commiss direct april adapt technic progress sixth time council direct eec approxim law regul administr provis relat classif packag label danger substanc eec commiss european commun regard treati establish european econom commun regard council direct eec june approxim law regul administr provis relat classif packag label danger substanc amend sixth time council direct eec articl thereof articl direct eec physico chemic properti toxic ecotox substanc prepar determin method annex articl direct eec septemb annex procedur involv committe adapt technic progress due regard method recogn recommend compet intern organ provis direct accord opinion committe adapt technic progress direct remov technic barrier trade danger substanc prepar adopt direct articl text annex direct eec replac text annex direct articl member state adopt publish juli measur need compli direct immedi inform commiss thereof appli measur juli latest articl direct adress member state brussel april commiss karl heinz narj member commiss oj oj annex annex set test method determin physicochem toxicolog ecotoxicolog properti list annex vii viii direct eec method base recogn recommend compet intern bodi oecd method nation standard scientif consensu method adopt gener test perform substanc market attent influenc impur test result method annex inappropri investig properti notifi justifi altern method anim test studi conduct accord nation regul account human principl intern develop field anim welfar equival test method method minimum number anim chosen content gt pic file quot quot gt part method determin physico chemic properti melt point melt rang method method base oecd test guidelin introduct method devic appli determin melt point chemic substanc restrict respect degre puriti select method depend natur substanc test consequ limit factor substanc pulver easili difficulti substanc determin freez solidif point standard determin includ guidelin definit unit melt point defin temperatur phase transit solid liquid state normal atmospher pressur take place temperatur ideal correspond temperatur solidif point freez point phase transit substanc take place larg temperatur rang melt rang convers unit refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv calibr method time time comparison result method appli calibr substanc list refer principl test method temperatur temperatur rang phase transit solid liquid state determin practic heat sampl test substanc atmospher pressur temperatur initi melt final stage melt determin type method capillari method hot stage method freez point determin capillari method melt point devic liquid bath small amount fine ground substanc charg capillari tube pack tightli tube heat thermomet temperatur rise adjust min actual melt initi final melt temperatur determin metal block capillari tube thermomet situat heat metal block observ hole block photocel detect sampl capillari tube heat automat metal cylind beam light direct substanc hole cylind precis calibr photocel optic properti substanc chang opaqu transpar melt intens light reach photocel increas send stop signal digit indic read temperatur platinum resist thermomet locat heat chamber method suitabl highli colour substanc hot stage kofler hot bar kofler hot bar piec metal thermal conduct heat electr bar design temperatur gradient linear length temperatur hot bar rang special temperatur read devic includ runner pointer tab design specif bar order determin melt point substanc laid thin layer directli surfac hot bar second sharp divid line fluid solid phase develop temperatur divid line read adjust pointer rest line melt microscop microscop hot stage determin melt point small quantiti materi hot stage temperatur measur sensit thermocoupl mercuri thermomet typic microscop hot stage melt point apparatu heat chamber metal plate sampl slide centr metal plate hole permit entranc light illumin mirror microscop chamber close glass plate cut air work area heat sampl regul rheostat precis measur polar light optic anisotrop substanc meniscu method method specif polyamid determin temperatur displac meniscu silicon oil enclos hot stage cover glass support polyamid test specimen observ visual method determin freez point sampl fill special test tube apparatu determin crystal point sampl stir gentli continu cool temperatur read record interv temperatur remain constant read temperatur correct thermomet error record crystal point qualiti criteria applic accuraci method determin melt point melt rang list tabl tabl applic method capillari method gt pic file quot quot gt hot stage freez method gt pic file quot quot gt descript method procedur test method intern nation standard appendix method capillari tube fine pulver substanc show stage melt shown figur slow temperatur rise gt pic file quot quot gt determin melt point temperatur record begin melt final stage melt point devic liquid bath apparatu figur show type standard melt point apparatu made glass ji specif millimetr gt pic file quot quot gt bath liquid suitabl liquid chosen depend melt point liquid paraffin melt point higher concentr sulphur acid silicon oil melt point higher melt point mixtur consist part sulphur acid part potassium sulphat weight ratio thermomet thermomet fulfil requir equival standard astm din ji procedur dry substanc fine pulver mortar put capillari tube fuse end fill level approxim mm tightli pack obtain uniform pack sampl capillari tube drop height approxim mm glass tube vertic watch glass fill capillari tube bath middl part mercuri bulb thermomet touch capillari tube part sampl locat capillari tube introduc apparatu melt point bath liquid heat temperatur rise approxim min liquid stir expect melt temperatur rate temperatur rise adjust maximum min calcul calcul melt point td td te correct melt temperatur td temperatur read thermomet te temperatur read thermomet number graduat mercuri thread thermomet emerg stem metal block apparatu consist cylindr metal block upper part hollow form chamber figur metal plug hole allow tube mount metal block heat system metal block provid electr resist enclos block rheostat regul power input electr heat window heat resist glass later wall chamber diametr dispos angl front window mount ey piec observ capillari tube window illumin insid enclosur mean lamp capillari tube heat resist glass close end thermomet standard thermoelectr instrument compar accuraci applic gt pic file quot quot gt procedur thermomet correct appli case record temperatur melt point photocel detect apparatu procedur apparatu consist metal chamber autom heat system capillari tube fill oven linear increas temperatur calibr apparatu suitabl temperatur rise electr adjust pre select constant linear rate record show actual oven temperatur melt point substanc capillari tube hot stage kofler hot bar appendix melt microscop appendix meniscu method polyamid appendix heat rate melt point min method determin freez point appendix data thermomet correct case report method state report melt point measur rang approxim accuraci tabl estim accuraci provid differ temperatur begin final stage melt limit accuraci method temperatur final stage melt melt point temperatur report substanc decompos sublim melt point reach circumst report inform remark relev interpret result report regard impur physic state substanc refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final iupac physicochem measur catalogu refer materi nation laboratori pure appli chemistri vol pp appendix addit technic detail standard consult capillari method gt pic file quot quot gt hot stage gt pic file quot quot gt method determin freez point gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt boil point boil rang method method base oecd test guidelin introduct method devic appli liquid substanc provid undergo chemic reaction boil point auto oxid rearrang degrad method appli pure impur liquid substanc emphasi put method photocel detect method determin melt boil point measur perform automat quot dynam method quot advantag appli determin vapour pressur correct boil temperatur normal pressur kpa standard pressur adjust measur method present autom remark influenc impur determin boil point depend greatli natur impur effect consider highli volatil solvent present sampl composit investig sampl measur measur due volatil low boil compon continu increas valu obtain circumst definit unit standard boil temperatur temperatur pressur satur vapour liquid standard pressur measur boil point depend atmospher pressur depend quantit clausiu clapeyron equat gt pic file quot quot gt vapour pressur substanc pascal gt pic file quot quot gt univers molar ga constant mol temperatur express temperatur boil point boil temperatur state regard ambient pressur measur convers pressur unit kpa kpa bar mpa quot bar quot unit permiss recommend pa mm hg torr unit quot mm hg quot quot torr quot permit temperatur unit refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv calibr method time time comparison result calibr substanc found method list appendix principl test method method determin boil point boil rang base measur boil temperatur method determin ebulliomet ebulliomet origin develop determin molecular weight boil point elev suit exact boil point measur simpl apparatu astm appendix liquid heat apparatu equilibrium condit atmospher pressur boil dynam method method involv measur vapour recondens temperatur mean thermocoupl reflux boil pressur vari method distil method boil point boil rang method involv distil liquid measur vapour recondens temperatur determin amount distil method siwoloboff sampl heat sampl tube immers liquid heat bath fuse capillari air bubbl lower part dip sampl tube temperatur regular string bubbl escap capillari temperatur momentari cool string bubbl stop fluid suddenli start rise capillari siwoloboff determin photocel detect principl siwoloboff automat photo electr measur made rise bubbl qualiti criteria applic accuraci method determin boil point boil rang list tabl descript method procedur test method intern nation standard appendix ebulliomet appendix dynam method test method determin vapour pressur boil temperatur observ appli pressur kpa record distil process boil rang appendix tabl comparison method gt pic file quot quot gt method siwoloboff sampl heat melt point apparatu sampl tube diamet approxim mm figur figur show type standard melt boil point apparatu ji made glass specif millimetr gt pic file quot quot gt capillari tube boil capillari fuse cm lower end sampl tube level test substanc ad fuse section capillari surfac liquid sampl tube boil capillari fasten thermomet rubber band fix support side figur gt pic file quot quot gt bath liquid chosen boil temperatur temperatur sulphur acid silicon oil liquid paraffin heat bath liquid adjust temperatur rise min bath liquid stir expect boil point heat reduc rate temperatur rise min approach boil temperatur bubbl begin emerg boil capillari boil point point momentari cool string bubbl stop fluid suddenli start rise capillari thermomet read boil temperatur substanc modifi principl figur boil point determin melt point capillari stretch fine point cm length small amount sampl suck open end fine capillari close melt small air bubbl locat end heat melt point apparatu air bubbl expand boil point correspond temperatur substanc plug reach level surfac bath liquid photocel detect sampl heat capillari tube insid heat metal block light beam direct suitabl hole block substanc precis calibr photocel increas sampl temperatur singl air bubbl emerg boil capillari boil temperatur reach number bubbl increas immens chang intens light record photocel stop signal indic read temperatur platinum resist thermomet locat block method determin room temperatur apparatu instrument cold room cool bath exact execut boil point determin obtain instrument manual data small deviat normal pressur maximum kpa boil point temperatur normal tn mean number equat sidnei young gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt pressur measur kpa ft rate chang boil point pressur kpa measur boil temperatur tn boil temperatur correct normal pressur temperatur correct factor ft equat approxim includ intern nation standard mention substanc din method mention rough correct solvent includ paint tabl temperatur correct factor ft gt pic file quot quot gt report method state report boil point measur rang approxim accuraci tabl determin reproduc method consid measur boil point state pressur measur made report kpa pressur prefer close normal pressur test substanc boil temperatur rang rang estim accuraci provid result inform remark relev interpret result report regard impur physic state substanc refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final appendix addit technic detail standard consult gt pic file quot quot gt rel densiti method method base oecd test guidelin introduct method determin rel densiti applic solid liquid substanc restrict respect degre puriti method list tabl definit unit rel densiti solid liquid ratio mass volum substanc examin determin mass volum water determin rel densiti dimens gt pic file quot quot gt densiti si unit kg refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv calibr method time time comparison result principl method method buoyanc method hydromet liquid substanc suffici accur quick determin densiti obtain float hydromet densiti liquid deduc depth immers read graduat scale hydrostat balanc liquid solid substanc differ weight test sampl measur air water emploi determin densiti solid measur densiti repres sampl emploi determin densiti liquid bodi volum weigh air liquid immers ball method liquid substanc method densiti liquid determin differ result weigh liquid immers ball volum test liquid pycnomet method solid liquid pycnomet shape volum emploi densiti calcul differ weight full empti pycnomet volum air comparison pycnomet solid densiti solid form measur room temperatur ga comparison pyconomet volum substanc measur air inert ga cylind variabl calibr volum calcul densiti mass measur conclud volum measur oscil densitomet densiti liquid measur oscil densitomet mechan oscil construct form tube vibrat specif frequenc depend mass oscil introduc sampl reson frequenc oscil apparatu calibr liquid substanc densiti substanc prefer chosen densiti span rang measur qualiti criteria applic method determin rel densiti list tabl accuraci cite iso standard refer pure substanc descript method standard exampl consult addit technic detail attach appendix test run measur perform data standard report method standard report rel densiti report defin physic state measur substanc inform remark relev interpret result report regard impur physic state substanc tabl applic method gt pic file quot quot gt refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final iupac recommend refer materi realiz physico chemic properti pure appli chemistri vol pp wagenbreth die tauchkugel zur bestimmung der dicht von flüssigkeiten technisch messen tm vol pp leopold die digital messung von flüssigkeiten elektronik vol baumgarten füllmengenkontrol bei vorgepackten erzeugnissen verfahren zur dichtebestimmung bei flüssigen produkten und ihr praktisch anwendung die pharmazeutisch industri vol pp riemann der einsatz der digitalen dichtemessung im brauereilaboratorium brauwissenschaft vol pp appendix addit technic detail standard consult buoyanc method gt pic file quot quot gt pycnomet method gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt air comparison pycnomet gt pic file quot quot gt vapour pressur method method base oecd test guidelin introduct preliminari inform structur melt point boil point substanc perform test singl measur procedur applic entir rang vapour pressur method recommend measur vapour pressur pa impur affect vapour pressur influenc impur determin vapour pressur depend greatli kind impur effect consider highli volatil solvent present sampl definit unit vapour pressur substanc defin satur pressur solid liquid substanc thermodynam equilibrium vapour pressur pure substanc function temperatur si unit pressur pascal newton unit emploi histor convers factor gt pic file quot quot gt si unit temperatur degre kelvin refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv check perform method time time offer possibl compar result method appli principl test method determin vapour pressur method propos appli vapour pressur rang method vapour pressur determin temperatur limit temperatur rang logarithm vapour pressur pure substanc linear function invers temperatur dynam method dynam method boil temperatur pertain pressur measur recommend rang pa method recommend boil point determin purpos static method static process thermodynam equilibrium vapour pressur establish close system determin temperatur method suitabl compon multicompon solid liquid recommend rang pa isoteniscop standard method static method suitabl multicompon system addit inform astm method recommend rang pa vapour pressur balanc quantiti substanc leav cell unit time apertur size determin vacuum condit return substanc cell neglig measur puls gener sensit balanc vapour jet measur weight loss recommend rang pa ga satur method stream inert carrier ga pass substanc satur vapour vapour collect suitabl trap measur amount materi transport amount carrier ga calcul vapour pressur temperatur recommend rang pa qualiti criteria method determin vapour pressur compar applic repeat reproduc measur rang exist standard tabl tabl qualiti criteria gt pic file quot quot gt descript method dynam measur apparatu measur apparatu typic consist boil vessel attach cooler made glass metal figur equip regul measur temperatur equip regul measur pressur typic measur apparatu shown draw made heat resist glass compos part larg partial doubl wall tube consist ground jacket joint cooler cool vessel inlet glass cylind cottrel pump mount boil section tube rough surfac crush glass avoid quot bump quot boil process temperatur measur thermocoupl resist thermomet immers small quantiti oil insert charg tube male ground joint seal bottom crosspiec make connect pressur regul measur equip bulb act buffer volum connect measur apparatu mean capillari tube cartridg heater insert glass apparatu extern heat boil vessel desir heat current set mean voltag regul transform monitor mean ammet oil pump set desir vacuum pa roughli pa nitrogen cylind set desir pressur connect valv ventil apparatu precis pressur gaug connect crosspiec pressur measur measur procedur vapour pressur measur determin boil point sampl pressur roughli pa steadi temperatur constant pressur boil point boil equilibrium case mixtur reach froth substanc measur method order perform measur glass part clean dri evacu ga ballast substanc introduc apparatu solid powder form problem occur fill process circumv heat cool water jacket fill apparatu flang substanc degass lowest desir pressur set heat system switch simultan thermocoupl resist thermomet connect record equilibrium reach constant boil temperatur read constant pressur record equilibrium point higher pressur set process continu manner pa reach approxim measur point check equilibrium point repeat decreas pressur static measur apparatu typic measur apparatu figur includ heat cool system consist glass metal bring sampl regul temperatur equip set measur pressur temperatur sampl chamber side high vacuum valv made stainless steel side tube suitabl manometr fluid end tube join crosspiec branch lead vacuum pump nitrogen cylind pressur gaug bring substanc regul temperatur entir sampl chamber includ valv poppet suffici larg section tube practic purpos height valv poppet constant temperatur bath temperatur measur thermocoupl resist thermomet close sampl chamber record liquid nitrogen dry ic alcohol mixtur suitabl supercool sampl ultracryostat measur low temperatur suitabl pump evacu apparatu requir pressur vapour pressur substanc measur indirectli indic indic tube liquid membran manomet temperatur control bath vapour pressur move liquid tube equilibrium nitrogen apparatu connect nitrogen cylind valv compens effect vapour pressur bring pressur gaug back nitrogen pressur requir read precis pressur gaug ambient temperatur correspond vapour pressur substanc steadi temperatur liquid mercuri silicon oil phthalat pressur rang chemic behaviour substanc tube liquid balanc mercuri atmospher pressur pa silicon oil phthalat pa pa membran manomet appli pa measur procedur measur part apparatu figur clean solvent dri vacuum tube fill desir fluid degass elev temperatur prior fill fill substanc apparatu flang sampl chamber suffici supercool valv open sampl chamber enclos air pump apparatu minut valv substanc close sampl brought select temperatur result displac column observ compens posit nitrogen temperatur constanc reach sampl chamber supercool residu pressur observ supercool condit caus air contain sampl releas heat process drawn cool temperatur low liquid nitrogen coolant sampl suffici degass temperatur depend vapour pressur determin suffici small temperatur interv isoteniscop complet descript method found refer principl measur devic shown figur similarli static method isoteniscop investig solid liquid case liquid substanc serv fluid auxiliari manomet case solid depend pressur temperatur rang manomet liquid list liquid sphere isoteniscop fill substanc investig degass elev temperatur boil simultan part liquid distil sphere condens upper cool sphere return tube fill suffici degass liquid lower sphere tube thermost bath brought chosen temperatur result vapour pressur indirectli measur method case solid degass manomet liquid fill bulg long arm isoteniscop solid investig fill lower sphere degass elev temperatur isoteniscop inclin manomet liquid flow tube measur vapour pressur function temperatur vapour pressur balanc apparatu design literatur illustr principl involv number part shown figur base plate bell jar pump vacuum measur devic equip measur vapour pressur pointer deflect built equip mount base plate evapor furnac flang rotari feedthrough evapor furnac flat cylindr copper vessel furnac made glass surround copper wall sit copper retain screw piec stainless steel lower protrud edg piec stainless steel turn mount base plate mean flang rotat axi furnac heat provid heater coil sit insid piec stainless steel close vacuum chamber furnac lid made copper evapor open cross section locat degre rotat furnac desir furnac open intermedi posit slot cooler posit eccentr furnac aim molecular beam balanc pan divert thermocoupl resist thermomet mount furnac wall temperatur measur balanc move coil instrument pointer replac small tube mount balanc beam counterweight balanc beam replac pan made