl treati amend act access austria finland sweden articl thereof regard complaint lodg virgin atlant airwai limit juli supplementari complaint lodg virgin atlant airwai januari alleg infring articl treati british airwai request commiss put end infring regard commiss decis decemb initi proceed case undertak concern opportun make view object rais commiss accord articl regul commiss regul eec juli hear provid articl regul consult advisori committe restrict practic domin posit fact parti complain virgin atlant airwai limit virgin privat own compani incorpor english law virgin oper schedul passeng servic number intern rout london usa hong kong athen tokyo princip offic locat west sussex england virgin rank twenti world term intern schedul passeng kilometr flown thirti combin intern domest schedul passeng kilometr flown virgin turnov year octob gbp million virgin emploi peopl end respond british airwai plc ba privat own compani incorpor english law ba form merger british oversea airwai corpor found british european airwai found ba privatis ba largest airlin unit kingdom oper wide rang domest intern schedul charter servic schedul rout network cover destin unit kingdom intern destin countri world wide ba rank world term intern schedul passeng kilometr flown ninth combin intern domest passeng kilometr flown ba consolid turnov year march gbp million earn net profit gbp million year march ba emploi averag peopl complaint juli virgin lodg complaint commerci practic ba constitut infring articl articl treati main type practic subject complaint quot offer rebat incent custom travel agent explicit implicit condit obtain flight requir ba loyalti fidel rebat offer rebat payabl retrospect condit custom travel agent conduct high proport busi ba target kick back rebat offer short haul flight upgrad incent nomin cost condit custom purchas ticket long haul flight incent quot complain view abovement quot discount structur incorpor agreement ba travel agent corpor custom oper speci requir contract fall articl ec treati quot complain claim ba domin firm abus domin posit breach articl implement abovement practic effect quot foreclos highli profit crucial busi travel sector unit kingdom market quot detriment smaller competitor januari virgin lodg supplementari complaint ba quot perform reward scheme quot pr alleg quot virgin believ pr infring articl entrench breach articl repres exist discount structur oper ba demonstr cynic disregard posit commiss set case iv reflect statement commiss oral hear novemb quot virgin consid pr breach articl treati complaint request commiss action ba incent scheme travel agent ba incent discount scheme corpor custom decis deal ba discount scheme corpor custom ba incent scheme travel agent iata travel agent unit kingdom receiv basic standard commiss ba intern sale domest sale virgin complaint concern ba introduct addit incent scheme qualifi travel agent refer quot market agreement quot quot global agreement quot virgin supplementari complaint concern pr revis ba incent scheme applic travel agent market agreement ma ba special agreement call market agreement ma iata travel agent unit kingdom receiv payment addit basic commiss head addit commiss call quot perform reward quot special bonus base volum sector flown ba cash sum train fund travel agent staff attend ba train cours cash sum busi develop fund made ba promot market project mutual interest agre travel agent special agreement principl reserv iata agent unit kingdom gbp annual sale flown revenu ba august ba approxim ma import travel agent unit kingdom conclud year term note commiss statement object decemb scheme effect scheme remain place statement object scale incent ma depend size travel agent travel agent annual flown revenu exceed gbp gbp million offer standard ma travel agent flown revenu exceed gbp million enter individu negoti ma ba ba divid agent categori categori categori agent flown revenu greater gbp million categori agent flown revenu greater gbp million categori includ inter alia thoma cook hogg robinson carlson wagonlit categori includ inter alia amp perform reward special bonus perform reward calcul slide scale base extent travel agent increas sale ba ticket ba flown revenu scale perform reward sector sold ba return ticket sector depend type sector flown longhaul shorthaul higher growth larger cash payment sector addit gener perform reward outlin rout instanc north atlant qualifi special perform bonu standard ma gt tabl gt perform target percentag total flown revenu produc agent ba period preced year categori defin ba longhaul premium defin concord class club world world travel defin world travel america caribbean africa australia zealand asia club europ defin club europ continent europ includ republ ireland cypru israel euro travel defin euro travel continent europ includ republ ireland cypru israel longhaul defin america caribbean africa australia zealand asia includ turkei russia shorthaul defin continent europ includ cypru israel north atlant defin usa canada bermuda individu tailor ma gt tabl gt gt tabl gt ma provid quot partner bonus quot sector flown select ba franchis partner rout instanc cityfly express gb airwai loganair maersk air featur bonu commiss note travel agent forc increas sale ba ticket year year qualifi payment perform reward bonu perform reward bonus paid respect sector flown ba domest servic unit kingdom super shuttl execut sector flown execut timesav fare domest sector count achiev target threshold comput term global flown revenu includ longhaul shorthaul domest train support busi develop fund ma ba provid sum monei spent travel agent train staff ma provid establish ba busi develop market