commiss decis adopt pursuant council regul ec obstacl trade repres japanes practic respect import leather notifi document number ec commiss european commun regard treati establish european commun regard council regul ec decemb lai commun procedur field common commerci polici order ensur exercis commun right intern trade rule establish auspic world trade organis wto amend regul ec articl thereof consult advisori committe procedur februari commiss receiv complaint pursuant articl council regul ec japanes practic relat trade leather complaint lodg cotanc confeder nation associ tanner dresser european union product concern leather piec bovin equin anim tan readi finish dy colour stamp emboss split leather piec ovin caprin anim tan dy colour emboss cotanc contend imposs export leather european commun japan account combin effect obstacl trade tariff quota leather manag alleg prevent exhaust subsidis japanes leather industri restrict busi practic japanes import trader complaint adduc suffici evid justifi initi procedur pursuant regul ec april commiss initi examin procedur result conduct depth investig legal factual standpoint condit leather import japan complet investig commiss find obstacl trade manag tariff quota japan establish tariff quota import finish leather piec bovin equin anim quota ovin caprin anim quota import product subject reduc rate duti reduc rate stood rate quota import deterr level level quota fix year diet low regularli utilis consider interest commun tanner japanes market commiss establish manag licens system good import tariff quota extrem complex quantiti alloc tradit import calcul basi previou import oper flat rate ceil fix import system open critic number respect place quantiti alloc tradit import increas increas limit extent year import alloc small quantiti quota exhaust end year licenc issu quantiti real econom interest short period valid licenc issu end year enabl optimum extent valid unus licenc extend year thirdli applic licenc gener quota account total quota submit dai begin year requir reason lastli featur administr system criteria govern recognit tradit import tend deter foreign compani establish offic japan order import leather directli resort servic japanes intermediari commiss conclud system issu import licenc tariff quota open leather complex constitut indirect protect domest leather japan basi consider commiss find complianc system issu import licenc articl articl agreement import licens procedur annex marrakech agreement establish wto open challeng subsidi commiss establish japanes govern year grant substanti subsidi improv region refer dowa budget earmark jpy million subsidi notifi wto regard specif grant enterpris establish territori jurisdict japanes govern neutral horizont criterion determin entitl part japanes territori enterpris locat precis japanes tanneri tradition establish programm subsidi leather industri notifi japan articl xvi gatt articl agreement subsidi countervail measur total slightli jpy million lastli guarante fund cover loan leather industri yield interest amount jpy million annum appear total programm reach ad valorem threshold sale leather finish dowa region entail presumpt prejudic commun interest pursuant articl agreement subsidi countervail measur annex marrakech agreement establish world trade organis commiss conclud subsidi action pursuant articl agreement subsidi countervail measur account effect commun interest conclus commiss establish basi fact circumst inform order confirm analysi advers trade effect caus interest commun subsidi identifi inform obtain disput settlement procedur recours annex agreement subsidi countervail measur busi practic japanes import restrict busi practic part japanes import trader proven obstacl trade accept establish advers trade effect system manag import licenc tariff quota sourc uncertainti export unabl plan increas sale japan uncertainti act deterr make real effort penetr market increas consider commun tanneri export cost event abnorm high subsidi grant japanes industri artifici maintain competit japanes tanner market highli protect respect make difficult commun tanner penetr japanes market result commun export finish leather japan lower expect market size roughli commun export term volum leather complaint relat intend japan difficulti secur access japanes market signific advers trade effect commun industri highli depend export industrialis countri market posit purchas substanti quantiti luxuri leather commun interest commun interest act account abovement advers trade effect suffer tanner number member state adopt report gatt panel measur appli japan import leather commun expect japan bring genuin improv condit govern access market object fulli attain appear commun interest act order rectifi situat conclus measur investig establish current japanes arrang make significantli increas commun export leather japan substanti improv condit govern access market requir signific made system manag licenc subsidi programm clear repli receiv japanes author intent make expect circumst recours disput settlement procedur marrakech agreement establish wto constitut sole mean commun assert right commiss request japan enter intern consult wto disput settlement procedur pursuant articl agreement import licens procedur articl agreement subsidi countervail measur decid articl manag tariff quota open import leather japan effect commun interest subsidi grant japanes leather industri japanes govern constitut obstacl trade mean articl regul ec european commun take action japan pursuant understand rule procedur govern settlement disput relev provis marrakech agreement establish world trade organis regard obstacl trade identifi articl articl decis applic date public offici journal european commun brussel commiss leon brittan vice presid oj oj oj panel measur appli japan import leather panel report adopt