thin piec gold plate aluminium mm thick constantan wire calibr weight set attach approxim centr balanc beam vapour pressur record photoelectr point instrument cylindr brass pot surround balanc pan side except slot movement balanc beam narrow open entranc molecular beam heat dissip provid copper bar top brass pot rout stainless steel tube base plate thermal insul bar immers dewar flask liquid nitrogen base plate measur procedur copper furnac fill substanc lid close plate orific shield cooler slid furnac bell mount vacuum pump switch final pressur begin measur roughli pa pa cool refriger box start period time balanc attain suffici low temperatur escap vapour jet condens scale pan condens produc signal connect record signal wai apparatu vapour pressur determin directli pressur scale pan molecular mass requir time mass condens determin evapor rate calcul time deposit appli gener apparatu vapour pressur calcul evapor rate molecular mass herz relationship gt pic file quot quot gt evapor rate kg molar mass mol temperatur univers molar ga constant mol vapour pressur pa vacuum reach seri measur commenc lowest desir measur temperatur orific open vapour jet pass shield directli mount cover strike cool scale pan scale pan dimens entir jet collect cosin distribut momentum vapour jet forc scale pan condens take place cool surfac forc vapour jet scale beam deflect equilibrium state end scale beam small tab regist optic prism system photodiod connect control circuit momentarili regul reset scale beam balanc state requir torqu record counterweight correspond vapour pressur substanc measur temperatur increas small interv maximum desir temperatur reach sampl cool curv vapour pressur record seri reproduc sampl measur suffici pure run fail confirm result run substanc decompos temperatur rang measur ga satur method apparatu typic apparatu perform test compris number compon figur inert ga carrier ga react chemic test substanc nitrogen suffici purpos occasion gase requir ga emploi dry figur kei rel humid sensor flow control suitabl ga control system requir ensur constant select flow satur column trap collect vapour depend sampl characterist chosen method analysi vapour trap quantit form permit subsequ analysi test substanc trap liquid hexan ethylen glycol suitabl solid absorb applic heat exchang measur temperatur includ heat exchang assembl satur column test substanc solut coat suitabl inert support coat support pack satur column dimens flow rate complet satur carrier ga ensur satur column thermost measur temperatur region satur column trap heat prevent condens test substanc measur procedur prepar satur column solut test substanc highli volatil solvent ad suitabl amount support suffici test substanc ad maintain satur durat test solvent total evapor air rotari evapor mix materi ad satur column thermost sampl dry nitrogen pass apparatu measur trap connect column effluent line time record flow rate check begin regular interv experi bubbl meter continu mass flow meter pressur outlet satur measur includ pressur gaug satur trap increas dead space adsorpt surfac determin pressur drop trap system function flow rate separ experi satisfactori liquid trap time requir collect quantiti test substanc method analysi determin preliminari run estim calcul vapour pressur temperatur preliminari run carri determin maximum flow rate complet satur carrier ga substanc vapour guarante carrier ga pass satur suffici slowli lower rate greater calcul vapour pressur specif analyt method determin natur substanc test ga chromatographi gravimetri quantiti substanc transport volum carrier ga determin calcul vapour pressur vapour pressur calcul vapour densiti equat gt pic file quot quot gt vapour pressur pa mass adsorb test substanc volum satur ga univers molar ga constant mol temperatur molar mass mol measur volum correct pressur temperatur differ flow meter thermost satur flow meter locat downstream vapour trap correct account vapor trap ingredi data vapour pressur preced method determin temperatur prefer rang order check linear vapour pressur curv report inform includ report precis specif substanc ident impur vapour pressur temperatur valu prefer rang includ raw data log versu curv addit estim vapour pressur transit chang state decomposit observ inform note natur chang temperatur chang occur atmospher pressur vapour pressur transit temperatur temperatur transit solid ga inform remark relev interpret result report method state refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final oecd pari test guidelin refer decis council final appendix gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt surfac tension method method base oecd test guidelin introduct method appli measur surfac tension aqueou solut preliminari inform water solubl structur hydrolysi properti critic concentr micel format substanc perform test method applic chemic substanc restrict respect degre puriti measur surfac tension ring tensiomet method restrict aqueou solut dynam viscos approxim mpa definit unit free surfac enthalpi unit surfac area refer surfac tension surfac tension si unit mn si unit dyn cm mn dyn cm obsolet cg system refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv calibr method time time offer chanc compar result method appli refer substanc cover wide rang surfac tension refer principl method method base measur maximum forc exert vertic stirrup ring contact surfac liquid examin measur cup order separ surfac plate edg contact surfac order draw film form qualiti criteria method capabl greater precis requir environment assess descript method plate method iso surfac activ agent determin surfac tension draw liquid film stirrup method iso surfac activ agent determin surfac tension draw liquid film ring method iso surfac activ agent determin surfac tension draw liquid film oecd harmon ring method apparatu commerci tensiomet adequ measur consist element mobil sampl tabl forc measur system measur bodi ring measur vessel mobil sampl tabl mobil sampl tabl support temperatur control measur vessel hold liquid test forc measur system mount stand forc measur system forc measur system figur locat sampl tabl error forc measur exce error limit mg mass measur case measur scale commerci tensiomet calibr mn surfac tension read directli mn accuraci mn measur bodi ring ring made platinum iridium wire mm thick circumfer mm wire ring suspend horizont metal pin wire mount bracket establish connect forc measur system figur gt pic file quot quot gt measur vessel measur vessel hold test solut measur temperatur control glass vessel design measur temperatur test solut liquid ga phase surfac remain constant sampl evapor cylindr glass vessel insid diamet mm accept prepar apparatu clean glass vessel clean carefulli wash hot chromo sulphur acid subsequ syrupi phosphor acid weight po rins tap water final wash doubl distil water neutral reaction obtain subsequ dri rins part sampl liquid measur ring rins water remov substanc solubl water briefli immers chromo sulphur acid wash doubl distil water neutral reaction obtain final heat briefli methanol flame note contamin substanc dissolv destroi chromo sulphur acid phosphor acid silicon remov mean suitabl organ solvent calibr apparatu verif apparatu consist verifi point adjust indic instrument reliabl determin mn mount apparatu level instanc mean spirit level tensiomet base adjust level screw base point adjust mount ring apparatu prior immers liquid tensiomet indic adjust ring check parallel liquid surfac purpos liquid surfac mirror calibr actual test calibr accomplish mean procedur gt pic file quot quot gt prepar sampl aqueou solut prepar substanc test requir concentr water dissolv substanc solut maintain constant temperatur surfac tension solut measur vessel alter period time measur made time curv plot show surfac tension function time chang occur state equilibrium reach dust gaseou contamin substanc interfer measur work carri protect cover test condit measur made approxim control perform test solut measur fix carefulli clean measur vessel take care avoid foam subsequ measur vessel tabl test apparatu tabl top measur vessel rais ring immers surfac solut measur subsequ tabl top lower gradual evenli rate approxim cm min detach ring surfac maximum forc reach liquid layer attach ring separ ring complet measur ring immers surfac measur repeat constant surfac tension reach time transfer solut measur vessel record determin read maximum forc requir detach ring liquid surfac data gt pic file quot quot gt harkin jordan empir determin correct factor surfac tension valu measur ring method depend ring dimens densiti liquid surfac tension labori determin correct factor individu measur harkin jordan tabl order calcul surfac tension aqueou solut simplifi procedur read correct surfac tension valu directli tabl interpol read rang tabular valu tabl correct measur surfac tension gt pic file quot quot gt forc measur dynamomet breakpoint film radiu ring correct factor report test report inform method iso oecd harmon ring tensiomet method type water solut precis specif substanc ident impur measur result surfac tension read state individu read arithmet correct take consider equip factor correct tabl concentr solut test temperatur ag solut time prepar measur solut descript time depend surfac tension transfer solut measur vessel inform remark relev interpret result report regard impur physic state substanc refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final pure appli chemistri vol harkin jordan amer chem soc vol water solubl method method base oecd test guidelin introduct preliminari inform structur formula vapour pressur dissoci constant hydrolysi function ph substanc perform test singl method cover rang solubl water method applic volatil substanc test method cover rang solubl appli essenti pure substanc low solubl gram litr stabl water refer quot column elut method quot appli essenti pure substanc higher solubl gt gram litr stabl water refer quot flask method quot water solubl test substanc consider affect presenc impur definit unit solubl water substanc satur mass concentr substanc water temperatur solubl water unit mass volum solut si unit kg gram litr refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv check perform method time time offer possibl compar result method appli principl test method approxim amount sampl time achiev satur mass concentr determin simpl preliminari test column elut method method base elut test substanc water micro column charg inert support materi glass bead silica gel sand excess test substanc water solubl determin mass concentr eluat constant shown concentr plateau function time flask method method substanc solid pulver dissolv water temperatur test temperatur satur achiev mixtur cool test temperatur stir long reach equilibrium subsequ mass concentr substanc aqueou solut undissolv particl determin suitabl analyt method qualiti criteria repeat column elut method sensit depend method analysi mass concentr determin gram litr determin descript method test condit test prefer run temperatur depend suspect solubl gt temperatur initi chosen temperatur case temperatur control chosen temperatur constant relev part equip preliminari test approxim sampl solid substanc pulver glass stopper ml graduat cylind increas volum distil water room temperatur ad step shown tabl gt pic file quot quot gt addit amount water mixtur shaken vigor minut visual check undissolv part sampl addit ml water sampl part remain undissolv content measur cylind transfer ml measur cylind fill water ml shaken lower solubl time requir dissolv substanc consider longer hour allow approxim solubl tabl volum ad water complet dissolut sampl occur substanc appar insolubl dilut undertaken ascertain column elut flask solubl method column elut method support materi solvent eluent support materi column elut method inert materi emploi glass bead silica suitabl volatil solvent analyt reagent qualiti appli test substanc support materi doubl distil water glass quartz apparatu emploi eluent solvent note water directli organ ion exchang load support approxim mg support materi weigh transfer ml round bottom flask suitabl weigh amount test substanc dissolv chosen solvent amount test substanc solut ad support materi solvent complet evapor rotari evapor water satur support achiev due partit effect surfac support materi load support materi problem erron result test substanc deposit oil crystal phase problem examin experiment load support materi allow soak hour approxim ml water suspens ad microcolumn altern dry load support materi pour microcolumn fill water equilibr approxim hour test procedur elut substanc support materi carri wai recircul pump figur level vessel figur column elut method recircul pump apparatu schemat arrang typic system present figur suitabl microcolumn shown figur size accept provid meet criteria reproduc sensit column provid headspac bed volum water minimum sampl altern size reduc make solvent emploi replac initi bed volum remov impur column connect recircul pump capabl control flow approxim ml hr pump connect polytetrafluoroethylen glass connect column pump assembl provis sampl effluent equilibr headspac atmospher pressur column materi support small mm plug glass wool serv filter particl recircul pump peristalt pump care contamin adsorpt occur tube materi membran pump measur procedur flow column start recommend flow rate approxim ml hr approxim bed volum hr column bed volum minimum discard remov water solubl impur recircul pump allow run equilibr establish defin success sampl concentr differ random fashion sampl separ time interv passag bed volum eluent column elut method level vessel apparatu figur level vessel connect level vessel made ground glass joint connect ptfe tube recommend flow rate approxim ml hr success eluat fraction collect analyz chosen method measur procedur fraction middl eluat rang concentr constant consecut fraction determin solubl water run perform half flow rate result run agreement test satisfactori higher appar solubl lower flow rate halv flow rate continu success run give solubl case recircul pump level vessel fraction check presenc colloid matter examin tyndal effect light scatter presenc particl invalid result test repeat improv filter action column ph sampl record run perform temperatur flask method apparatu flask method materi need normal laboratori glasswar instrument devic suitabl agit solut control constant temperatur centrifug prefer thermost requir emuls equip analyt determin measur procedur quantiti materi satur desir volum water estim preliminari test volum water requir depend analyt method solubl rang time quantiti materi determin weigh glass vessel fit glass stopper centrifug tube flask chosen volum water ad vessel vessel tightli stopper close vessel agit shake stir devic capabl oper constant temperatur magnet stir thermostat control water bath dai vessel remov equilibr hour test temperatur occasion shake content vessel centrifug test temperatur concentr compound clear aqueou phase determin suitabl analyt method flask treat similarli initi equilibr dai concentr result vessel agre requir reproduc test satisfactori test repeat longer equilibr time result vessel show tendenc increas valu ph sampl record analysi substanc specif analyt method prefer determin small amount solubl impur larg error measur solubl exampl method ga liquid chromatographi titrat method photometr method voltametr method data column elut method consecut sampl satur plateau calcul run standard deviat flask method individu result flask result deem constant repeat averag unit mass volum solut requir reconvers mass unit volum unit densiti solubl high gt gram litr report column elut method report indic result preliminari test inform precis specif substanc ident impur individu concentr flow rate ph sampl mean standard deviat sampl satur plateau run averag success accept run temperatur water satur process method analysi emploi natur support materi emploi load support materi solvent evid chemic instabl substanc test method inform relev interpret result flask method report includ inform precis specif substanc ident impur individu analyt determin averag determin flask ph sampl averag flask agreement test temperatur analyt method emploi evid chemic instabl substanc test method inform relev interpret result refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final oecd pari test guidelin decis council final appendix gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt fat solubl method method base oecd test guidelin introduct preliminari inform partit coeffici water solubl structur formula stabil substanc perform test method applic substanc essenti pure stabl appreci volatil condit method suitabl test substanc reactiv triglycerid definit unit mass fraction substanc form homogen phase liquid fat oil give rise chemic reaction defin fat solubl maximum mass fraction call satur mass fraction function temperatur satur mass fraction substanc milligram standard fat relationship exist solubl gram solut solubl gram solvent gt pic file quot quot gt multipl milligram standard fat refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv check perform method time time offer possibl compar result method appli principl method substanc ad liquid quot standard fat quot stir suffici amount substanc ad ensur excess dissolv amount test substanc determin suitabl analyt method qualiti criteria specif repeat measur unknown present result appli standard fat pure substanc fat form emuls fine suspens solid substanc interfer subsequ determin mass fraction format avoid descript method prepar apparatu item equip requir normal laboratori glasswar balanc centrifug thermostat stirrer combin temperatur control system thermostat standard fat standard fat standard fat easili defin standard fat appendix preliminari test simplifi preliminari test run determin approxim amount substanc establish satur mass fraction test temperatur note rate establish satur equilibrium greatli depend particl size case solid substanc reason materi pulver prepar substanc weigh sampl ml flask quantiti satur determin preliminari test ad weigh amount approxim liquefi mix standard fat flask fit stirrer tightli close ground glass stopper half group stir half group ii approxim hour test condit determin fat solubl carri measur procedur stir content flask group mix stir time requir establish equilibrium predict gener case liquid substanc satur reach minut case solid substanc hour gener hour stir need time stir stop flask group flask allow stand hour order separ undissolv amount substanc format homogen phase event emuls suspens format tyndal effect elimin suitabl method thermost centrifug fourth flask group stir hour stand hour note bottom sediment solid substanc form phase separ liquid substanc occur period test repeat greater amount substanc analysi sampl satur fat phase analysi sampl weigh mass fraction determin suitabl analyt method appli directli extract water organ solvent separ techniqu exampl method spectrophotometri ga liquid chromatographi voltammetri data signific differ result satur short long time period test repeat longer stir time report inform includ test report precis specif substanc ident impur precis specif fat descript characterist origin composit method analysi deviat special featur result evalu part test report signific differ observ valu milligram individu valu standard deviat report signific differ retest individu result report inform remark relev interpret result report refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final appendix standard fat tabl show composit typic standard fat gt pic file quot quot gt partit coeffici method method base oecd test guidelin introduct preliminari inform dissoci constant water solubl surfac tension substanc perform test method appli essenti pure substanc solubl water octanol applic surfac activ materi definit unit partit coeffici defin ratio equilibrium concentr ci dissolv substanc phase system consist larg immisc solvent case octanol water gt pic file quot quot gt partit coeffici quotient concentr form logarithm base log refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv check perform method time time offer possibl compar result method appli principl method order determin partit coeffici equilibrium interact compon system achiev concentr substanc dissolv phase determin studi literatur subject techniqu solv problem mix phase separ order determin equilibrium concentr substanc examin qualiti criteria repeat order assur precis partit coeffici duplic determin made test condit quantiti substanc ratio solvent volum vari determin valu partit coeffici express common logarithm fall rang log unit sensit measur rang method determin limit detect analyt procedur suffici permit assess valu pow concentr solut phase mol litr specif nernst partit law appli constant temperatur pressur ph dilut solut strictli appli pure substanc dispers pure solvent solut occur phase time affect result dissoci associ dissolv molecul result deviat nernst partit law deviat fact partit coeffici depend concentr solut multipl equilibria involv test method appli ioniz compound appli correct buffer solut place water consid compound descript method preliminari estim partit coeffici partit coeffici estim mean simpl calcul solubl test substanc pure solvent gt pic file quot quot gt altern roughli determin perform simplifi preliminari test prepar octanol determin partit coeffici carri high puriti analyt grade reagent water distil doubl distil water glass quartz apparatu emploi note water directli ion exchang presatur solvent partit coeffici determin phase solvent system mutual satur shake temperatur experi practic shake larg stock bottl high puriti analyt grade octanol water suffici quantiti solvent hour mechan shaker stand long phase separ achiev satur state prepar test entir volum phase system fill test vessel prevent loss materi due volatil volum ratio quantiti substanc fix preliminari assess partit coeffici minimum quantiti test substanc requir analyt procedur limit maximum concentr phase mol litr test carri calcul volum ratio ad volum octanol ad half volum octanol ad test substanc materi balanc test stock solut prepar octanol mass concentr mg ml actual mass concentr stock solut precis determin emploi determin partit coeffici solut store stabl condit test condit test temperatur constant lie rang measur procedur establish partit equilibrium duplic test vessel requir accur measur amount solvent quantiti stock solut prepar test condit octanol part measur volum test vessel suitabl shaker shaken hand recommend method rotat