fund spent travel agent activ direct mail ba promot materi confer airport tour promot even ma fund design gener increas revenu ba instanc provis train market support incorpor ma thoma cook set quot thoma cook develop joint market propos british airwai account manag design increas passeng revenu partner british airwai provid sum monei year april march purpos joint activ area market sale promot market train support fund gbp market fund intend gener increas revenu british airwai promot activ list gener revenu prefer market activ direct mail british airwai promot materi customis local advertis featur british airwai servic campaign sale promot activ staff event product updat confer staff incent client event airport tour promot even secretari workshop client incent list exampl exhaust form market promot activ open discuss british airwai account manag british airwai commit support invest qualiti train train fund fund cours run speedw train list cours attach depend demand region locat consid offer includ compani programm cours subject usual term condit speedw train detail prospectu applic fee amend cancel show debit account sum gbp set train advis speedw train amount amend consult british airwai account manag quot note busi develop fund includ direct staff incent elig expenditur instanc provis direct staff incent incorpor ma thoma cook quot british airwai promot specif nation local sale incent directli indirectli thoma cook staff british airwai agre written consent obtain thoma cook promot staff happen thoma cook reserv withdraw promot part retail premier select programm british airwai agre durat agreement continu pai cent sale leisur staff thoma cook travel trail incent scheme payment made market fund alloc quot condit ba ma condit relat promot ba product travel agent offic summari requir ba afford statu favour carrier instanc standard ma includ condit reproduc similar provis includ ma quot british airwai product includ prefer supplier list maintain agent agent enter activ discrimin sale british airwai product servic british airwai afford statu favour carrier applic agent displai posit favour fare year lowest return schedul fare british airwai autom electron fare databas access travel offic destin cover databas agent give promin promot displai british airwai british airwai holidai product drawn custom attent displai favour posit carrier window displai facil agent commit provid british airwai minimum displai opportun year branch time mutual agre retail agenc displai british airwai schedul timet british airwai british airwai holidai brochur rack agent ey level outlet year round displai favour posit carrier quot global agreement arrang travel agent paragraph relat ticket purchas unit kingdom winter season ba arrang special global incent programm travel agent american express rosenbluth carlson travel programm entitl travel agent receiv addit commiss calcul refer growth ba share world wide sale arrang addit local agreement countri travel agent achiev minimum increas ba share intern sale market agreement winter period ba reward travel agent increment revenu repres share increas addit travel agent drive programm mean staff incent ba provid travel agent amount fix contract refund event miss growth target fix contract perform reward scheme rate ba standard commiss paid travel agent unit kingdom intern flight domest flight remain static novemb ba wrote unit kingdom travel agent detail revis approach ba reward travel agent sale perform approach involv ba announc decis pai januari standard commiss ba ticket sold unit kingdom ba announc intent implement decemb call perform reward scheme pr ba explain quot pr agent opportun earn reward greater reduct standard commiss perform relat basi quot pr distinguish quot perform reward quot paid travel agent ba ma method calcul commiss appli travel agent unit kingdom approach addit standard flat commiss rate travel agent earn addit commiss intern ticket domest ticket size variabl element domest intern ticket depend travel agent perform ba travel agent perform level measur compar total flown revenu accru ba group ticket issu travel agent travel ba flight calendar month achiev month previou year supplementari commiss addit quot bonus quot exist ma calcul addit variabl element perform benchmark ba relat turnov achiev month previou year travel agent perform greater agent entitl payment variabl element actual size variabl element increas line perform achiev note actual perform level travel agent determin qualif grant variabl element calcul combin intern domest flown revenu variabl element intern domest revenu calcul separ variabl element intern domest ticket percentag respect intern domest reward revenu proport ba total flown revenu accru ticket issu ba identif plate pr percentag point improv perform level benchmark earn travel agent addit variabl element commiss intern ticket standard sale domest ticket variabl element increas sale benchmark maximum variabl element payabl travel agent pr intern ticket domest ticket perform level case agent perform level calendar month variabl element intern ticket minu intern reward revenu month hand level perform variabl element domest ticket minu domest reward revenu calendar month payment pr variabl element take place month pr intend march month decemb ba establish transit period introduct month pr appli top pre exist standard commiss intern domest ticket februari ba announc scheme renew year common featur commiss scheme commiss scheme travel agent notabl featur common case meet target sale growth lead increas commiss paid ticket sold agent ticket sold target reach ma scheme cash bonu ticket paid travel agent increas ticket sold pr scheme percentag commiss paid increas ticket sale travel agent mean travel agent close threshold increas commiss rate sell extra ba ticket larg effect commiss incom convers competitor ba wish give travel agent incent divert sale ba compet airlin pai higher rate commiss ba ticket sold overcom effect illustr effect ba commiss scheme assum travel agent sale intern air ticket amount gbp month benchmark year travel agent sell gbp worth ba intern air ticket month earn basic commiss quot perform reward quot minu give total commiss incom intern air ticket sale gbp travel agent divert intern ticket sale competitor ba quot perform reward quot decreas minu reduc rate appli agent sale ba ticket agent commiss incom sale intern ba ticket drop gbp reduct gbp sale intern ba ticket lead drop gbp commiss incom quot margin quot commiss rate practic term mean competitor ba offer flight replac gbp travel agent sale ba ticket offer commiss ticket compens travel agent loss ba commiss revenu ba offer high margin rate commiss increas sale ticket advantag entrant offer high rate commiss sale context behaviour ba seek maintain posit recent deregul market face competit effect increas number ticket question smaller percentag travel agent benchmark sale ba ticket effect increas travel agent question earn extra commiss pr earn bonus ma market air travel agenc servic unit kingdom travel agent act princip sale air ticket act agent airlin assum risk reward provid air travel servic enter contract directli travel agent publicis servic provid airlin travel choos servic suppos imparti basi undertak administr work issu ticket collect monei travel remit airlin return servic airlin airlin pai agent commiss base sale ticket made agent essenc servic provid travel agent abil attract member public arrang travel mean carrier end iata system refer impos limit abil airlin refus deal agent summari iata accredit agent right appeal airlin decis deal note airlin power posit market travel agent oper market deal airlin find larg portion air ticket sell inevit airlin result commiss paid airlin constitut major part agent incom airlin agent wish deal ticket airlin agent incom significantli affect type commiss offer power airlin approxim travel agent unit kingdom largest import agent particip iata bill settlement plan unit kingdom quot bspuk quot total number agent particip bspuk iata accredit agent sell ticket intern schedul air transport iata passeng agenc programm remain agent bspuk agent sell air transport unit kingdom travel agent bspuk sell schedul air transport basi individu agreement airlin averag ectaa european industri associ travel agent air ticket europ sold travel agenc unit kingdom averag air ticket sold travel agent estim abta unit kingdom industri associ travel agent remaind sold airlin offic ba sale ticket unit kingdom gbp million period januari novemb gbp million sold iata travel agent transact bspuk sale ba ticket iata travel agent account sale top airlin transact year bspuk gbp million ba sale transact bspuk account bspuk sale top airlin sell bspuk year gt tabl gt gt tabl gt passeng air transport unit kingdom ba offer flight rout unit kingdom airlin domest servic caa estim million domest passeng unit kingdom million rout london airport million domest rout share unit kingdom domest passeng carri ba london rout domest rout make global market share total unit kingdom domest market intern rout juli rout oper heathrow gatwick number rout oper ba nearest competitor oper rout heathrow gatwick winter ba held weekli slot heathrow nearest competitor account total ba nearest competitor total intern passeng survei ip ba account million passeng million passeng intern traffic heathrow gatwick gave ba share intern traffic heathrow gatwick total sale airlin unit kingdom transact bspuk amount gbp million ba account gbp million tabl set share top unit kingdom airlin rank sale volum iata bspuk period gt tabl gt note iata bspuk repres larg proport total schedul air ticket sale unit kingdom reason share abovement airlin total schedul air ticket sale includ sale airlin offic differ significantli report bspuk product question flight unit kingdom airport group product market defin origin destin passeng journei extent passeng time sensit price sensit stop fulli flexibl busi ticket heathrow major busi centr york constitut separ product market busi peopl purchas ticket substitut similar london york ticket journei end scale restrict advanc book economi ticket london pari part wider product market time sensit price sensit leisur travel altern mean travel pari ticket sold time sensit travel make lengthi econom journei point pari stop point separ product sold geograph market princip end rout question ticket bought part journei includ stop ba sell product unit kingdom unit kingdom travel agent subject arrang transact settl bspuk mechan iata ba competitor unit kingdom sell distribut channel appli condit sale unit kingdom resid main argument parti virgin virgin origin complaint juli base incent scheme travel agent section virgin supplementari complaint januari base quot perform reward scheme quot section virgin origin complaint concern discount arrang ba larg corpor custom dealt decis virgin alleg discount arrang ba travel agent larg corpor custom breach articl quot requir contract quot articl attempt domin firm ba foreclos market market air travel unit kingdom competitor commiss statement object commiss initi statement object issu decemb argu ba domin unit kingdom market travel agenc servic unit kingdom market air travel corpor custom busi travel statement object criticis ba arrang travel agent corpor custom commiss supplementari statement object restat