centrifug tube quickli transvers axi trap air rise phase phase separ order separ phase centrifug mixtur carri laboratori centrifug maintain room temperatur temperatur control centrifug centrifug tube equilibr test temperatur hour analysi analysi determin partit coeffici determin concentr test substanc phase take aliquot phase tube test condit analyz chosen procedur total quantiti substanc present phase calcul compar quantiti substanc origin introduc aqueou phase sampl procedur minim risk includ trace octanol glass syring remov needl sampl water phase syring initi partial fill air air gentli expel insert needl octanol layer adequ volum aqueou phase withdrawn syring syring quickli remov solut needl detach content syring aqueou sampl concentr separ phase prefer determin substanc specif method exampl physico chemic determin photometr method ga chromatographi high pressur liquid chromatographi data measur pow greater recommend result compar calcul pow obtain method refer reliabl determin valu test comparison mean duplic determin report inform includ report precis specif substanc ident impur temperatur determin data analyt procedur determin concentr measur concentr phase determin mean total concentr report weight test substanc volum phase emploi test vessel total calcul amount test substanc present phase equilibr calcul valu partit coeffici report set test condit determin suggest concentr depend partit coeffici note report standard deviat individu valu report determin express logarithm base calcul theoret pow determin measur gt ph water aqueou phase experi inform remark relev interpret result refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final oecd pari test guidelin refer decis council final oecd pari test guidelin refer decis council final flash point method introduct preliminari inform flammabl substanc perform test test procedur applic liquid substanc market vapour ignit ignit sourc test method text reliabl flashpoint rang individu method definit unit flashpoint lowest temperatur correct pressur kpa test liquid close test vessel evolv vapour condit defin test method amount flammabl vapour air mixtur produc test vessel unit refer substanc refer substanc case investig substanc primarili serv calibr method time time offer chanc compar result method appli principl method substanc test vessel progress heat vapour reach suffici high concentr air produc flammabl mixtur ignit qualiti criteria repeat repeat vari flashpoint rang test method maximum sensit sensit depend test method specif specif test method limit flashpoint rang subject substanc relat data high viscos descript method prepar sampl test substanc test apparatu test condit apparatu prefer draught free posit perform test equilibrium method iso iso iso iso equilibrium method abel apparatu bs part nf nf abel penski apparatu en din part temperatur din part temperatur nf tag apparatu astm iso penski marten apparatu iso en din astm astm bs nf remark flashpoint determin equilibrium method found confirm equilibrium method apparatu method give temperatur flashpoint notif determin flashpoint viscou liquid paint gum similar solvent apparatu test method suitabl determin flashpoint viscou liquid iso iso iso din part data report report includ inform precis specif substanc identif impur method state deviat result inform remark relev interpret result report refer flammabl solid method introduct preliminari inform potenti explos properti substanc perform test test appli powder granular pasti substanc order includ substanc ignit burn rapidli burn behaviour danger substanc burn veloc exce limit consid highli flammabl metal powder incandesc consid highli flammabl incandesc propag sampl incandesc difficulti extinguish fire main reason metal powder danger normal extinguish agent carbon dioxid water increas hazard consider definit unit burn time express second refer compound principl method substanc commerci form made pile mm length attempt made ignit sampl condit defin burn time measur qualiti criteria descript method prepar case powder granular substanc product commerci form loos fill mould mould made metal length mm triangular cross section height mm width mm side mould longitudin direct metal sheet mount later limit project mm upper edg triangular cross section figur mould drop time height cm solid surfac mould fill later limit remov excess substanc scrape combust porou plate top mould apparatu invert mould remov pasti substanc spread combust surfac form rope mm length cross section cm suitabl ignit sourc small flame hot wire minimum temperatur ignit pile end test condit case moistur sensit substanc test carri quickli remov contain perform test ignit end pile pile burn distanc mm measur rate burn mm test perform time clean cool plate time data valu burn time determin test evalu report test report report includ inform precis specif substanc identif impur descript substanc test physic state includ moistur content measur result addit remark relev interpret result interpret result powder granular pasti substanc consid highli flammabl time burn test carri test procedur second powder metal metal alloi consid highli flammabl ignit flame zone reaction spread sampl refer appendix gt pic file quot quot gt flammabl gase method introduct method determin gase mix air room temperatur atmospher pressur rang flammabl mixtur increas concentr test ga air expos electr spark observ ignit occur definit unit rang flammabl rang concentr lower upper explos limit lower upper explos limit limit concentr flammabl ga admixtur air propag flame occur refer substanc principl method concentr ga air increas step step mixtur expos stage electr spark qualiti criteria state descript method apparatu test vessel upright glass cylind minimum diamet mm minimum height mm ignit electrod separ distanc mm mm bottom cylind cylind fit pressur releas open apparatu shield restrict explos damag stand induct spark sec durat gener high voltag transform output voltag kv maximum power input ignit sourc test condit test perform room temperatur perform test proport pump concentr ga air introduc glass cylind spark pass mixtur observ flame detach ignit sourc propag independ concentr ga vari step vol ignit occur data occurr flame propag relev inform data determin properti report report includ inform precis specif substanc identif impur descript dimens apparatu room temperatur test perform test concentr result obtain result test flammabl ga highli flammabl ga case quot flammabl quot conclus state concentr test rais concentr step inform remark relev interpret result report refer flammabl substanc prepar contact water damp air evolv highli flammabl gase danger quantiti method introduct test method determin reaction substanc water lead develop danger amount ga gase highli flammabl toxic test method appli solid liquid substanc method applic substanc spontan ignit contact air definit unit highli flammabl substanc prepar contact water damp air evolv highli flammabl gase danger quantiti minimum rate litr kg hour limit toxic ga account principl method substanc test step step sequenc ignit occur step test step test substanc trough distil water note evolv ga ignit step test substanc filter paper float surfac dish distil water note evolv ga ignit filter paper substanc place increas chanc ignit step test substanc made pile approxim cm high cm diamet drop water ad pile note evolv ga ignit step test substanc mix distil water rate evolut ga measur period hour hour interv rate evolut errat increas hour measur time extend maximum time dai test stop rate time exce litr kg hour refer substanc qualiti criteria state descript method step test condit test substanc market test perform room temperatur circa perform test small quantiti approxim mm diamet test substanc trough distil water note made ga evolv ii ignit ga occur ignit ga occur test substanc need substanc regard hazard step apparatu filter paper float flat surfac distil water suitabl vessel mm diamet evapor dish test condit test substanc market test perform room temperatur circa perform test small quantiti test substanc approxim mm diamet centr filter paper note made ga evolv ii ignit ga occur ignit ga occur test substanc need substanc regard hazard step test condit test substanc market test perform room temperatur perform test test substanc made pile approxim cm high cm diamet indent top drop water ad hollow note made ga evolv ii ignit ga occur ignit ga occur test substanc need substanc regard hazard step apparatu apparatu set shown figur appendix test condit inspect contain test substanc powder perform test water put drop funnel apparatu substanc maximum weight produc cm ga weigh conic flask volum ga evolv measur suitabl mean tap drop funnel open water conic flask stop watch start time ga evolv note intermedi read test perform triplic chemic ident ga unknown ga analyz ga highli flammabl compon unknown mixtur highli flammabl mixtur composit prepar test test method data ignit evolut highli flammabl ga rate greater litr kg hour attempt suffici test substanc hazard report report includ inform precis specif descript substanc receiv colour particl size physic state initi prepar test substanc result test chemic ident ga evolv rate evolut ga addit remark relev interpret result refer iso oecd pari preliminari test guidelin determin substanc give highli inflamm gase danger amount contact water final report oecd chemic test programm doc st sg ac rev appendix gt pic file quot quot gt flammabl solid liquid method introduct preliminari inform auto flammabl substanc test procedur applic solid liquid substanc market ignit spontan small amount short time come contact air room temperatur substanc cover test method hour dai room temperatur ignit occur expos consider higher temperatur ignit occur definit unit liquid solid consid highli flammabl ignit test condit auto flammabl liquid test method auto flammabl determin temperatur ignit volatil liquid gase refer substanc principl method substanc brought contact air temperatur period minut ignit occur substanc consid highli flammabl qualiti criteria repeat import relat safeti posit result test suffici deem substanc highli flammabl descript test method apparatu porcelain cup circa cm diamet fill diatomac earth height mm room temperatur note diatomac earth compar inert substanc gener obtain repres soil test substanc spilt event accid perform test powderi solid cm powderi substanc test pour circa height combust surfac observ substanc ignit drop minut settl liquid circa cm liquid test pour prepar porcelain cup observ substanc ignit minut data result test relev evalu report report includ inform descript substanc test result test refer oecd pari preliminari test guidelin determin pyrophor behaviour solid liquid final report oecd chemic test programm explos properti method introduct method scheme test determin solid liquid pasti substanc prepar present danger explos submit effect flame thermal sensit impact friction sensit mechan stimuli method compris part test thermal sensit test mechan sensit respect shock test mechan sensit respect friction method yield data assess likelihood initi explos mean common stimuli method intend ascertain substanc prepar capabl explod condit intend determin extent initi decomposit propag explos sampl method determin substanc prepar present danger explos thermal mechan sensit condit direct test irrelev thermodynam inform heat format heat decomposit absenc reactiv group structur formula establish reason doubt substanc prepar incap decompos form gase releas heat rapidli materi present risk explos recogn method definit compris number chosen type apparatu wide internation give meaning result person conduct test elect altern apparatu method provid justifi scientif apparatu recogn internation case determin correl result obtain apparatu definit unit explos substanc prepar explod effect flame sensit shock friction dinitrobenzen refer substanc meta dinitrobenzen technic crystallin product friction shock method principl method preliminari screen test establish safe condit perform test sensit preliminari screen test small sampl circa mg substanc prepar subject heat confin bunsen flame impact conveni form apparatu friction mallet anvil form friction machin object ascertain substanc sensit explos prescrib sensit test perform special precaut avoid injuri experiment thermal sensiv method involv heat substanc prepar steel tube degre confin provid nozzl plate diamet orific determin substanc prepar liabl explod condit thermal stress mechan sensit shock method involv subject substanc prepar shock fall hammer steel anvil mechan sensit friction method involv subject substanc prepar friction standard surfac condit load rel motion qualiti criteria state descript method apparatu thermal sensit effect flame steel tube made deep drawn sheet appendix draw process intern diamet mm length mm wall thick mm open end tube provid flang close tube figur tube provid pressur resist circular nozzl plate central hole plate firmli secur tube aid part screw joint nut cap nut nozzl plate figur mm thick made heat resist chromium steel appendix rang nozzl plate diamet open mm experiment determin degre danger explos present substanc prepar nut cap nut figur consist chromium manganes steel appendix spark free steel tube experi mechan sensit shock typic fall mass apparatu consist essenti cast steel block grei cast foot anvil column guid drop weight releas mechan steel block mm depth mm width mm height cast foot mm depth mm width mm height carri steel anvil mm diamet mm height screw back steel block holder screw column consist seamless drawn steel tube mm outer diamet mm diamet fasten screw anchor solid concret block cm hold drop hammer manner rail absolut vertic drop weight easili guid mass drop hammer weight kilogram weight consist solid steel impact surfac temper steel hrc minimum diamet mm test conduct drop height sampl investig die devic consist solid coaxial steel cylind hollow steel cylind guid ring solid steel cylind mm diamet mm height polish surfac round edg radiu curvatur mm hard hrc hollow cylind extern diamet mm polish bore mm height mm explos occur steel cylind hollow cylind test die devic erect intermedi anvil mm diamet mm height made steel centr center ring locat ring fume explos mechan sensit friction friction apparatu consist cast steel base plate grei cast mount friction devic consist fix porcelain peg moveabl porcelain plate porcelain plate fix slide cradl move rail cradl driven drive rod eccentr pullei transmiss gear electr motor manner porcelain plate move porcelain rod backward forward motion mm porcelain peg load newton porcelain plate made white technic porcelain dimens mm length mm width mm height friction surfac plate coarsen rough depth fire rub spong cylindr porcelain peg made white technic porcelain mm long diamet mm roughen spheric end surfac radiu curvatur mm test condit thermal sensit effect flame substanc physic form suppli fill tube height mm equal increment increment gentli consolid appli forc newton surfac mean suitabl wooden piston slightli smaller tube case gelatin substanc care avoid air bubbl fill mechan sensit shock substanc test dry state sampl volum mm volum suit apparatu solid substanc except past appli powder substanc siev siev size mm pass siev test press cast condens substanc disintegr siev siev fraction mm diamet test liquid substanc upper steel cylind press distanc mm lower cylind held posit mechan sensit friction substanc test dry state sampl volum mm solid substanc except past appli powder substanc siev siev size mm pass siev test press cast condens substanc disintegr siev siev fraction perform test thermal sensit effect flame heat provid propan industri cylind fit pressur regul mbar meter distribut manifold burner burner consum litr propan minut heat gase burner ga consumpt inflow air chosen compar measur inert substanc sand dibutylphtal similar temperatur time curv heat propan fill tube regist burner locat test chamber shown figur burner adjust tip intern blue cone flame touch tube test carri steel chamber dimens figur dimens burner propan figur seri test mandatori seri nozzl plate hole mm diamet hole greater mm mm diamet explos occur seri mm hole unnecessari proce seri explos occur minut test termin mechan sensit shock impact apparatu test perform drop kilogram mass apparatu sampl compar dinitrobenzen establish procedur techniqu mechan sensit friction porcelain peg brought sampl test weight hung carri test spong mark porcelain plate lie transvers direct movement care peg rest sampl suffici test materi li peg plate move correctli peg porcelain plate move porcelain peg fro distanc mm time second part surfac test data treatment result test discontinu posit result occur test evalu principl substanc prepar consid present danger explos sens direct explos occur tube burst fragment fix number test thermal sensit explos burst flame equival explos occur test impact apparatu sampl sensit dinitrobenzen altern impact test explos crepit burst flame equival explos occur test friction apparatu sampl sensit dinitrobenzen altern fricit test report test report test report includ inform ident composit puriti moistur content substanc prepar test physic form sampl siev observ test type reaction spark flame explos number fragment result test altern apparatu scientif justif evid correl result obtain apparatu obtain equival apparatu comment refer test similar product relev proper interpret result interpret evalu result test report mention result consid fals anomal unrepres result discount explan result altern supplementari test result artefact relat physic form volatil natur substanc prepar test instanc result obtain substanc prepar form market altern test determin inform anomal result explain manner accept face classifi substanc prepar refer bretherick handbook reactiv chemic hazard london butterworth pp koenen id über die prüfung explosiv stoff ermittlung der reibempfindlichkeit explos stoff vol pp koenen id über die prüfung explosiv stoff iii ermittlung der empfindlichkeit explosiv stoff gegen thermisch beanspruchung einer erhitzungskamm mit verschiedenen definierten offnungen stahlhusenverfahren explos stoff vol pp koenen id haupt über die prüfung explosiv stoff iv ermittlung der schlagempfindlichkeit explosiv stoff von fester flüssiger und gelatinos beschaffenheit explos stoff vol pp onu decemb unit nation committe expert transport danger good doc st sg ac add tabl appendix materi specif materi specif accord din sheet materi specif accord sheet quot stahl eisen werkstoff quot materi specif accord sheet quot stahl eisen werkstoff quot gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt auto flammabl determin temperatur ignit volatil liquid gase method introduct preliminari inform auto flammabl substanc test procedur applic gaseou volatil liquid substanc market vapour ignit presenc air hot surfac ignit temperatur consider reduc presenc catalyt impur definit unit degre auto flammabl express term ignit temperatur ignit temperatur lowest temperatur test substanc ignit mix air condit defin test method refer substanc principl method auto flammabl behaviour gase vapour determin apparatu iec qualiti criteria repeat vari rang ignit temperatur test method max sensit depend test method specif depend test method descript method apparatu apparatu method refer test condit sampl test substanc test method refer perform test iec din astm bs data record test temperatur atmospher pressur quantiti sampl time lag ignit occur report report includ inform precis specif substanc identif impur quantiti sampl atmospher pressur result measur test temperatur result ignit time lag addit remark relev interpret result refer auto flammabl solid determin rel ignit temperatur method introduct explos substanc substanc ignit spontan contact air ambient temperatur submit test purpos test provid preliminari inform auto flammabl solid substanc elev temperatur heat develop reaction substanc oxygen exotherm decomposit lost rapidli surround heat lead ignit occur ignit occur rate heat product exce rate heat loss test procedur preliminari screen test solid substanc view complex natur ignit combust solid ignit temperatur determin test method comparison purpos definit unit ignit temperatur obtain method minimum ambient temperatur express volum substanc ignit defin condit refer substanc principl method volum substanc test oven room temperatur temperatur time curv relat condit centr sampl record temperatur oven increas rate min temperatur oven sampl temperatur reach heat call ignit temperatur purpos test qualiti criteria descript method apparatu oven temperatur program laboratori oven volum litr fit natur air circul explos relief ensur decomposit gase contact electr heat element avoid potenti explos risk wire mesh cube piec stainless steel wire mesh mm open cut pattern figur appendix mesh fold secur wire open top cube thermocoupl suitabl thermocoupl record channel record calibr voltag test condit substanc test commerci form perform test cube fill substanc test tap gentli ad substanc cube complet full sampl suspend centr oven room temperatur thermocoupl centr cube cube oven wall record oven temperatur temperatur oven sampl continu record temperatur oven increas melt point solid lower rate min substanc ignit sampl thermocoupl show sharp temperatur rise oven temperatur data temperatur oven sampl temperatur reach heat relev evalut figur appendix report report includ inform descript substanc test result measur includ temperatur time curv addit remark relev interpret result refer appendix gt pic file quot quot gt oxid properti method introduct preliminari inform potenti explos properti toxic oft substanc perform test test applic liquid gase explos highli flammabl substanc organ peroxid combust solid liabl melt condit test test irrelev examin structur formula establish reason doubt substanc prepar incap react exotherm combust materi order ascertain test perform special precaut preliminari test perform definit unit burn time reaction time second reaction zone travel pile procedur burn rate express millimetr maximum burn rate highest valu burn rate obtain mixtur weight oxid refer substanc barium nitrat analyt grade refer substanc test preliminari test potassium dichrom preliminari test special precaut handl potassium dichrom refer mixtur mixtur barium nitrat powder cellulos prepar maximum burn rate mixtur barium nitrat weight principl method preliminari test carri interest safeti test suffici preliminari test test substanc prepar oxid properti case substanc prepar subject test test substanc test defin combust