updat commiss posit domin criticis pr scheme travel agent abus domin posit decis cover ba arrang corpor custom domin commiss statement object state ba domin unit kingdom market travel agent servic basi structur posit offer largest select flight unit kingdom ii share total sale air travel unit kingdom share purchas air travel agenc servic iii share market sale air travel purchas air travel agenc servic rel share competitor iv fact obligatori trade partner travel agent wish offer full servic custom abus arrang travel agent commiss statement object argu ba commiss arrang travel agent abus domin posit extra commiss base extent travel agent meet exce previou year sale ba ticket size effici travel agent servic provid ba travel agent relat cost save effici realis ba deal travel agent fact commiss awar cost save effici ba travel agent sold larg number ticket basi commiss view commiss discrimin travel agent addit featur scheme fact extra discount award increas scale give larg effect margin fact effect increas year year agent increas sale ba ticket commiss view illeg quot exclusionari quot commiss scheme addit benefit cash payment made commiss scheme travel agent effect reinforc discriminatori exclusionari effect scheme ba respons statement object ba made respons commiss statement object written respons commiss statement object march ii supplementari memorandum octob iii oral present oral hear novemb iv oral hear novemb paper prepar professor robert pindyck mit request ba present commiss ba respons commiss supplementari statement object vi meet april ba present report prepar request nation econom research associ vii miscellan letter april ba made larg number factual legal argument relat question market definit determin domin find abus behaviour applic procedur law case question relat oblig commiss decid proce case argument summaris ba argument gener oblig commiss respons commiss statement object ba drawn commiss attent incent scheme oper european airlin travel agent larg corpor custom scheme subject separ case aris complaint ba number european airlin similar scheme commiss object case ba argu commiss proce take action scheme oper airlin repres discrimin commiss ba argu discrimin breach fundament legal oblig commiss ba argu proce incent scheme act scheme oper european countri ba sell ticket worsen state competit relev market ba suggest proceed individu case form gener legisl applic eea airlin govern computeris reserv system adopt commiss ba argument applic procedur law reason develop ba provis air travel agenc servic unit kingdom constitut valid market argu commiss scheme travel agent relev market quot sale air transport travel agent quot fall scope regul ba argument market definit ba argu suppli travel agenc servic travel agent air carrier properli defin product market base opinion factor travel agent provid servic hotel reserv car hire quot interwoven quot air transport activ ba describ give rise suppli side substitut widen relev product market definit ii travel agent quot delin class quot vertic integr tour oper ba claim rise refer suppli side substitut definit relev market iii ba point travel agent provid agenc servic charter airlin activ includ market data reli commiss ba estim air journei unit kingdom sold unit kingdom resid charter provis agenc type servic charter oper includ market iv ba refer fact passeng bui air ticket travel agent bui directli airlin phone internet state chang commiss market definit ba argu practic issu concern distribut air transport relev market air transport vi ba alleg appli quot ssnip quot small signific transitori increas price test defin market commiss depart guidelin market definit ba argu travel agent oper member state geograph market air travel agent servic wider unit kingdom ba argument domin respect market air travel agenc servic ba argu ba oblig iata rule deal travel agent reduc ba power respect travel agent ii unlik situat market physic good travel agent hold quot stock quot ba flight ba argu prevent discourag promot airlin ticket iii argument quot suppli side substitut quot travel agent ba argu revenu produc activ travel agent prevent ba enjoi posit domin respect respect commiss find market air transport unit kingdom ba make number argument intens competit airlin industri draw attent success entrant virgin alleg eas entri market market share figur individu rout unit kingdom ba compet virgin rout virgin outsel ba term point point traffic ba point act quot gener sale agent quot number airlin sale ticket airlin includ bsp figur ba sale figur overst ba market share ba estim provid basi percentag point share shown bsp figur account sale airlin ticket ba argument abus behaviour ba argu judgment court justic european commun michelin case condemn discount scheme oper domin supplier base econom servic justifi quot read context roch quot consid appli discount scheme effect forc custom requir domin supplier ba provid evid cost save ba sell ticket agenc gener larg volum busi ba argu cost deal agenc fix size agenc increas directli proport volum busi agenc realis cost save ba deal larger agenc give market commun cost brochur product product educ oper cost process enquiri agenc check input order receiv agenc commun fare inform agenc commerci cost enter manag contractu relationship agenc major save aris deal chain travel agenc singl locat travel agent ba attempt commiss preliminari opinion senior offici institut suffici obviou discount breach articl justifi grant interim measur ba argu discount promot extra sale effici benefit discount scheme question effect elimin competit common practic airlin industri airlin match effect discount opinion ba factor discount question