substanc mix ratio mixtur form pile pile ignit end maximum burn rate determin compar maximum burn rate refer mixtur qualiti criteria requir method grind mix valid provid differ maximum rate burn separ test differ arithmet descript method preliminari test substanc commerci form dri dri substanc roughli mix dri cellulos wood meal proport test substanc cellulos wood meal weight mixtur form small cone shape pile dimens cm diamet base cm height fill tamp cone shape laboratori glass funnel stem plug pile cool impervi conduct surfac ignit sourc compris inert metal wire platinum nickel electr heat approxim locat approxim mm test surfac span base cone shape pile test carri fume cupboard ignit sourc switch left vigour durat result reaction observ record substanc prepar consid oxid reaction vigor case result open doubt complet full train test prepar test substanc reduc test sampl particl size siev test substanc commerci state grind remain fraction repeat procedur test portion pass siev grind siev method satisfi qualiti criteria prepar mixtur substanc dri constant weight obtain decomposit temperatur substanc test substanc dri suitabl lower temperatur combust substanc powder cellulos combust substanc cellulos type thin layer chromatographi column chromatographi type fibr length mm prove suitabl cellulos powder pass siev mesh size mm prepar mixtur powder cellulos dri constant weight obtain wood meal preliminari test prepar soft wood wood meal collect portion pass siev mesh mix dry hour layer mm thick cool store air tight contain fill full practic requir prefer hour dry mixtur prepar oxid cellulos mixtur weight oxid increment borderlin case intermedi oxid cellulos mixtur obtain maximum burn rate precis note mixtur oxid cellulos treat potenti explos handl due care pile form mean mould mould made metal length mm triangular cross section height mm width mm side mould longitudin direct metal sheet mount later limit overlook mm upper edg triangular cross section figur arrang loos fill mixtur slight excess drop mould height cm solid surfac remain excess substanc scrape obliqu posit sheet later limit remov remain powder smooth roller combust plate top mould apparatu invert mould remov ignit sourc flame ga burner platinum wire electr heat approxim ignit sourc perform test arrang pile draught fume cupboard air speed suffici prevent fume escap laboratori vari test draught screen erect apparatu due hygroscop cellulos substanc test test carri quickli ignit end pile touch flame glow platinum wire measur time reaction mm reaction zone propag initi distanc mm test perform refer substanc test carri rang mixtur test substanc cellulos maximum burn rate found significantli greater refer substanc test stop mixtur produc highest burn rate test repeat time data safeti reason maximum burn rate consid characterist oxid properti substanc test highest burn rate run test mixtur relev evalu plot graph highest burn rate mixtur versu content oxid graph maximum burn rate measur valu burn rate run obtain mixtur maximum burn rate differ arithmet method grind mix improv compar maximum burn rate obtain maximum burn rate refer mixtur report test report report includ inform descript substanc test treatment test sampl grind dry result measur mode reaction flash burn surfac burn mass inform combust product addit remark relev interpret result includ descript vigour flame spark fume slow smoulder approxim durat produc preliminari safeti screen test test refer substanc interpret result substanc consid oxid substanc preliminari test vigor reaction test maximum burn rate mixtur test higher equal maximum burn rate refer mixtur cellulos barium nitrat refer appendix gt pic file quot quot gt part method determin toxic gener introduct part introduct gener introduct definit acut toxic compris advers effect occur time dai administr singl dose substanc ii ld median lethal dose statist deriv singl dose substanc expect death dose anim ld express term weight test substanc unit weight test anim milligram kilogram iii lc median lethal concentr statist deriv concentr substanc expect death exposur fix time exposur anim expos time lc express weight test substanc standard volum air milligram litr iv toxic effect level maximum dose exposur level test produc detect advers effect acut chronic toxic compris advers effect occur experiment anim result repeat daili dose exposur chemic short part expect life span vi maximum toler dose mtd highest dose level elicit sign toxic major effect surviv rel test carcinogen studi due effect tumor vii skin irrit product revers inflammatori skin applic test substanc viii ey irrit product revers ey applic test substanc anterior surfac ey ix skin sensit allerg contact dermat immunolog medic cutan reaction substanc evalu interpret limit extent result anim vitro test extrapol directli man born mind test evalu interpret human data consid relev determin potenti effect chemic substanc human popul mutagen includ carcinogen pre screen test preliminari assess mutagen potenti substanc obtain inform categori end point gene mutat chromosom abberr end point evalu test test product gene point mutat procaryot cell salmonella typhimurium test escherichia coli accept choic test organ determin natur chemic test ii test product chromosom aberr mammalian cell grown vitro vivo procedur micronucleu test metaphas analysi bone marrow cell accept literatur refer toxicolog develop experiment scienc abund literatur topic relev inform found oecd test guidelin addit remark anim care stringent control environment condit proper anim care techniqu essenti toxic test hous condit environment condit experiment anim room enclosur test speci rodent suitabl condit room temperatur rel humid rabbit guinea pig temperatur rel humid experiment techniqu sensit temperatur effect case detail condit includ descript test method investig toxic effect temperatur humid monitor record includ final report studi light artifici sequenc hour light hour dark detail light pattern record includ final report studi report anim experi import type cage number anim hous cage exposur chemic subsequ observ period ii feed condit diet meet nutrit requir speci test test substanc administ anim diet nutrit reduc interact substanc dietari constitu possibl reaction consid interpret result test dietari contamin influenc toxic present interf concentr acut toxic oral method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method test substanc administ oral gavag graduat dose group experiment anim dose group subsequ observ effect death made anim die test necropsi conclus test surviv anim necropsi method direct primarili studi rodent speci qualiti criteria descript test method prepar anim experiment hous feed condit dai prior test test healthi young adult anim random assign treatment group test substanc dissolv suspend suitabl vehicl recommend aqueou solut consid consider solut veget oil solut vehicl suspens aqueou vehicl relev toxic characterist vehicl determin test rodent volum exce ml kg bodi weight case aqueou solut ml kg variabl test volum minim adjust concentr ensur constant volum dose level test condit experiment anim contra indic rat prefer speci commonli laboratori strain emploi sex rang weight variat anim test exce number sex rodent femal male dose level femal nullipar pregnant dose level suffici number space appropri produc test group rang toxic effect mortal rate data suffici produc dose respons curv permit accept determin ld limit test adequ estim acut oral toxic potenti purpos obtain compound relat mortal treat group anim sex dai dose mg kg observ period observ period dai durat observ rigidli fix determin toxic reaction rate onset length recoveri period extend consid time sign toxic disappear time death import tendenc death delai procedur anim fast prior substanc administr rat food withheld overnight anim higher metabol rate shorter period fast water restrict dai anim weigh test substanc administ singl dose anim group gavag singl dose dose smaller fraction period exceed hour substanc administ food withheld hour dose administ fraction period provid anim food water depend length period administr observ made record systemat individu record maintain anim observ made frequent dai care clinic examin made work dai observ made daili action minim loss anim studi necropsi refriger anim found dead isol sacrific weak moribund anim cagesid observ includ skin fur ey mucou membran respiratori circulatori autonom central nervou system somatomotor activ behaviour pattern attent direct observ tremor convuls saliv diarrhoea lethargi sleep coma time death record precis anim die test surviv termin test subject necropsi gross patholog record tissu histopatholog examin data data summar tabular form show test group number anim start test time death individu anim number anim displai sign toxic descript toxic effect necropsi find individu weight anim determin record shortli test substanc administ weekli death weight calcul record surviv exce dai ld determin recogn method data evalu includ relationship anim exposur test substanc incid sever abnorm includ behaviour clinic abnorm gross lesion bodi weight mortal toxicolog effect report test report test report includ inform speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit dose level vehicl concentr tabul respons data sex dose level number anim dy number anim show sign toxic number anim expos time death dose cagesid observ ld sex determin dai method determin confid interv ld dose mortal curv slope permit method determin necropsi find histopatholog find discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part acut toxic inhal method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method group experiment anim expos defin period test substanc graduat concentr concentr group subsequ observ effect death made anim die test necropsi conclus test surviv anim necropsi qualiti criteria descript test method prepar anim experiment hous feed condit dai prior experi test healthi young anim random assign requir number group subject simul exposur type exposur apparatu suitabl vehicl ad test substanc gener concentr test substanc atmospher vehicl control group vehicl addit facilit dose produc toxic effect histor data test condit experiment anim contra indic rat prefer speci commonli laboratori strain emploi sex weight variat anim test exce number sex rodent femal male concentr level femal nullipar pregnant exposur concentr suffici number space appropri produc test group rang toxic effect mortal rate data suffici produc concentr mortal curv permit accept determin lc limit test exposur male femal test anim mg litr ga mg litr aerosol particul hour due physic chemic includ explos properti test substanc maximum attain concentr produc compound relat mortal dai test consid exposur time minimum period exposur hour equip anim test inhal equip design sustain dynam airflow air hour ensur adequ oxygen content evenli distribut exposur atmospher chamber design minim crowd test anim maxim exposur inhal test substanc gener rule ensur stabil chamber atmospher total quot volum quot test anim exce volum test chamber oro nasal head bodi individu chamber exposur minim uptak test substanc rout observ period observ period dai durat observ rigidli fix determin toxic reaction rate onset length recoveri period extend consid time sign toxic disappear time death import tendenc death delai procedur shortli exposur anim weigh expos test concentr design apparatu minimum period hour equilibr chamber concentr time equilibr short temperatur test perform maintain ideal rel humid maintain instanc test aerosol practic food water withheld exposur dynam inhal system suitabl analyt concentr control system establish suitabl exposur concentr trial test recommend system ensur stabl exposur condit achiev rapidli rate airflow adjust ensur condit exposur chamber homogen measur monitor made rate air flow continu actual concentr test substanc measur breath zone exposur period concentr vari case dust aerosol level control achiev wider rang accept particul aerosol analysi made determin particl size distribut temperatur humid exposur observ made record systemat individu record maintain anim observ made frequent dai care clinic examin made work dai observ made daili action minim loss anim studi necropsi refriger anim found dead isol sacrific weak moribund anim cagesid observ includ skin fur ey mucou membran respiratori circulatori autonom central nervou system somatomotor activ behaviour pattern attent direct observ respiratori behaviour tremor convuls saliv diarrhoea lethargi sleep coma time death record precis individu weight anim determin weekli exposur death anim die test surviv termin test subject necropsi refer upper lower respiratori tract gross patholog record tissu histopatholog examin data data summar tabular form show test group number anim start test time death individu anim number anim displai sign toxic descript toxic effect necropsi find weight calcul record surviv exce dai lc determin recogn method data evalu includ relationship anim exposur test substanc incid sever abnorm includ behaviour clinic abnorm gross lesion bodi weight mortal toxic effect report test report test report includ inform speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit descript exposur apparatu includ design type dimens sourc air system gener particul aerosol method condit air method hous anim test chamber equip measur temperatur humid particul aerosol concentr size exposur data tabul present valu measur variabl standard deviat includ airflow rate inhal equip temperatur humid air nomin concentr total amount test substanc fed inhal equip divid volum air natur vehicl actual concentr test breath zone median particl size equilibr period exposur period tabul respons data sex exposur level number anim dy number anim show sign toxic number anim expos time death exposur cagesid observ lc sex determin end observ period method calcul confid interv lc dose mortal curv slope permit method determin necropsi find histopatholog find discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part acut toxic dermal method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method test substanc appli skin graduat dose group experiment anim dose group subsequ observ effect death made anim die test necropsi conclus test surviv anim necropsi qualiti criteria descript test method prepar anim experiment cage experiment hous feed condit dai prior experi test healthi young adult anim random assign treatment group approxim hour test fur remov clip shave dorsal area trunk anim clip shave fur care avoid abrad skin alter permeabl bodi surfac clear applic test substanc test solid pulver test substanc moisten suffici water suitabl vehicl ensur good contact skin vehicl influenc vehicl penetr skin test substanc account liquid test substanc gener undilut test condit experiment anim adult rat rabbit speci requir justif commonli laboratori strain emploi sex rang weight variat anim test exce number sex anim femal male healthi intact skin dose level femal nullipar pregnant smaller number anim justifi case rabbit dose level suffici number space appropri produc test group rang toxic effect mortal rate irrit corros effect account decid dose level data suffici produc dose respons curv permit accept determin ld limit test preliminari test dose mg kg appli intact skin anim sex produc compound relat mortal dai test dose level consid observ period observ period dai durat observ rigidli fix determin toxic reaction rate onset length recoveri period extend consid time sign toxic disappear durat time death import tendenc death delai procedur anim cage individu test substanc appli uniformli area approxim total bodi surfac area highli toxic substanc surfac area cover area cover layer thin uniform test substanc held contact skin porou gauz dress irrit tape hour exposur period test site cover suitabl manner retain gauz dress test substanc ensur anim ingest test substanc restrain prevent ingest test substanc complet immobil recommend method end exposur period residu test substanc remov practic water method cleans skin observ record systemat made individu record maintain anim observ made frequent dai care clinic examin made work dai observ made daili action minim loss anim studi necropsi refriger anim found dead isol sacrific weak moribund anim cagesid observ includ fur treat skin ey mucou membran respiratori circulatori autonom central nervou system somatomotor activ behaviour pattern attent direct observ tremor convuls saliv diarrhoea lethargi sleep coma time death record precis anim die test surviv termin test subject necropsi gross patholog record tissu histopatholog examin data data summar tabular form show test group number anim start test time death individu anim number anim displai sign toxic descript toxic effect necropsi find individu weight anim determin record shortli test substanc appli weekli death weight calcul record surviv exce dai ld determin recogn method data evalu includ evalu relationship anim exposur test substanc incid sever abnorm includ behaviour clinic abnorm gross lesion bodi weight mortal toxicolog effect report test report test report includ inform speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit includ method skin cleans dose level vehicl concentr tabul respons data sex dose level number anim dy number anim show sign toxic number anim expos time death dose cagesid observ ld sex determin dai method determin confid interv ld provid dose mortal curv slope permit method determin necropsi find histopatholog find discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part acut toxic skin irrit method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method substanc test appli singl dose skin experiment anim anim serv control degre irrit read grade specif interv provid complet evalu effect durat observ suffici evalu fulli revers effect observ qualiti criteria descript test method prepar approxim hour test fur remov clip shave dorsal area trunk anim clip shave fur care avoid abrad skin anim healthi intact skin test solid pulver consid test substanc moisten suffici water suitabl vehicl ensur good contact skin vehicl influenc vehicl irrit skin test substanc account liquid test substanc gener undilut test substanc strongli acid alkalin test primari dermal irrit ow predict corros properti test materi shown toxic dermal rout unnecessari test condit experiment anim mammalian speci albino rabbit prefer speci number anim healthi adult anim addit anim requir clarifi equivoc respons dose level contra indic ml liquid solid semi solid appli test site separ anim requir untreat control group adjac area untreat skin anim serv control test observ period durat observ period fix rigidli suffici evalu fulli revers irrevers effect observ exce dai applic procedur anim cage individu test substanc appli small area approxim cm skin cover gauz patch held place irrit tape case liquid past appli test substanc gauz patch appli skin patch loos held contact skin mean suitabl semi occlus dress durat exposur period occlus dress consid case access anim patch result ingest inhal test substanc prevent exposur durat hour suspect substanc produc sever skin reaction corros durat exposur reduc hour minut exposur period shorter hour skin reaction observ experi repeat hour exposur period longer exposur condit expect pattern human exposur end exposur period residu test substanc remov practic water solvent alter exist respons integr epidermi observ grade anim observ sign erythema oedema respons grade minut hour patch remov dermal irrit grade record system tabl observ need establish revers addit observ irrit lesion corros irrevers destruct skin tissu toxic effect fulli data data summar tabular form show individu anim irrit grade erythema oedema observ period lesion descript degre natur irrit revers corros toxic effect observ record report test report test report includ inform speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit includ relev physicochem properti chemic techniqu skin prepar cleans tabul irrit respons data individu anim observ time period hour patch remov descript lesion observ includ corros descript degre natur irrit observ histopatholog find descript toxic effect dermal irrit discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part appendix tabl grade skin reaction gt pic file quot quot gt acut toxic ey irrit method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method substanc test appli singl dose ey server experiment anim untreat ey provid control inform degre irrit evalu grade specif interv provid complet evalu effect durat observ suffici evalu fulli revers irrevers effect observ qualiti criteria descript test method prepar ey experiment anim provision select test examin hour test start anim show ey irrit ocular defect pre exist corneal injuri strongli alkalin acid test substanc substanc demonstr definit corros dermal irrit studi test test ey irrit test condit experiment anim varieti experiment anim recommend test perform healthi adult albino rabbit number anim anim addit anim requir clarifi equivoc respons dose level test liquid dose ml test solid past particul substanc amount volum ml weigh approxim weight record test materi solid granular ground fine dust volum particul measur gentli compact tap measur contain observ period durat observ period rigidli fix suffici evalu revers irrevers effect observ exce dai instil procedur anim cage individu test substanc conjunctiv sac ey anim gentli pull lower lid eyebal lid gentli held prevent loss materi ey remain untreat serv control ey test anim wash hour instil test substanc hour washout consid substanc shown irrit test irrig ey mean reduc irrit damag effect examin case recommend rabbit second instil test substanc ey rabbit wash second instil test substanc ey rabbit wash group ey wash minut volum veloc flow injuri observ grade ey examin hour evid irrit hour studi end extend observ persist corneal involv ocular irrit order determin progress lesion revers irrevers addit observ cornea iri conjunctiva lesion note record report grade ocular reaction tabl record examin grade ocular respons subject interpret assist test laboratori involv make interpret observ illustr guid ey irrit examin reaction facilit binocular loup hand slit lamp biomicroscop suitabl devic record observ hour ey rabbit examin aid fluorescein data data summar tabular form show individu anim irrit grade design observ time descript degre natur irrit presenc lesion effect ocular observ report report test report test report includ inform anim data speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit includ relev physicochem properti test substanc tabul irrit corros respons data individu anim observ time point hour descript lesion observ narr descript degre natur irrit corros observ includ revers descript method grade irrit hour hand slit lamp biomicroscop fluorescein descript ocular topic effect note discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part appendix tabl grade ocular lesion gt pic file quot quot gt acut toxic skin sensit method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method guinea pig maxim test initi exposur test substanc quot induct quot period anim subject week induct exposur quot challeng quot exposur test substanc order establish hypersensit state induc sensit determin examin skin reaction challeng exposur qualiti criteria descript test method prepar healthi young anim year random assign treatment control group prior dose hair remov clip shave shoulder region care avoid damag skin test condit experiment anim albino guinea pig number sex male femal anim femal nullipar pregnant anim treatment group control group fewer anim justifi dose level concentr test substanc adjust highest level toler induct stage challeng concentr produc evid skin irrit sensit anim concentr determin small scale anim pilot studi observ period induct period skin observ carri check irrit effect challeng exposur skin reaction record hour procedur anim weigh test commenc end test shoulder region clear hair stage procedur induct dai treat group pair intraderm inject shoulder region pair li side midlin ml freund complet adjuv fca ml test substanc vehicl ml test substanc fca inject close nearest head caudal part test area dai control group pair intraderm inject site ml fca ml vehicl ml vehicl fca dai treat group test area clear hair test substanc suitabl vehicl liquid appli directli spread filter paper appli test area held contact suitabl dress hour dai control group test area clear hair vehicl appli similar manner test area held contact suitabl dress hour challeng dai flank treat control anim clear hair patch chamber test substanc appli left flank treat anim patch chamber vehicl flank patch held contact suitabl dress hour control group expos ident manner dai hour remov patch challeng area clean shave hour hour start challeng applic skin reaction observ record hour observ observ hour made record clarifi result obtain challeng challeng vehicl control group consid approxim week observ grade skin reaction unusu find result induct challeng procedur record report data data summar tabular form show anim skin reaction observ report test report test report inform strain guinea pig test condit number ag sex anim individu weight anim start conclus test observ made anim includ grade system discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part remark guinea pig maxim test gpmt wide adjuv type test method list appendix detect potenti substanc provok skin sensit reaction gpmt consid prefer refer method sensit abil detect potenti human skin sensit consid import classif system toxic relev public health choic altern test govern criteria ensur valid criteria expect respons standard allergen dinitro chlorobenzen phenylenediamin potent sensit class substanc test singl test method adequ identifi substanc potenti sensit human skin relev substanc factor physic characterist substanc includ abil penetr skin mode contact human expos consid select test test guinea pig subdivid adjuv type test allerg state potenti dissolv suspend test substanc freund complet adjuv fca adjuv test case good reason choos test involv topic applic intraderm inject guinea pig maxim test consider includ physic characterist test substanc condit human exposur method sensit strain guinea pig skin sensit test check regular interv month strong moder sensit satisfactori number posit respons obtain appendix gt pic file quot quot gt acut toxic oral method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method test substanc administ oral daili graduat dose group experiment anim dose group period dai period administr anim observ daili detect sign toxic anim die test necropsi conclus test surviv anim necropsi qualiti criteria descript test method prepar anim experiment hous feed condit dai prior test test healthi young anim random assign treatment group test substanc administ diet gavag capsul drink water anim dose method entir experiment period vehicl addit facilit dose produc toxic effect histor data test condit experiment anim contra indic prefer speci rat commonli laboratori strain young healthi anim emploi dose begin ideal rat week case week commenc studi weight variat anim exce number sex anim femal male dose level femal nullipar pregnant interim sacrific plan number anim increas number anim schedul sacrif complet studi addit satellit group anim anim sex treat high dose level dai observ revers persist delai occurr toxic effect dai post treatment dose level dose level control treatment test substanc anim control group handl ident manner test group subject vehicl facilit dose control dose vehicl treat group receiv amount vehicl receiv highest dose level group highest dose level result toxic effect produc fatal lowest dose level produc evid toxic usabl estim human exposur lowest level exce ideal middl dose level produc minim observ toxic effect intermedi dose dose level space produc gradat toxic effect low intermedi group control incid fatal low order permit meaning evalu result test substanc administ diet constant dietari concentr ppm mg kg food constant dose level term anim bodi weight altern substanc administ gavag dose similar time dai dose level adjust interv weekli bi weekli maintain constant dose level term anim bodi weight limit test dai studi conduct accord method detail dose level mg kg bodi weight dai higher dose level relat human exposur produc evid toxic effect test consid substanc low toxic import ensur administ diet quantiti properti test substanc involv interfer normal nutrit requir observ period anim observ daili sign toxic record includ time onset degre durat time death time sign toxic disappear record procedur anim dose test substanc ideal dai week period dai anim satellit group schedul follow observ dai treatment detect recoveri persist toxic effect cagesid observ includ skin fur ey mucou membran respiratori circulatori autonom central nervou system somatomotor activ behaviour pattern weekli measur made food consumpt water consumpt test substanc administ drink water anim weigh weekli regular observ anim ensur anim lost studi due cannib autolysi tissu misplac end studi period survivor satellit treatment group necropsi moribund anim remov necropsi notic examin made end test period anim includ control haematolog includ haematocrit haemoglobin concentr erythrocyt count total differenti leucocyt count measur clot potenti clinic biochemistri blood includ paramet liver kidnei function alanin aminotransferas glutam pyruv transaminas serum aspart aminotransferas glutam oxaloacet transaminas urea nitrogen albumin blood creatinin total bilirubin total serum protein determin adequ toxicolog evalu includ calcium phosphoru chlorid sodium potassium fast glucos analysi lipid hormon acid base balanc methaemoglobin cholinesteras activ addit clinic biochemistri emploi extend investig observ effect gross necropsi anim studi subject full gross necropsi liver kidnei adren test weigh wet dissect avoid dry organ tissu liver kidnei spleen adren heart organ show gross lesion size preserv suitabl medium futur histopatholog examin histopatholog examin high dose group control group histolog examin perform preserv organ tissu organ tissu show defect attribut test substanc highest dosag level examin lower dosag group anim satellit group examin histolog emphasi organ tissu identifi show effect treat group data data summar tabular form show test group number anim start test number anim displai type lesion observ result evalu statist method recogn statist method report test report test report includ inform speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit dose level includ vehicl concentr toxic respons data sex dose effect level time death studi anim surviv termin toxic effect time observ abnorm sign subsequ food bodi weight data haematolog test emploi result clinic biochemistri test emploi result necropsi find detail descript histopatholog find statist treatment result discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part acut toxic inhal method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method group experiment anim expos daili defin period test substanc graduat concentr concentr group period dai vehicl gener concentr test substanc atmospher vehicl control group period administr anim observ daili detect sign toxic anim die test necropsi conclus test surviv anim necropsi qualiti criteria descript test method prepar anim experiment hous feed condit dai prior experi test healthi young anim random assign requir number group suitabl vehicl ad test substanc gener concentr substanc atmospher vehicl addit facilit dose produc toxic effect histor data test condit experiment anim contra indic rat prefer speci commonli laboratori strain young healthi anim emploi commenc studi rang weight variat anim exce number sex anim femal male test group femal nullipar pregnant interim sacrific plan number increas number anim schedul sacrif complet studi addit satellit group anim anim sex treat high concentr level dai observ revers persist delai occurr toxic effect dai post treatment exposur concentr concentr requir control vehicl control concentr vehicl highest level vehicl treatment test substanc anim control group handl ident manner test group anim highest concentr result toxic effect fatal lowest concentr produc evid toxic usabl estim human exposur lowest concentr exce ideal intermedi concentr produc minim observ toxic effect intermedi concentr concentr space produc gradat toxic effect low intermedi group control incid fatal low permit meaning evalu result exposur time durat daili exposur hour period need meet specif requir equip anim test inhal equip design sustain dynam airflow air hour ensur adequ oxygen content evenli distribut exposur atmospher chamber design minim crowd test anim maxim exposur inhal test substanc gener rule ensur stabil chamber atmospher total quot volum quot test anim exce volum test chamber oro nasal head individu bodi chamber exposur minim uptak rout observ period experiment anim observ daili sign toxic entir treatment recoveri period time death time sign toxic disappear record procedur anim expos test substanc daili dai week period dai anim satellit group schedul follow observ dai treatment detect recoveri persist toxic effect temperatur test perform maintain ideal rel humid maintain instanc test aerosol practic food water withheld exposur dynam inhal system suitabl analyt concentr control system establish suitabl exposur concentr trial test recommend airflow adjust ensur condit exposur chamber homogen system ensur stabl exposur condit achiev rapidli measur monitor made rate airflow continu actual concentr test substanc measur breath zone daili exposur period concentr vari case dust aerosol level control achiev wider rang accept total durat studi dai dai concentr held constant practic particul aerosol order assess consist particl size distribut measur made temperatur humid exposur observ made record systemat individu record maintain anim anim observ daili sign toxic record includ time onset degre durat cagesid observ includ skin fur ey mucou membran respiratori circulatori autonom central nervou system somatomotor activ behaviour pattern measur made weekli anim weight recommend food consumpt measur weekli regular observ anim ensur anim lost studi due cannib autolysi tissu misplac end studi period survivor satellit treatment group necropsi moribund anim remov necropsi notic examin made end test anim includ control haematolog includ haematocrit haemoglobin concentr erythrocyt count total differenti leucocyt count measur clot potenti ii clinic biochemistri determin blood includ paramet liver kidnei function serum alanin aminotransferas glutam pyruv transaminas serum aspart aminotransferas glutam oxaloacet transaminas urea nitrogen albumin blood creatinin total bilirubin total serum protein measur determin adequ toxicolog evalu includ calcium phosphoru chlorid sodium potassium fast glucos analysi lipid hormon acid base balanc methaemoglobin cholinesteras activ addit clinic biochemistri emploi extend investig observ toxic effect gross necropsi anim studi subject full gross necropsi liver kidnei adren test weigh wet dissect avoid dry organ tissu respiratori tract liver kidnei spleen adren heart organ show gross lesion size preserv suitabl medium futur histopatholog examin naso pharynx lung remov intact weigh treat suitabl fix ensur lung structur maintain perfus fix consid effect procedur histopatholog examin high concentr group control histolog examin perform preserv organ tissu organ tissu show defect attribut test substanc highest dosag level examin lower dosag group anim satellit group examin histolog emphasi organ tissu identifi show effect treat group data data summar tabular form show test group number anim start test number anim displai type lesion observ result evalu apropri statist method recogn statist method report test report test report includ inform speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit descript exposur apparatu includ design type dimens sourc air system gener particul aerosol method condit air treatment exhaust air method hous anim test chamber equip measur temperatur humid stabil aerosol concentr particl size exposur data tabul present valu measur variabl standard deviat includ airflow rate inhal equip temperatur humid air nomin concentr total amount test substanc fed inhal equip divid volum air natur vehicl actual concentr test breath zone median particl size toxic respons data sex concentr time death studi anim surviv termin descript toxic effect effect level time observ abnorm sign subsequ food bodi weight data haematolog test emploi result clinic biochemistri test emploi result necropsi find detail descript histopatholog find statist treatment result discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part acut toxic dermal method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method test substanc appli daili skin graduat dose group experiment anim dose group period dai period applic anim observ daili detect sign toxic anim die test necropsi conclus test surviv anim necropsi qualiti criteria descript test method prepar anim experiment hous feed condit dai prior test test healthi young anim random assign treatment control group shortli test fur clip dorsal area trunk test anim shave emploi carri approxim hour test repeat clip shave need approxim weekli interv clip shave fur care avoid abrad skin bodi surfac area clear applic test substanc weight anim account decid area clear dimens cover test solid pulver test substanc moisten suffici water suitabl vehicl ensur good contact skin liquid test substanc gener undilut daili applic dai week basi test condit experiment anim adult rat rabbit guinea pig speci requir justif commenc test rang weight variat exce weight number sex anim femal male healthi skin dose level femal nullipar pregnant interim sacrific plan number increas number anim schedul sacrif complet studi addit satellit group anim anim sex treat high dose level dai observ revers persist delai occurr toxic effect dai post treatment dose level dose level requir control vehicl control vehicl exposur period hour dai applic test substanc made similar time dai adjust interv weekli bi weekli maintain constant dose level term anim bodi weight treatment test substanc anim control group handl ident manner test group subject vehicl facilit dose vehicl control group dose treat group receiv amount receiv highest dose level group highest dose level result toxic effect produc fatal lowest dose level produc evid toxic usabl estim human exposur lowest level exce ideal intermedi dose level produc minim observ toxic effect intermedi dose dose level space produc gradat toxic effect low intermedi group control incid fatal low order permit meaning evalu result applic test substanc produc sever skin irrit concentr reduc result reduct absenc toxic effect high dose level skin badli damag termin studi undertak studi lower concentr limit test preliminari studi dose level mg kg higher dose level relat human exposur produc toxic effect test consid observ period experiment anim observ daili sign toxic time death time sign toxic disappear record procedur anim cage individu anim treat test substanc ideal dai week period dai anim satellit group schedul follow observ dai treatment detect recoveri persist toxic effect exposur time hour dai test substanc appli uniformli area approxim total bodi surfac area highli toxic substanc surfac area cover area cover thin uniform layer exposur test substanc held contact skin porou gauz dress irrit tape test site cover suitabl manner retain gauz dress test substanc ensur anim ingest test substanc restrain prevent ingest test substanc complet immobil recommend method end exposur period residu test substanc remov practic water method cleans skin anim observ daili sign toxic record includ time onset degre durat cagesid observ includ skin fur ey mucou membran respiratori circulatori autonom central nervou system somatomotor activ behaviour pattern measur made weekli anim weight recommend food consumpt measur weekli regular observ anim ensur anim lost studi due cannib autolysi tissu misplac end studi period survivor satellit treatment group necropsi moribund anim remov necropsi notic examin made end test anim includ control haematolog includ haematocrit haemoglobin concentr erythrocyt count total differenti leucocyt count measur clot potenti clinic biochemistri blood includ paramet liver kidnei function serum alanin aminotransferas glutam pyruv transaminas serum aspart aminotransferas glutam oxaloacet transaminas urea nitrogen albumin blood creatinin total bilirubin total serum protein determin adequ toxicolog evalu includ calcium phosphoru chlorid sodium potassium fast glucos analysi lipid hormon acid base balanc methaemoglobin cholinesteras activ addit clinic biochemistri emploi extend investig observ effect gross necropsi anim studi subject full gross necropsi liver kidnei adren test weigh wet dissect avoid dry organ tissu normal treat skin liver kidnei target organ organ show gross lesion size preserv suitabl medium futur histopatholog examin histopatholog examin high dose group control group histolog examin perform preserv organ tissu organ tissu show defect attribut test substanc highest dosag level examin lower dosag group anim satellit group examin histolog emphasi organ tissu identifi show effect treat group data data summar tabular form show test group number anim start test number anim displai type lesion observ result evalu statist method recogn statist method report test report test report includ inform anim data speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit dose level includ vehicl concentr effect level toxic respons data sex dose time death studi anim surviv termin toxic effect time observ abnorm sign subsequ food bodi weight data haematolog test emploi result clinic biochemistri test emploi result necropsi find detail descript histopatholog find statist treatment result discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part effect mutagen vitro mammalian cytogen test method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method vitro cytogenet test short term mutagen test detect structur chromosom aberr cultur mammalian cell cultur establish cell line primari cell cultur exposur test chemic liver enzym activ mixtur cofactor supplement post mitochondri fraction cell cultur treat spindl inhibitor colchicin accumul cell metaphas stage mitosi metaphas cell harvest time chromosom prepar made prepar stain metaphas cell analyz chromosom abnorm qualiti criteria descript test method prepar test chemic prepar cultur medium dissolv vehicl prior treatment cell establish cell line cultur primari cell chines hamster cell human lymphocyt test condit number cultur duplic cultur experiment point neg posit control solvent solvent cultur medium water liver enzym activ mixtur liver enzym activ mixtur solvent untreat control neg control experi posit control includ liver enzym activ mixtur activ test chemic compound requir metabol activ posit control dose level dose test compound log dose rang emploi highest dose suppress mitot activ approxim cultur condit cultur medium incub condit temperatur cultur vessel concentr humid procedur prepar cultur establish cell line cell gener stock cultur trypsin shake seed cultur vessel densiti incub human lymphocyt heparin blood ad cultur medium phytohaemagglutinin fetal calf serum antibiot incub treatment cultur test compound treatment liver enzym activ mixtur treatment cover period cell cycl fixat scheme ensur analysi post treatment mitos cell treat stage cycl treatment cover length cell cycl multipl fixat time chosen sampl cell stage cell cycl treatment test chemic ad cultur establish cell line exponenti stage growth human lymphocyt cultur treat semi synchron condit test chemic cell cycl length fixat interv chang ii treatment liver enzym activ mixtur treatment test compound combin activ system present long exert toxic effect cell toxic reason treatment cover length cell cycl multipl fixat time chosen sampl cell stage cell cycl treatment harvest cell cell cultur treat spindl inhibitor hour prior harvest cultur harvest process separ prepar chromosom chromosom prepar chromosom prepar involv hypoton treatment cell fixat spread slide stain analysi spread metaphas cultur analyz chromosom aberr slide code analysi human lymphocyt metaphas centromer analyz establish cell line metaphas centromer modal number analyz data data present tabular form chromatid type aberr gap break interchang chromosom type aberr gap break minut ring dicentr polycentr number aberr metaphas includ exclud gap list separ treat control cultur data evalu statist method report test report test report includ inform cell test condit composit medium concentr incub temperatur incub time dose level treatment time durat treatment concentr spindl inhibitor type liver enzym activ mixtur posit neg control number cell cultur number metaphas analyz data separ cultur mitot index type number aberr separ treat control cultur modal number chromosom establish