abus ba provid evid fact effici benefit travel agent sell larg number ba ticket ba provid evid cost sell ticket travel agent ticket ticket sold larg chain travel agent chain agenc small agenc cost quot economi scale quot exist oper cost queri process product check report agenc distribut fare inform agenc oper cost queri process effici realis commerci cost manag relationship agenc market commun cost product mail promot materi product educ ba argu commiss shown effect ba competitor consum establish abus ba argu wai travel agent compet airlin minimis effect commiss scheme commiss scheme compet airlin market share ba basi argu commiss scheme effect consid abus ii legal assess gener oblig commiss note recit ba argu commiss breach gener oblig discrimin pursu investig true commiss appli standard incent scheme oper air transport firm scheme oper ba investig complaint refer recit commiss find compar practic ba carri firm compar posit ba treat ba current practic treat note decis aris complaint made virgin complaint refer recit made commiss requir decis similar case time commiss discret alloc scarc resourc potenti case exist achiev public polici goal establish preced take lead case long line decis commiss condemn manufactur seek partit commun market grant absolut territori protect distributor insist exclus distributor meet unsolicit order assign territori suggest commiss delai case identifi similar practic take place industri action simultan relat argument made discriminatori proce decis ba face competit geograph market air carrier engag similar practic geograph market bring end abus behaviour unit kingdom geograph market increas competit relev unit kingdom market benefit consum state competit geograph market unchang leav consum wors decis relat unit kingdom market reduc extent competit market ba oper effect drive ba busi market ba suggest possibl decis bring abus end unit kingdom market posit effect consid distort effect competit applic regul decis concern ba behaviour unit kingdom market air travel agenc servic activ treat separ product air transport fall scope applic council regul eec appli quot air transport commun airport quot relev procedur regul regul situat distinguish recent uic case court justic found applic regul council regul eec scope regul eec defin broadli regul eec relev part regul eec court interpret includ travel agenc servic refer quot agreement decis concert practic effect fix transport rate condit share transport market quot relev market purpos commun competit law quot relev product market compris product servic regard interchang substitut consum reason product characterist price intend relev geograph market compris area undertak concern involv suppli demand product servic condit competit suffici homogen distinguish neighbour area condit competit appreci area quot commiss provid detail guidanc appli principl practic notic market definit notic describ commiss inform product characterist evid past substitut defin product market notic mention idea hypothet price rise explain concept relev market market air travel agenc servic outlin recit airlin oper number servic perform relat market distribut airlin ticket airlin industri servic purchas airlin travel agent travel agent tradit distributor ownership product sell account recent airlin start increas effort sell ticket directli modern commun method internet start perform servic quot hous quot altern purchas air travel agenc servic travel agent note recit airlin ticket sold travel agent practic air transport industri creat market air travel agenc servic purchas travel agent airlin fact airlin increas effort perform activ effect perform servic quot hous quot bui servic travel agent alter fact distinct market market custom option produc requir product prevent relev market product affect market power supplier purchas travel agent provid servic servic relat market distribut ticket provid airlin book hotel car provid time sell air ticket travel agent provid similar servic charter airlin ba state travel agenc servic perform vertic integr tour oper ba feel factor quot suppli side substitut quot air travel agenc servic servic provid travel agent tour oper mean market definit broader air travel agenc servic proper treatment suppli side substitut commun competit law discuss commiss notic market definit notic paper industri notic observ paper produc produc wide rang qualiti paper qualiti paper substitut hand user notic point paper produc easili produc grade paper compet product suppli grade paper circumst grade paper group market aggreg servic perform travel agent singl market definit ba claim seek rebut commiss market definit travel agent free decid concentr servic paper manufactur natur travel agenc servic travel agent offer servic travel agent replac activ air travel agenc servic activ clear case set power buyer servic domin posit fact travel agent sell servic aggreg servic provid travel agent singl market ba argu commiss servic provid condit demand suppli travel agent provid air travel agenc servic charter airlin schedul airlin charter airlin oper market schedul airlin potenti overlap substitut quot seat quot charter flight schedul flight travel agent custom theoret travel agent choic provid agenc servic schedul charter airlin aris practic materi extent unit kingdom charter airlin oper tour oper provid altern schedul flight travel agent appreci extent addit note recit commiss past recognis air travel agenc servic form separ product market servic provid travel agent airlin relev geograph market unit kingdom travel agent tend oper nation boundari custom book ticket countri resid present case custom resid unit kingdom purchas ticket travel agent unit kingdom transact gener made pound sterl travel agent oper basi market serv delin nation boundari carrier market servic purchas air travel agenc servic boundari ba point travel agent deal oper member state ba appli condit purchas air travel agenc servic unit kingdom appli ba consist appli condit purchas air travel agenc servic unit kingdom purchas unit kingdom fact ba purchas air travel agenc servic countri countri basi deal travel agenc oper member state ma pr section appli sale unit kingdom enter travel agent oper member state ba appli incent scheme travel agent uniformli unit kingdom air transport market ba activ provis air transport point unit kingdom behaviour complain effect market market air transport rout serv ba potenti separ product market determin schedul rout constitut separ market court justic state quot test emploi schedul flight rout distinguish altern virtu specif characterist result interchang altern affect insignific degre competit quot appli test flight offer ba identifi larg number product market air transport unit kingdom time sensit passeng complet journei lowest cost viabl altern ba flight point travel airport start journei complet journei fly intermedi airport airport connect flight eventu destin altern mode transport rail ferri combin time sensit passeng complet journei take direct flight nearest airport situat passeng prepar extra time requir make stop journei connect flight altern stop speedi mean transport exist destin passeng travel london pari brussel substitut eurostar direct flight passeng direct flight nearest airport destin interchang flight oper ba sold varieti product market depend passeng altern mode transport product market ba face competit altern mode transport altern rout complet journei air lucr busi market ba flight point face competit direct flight point offer airlin iata rule sequenti coupon individu portion air ticket airlin appli condit journei unit kingdom point unit kingdom back condit appli journei made flight origin unit kingdom iata rule prevent arbitrag market bui ticket journei origin unit kingdom separ constitu part packag journei origin insid unit kingdom relev geograph market air transport uk wide ba set price condit ticket uniformli unit kingdom iata bspuk publicis unit kingdom computeris reserv system unit kingdom form relev geograph market set product refer recit case base domin posit enjoi ba unit kingdom market air travel agenc servic posit product market air transport unit kingdom examin aggreg posit market set section substanti part common market ba enjoi domin posit carri abus unit kingdom wide market air travel agenc servic market substanti part common market addit abus effect market air transport point unit kingdom domin court justic defin domin posit posit econom strength enjoi undertak enabl prevent effect competit maintain relev market afford power behav appreci extent independ competitor custom ultim consum combin factor lead conclus firm enjoi domin posit market share direct indic point made court instanc cmb commiss state quot domin posit result number factor consid separ necessarili determin quot ba share unit kingdom sale travel agent nearest rival virgin account sale air travel ba market share time combin share largest rival posit maintain year ba share high compar nearest rival time combin share largest rival ba argu bspuk figur ba sale includ sale airlin ba sale agent franchis partner airlin concern issu ticket ba ticket stock ba plate quantifi amount state high indic airlin sale attribut extent similar situat aris airlin bspuk assum bspuk figur correctli show rel posit airlin oper unit kingdom sale count threshold ma pr scheme give rise payment ma pr scheme involv travel agent earn basic commiss issu ticket ba ticket stock ba plate process agent bspuk account ba ba domin purchas unit kingdom market air travel agenc servic posit unit kingdom market air travel uniqu posit domin respect unit kingdom travel agent bui air travel agenc servic ba domin aris posit unit kingdom market air travel section ba extrem success market summaris main point offer significantli rout unit kingdom airlin level ba success market repres rout shown fact account unit kingdom sale air travel settlement scheme travel agent oper iata larg absolut term share multipl airlin ba posit market air transport reinforc substanti proport slot hold relev airport system grandfath exist realloc system hamper entri strengthen posit establish airlin ba instanc winter ba held weekli slot heathrow nearest competitor account total ba nearest competitor total ba posit market air transport make obligatori busi partner travel agent ba point iata passeng agenc programm oblig deal travel agent meet object criteria make ba domin fact travel agent situat extrem larg proport air ticket sell ba ticket similar proport sale air travel agenc servic ba ba purchas air travel agenc servic act independ airlin purchas air travel agenc servic condit ba bui servic travel agent agent deal ba accept larg portion incom servic gener sale ba ticket statist includ travel agenc airlin conceal extent ba influenc kei area ba account air ticket sale travel agent sale quot top quot airlin ba account sale air ticket largest travel agent unit kingdom word ba enjoi power posit rel lead rival airlin respect import travel agenc extent travel agent oblig deal ba shown statist section ba account sale air ticket travel agent recit multipl volum repres airlin allow ba behav manner agent situat lose commiss incom sell ticket ba competitor competitor pai commiss ticket multipl paid ba ba point agent hold quot stock quot ticket devot scarc storag displai space ticket distributor