cell line statist evalu discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part effect mutagen vivo mammalian bone marrow cytogen test chromosom analysi method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method vivo cytogenet test short term mutagen test detect structur chromosom aberr chromosom aberr gener evalu post treatment mitos chemic mutagen major induc aberr chromatid type method emploi bone marrow cell mammal expos test chemic rout sacrif sequenti interv anim treat prior sacrific spindl inhibitor colchicin accumul cell metaphas stage mitosi metaphas air dri chromosom prepar cell made stain metaphas analyz microscop chromosom aberr qualiti criteria descript test method prepar test chemic dissolv normal salin insolubl dissolv suspend vehicl freshli prepar solut test compound emploi vehicl facilit dose interfer test compound produc toxic effect test condit experiment anim rodent speci rat mice chines hamster healthi young adult anim random assign treatment control group number sex femal male anim experiment control group emploi anim sacrif time period group test time treatment includ experiment schedul rout administr test compound gener administ base toxicolog inform repeat treatment schedul emploi repeat treatment schedul appli test compound exhibit cytotox effect bone marrow usual rout administr oral intraperiton inject rout administr neg posit control compound produc chromosom aberr vivo emploi posit control neg solvent control group includ design experi dose level base set test compound dose maximum toler dose produc indic cytotox partial inhibit mitosi addit dose level scientif reason test method verif addit dose level procedur test perform wai anim treat test compound highest toler dose sampl time treatment central sampl interv hour cell cycl kinet influenc test chemic earlier sampl interv adequ space rang hour appli addit dose level sampl sensit interv hour treatment ii pharmacokinet metabol inform repeat treatment schedul repeat dosag emploi sampl hour treatment bone marrow prepar prior sacrific anim inject intraperiton dose spindl inhibitor obtain adequ number cell metaphas bone marrow obtain femora freshli kill anim rins isoton solut hypoton treatment cell fix spread slide air dry slide stain analysi slide code microscop analysi spread metaphas complet number centromer analyz anim structur chromosom aberr addition mitot index establish anim data data present tabular form chromatid isochromatid type aberr gap break interchang mitot index establish list separ treat control anim number standard deviat experiment control group list data evalu statist method report test report test report includ inform speci strain ag anim number anim sex experiment control group test condit detail descript treatment sampl schedul dose level durat treatment concentr spindl inhibitor number metaphas analyz anim mitot index establish type number aberr separ treat control anim statist evalu discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part effect mutagen micronucleu test method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method micronucleu test mammalian short term vivo test detect chromosom damag damag mitot apparatu chemic basi assai increas micronuclei polychromat erythrocyt treat anim versu control micronuclei form chromosom fragment chromosom lag mitosi erythroblast develop erythrocyt main nucleu expel micronucleu maintain cytoplasm young polychromat erythrocyt bone marrow laboratori mammal expos test substanc rout test bone marrow extract smear prepar made stain polychromat erythrocyt score micronuclei microscop ratio polychromat normochromat erythrocyt establish qualiti criteria descript test method prepar test chemic dissolv isoton solut insolubl dissolv suspend vehicl vehicl interfer test compound produc toxic effect freshli prepar solut test compound emploi test condit experiment anim mice recommend mammal healthi young adult anim random assign treatment control group number sex femal male anim experiment control group emploi anim sacrif time period group test time treatment includ experiment schedul rout administr test compound gener administ base toxicolog inform repeat treatment schedul emploi repeat treatment schedul appli test compound exhibit cytotox effect bone marrow usual rout administr oral intraperiton inject rout administr neg posit control posit neg solvent control experi dose level base set dose test compound dose maximum toler dose produc indic cytotox chang ratio polychromat normochromat erythrocyt addit dose level scientif reason test method verif addit dose level procedur test perform wai anim treat test compound highest toler dose sampl time coincid maximum respons assai vari test compound highest dose sampl bone marrow time start earlier hour treatment interv sampl extend hour addit dose level sampl maximum sensit period hour treatment ii pharmacokinet metabol inform repeat treatment schedul repeat dosag emploi sampl time start earlier hour treatment interv sampl extend hour bone marrow prepar bone marrow obtain fermora freshli kill anim rins fetal calf serum cell sediment centrifug supernat discard drop homogen cell suspens put slide spread smear air dry slide stain analysi slide code microscop analysi polychromat erythrocyt anim score incid micronuclei ratio normochromat polychromat erythrocyt determin anim count total erythrocyt data data present tabular form number polychromat erythrocyt score number polychromat erythrocyt micronuclei percent micronucl cell list separ experiment control anim ratio normochromat polychromat erythrocyt number standard deviat experiment control group list list data evalu statist method report test report test report includ inform speci strain ag anim number anim sex experiment control group test condit detail descript treatment sampl schedul dose level toxic data neg posit control criteria score micronuclei dose effect relationship statist evalu discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part effect mutagen escherichia coli revers mutat assai method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method gt pic file quot quot gt bacteria expos test chemic metabol activ suitabl period incub minim medium revert coloni count compar number spontan revert untreat solvent control cultur qualiti criteria descript test method method perform assai preincub method direct incorpor method bacteria test agent mix overlai agar pour surfac select agar plate prepar bacteria bacteria grown late exponenti earli stationari phase growth approxim cell densiti cell millilitr metabol activ bacteria expos test substanc presenc absenc mammalian liver enzym activ mixtur cofactor supplement post mitochondri fraction prepar mice rat pretreat enzym induc agent test condit tester strain strain wp wp uvr wp uvr pkm recogn method stock cultur prepar storag growth requir genet ident strain sensiv uv radiat mitomycin resist ampicillin strain wp uvr pkm check strain yield spontan revert frequenc rang expect media medium express select mutant adequ overlai agar neg posit control concurr untreat solvent control perform posit control conduct purpos confirm sensit bacteri strain methyl methan sulphon nitroquinolin oxid ethylnitrosourea posit control test metabol activ ii ensur activ metabol system posit control activ metabol system strain aminoanthracen posit control chemic class chemic test amount test substanc plate amount test chemic test half log interv plate substanc test limit solubl toxic toxic evidenc reduct number spontan revert clear background lawn degre surviv treat cultur toxic chemic test mg plate test substanc neg incub condit plate incub hour procedur direct plate incorpor method enzym activ chemic ml fresh bacteri cultur ad ml overlai agar test metabol activ ml liver enzym activ mixtur adequ amount post mitochondri fraction ad agar overlai addit test chemic bacteria content tube mix pour surfac select agar plate overlai agar allow solidifi plate incub hour end incub period revert coloni plate count preincub method mixtur test chemic ml fresh bacteri cultur adequ amount liver enzym activ mixtur amount buffer preincub ad ml overlai agar procedur incorpor method plate method triplic data number revert coloni plate report control treat seri individu plate count number revert coloni plate standard deviat present test chemic control result confirm independ experi data evalu statist method report test report test report includ inform bacteria strain test condit dose level toxic composit media treatment procedur preincub incub liver enzym activ mixtur refer substanc neg control individu plate count number revert coloni plate standard deviat dose effect relationship discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part effect mutagen salmonella typhimurium revers mutat assai method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method gt pic file quot quot gt bacteria expos test chemic metabol activ plate minim medium suitabl period incub revert coloni count compar number spontan revert untreat solvent control cultur qualiti criteria descript test method prepar bacteria fresh cultur bacteria grown late exponenti earli stationari phase growth approxim cell densiti cell millilitr metabol activ bacteria expos test substanc presenc absenc mammalian liver enzym activ mixtur cofactor supplement post mitochondri fraction prepar mice rat pretreat enzym induc agent test condit tester strain strain ta ta ta ta strain ta addit recogn method stock cultur prepar storag growth requir genet ident strain sensit uv radiat crystal violet resist ampicillin check strain yield spontan revert frequenc rang expect media select medium adequ overlai agar neg posit control concurr untreat solvent control perform posit control conduct purpos confirm sensit bacteri strain compound test metabol activ gt pic file quot quot gt ii ensur activ metabol system posit control activ metabol system strain aminoanthracen posit control chemic class chemic test amount test substanc plate amount test chemic test half log interv plate substanc test limit solubl toxic toxic evidenc reduct number spontan revert clear background lawn degre surviv treat cultur toxic chemic test mg plate test substanc neg incub condit plate incub hour procedur direct plate incorpor method enzym activ test chemic ml fresh bacteri cultur ad ml overlai agar test metabol activ ml liver enzym activ mixtur adequ amount post mitochondri fraction ad agar overlai addit test chemic bacteria content tube mix pour surfac select agar plate overlai agar allow solidifi plate incub hour end incub period revert coloni plate count preincub method mixtur test chemic ml fresh bacteri cultur adequ amount liver enzym activ mixtur amount buffer preincub ad ml overlai agar procedur direct plate incorpor method plate method triplic data number revert coloni plate report control treat seri individu plate count number revert coloni plate standard deviat present test chemic control result confirm independ experi data evalu statist method report test report test report includ inform bacteria strain test condit dose level toxic composit media treatment procedur preincub incub liver enzym activ mixtur refer substanc neg control individu plate count number revert coloni plate standard deviat dose effect relationship discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part part method determin ecotox acut toxic fish method introduct desir inform water solubl vapour pressur chemic stabil dissoci constant biodegrad test substanc select test method static semi static flow ensur satisfactorili constant concentr test substanc period test inform requir structur formula degre puriti natur percentag signific impur presenc amount addit octanol water partit coeffici consider plan interpret result test definit unit acut toxic discern advers effect induc organ short time dai exposur substanc present test acut toxic express median lethal concentr lc concentr water kill test batch fish continu period exposur state concentr test substanc weight volum milligram litr express weight weight part million refer substanc refer substanc test demonstr laboratori test condit respons test speci chang significantli refer substanc test principl test method fish expos test substanc ad water rang concentr minimum period hour prefer hour mortal record hour interv concentr kill fish lc time observ calcul qualiti criteria mortal control exce end test oxygen concentr air satur evid analysi chemic properti test system concentr substanc test satisfactorili maintain initi concentr test period descript test method type procedur static test toxic test aquat organ flow test solut occur solut remain unchang durat test semi static test test flow solut regular batchwis renew test solut prolong period hour flow test toxic test water renew constantli test chamber chemic test transport water renew test medium reagent solut test substanc stock solut requir strength prepar dissolv substanc deioniz water water stock solut substanc low aqueou solubl prepar ultrason dispers organ solvent emulsifi dispers auxiliari substanc control fish expos concentr auxiliari substanc highest concentr test substanc concentr auxiliari exce litr chosen test concentr prepar dilut stock solut high concentr test substanc dissolv dilut water directli test carri adjust ph evid mark chang ph advis test repeat ph adjust result report case ph stock solut adjust ph dilut water specif reason hcl naoh prefer purpos ph adjust made concentr test substanc stock solut chang signific extent chemic reaction physic precipit test compound caus adjust report hold dilut water drink water suppli uncontamin danger concentr chlorin heavi metal substanc good qualiti natur water reconstitut water appendix water total hard mg litr caco ph prefer apparatu apparatu made chemic inert materi automat dilut system flow test oxygen meter equip determin hard water adequ apparatu temperatur control ph meter test fish speci select discret test laboratori suggest speci select basi import practic criteria readi avail year eas mainten conveni test rel sensit econom biolog ecolog factor bear fish good health free appar malform fish speci recommend test appendix hold test fish prefer singl stock similar length ag fish held dai condit tank litr cold water fish litr warm water fish recommend load system recircul flow fish speci water point light hour photoperiod daili dissolv oxygen concentr air satur feed time week daili ceas hour test start mortal hour settl period mortal record criteria appli greater popul dai reject entir batch popul hold period continu addit dai mortal occur batch accept reject popul accept batch adapt fish expos water qualiti temperatur test dai test procedur rang find test preced definit test order obtain inform rang concentr main test control test substanc run auxiliari substanc addit test seri concentr fall period test depend physic chemic properti test compound static semi static flow test select meet requir fish expos substanc durat minimum hour prefer hour number anim concentr tank suitabl capac relat recommend load load maximum load litr static semi static test recommend flow system higher load accept test concentr control concentr differ constant factor exceed span rang mortal water light hour photoperiod daili temperatur speci appendix test dissolv oxygen concentr air satur select temperatur feed fish inspect hour hour interv fish consid dead touch caudal peduncl produc reaction breath movement visibl dead fish remov observ mortal record record visibl abnorm loss equilibrium swim behaviour respiratori function pigment measur ph dissolv oxygen temperatur carri daili data evalu plot percentag mortal recommend exposur period concentr logarithm probabl paper fit line ey point read concentr respons appendix estim lc exposur period data adequ median concentr lc confid limit estim standard procedur lc round signific figur case slope concentr percentag respons curv steep permit calcul lc graphic estim suffici consecut concentr ratio give mortal valu suffici rang lc fall observ stabil homogen test substanc maintain report care interpret result report test report inform test organ scientif strain supplier pretreat size number test concentr list concentr inform stabil concentr test chemic test solut descript test equip chemic analys perform method result dilut water sourc major chemic characterist ph hard temperatur concentr auxiliari substanc case substanc low aqueou solubl method prepar stock test solut reason choic detail test procedur test durat static semi static dose rate flow rate aerat fish load light regim highest test concentr caus mortal period test lowest test concentr caus mortal period test cumul mortal concentr control control auxiliari substanc requir recommend observ time lc valu recommend observ time confid limit statist procedur determin lc valu graph concentr percentag respons curv end test slope concentr percentag respons curv end test confid limit dissolv oxygen concentr ph valu temperatur test solut hour refer substanc result obtain evid qualiti criteria fulfil refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final appendix reconstitut water suitabl dilut water chemic analyt grade water good qualiti distil water deioniz water conduct scm stock solut gt pic file quot quot gt reconstitut dilut water mix ml stock solut make litr water aerat dissolv oxygen concentr equal air satur ph adjust ph naoh sodium hydroxid hcl hydrochlor acid dilut water prepar set hour aerat sum ca mg ion solut mmol litr ratio ca mg ion na ion total alkalin solut mmol litr deviat prepar dilut water chang composit properti water appendix fish speci recommend test gt pic file quot quot gt collect fish list easi rear wide year capabl bred cultiv fish farm laboratori diseas parasit control condit test anim heathli parentag fish part world appendix concentr percentag mortal determin lc log probit paper gt pic file quot quot gt appendix list exampl standard procedur oecd pari test guidelin decis council final iso tc sc wg draft propos screen chemic product acut toxic fish static semi static flow method document ii iii iso dp eidgenössich depart de innern schweiz richtlinien für probenahm und normung von wasseruntersuchungsmethoden part ii din testverfahren mit wasserorganismen und afnor determin de la toxicité aigu un substanc vi vi de brachydanio rerio ji acut toxic test fish degrad ecotox bioaccumul determin effect chemic wast aquat environ volum ii govern publish offic hagu netherland environment protect agenc method acut toxic test fish macroinvertebr amphibian committe method toxic test aquat organ ecolog research seri epa environment protect agenc januari environment monitor support laboratori offic research develop epa environment protect agenc toxic substanc control march part iv standard method examin water wastewat edit apha awwa wpcf commiss european commun inter laboratori test programm studi ecotox chemic substanc respect fish eec studi march litchfield wilcoxon simplifi method evalu dose effect experi pharm exp therap vol acut toxic daphnia method introduct desir inform water solubl vapour pressur chemic stabil dissoci constant biodegrad substanc start test addit inform instanc structur formula degre puriti natur percentag signific impur presenc amount addit octanol water partit coeffici consider plan interpret result test definit unit direct requir lc daphnia consid fulfil determin ec test method acut toxic express test median effect concentr ec immobil concentr term initi valu immobil daphnia test batch hour exposur period hour ec immobil determin practic immobil anim swim second gentl agit test contain consid immobil concentr test substanc express weight weight part million refer substanc refer substanc test mean demonstr laboratori test condit sensit test speci chang significantli refer substanc test principl test method daphnia expos test substanc ad water rang concentr hour durat prolong hour ident test condit adequ rang test substanc concentr concentr test substanc exert averag degre effect swim abil daphnia concentr result percentag daphnia longer capabl swim end test concentr caus immobil deriv directli test observ hour ec hour ec determin calcul static system method test solut renew exposur period qualiti criteria immobil control exce end test oxygen concentr mg litr end test test daphnia trap surfac water control group descript test method reagent solut test substanc stock solut requir strength prepar dissolv substanc deioniz water water stock solut substanc low aqueou solubl prepar ultrason dispers organ solvent emulsifi dispers auxiliari substanc control daphnia expos concentr auxiliari substanc highest concentr test substanc concentr auxiliari exce litr chosen test concentr prepar dilut stock solut high concentr test substanc dissolv dilut water directli test carri adjust ph evid mark chang ph advis test repeat ph adjust result report case ph stock solut adjust ph solut water specif reason hcl naoh prefer purpos ph adjust made concentr test substanc stock solut chang signific extent chemic reaction physic precipit test compound caus adjust report cultur dilut water water suitabl cultur daphnia natur reconstitut water appendix test avoid necess acclim prior test recommend cultur water qualiti cultur water test apparatu normal laboratori apparatu equip equip contact test solut prefer made glass oxygen meter microelectrod suitabl equip measur dissolv oxygen low volum sampl adequ apparatu temperatur control ph meter equip determin hard water test organ daphnia magna daphnia pulex hour hour begin test laboratori bred free overt diseas histori breed pretreat test procedur rang find test preced definit test order obtain inform rang concentr main test control test auxiliari substanc test substanc carri addit test seri daphnia expos substanc durat hour number anim anim test concentr prefer divid batch anim batch load ml test solut provid anim test concentr test solut prepar immedi introduct daphnia prefer solvent water concentr made geometr seri concentr ratio concentr suffici give immobil hour rang intermedi degre immobil permit calcul hour ec test control water light light dark cycl option complet dark accept temperatur test temperatur singl test constant aerat test solut bubbl aerat feed ph oxygen concentr control test concentr measur end test ph test solut modifi volatil compound test complet fill close contain larg prevent lack oxygen daphnia inspect hour exposur hour test extend data evalu plot cumul percentag immobil concentr hour exposur concentr logarithm probabl paper fit line point read