physic good argu pressur sell ba ticket ba competitor clear oper discount scheme analys section ba place direct pressur travel agent deal ba air ticket note fact travel agent provid servic air travel agenc servic provid ba prevent ba exert power agent market air travel agenc servic travel agent respond ba discount scheme concentr effort book hotel room client equal respond increas sale charter flight flight substitut schedul flight major custom abus domin posit ba domin unit kingdom market air travel agenc servic commiss scheme repres abus domin posit repres loyalti discount condemn michelin hoffmann la roch case abus discrimin travel agent exclusionari rebat scheme commun competit law limit type discount scheme oper domin firm discount scheme legitim normal part busi activ practis domin firm abus practis domin firm clear hoffmann la roch case domin firm enter agreement custom custom agre obtain requir product domin supplier case domin supplier oper discount scheme equival effect agreement custom obtain part requir domin supplier hoffmann la roch case court agre commiss discount hoffmann la roch quot fidel rebat quot abus domin posit equival exclus requir court distinguish quot fidel rebat quot grant hoffmann la roch legitim quantiti discount quot method calcul rebat differ grant quantit rebat link sole volum purchas produc concern rebat issu depend quantiti fix object applic purchas estim made case case custom presum capac absorpt object sought attain maximum quantiti maximum requir quot hoffmann la roch case establish system discount rebat equival effect exclus requir suppli contract abus practis domin supplier confirm commiss decis system discount oper hoffmann la roch system subsequ michelin case clarifi discount scheme consid exclusionari abus oper domin supplier court state scheme michelin scheme hoffmann la roch court held decid michelin discount scheme abus quot provid advantag base econom servic justifi discount remov restrict buyer freedom choos quot court find system discount oper michelin rebat custom purchas year return meet sale target set custom view requir scheme court conclud system reward loyalti relat cost save extra benefit secur supplier hoffmann la roch michelin case establish gener principl domin supplier give discount relat effici discount larg order supplier produc larg batch product give discount incent encourag loyalti avoid purchas competitor domin supplier establish discount scheme gave rise case type abus commiss scheme oper ba breach gener principl close form condemn court michelin case true ba argu case read context michelin consid quot context roch quot commiss scheme show featur court found determin michelin show featur scheme condemn hoffmann la roch consid abus case establish domin compani give rebat return effici realis return loyalti establish discount scheme concern type reward loyalti effici commiss scheme set relat loyalti effici ba provid evid realis effici deal travel agent sell larg number ticket commiss relat effici discuss section quot discrimin quot travel agent sell ineffici small number ticket earn maximum commiss provid small sale repres increas sale previou year equal high volum travel agent extra commiss return economi scale realis ba sale increas previou year ba histor enjoi power posit unit kingdom market air travel led domin posit market air travel agenc servic power posit unit kingdom market air travel threat entrant remov regulatori barrier competit ba commiss scheme directli reward loyalti travel agent encourag remain loyal ba sell servic competitor ba incent maintain increas sale ba ticket depend absolut size sale commiss scheme carri firm enjoi domin posit purchas servic travel agent illeg possibl travel agent compet airlin minimis avoid effect airlin compet ba altern purchas air travel agenc servic travel agent main altern direct sale telephon internet amount quot hous quot product air travel agenc servic travel agent remain signific method airlin sell air transport unit kingdom account air travel sale ba abus conduct market air travel agenc servic effect competitor airlin unit kingdom market air transport case ma evid scheme relat loyalti effici order benefit quot train support busi develop fund quot recit travel agent part ma commiss scheme addit gener condit recit part ma fund gener condit abus extra incent part ma reinforc effect ba argument base letter receiv senior offici commiss letter state quot person provision reaction virgin request interim measur quot bind commiss event find letter prima faci case ba discount corpor custom infring articl treati corpor discount subject decis addit absenc prima faci case exclud full examin fact abus exist investig carri commiss result thereof analysi set exclusionari effect commiss scheme affect ba competitor potenti entrant harm competit gener consum harm competitor compet ba merit exclusionari commiss scheme competitor ba gain market share ba liberalis unit kingdom air transport market scheme effect assum competitor success absenc abus commiss scheme discrimin exampl abus domin posit articl treati quot appli dissimilar condit equival transact trade parti place competit disadvantag quot oblig domin firm discrimin mean appli dissimilar condit equival transact custom place custom competit disadvantag ma pr scheme precis effect travel agent handl number ba ticket provid level servic ba receiv commiss rate price air travel agenc servic sale ba ticket previou year convers travel agent sell volum ba ticket provid level servic ba earn commiss rate paid price ba air travel agenc servic sale ba ticket increas percentag previou year ba point cost save travel agent sell larg volum ticket travel agent oper level effici provid level servic ba justifi payment commiss rate travel agent prevent commiss scheme subject decis discriminatori commiss scheme issu respond volum sale travel agent level servic provid travel agent ba scheme extra commiss relat extent travel agent meet exce previou year sale ba ticket effect discriminatori commiss place travel agent competit disadvantag rel travel agent compet provid agenc servic public persuad member public book air ticket resourc travel agent promot servic public split commiss travel commiss incom distort level commiss incom earn travel agent scheme affect abil travel agent compet addit discuss fulli section quot exclusionari rebat scheme quot scheme distort competit ba airlin market air transport servic effect trade member state practic subject decis primari effect market ba airlin purchas air travel agenc servic effect practic illeg induc unit kingdom travel agent suppli servic ba airlin competit ba practic tend reduc quantiti air travel agenc servic provid airlin worsen term servic provid airlin base unit kingdom practic affect intra commun trade air travel agenc servic addit air transport sale result commiss subject decis includ rout unit kingdom unit kingdom member state unit kingdom countri effect abus commiss scheme felt market air transport practic object effect exclud competitor ba market air transport origin unit kingdom air transport servic sold member state practic effect trade member state articl regul pursuant articl regul commiss applic initi find infring articl articl treati decis requir undertak associ undertak concern bring infring end commiss requir ba bring infring section end extent henceforth refrain agreement behaviour similar object effect articl regul articl regul infring articl treati sanction fine eur million turnov undertak preced busi year whichev greater regard graviti durat infring fix fine case commiss account factor graviti infring behaviour issu exclusionari rebat scheme type consist condemn past commiss commun judicatur abus domin posit intend elimin prevent growth competit ba uk market air transport behaviour consid infring commun competit law air transport repres major item consum spend import cost busi unit kingdom busi trade unit kingdom behaviour effect uk economi reason assum partli result behaviour ba preserv averag market share high uk market air transport liberalis remov legal regulatori environ allow initi establish lead posit conclus object effect abus prevent benefit deregul achiev full reason amount fine impos reflect graviti infring set eur million reflect natur extent impact infring durat infring ba abus behaviour carri respect select larg travel agent ma present pr extend abus behaviour uk travel agent reinforc effect agent parti ma januari march abus persist year amount fine impos account graviti infring increas account long durat fine amount eur million aggrav attenu circumst aggrav attenu circumst relev decis adopt decis articl british airwai plc infring articl treati oper system commiss incent travel agent purchas air travel agenc servic unit kingdom reward loyalti travel agent discrimin travel agent object effect exclud ba competitor unit kingdom market air transport articl infring refer articl fine eur million impos british airwai plc fine paid month date notif decis bank account european commiss banqu bruxel lambert agenc européenn rond point schuman brussel expiri period interest automat payabl rate appli european central bank repo oper work dai month decis adopt percentag point articl british airwai plc immedi bring end infring refer articl british airwai plc refrain repeat act conduct articl adopt measur equival effect articl decis address british airwai plc watersid po box harmondsworth ub gb unit kingdom decis enforc pursuant articl treati brussel juli commiss karel van miert member commiss oj oj iata world air transport statist wat ibid british airwai report account year end march ba repli august commiss request inform ma oper letter attach standard ma period april march ba repli decemb commiss request inform scheme continu oper ma forc end season commiss statement object decemb ba subsequ statement chang commerci polici formula reproduc paragraph commiss decis eec iata passeng agenc programm oj paragraph letter april associ british travel agent commiss letter april ba commiss commiss regul ec decemb applic articl treati categori agreement undertak relat computeris reserv system air transport servic oj case michelin ecr case hoffmann la roch ecr letter ms franc farrow virgin septemb case automec ii ecr ii long line prohibit decis start join case consten amp grundig commiss ecr note iata passeng agenc programm council regul eec decemb lai procedur applic rule competit undertak air transport sector oj articl thereof case commiss union international de chemin de fer ecr council regul eec juli appli rule competit transport rail road inland waterwai oj articl thereof commiss notic definit relev market purpos commun competit law oj quot definit form form footnot footnot caa report cap quot singl european aviat market year quot point seq appendix footnot case ahm saeed flugreisen ecr paragraph cf case porto di genova ecr market dock servic italian port consid form substanti part common market port account substanti part trade member state case hoffmann la roch cite footnot join case compagni maritim belg transport commiss ecr ii paragraph cite footnot cite footnot hoffmann la roch paragraph hoffmann la roch paragraph cite footnot michelin paragraph michelin paragraph footnot articl treati commiss decis ec irish sugar plc oj commiss court judgment case unit brand commiss ecr