concentr respons data adequ median concentr confid limit estim standard procedur ec round signific figur case slope concentr percentag respons curv steep permit calcul ec graphic estim suffici immedi consecut concentr ratio give immobil valu suffici rang ec fall observ stabil homogen test substanc maintain care interpret result report report test report inform test organ scientif strain supplier sourc pretreat breed method includ sourc kind amount food feed frequenc number daphnia test concentr list concentr inform stabil concentr test chemic test solut descript test vessel volum solut number anim vessel chemic analys perform method result dilut water sourc major chemic characterist method prepar stock test solut concentr auxiliari organ solvent dispers light regim highest test concentr caus immobil period test lowest test concentr caus immobil period test cumul immobil blank control auxiliari substanc test concentr recommend observ time hour hour ec valu recommend observ time confid limit graph concentr percentag respons curv end test statist procedur determin ec valu slope concentr percentag respons curv hour confid limit dissolv oxygen concentr ph valu temperatur test solut refer substanc result obtain report evid qualiti criteria fulfil refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final iso inhibit mobil daphnia magna strau cladocera crustacea iso afnor inhibit mobil daphnia magna strau cladocera crustacea nft april din testverfahren mit wasserorganismen und appendix reconstitut water suitabl dilut water chemic analyt grade water good qualiti distil water deioniz water conduct scm stock solut gt pic file quot quot gt reconstitut dilut water mix ml stock solut make litr water aerat dissolv oxygen concentr equal air satur ph adjust ph naoh sodium hydroxid hcl hydrochlor acid dilut water prepar set hour aerat sum ca mg ion solut mmol litr ratio ca mg ion na ion total alkalin solut mmol litr deviat prepar dilut water chang composit properti water degrad biotic degrad modifi oecd screen test method introduct purpos method measur biodegrad water solubl volatil organ compound aerob aqueou medium start test concentr mg doc dissolv organ carbon litr detect limit organ carbon analyz improv lower test concentr advantag toxic compound organ carbon content test materi establish method applic organ test materi concentr test water solubl concentr test mg doc litr neglig vapour pressur inhibitori bacteria significantli adsorb glass surfac inform rel proport major compon test materi interpret result obtain case result low margin inform toxic micro organ chemic interpret low result select test concentr definit unit degrad defin percentag doc remov respect test materi gt pic file quot quot gt dt degrad percent doc remov time start doc concentr cultur medium mg doc litr ct doc concentr cultur medium time mg doc litr cbl start doc concentr blank mg doc litr cbl doc concentr blank time mg doc litr refer substanc suitabl control chemic check activ inoculum desir gt pic file quot quot gt principl test method predetermin amount compound dissolv inorgan medium miner nutrient solut fortifi trace element essenti vitamin solut provid concentr mg doc litr solut inocul small number micro organ mix popul aerat dark diffus light degrad doc analys dai period procedur check mean control substanc doc blank determin parallel test test control materi qualiti criteria reproduc method establish oecd eec ring test lowest concentr test compound method larg determin detect limit organ carbon analysi mg carbon litr present state art concentr dissolv organ carbon nutrient solut descript test method reagent water deioniz distil water free toxic substanc copper gener solvent water deioniz distil ion exchang suitabl distil water organ carbon introduc test materi high puriti water view doc analys concentr rang mg litr contamin result inher impur ion exchang resin microbi develop bacteria alga influenc light water batch test seri monitor doc analysi suitabl water obtain uv irradi mean nutrient solut nutrient solut litr ml solut water ar mean analyt reagent gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt solut filter steril membran filter solut mg yeast extract ml water control substanc anilin freshli distil sodium acet sodium benzoat mercur chlorid solut hgcl water apparatu shake machin accommod litr erlenmey flask automat temperatur control constant temperatur room narrow neck litr erlenmey flask creas flute flask recommend flask carefulli clean alcohol hydrochlor acid rins dri order avoid contamin residu previou test flask clean contamin membran filtrat apparatu membran filter carbon analyz prepar inoculum sourc inoculum provid viabil check mean control substanc inoculum secondari effluent inoculum obtain prefer secondari effluent good qualiti collect treatment plant deal predominantli domest sewag effluent aerob condit period sampl prepar inoculum sampl filtr coars filter ml discard filtrat aerob inoculum dai collect inoculum soil soil fertil steril suspend ml chlorin free drink water soil extrem larg content clai sand organ carbon unsuit stir suspens allow settl minut supernat filter coars filter paper ml discard filtrat aerat immedi aerat continu inoculum dai collect inoculum surfac water inoculum drawn suitabl surfac water sampl filter coars filter paper ml discard filtrat aerob inoculum dai collect composit inoculum equal volum inoculum sampl mix final inoculum drawn mixtur suitabl inoculum check mean control substanc test procedur test materi evalu simultan duplic control substanc blank test inoculum test control materi determin doc blank carri stock solut test materi water prepar volum stock solut ad nutrient solut carbon concentr mg doc litr attain control materi test start concentr mg doc litr ml nutrient solut reaction vessel inocul ml litr portion inoculum open vessel cover aluminium foil exchang air flask surround atmospher unduli imped cotton wool unsuit doc analysi vessel insert shake machin temperatur maintain unchang test vessel shield light air free pollut toxic materi chlorin solvent biodegrad test doc concentr determin duplic dai dai addit analys seventh st dai perform follow degrad volum cultur medium drawn determin centrifug membran filtrat preced actual carbon determin requir differ volum instrument evapor loss cultur medium made ad water requir amount cultur medium mix withdraw sampl materi adher wall vessel dissolv suspend sampl membran filtrat centrifug immedi filter centrifug sampl analyz dai preserv ml hgcl solut ml nutrient medium store hour longer period plateau observ dai test finish degrad start dai reach plateau consid good practic extend experi week longer step requir great care cleanli vessel pipett assur steril doc determin membran filter suitabl assur releas carbon adsorb substanc filtrat step gt pic file quot quot gt note gt pic file quot quot gt sampl withdrawn cultur medium ml centrifug membran filter immedi filtrat apparatu membran filter ml filtrat discard doc concentr determin remain filtrat ml mean toc doc instrument filtrat analyz dai conserv point data evalu analyt result regist attach form sheet appendix biodegrad valu calcul doc concentr calcul nearest mg litr mean dt valu round nearest percent degrad test graphic diagram shown attach appendix gt pic file quot quot gt report test report test report gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt interpret result ow stringenc test low result necessarili test compound biodegrad environment condit work establish test chemic show high doc loss test regard easili biodegrad provid level reach time window dai count dai observ level biodegrad exce refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final gerik fischer correl studi biodegrad determin chemic test ecotoxicolog environment safeti vol pp gerik fischer correl studi biodegrad determin chemic test ii addit result conclus ecotoxicolog environment safeti vol pp appendix biotic degrad modifi oecd screen test gt pic file quot quot gt biotic degrad modifi oecd screen test form sheet gt pic file quot quot gt appendix gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt degrad biotic degrad modifi afnor test nf method introduct purpos method measur biodegrad water solubl volatil organ compound aerob aqueou medium start test concentr mg doc dissolv organ carbon litr sensit limit organ carbon analyz improv lower test concentr advantag particulari toxic compound organ carbon content test materi establish method applic organ test materi concentr test water solubl concentr test mg doc litr neglig vapour pressur inhibitori bacteria significantli adsorb glass surfac inform rel proport major compon test materi interpret result obtain case result low inform toxic micro organ chemic interpret low result definit unit degrad defin percentag doc remov respect test materi gt pic file quot quot gt dt degrad percent doc remov time start doc concentr cultur medium mg doc litr ct doc concentr cultur medium time mg doc litr cbl start doc concentr blank mg doc litr cbl doc concentr blank time mg doc litr refer substanc suitabl control chemic check activ inoculum desir gt pic file quot quot gt inhibitori test check activ inoculum check anilin sodium acet sodium benzoat principl test method organ substanc dissolv water biodegrad chemi organotroph micro organ sole sourc carbon energi product studi concentr initi content organ carbon mg litr organ carbon remain solut measur dai simultan test substanc check inhibitori effect inoculum procedur check mean control substanc qualiti criteria reproduc method establish oecd eec ring test lowest concentr test compound test method larg determin sensit limit organ carbon analysi mg carbon litr present state art concentr dissolv organ carbon nutrient solut descript test method reagent chemic analyt puriti distil water distil water organ carbon introduc test materi nutrient solut prepar test medium steril materi litr solut dissolv distil water ar mean analyt reagent gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt distil water ml trace element solut month temperatur make volum litr mix medium hour control substanc anilin freshli distil sodium acet sodium benzoat glucos apparatu usual laboratori equip apparatu assai organ carbon spectrophotomet centrifug shaker allow adequ aerat shake apparatu assai dissolv oxygen ph meter ml steril wide neck conic flask apparatu steril filtrat membran filter poros glasswar clean complet free trace organ toxic matter prepar inoculum adequ volum mixtur sampl pollut surfac water effluent municip sewag treatment plant free major specif pollut bacteri count sampl bacteria ml sampl inocul period hour includ transport remain hour aerat filter paper elimin larger insolubl particl collect filtrat pass membran filter pore size wash suitabl isoton solut bacteria deposit membran filter small volum isoton solut mix measur absorb nm deduc concentr bacteria relat standard curv obtain previous mean solid medium count pseudomona fluorescen strain atcc add volum solut requir adjust concentr bacteria ml inoculum hour test procedur incub carri absenc intens light incub maintain free toxic vapour prepar solut solut test substanc test medium obtain concentr mg litr organ carbon solut glucos test medium obtain concentr mg litr organ carbon solut test medium concentr test substanc glucos adequ volum test medium mix solut individu steril filtrat membran filter membran filter suitabl assur releas carbon adsorb substanc filtrat step manipul carri steril method divid solut test flask previous steril scheme gt pic file quot quot gt seed flask ml inoculum mix manual shake aliquot ml flask centrifug aliquot minut keep temperatur collect supernat assai organ carbon time place flask shaker leav test period concentr dissolv oxygen dai flask mg litr assai organ carbon time carri assai flask dai incub reduct carbon content reach initi content flask test finish test finish dai plateau observ sooner degrad start dai reach plateau consid good practic extend experi week longer end test carri assai organ carbon flask manner time check steril seed tube liquid cultur medium incub dai cultur medium gt pic file quot quot gt dissolv compon dehydr complet medium boil water adjust ph steril assai organ carbon content defer supernat dark hermet seal glass flask maximum accept durat preserv hour analysi carri hour freez temperatur compens loss water due evapor sampl check volum medium flask make volum distil water steril filtrat membran filter pore size restor volum measur previou sampl data evalu analyt result record attach form sheet appendix biodegrad valu calcul result degrad test valid condit met level glucos degrad flask dai end test flask steril concentr dissolv oxygen dai flask mg litr level glucos biodegrad flask dai observ flask limit reach assum test substanc subject test displai inhibitori effect bacteria present method applic concentr note comparison percentag elimin carbon flask hand flask hand degrad observ differenti physico chemic mechan flask physico chemic biolog mechan flask report test report experiment result test substanc refer substanc blank report mention point extent disappear product flask end test inhibit phenomena observ proof valid degrad test repres graphic diagram show lag phase degrad phase slope time window quot time window quot mean dai period start dai observ level biodegrad exce interpret result ow stringenc test low result necessarili test compound biodegrad environment condit work establish test chemic give high result doc loss test regard easili biodegrad provid level reach time window dai count dai observ level biodegrad exce refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final gerik fischer correl studi biodegrad determin chemic test ecotoxicolog environment safeti vol pp gerik fischer correl studi biodegrad determin chemic test ii addit result conclus ecotoxicolog environment safeti vol pp afnor method evalu aqueou medium biodegrad call quot total quot organ product appendix form sheet modifi afnor test gt pic file quot quot gt appendix gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt degrad biotic degrad modifi sturm test method introduct purpos method measur biodegrad volatil organ substanc aerob aqueou medium start test concentr mg litr standard concentr organ carbon content test materi toc analysi estim empir formula calcul theoret yield method applic organ test materi concentr test neglig vapour pressur inhibitori bacteria method principl appli substanc insolubl test concentr inform rel proport major compon test materi interpret result obtain case result low inform toxic micro organ chemic interpret low result select test concentr definit unit degrad defin produc substanc percentag theoret produc thco calcul organ carbon content substanc refer substanc suitabl control chemic check activ inoculum desir gt pic file quot quot gt principl test method test materi ad chemic defin liquid medium inocul sewag micro organ aerat temperatur record test period releas trap baco degrad analysi dai period refer suitabl blank control total amount produc test compound determin test period calcul percentag total test materi base carbon content theoret produc procedur check mean inoculum control substanc qualiti criteria reproduc method establish oecd eec ring test endogen product inoculum measur blank flask main reason test substanc concentr lower mg litr test adapt label test substanc concentr lower descript test method reagent high qualiti water hqw gt pic file quot quot gt nutrient solut stock solut gt pic file quot quot gt test medium test medium litr water reagent ml ferric chlorid solut ml magnesium sulphat solut ml calcium chlorid solut ml phosphat solut ml ammonium sulphat solut ph control substanc anilin freshli distil sodium acet sodium benzoat barium hydroxid dissolv ba litr hqw filter filter paper seal clear solut prevent absorpt air wise prepar litr time run seri apparatu scrub apparatu seri carboi test materi quot carboi quot mean litr brown glass bottl clear glass contain test conduct dark litr plastic bottl ml naoh litr erlenmey flask ml ba solut empti litr erlenmey prevent liquid carri bottl connect seri inert tube pressur air sourc air sparg scrub solut constant rate addit set carboi add addit litr plastic bottl ml naoh product apparatu litr brown carboi test materi stopper flexibl tube plastic tube absorb bottl ml barium hydroxid absorb bottl prepar inoculum sourc test organ activ sludg freshli sampl oper municip sewag treatment plant sewag treatment plant receiv minim effluent industri arriv laboratori activ sludg aerat hour ml mix liquid sampl homogen minut mechan blender settl minut supernat high level sludg solid end minut settl addit minut adapt laboratori condit improv abil settl supernat decant provid suffici volum inoculum test flask avoid carri sludg solid interfer measur product option perform viabl count supernat fraction determin microbi number inoculum coloni form unit millilitr dai prepar test procedur stock solut initi stock solut substanc test prepar dissolut high qualiti water give concentr mg litr stock solut made basi organ carbon content test materi unknown stock solut made concentr weight basi obtain homogen sampl mix time avoid foam concentr test substanc solid sampl melt mix entir content sampl bottl take aliquot part procedur extrem import calcul percent biodegrad depend correct amount carbon test system ph stock solut adjust fall rang phosphat buffer test medium control ph li rang adjust aliquot stock solut ph hcl naoh make solut vigor mix addit acid base confirm nomin concentr organ carbon test compound stock prepar neutral aliquot analyz total organ carbon toc analysi requir control stock solut test materi insolubl water add amount test materi directli carboi weight volum basi test materi solubl test concentr special measur ultrason dispers emploi achiev good dispers test materi condit inoculum test make dilut test medium easili achiev litr test carboi add ml high qualiti water hqw litr test carboi add ml ammonium sulphat magnesium sulphat calcium chlorid stock solut add ml phosphat buffer stock solut ml ferric chlorid solut litr test carboi add ml activ sludg inoculum mixtur aerat free air hour purg system carbon dioxid aerat period ml ba introduc absorb bottl connect seri exit air line test carboi perform test test materi ad carboi begin test period materi test concentr mg litr amount test materi stock solut requir carboi calcul gt pic file quot quot gt test substanc concentr test carboi milligram litr test substanc concentr stock solut milligram litr final volum test medium test carboi millilitr suffici stock solut reach desir test concentr calcul distil water make ml stock solut hqw ad carboi carboi blank control test materi ml hqw ad final volum carboi ml control substanc concentr mg litr ad carboi test start bubbl free air solut rate ml minut carboi bubbl water insolubl test materi ad dry test carboi agit magnet stirrer foam chemic free air bubbl replac overhead aerat magnet stir produc carboi react barium hydroxid precipit barium carbon amount produc determin titrat remain ba standard hcl period dai absorb nearest carboi remov titrat remain absorb move place closer carboi absorb ml fresh ba end seri titrat made need baco precipit evid trap approxim dai dai dai dai dai ph carboi content measur ml concentr hcl ad test carboi drive inorgan carbon carboi aerat overnight sampl remov carboi doc analysi final titrat made dai titrat ml ba solut made remov bottl closest carboi ba titrat hcl phenolphthalein indic test run room temperatur temperatur record test period plateau observ dai test termin degrad start dai reach plateau dai consid good practic extend experi week longer determin wai measur evolut back titrat ba trap consid chang principl test possibl lead continu read biodegrad progress step calcul amount produc correct test materi carboi endogen product control carboi serv quot seed blank quot correct produc endogen respir bacteria amount produc test materi determin differ millilitr titrant experiment blank ba trap hcl titrat absorb bottl millilitr hcl titrat correspond mg produc data evalu analyt result record attach form sheet appendix biodegrad valu calcul point concentr calcul nearest mg litr biodegrad valu round nearest percent degrad test graphic diagram shown attach appendix result degrad test valid condit met gt pic file quot quot gt report test report test report gt pic file quot quot gt interpret result ow stringenc test low result necessarili test compound biodegrad environment condit work establish test chemic give high result biodegrad test regard easili biodegrad provid level reach time window dai count dai observ level biodegrad exce refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final gerik fisher correl studi biodegrad determin chemic test ecotoxicolog environment safeti vol pp gerik fisher correl studi biodegrad determin chemic test ii addit result conclus ecotoxicolog environment safeti vol pp larson estim biodegrad potenti xenobiot organ chemic appli environment microbiolog vol pp appendix form sheet modifi sturm test gt pic file quot quot gt appendix gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt degrad biotic degrad close bottl test method introduct purpos method measur biodegrad organ compound aerob aqueou medium test concentr standard concentr mg litr test substanc present state develop test suitabl biodegrad evalu water solubl compound volatil compound poorli solubl compound principl test empir formula test materi requir theoret oxygen demand thod calcul chemic oxygen demand cod test materi serv refer appendix method applic organ test materi concentr test inhibitori bacteria test materi solubl test concentr special measur ultrason dispers emploi achiev good dispers test materi inform rel proport major compon test materi interpret result obtain case result low inform toxic micro organ chemic interpret low result select test concentr method determin bod definit unit biochem oxygen demand bod calcul differ oxygen deplet blank solut test materi condit test divis concentr substanc net oxygen deplet obtain milligram bod milligram substanc degrad defin ratio biochem oxygen demand theoret oxygen demand thod chemic oxygen demand cod express percent note wai calcul percentag thod percentag cod give result gt pic file quot quot gt thod theoret oxygen demand calcul appendix cod chemic oxygen demand determin experiment refer substanc suitabl control chemic check activ inoculum desir gt pic file quot quot gt principl test method predetermin amount compound dissolv inorgan medium miner nutrient solut provid concentr mg test substanc litr solut inocul small number micro organ mix popul close bottl dark constant temperatur bath enclosur degrad oxygen analys dai period procedur check mean inoculum control substanc oxygen blank determin parallel test test control materi simultan test substanc check inhibitori effect inoculum qualiti criteria reproduc method establish oecd eec ring test descript test method reagent distil deioniz water distil deioniz water mg cu litr air satur volum dai litr room temperatur close aerat strongli minut clean compress air gener water readi stand hour oxygen determin control purpos concentr mg litr transfer fill oper air satur water conduct bubbl free siphon nutrient solut stock solut gt pic file quot quot gt test medium test medium litr water ml stock solut ph control substanc anilin freshli distil sodium acet sodium benzoat apparatu calibr ml bod bottl glass stopper uncalibr narrow neck ml bottl glass stopper volum determin litr bottl litr mark prepar experi fill bod bottl pipett ml volum funnel coars filter paper bottl prepar inoculum waterbath keep bottl constant temperatur exclus light prepar inoculum sourc inoculum provid viabil check mean control substanc inoculum soil aqueou suspens unfertil garden soil garden soil recent fertil soil greenhous constant temperatur year advantag dispers litr chlorin free tap water minut suspens filter coars filter paper ml filtrat discard main part filtrat serv inocul drop point pipett litr final volum inoculum prepar immedi experi aerat hour number bacteria determin plate count nutrient pad set bacteria millilitr final volum inoculum secondari effluent inoculum prefer prepar secondari plant activ sludg plant trickl filter deal predominantli domest sewag effluent aerob condit period sampl applic prepar inoculum sampl filter coars filter paper ml discard rest filtrat aerob inoculum dai collect inoculum laboratori activ sludg effluent strongli aerat laboratori activ sludg unit inoculum prepar composit inoculum equal volum inoculum sampl mix final inoculum drawn mixtur test procedur manipul incub perform group bottl prepar determin bod test control substanc simultan experiment seri appendix chemic analys perform simultan suffici number bottl includ control inoculum blank prepar parallel bottl prepar test materi dai test suffici volum water prepar larg bottl larg bottl fill volum distil water siphon individu salt stock solut pipet bottl final volum respect test control materi ad amount final concentr mg litr attain concentr mg dissolv oxygen litr dilut water limit start concentr test materi mg litr order guarante signific oxygen concentr remain oxid test substrat poorli degrad substanc substanc low thod advantag test parallel higher concentr subsequ solut inocul drop pipett litr final volum likewis blank final solut made volum siphon reach bottom flask ensur suffici mix subsequ prepar solut siphon immedi fill respect group bottl siphon lower quarter bottom bottl control analyz preserv analysi determin precipit mncl manganes ii chlorid naoh sodium hydroxid remain parallel water bath dark remov bath enclosur dai analyz seri accompani complet parallel seri determin blank oxygen deplet inocul control substanc inhibit test substanc easili simpli test inhibitori effect close bottl test seri mg litr degrad compound fatti alcohol condens ethylen oxid molecular ratio control chemic seri mg litr test materi seri mg litr degrad compound mg litr test materi bod valu seri sum seri test materi consid inhibitori bacteria concentr control experi neg poor degrad result illog view structur test materi indic caus inhibit dissolv oxygen determin dissolv oxygen determin chemic electrochem method intern nation recogn standard data evalu analyt result record attach form sheet appendix degrad test graphic diagram shown attach appendix result degrad test valid condit met gt pic file quot quot gt report test report test report data report form sheet appendix degrad test repres graphic diagram show lag phase degrad phase slope time window quot time window quot mean dai period start dai observ level biodegrad exce method cod determin method oxygen measur dispers procedur substanc poorli solubl test condit proof valid test interpret result possibl nitrogen compound affect result consid stringenc test low result necessarili test compound biodegrad environment condit work establish test chemic show high oxygen uptak result test regard easili biodegrad provid level reach time window dai count dai observ level biodegrad exce refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final gerik fischer correl studi biodegrad determin chemic test ecotoxicolog environment safeti vol pp gerik fischer correl studi biodegrad determin chemic test ii addit result conclus ecotoxicolog environment safeti vol pp appendix calcul theoret biochem oxygen demand gt pic file quot quot gt appendix gt pic file quot quot gt appendix biotic degrad close bottl test form sheet gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt appendix gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt degrad biotic degrad modifi miti test method introduct purpos test method measur biodegrad organ substanc aqueou medium enclos respiromet give read biochem oxygen demand empir formula test materi requir theoret oxygen demand thod calcul cod method applic organ test substanc concentr test neglig vapour pressur inhibitori bacteria reach react absorb test materi solubl test concentr special measur ultrason dispers emploi achiev good dispers test substanc inform toxic micro organ chemic interpret low result select test concentr inform rel proport major compon test substanc interpret result obtain definit unit gt pic file quot quot gt bod biochem oxygen demand test compound experiment milligram measur bod curv oxygen consumpt basal cultur medium inoculum ad experiment milligram measur bod curv thod theoret oxygen demand requir test compound complet oxid theoret milligram sa residu amount test compound complet biodegrad test experiment milligram sb residu amount test compound blank test water test compound ad experiment milligram refer substanc order check activ inoculum control substanc desir anilin sodium acet sodium benzoat purpos percentag degrad anilin calcul oxygen consumpt exce dai dai test regard invalid recoveri rate sb found low test regard invalid principl test method test chemic sole organ carbon sourc prior adapt micro organ test chemic autom close system oxygen consumpt measur apparatu bod meter chemic test inocul micro organ test vessel test period biochem oxygen demand measur continu bod meter biodegrad calcul basi bod supplementari chemic analysi undertaken measur dissolv organ carbon concentr concentr residu chemic qualiti criteria reproduc gener good chemic water solubl greater litr sensit oxygen consumpt detect limit mg oxygen consumpt micro organ chemic analysi depend sensit analyt method specif gt pic file quot quot gt descript test method reagent distil water carbon introduc test substanc basal cultur medium ml solut solut solut solut water ad make ml deioniz water gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt apparatu bod meter equip bottl ml bottl deioniz water ml test chemic mg bottl basal cultur medium ml activ sludg mg dry base test chemic mg bottl basal cultur medium ml activ sludg mg dry base anilin refer substanc mg bottl basal cultur medium ml activ sludg mg dry base prepar inoculum activ sludg sludg sampl site sludg sampl made principl place countri chiefli area varieti chemic substanc consid consum discard japan standard activ sludg japanes chemic biotest centr obtain place mix citi sewag plant plant locat northern central southern part japan industri sewag plant plant wast water treatment chemic industri river river locat northern central southern part japan lake lake locat middl japan sea inland sea japan frequenc sludg sampl sludg sampl made principl time year march june septemb decemb sludg sampl method citi sewag litr recycl sludg sewag treatment plant river lake marsh sea litr surfac water litr surfac soil beach contact atmospher prepar sludg sampl collect sampl site mix stir singl contain mixtur allow stand float foreign matter remov supernat filter filter paper filtrat adjust ph sodium hydroxid phosphor acid transfer cultur tank aerat cultur ceas aerat solut obtain minut approxim volum supernat remov equal volum synthet sewag ad remain portion supernat mixtur aerat synthet sewag glucos pepton monopotassium phosphat dissolv litr water solut adjust ph sodium hydroxid procedur repeat dai cultur carri control control cultur step item check adjust made appear supernat supernat activ sludg clear settl properti activ sludg activ sludg larg floc good settl properti state format activ sludg case growth floc observ volum synthet sewag ad frequenc addit synthet sewag increas ph supernat temperatur temperatur cultiv activ sludg amount aerat replac supernat synthet sewag suspens cultur tank suffici aerat maintain dissolv oxygen concentr solut mg litr microflora activ sludg activ sludg microscop observ magnif number protozoa speci cloudi floc mix fresh activ sludg order maintain fresh activ sludg activ filtrat supernat activ sludg test mix equal volum filtrat supernat activ sludg freshli collect mixtur cultur check activ activ sludg activ activ sludg check period month standard substanc appli test method provid case fresh activ sludg sampl mix care check relat activ sludg prepar activ sludg sampl period gt pic file quot quot gt pattern prepar pretreat test chemic test compound solubl water test concentr pulver fine addit test compound prepar test test vessel requir adjust test temperatur test vessel water ad mg litr test compound vessel test vessel basal cultur medium ad mg litr test compound ph solut adjust inocul activ sludg vessel test vessel basal cultur medium ad mg litr anilin refer substanc vessel test vessel control blank test basal cultur medium vessel inocul activ sludg inoculum ad test vessel suspend matter defin japanes industri standard contain concentr mg litr test condit concentr test chemic mg litr concentr activ sludg mg litr test temperatur period dai perform dark dai temperatur chang colour content cultur vessel check stir vigor mechan stirrer perform test bod curv record continu line dai figur dai test period ph concentr residu chemic intermedi test vessel determin gt pic file quot quot gt test chemic test vessel activ sludg analyz order confirm chang test chemic test period loss origin test chemic evapor adsorpt wall test vessel analyt equip test compound solubl water residu amount total organ carbon determin end test total organ carbon analyz ml test solut sampl test vessel centrifug minut residu amount total organ carbon supernat determin total organ carbon analyz analyz total content test vessel extract suitabl solvent test compound proper pretreat concentr residu amount test compound determin analyz instrument ga chromatograph mass spectromet spectrophotomet volatil chemic temperatur control bath bod meter cool temperatur held minut order prevent evapor analyt procedur start data evalu treatment result method calcul percentag degrad oxygen consumpt result direct analysi defin evalu result theoret oxygen demand calcul shown appendix origin miti procedur gt pic file quot quot gt report test report test report includ point inform test chemic structur formula molecular weight puriti natur impur physic chemic properti test chemic identif data test chemic test condit activ sludg sludg sampl site concentr test chemic concentr test period test temperatur analyt procedur pretreat analyt condit instrument recoveri rate analysi identif intermedi result biodegrad curv check inoculum activ curv substanc gt pic file quot quot gt percentag degrad bod percentag degrad chemic analysi chromatogram spectra test chemic obtain purpos analysi proof valid point interpret result possibl nitrogen compound affect result consid recoveri rate sbb found order analyt problem instanc hydrolysi case special care interpret ow stringenc test low result necessarili test compound biodegrad environment condit work establish test chemic show high result oxygen uptak test regard easili biodegrad provid level reach time window dai count dai observ level biodegrad exce refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final biodegrad bioaccumul test chemic substanc jap chemic substanc control law japan chemic product safeti divis basic industri bureau miti jap biodegrad bioaccumul exist chemic substanc jap appendix principl close system oxygen consumpt measur apparatu oxygen consumpt micro organ determin electro chemic analysi process coulometri gt pic file quot quot gt specimen contain cultiv bottl stir mean magnet stirrer reaction progress dissolv oxygen liquid consum oxygen space cultiv bottl dissolv liquid result gener place absorb soda lime partial pressur oxygen space total pressur decreas drop pressur detect convert electr signal mean electrod type manomet amplifi amplifi oper relai circuit result oper synchron motor simultan constant current electrolyt oxygen gener sulphur acid copper solut contain electrolyt bottl oxygen suppli cultiv bottl restor pressur detect mean manomet result switch relai circuit stop electrolyt synchron motor upper space cultiv bottl constant pressur oxygen quantiti oxygen consum cultiv bottl proport quantiti electrolyt oxygen quantiti electrolyt oxygen proport electrolyt time constant electrolysi current revolut angl synchron motor convert mv signal mean interlock potentiomet result indic quantiti consum oxygen record appendix calcul theoret biochem oxygen demand gt pic file quot quot gt appendix biotic degrad modifi miti test gt pic file quot quot gt appendix gt pic file quot quot gt gt pic file quot quot gt degrad biochem oxygen demand method introduct purpos method measur biochem oxygen demand bod solid liquid organ substanc data elabor test pertain water solubl compound volatil compound low water solubl principl test method applic organ test materi inhibitori bacteria concentr test test materi solubl test concentr special measur ultrason dispers emploi achiev good dispers test materi inform toxic chemic interpret low result select test concentr definit unit bod defin mass dissolv oxygen requir volum solut substanc process biochem oxid prescrib condit result express gram bod gram test substanc refer substanc refer substanc calibr recommend suitabl control chemic check activ inoculum desir principl test method predetermin amount substanc dissolv dispers aerat suitabl medium inocul micro organ incub constant defin ambient temperatur dark bod determin differ dissolv oxygen content begin end test durat test dai dai blank determin parallel assai test substanc qualiti criteria bod determin consid valid determin biodegrad substanc test regard screen test descript test method preliminari solut dispers substanc prepar obtain bod concentr compat method bod determin suitabl nation standard method intern agre prefer data evalu bod contain preliminari solut calcul select normal method convert gram bod gram test substanc report method state biochem oxygen demand valid measur inform remark relev interpret result report regard impur physic state toxic effect inher composit substanc affect result addit inhibit biolog nitrif report refer list standard method gt pic file quot quot gt determin biochem oxygen demand method examin water materi hmso london degrad chemic oxygen demand method introduct purpos method measur chemic oxygen demand cod solid liquid organ substanc standard arbitrari manner fix laboratori condit inform formula substanc conduct test interpret result obtain halogen salt ferrou salt organ compound organochlorin compound definit unit chemic oxygen demand measur oxidiz substanc express equival amount oxygen oxid reagent consum substanc fix laboratori condit result express gram cod gram test substanc refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc serv primarili calibr method time time comparison result method appli principl test method predetermin amount substanc dissolv dispers water oxid potassium dichrom strong sulphur acid medium silver sulphat catalyst reflux hour residu dichrom determin titrat standard ferrou ammonium sulphat case chlorin substanc mercur sulphat ad reduc chlorid interfer qualiti criteria arbitrari manner determin cod consid quot oxidiz indic quot measur organ matter chlorid interfer test inorgan reduc oxid agent interfer cod determin cyclic compound fulli oxid test descript test method preliminari solut dispers substanc prepar obtain cod mg litr remark case poorli solubl dispers substanc amount fine powder substanc liquid substanc mg cod weigh put experiment apparatu water cod determin suitabl nation standard method pend public internation standard method prefer data evalu cod contain experiment flask calcul select normal method convert gram cod gram test substanc report refer method state chemic oxygen demand measur inform remark relev interpret result report regard impur physic state inher properti substanc affect result mercur sulphat minim chlorid interfer report refer list standard method gt pic file quot quot gt degrad abiot degrad hydrolysi function ph method method base oecd test guidelin introduct hydrolysi import reaction control abiot degrad reaction relev substanc low biodegrad influenc persist substanc environ hydrolysi reaction pseudo order half life time independ concentr extrapol result found laboratori concentr environment condit exampl report show satisfactori agreement result found pure natur water type chemic preliminari inform vapour pressur substanc perform test method applic water solubl substanc impur affect result hydrolyt behaviour chemic examin ph valu commonli found environ ph definit unit hydrolysi refer reaction chemic rx water reaction repres net exchang group gt pic file quot quot gt time concentr substanc time ct concentr substanc time convers factor natur base logarithm concentr express gram litr mole litr dimens constant kob time quot half life period quot defin time requir reduc concentr test substanc gt pic file quot quot gt refer substanc refer substanc case investig substanc serv primarili check perform method time time comparison result method appli acetylsalicyl acid aspirin phosphorothio acid diethyl methyl methylethyl pyrimidinyl ester dimpyl diazinon refer substanc principl test method substanc dissolv water low concentr ph temperatur control decreas concentr substanc time suitabl analyt procedur logarithm concentr plot time plot straight line order rate constant obtain slope point practic determin rate constant directli temperatur estim constant arrheniu relationship temperatur depend rate constant linear plot logarithm rate constant determin temperatur function reciproc absolut temperatur extrapol rate constant directli obtain qualiti criteria report refer measur hydrolysi rate constant class organ structur high precis repeat depend control ph dissolv oxygen concentr affect presenc micro organ descript test method reagent buffer solut test carri ph valu purpos buffer solut prepar reagent grade chemic distil deioniz steril water exampl buffer system present appendix buffer system influenc rate hydrolysi evid altern buffer system emploi borat acet buffer recommend refer phosphat ph buffer solut temperatur test determin calibr ph meter select temperatur precis ph unit test solut test substanc dissolv select buffer concentr exce half satur concentr whichev lower water miscibl organ solvent recommend substanc low water solubl amount solvent interfer hydrolyt process apparatu stopper glass flask greas avoid ground joint chemic buffer system volatil test conduct elev temperatur seal septum close tube prefer head space avoid analyt method analyt method depend natur substanc suffici precis sensit detect reduct initi concentr method specif determin test substanc test solut concentr consist combin suitabl analyt techniqu test condit test carri thermostat control enclosur constant temperatur bath set chosen temperatur temperatur measur photolyt interfer avoid mean suitabl precaut exclud dissolv oxygen bubbl nitrogen argon minut prepar solut test procedur preliminari test substanc preliminari test perform ph valu suffici number measur made order estim ph half life time lower hour hydrolysi observ dai estim valu correspond half life time lower dai higher year condit repres environ preliminari test test substanc hydrolyz hour hydrolyz dai ph valu test case individu ph valu condit fulfil test carri test test carri temperatur prefer steril condit ph valu preliminari test shown necess test suffici number sampl chosen cover rang hydrolysi test pseudo order behaviour ph valu ph test perform order reaction determin estim rate constant decis proce experiment depend conclud test reaction pseudo order conclud certainti test reaction pseudo order experi carri test safe conclud test reaction pseudo order experi carri test altern special circumst calcul rate constant constant calcul result test test test perform ph result test shown necess temperatur lower temperatur differ ph temperatur test carri adequ space data point degre hydrolysi rang ph temperatur determin carri duplic test temperatur duplic prefer perform lower temperatur ph temperatur test carri graphic estim half life time test test carri ph result test shown necess temperatur lower temperatur differ ph temperatur test perform data point chosen time degre hydrolysi greater constant kob calcul data pseudo order behaviour valu kob ph temperatur test obtain plot logarithm concentr versu time express kob slope calcul equat evalu appli arrheniu equat pseudo order behaviour report report test report includ inform specif substanc result obtain refer substanc principl detail analyt method test temperatur ph buffer composit tabl concentr time data point pseudo order reaction valu kob calcul procedur pseudo order reaction plot result logarithm concentr versu time inform observ interpret result interpret result calcul accept valu rate constant test substanc provid experiment valu activ energi exist homologu test substanc provid assum activ energi test substanc order magnitud refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final oecd pari test guidelin decis council final refer appendix buffer mixtur clark lub ph valu report tabl calcul potenti measur sörensen standard equat actual ph unit higher tabul valu gt pic file quot quot gt kolthoff vleeshouw gt pic file quot quot gt sörensen gt pic file quot quot gt