commiss decis juli ai scheme implement finland åland island captiv insur compani notifi document number finnish swedish text authent text eea relev ec commiss european commun regard treati establish european commun subparagraph articl thereof regard agreement european econom area articl thereof call interest parti submit comment pursuant provis cite procedur letter euec date juli regist number sg finnish author notifi commiss aid scheme call captiv insur compani counti åland measur enter forc finland notif late deem valid articl ec treati letter date octob februari june finland provid commiss addit inform juli commiss letter finnish author confirm state aid measur question appli finnish author repli letter euec august confirm measur appli entri forc letter date juli sg commiss inform finland decid initi procedur laid articl ec treati respect aid comment finland receiv letter euec date august commiss decis initi procedur publish offici journal european commun commiss invit interest parti submit comment measur commiss receiv comment interest parti ii detail descript aid provis scheme aid measur question introduc finland counti åland implement territori amend åland local govern taxat law enter forc decemb åf amend captiv insur compani meet criteria benefit lower taxat appli compani collect advantag time amend adopt tax advantag equal percentag point captiv insur compani paid lower rate corpor tax standard rate applic time net advantag enjoi captiv insur compani åland island chang result decis relev author amend standard rate corpor tax subsequ adjust subject present decis condit origin accord amend decemb captiv insur compani åland island qualifi tax advantag condit met compani share participatori right own foreign owner compani owner subsidiari insur compani dai dai run compani carri limit compani aktiebolag conduct oper subject notif licens counti åland amend origin measur relev state aid procedur measur amend time åf view extend scope includ captiv insur compani domest owner previous exclud scope measur corpor tax finland increas level advantag previous grant captiv insur compani increas amend percentag point åf accord amend åf level advantag reduc percentag point chang rate corpor tax payabl captiv compani åland island amend measur iii ground initi procedur articl ec treati inform amend submit finland context preliminari assess provid articl council regul ec march lai detail rule applic articl ec treati commiss view measur constitut notifi state aid doubt aros fact amend made finland access european union notifi articl ec treati measur appear constitut oper aid commiss doubt compat common market commiss standard practic aid regard facilit develop econom activ econom area commiss initi procedur articl ec treati iv comment finland background comment finland submit letter euec date august regist receiv august number sg finland stress autonom statu åland island laid constitut recognis intern law evidenc fact matter specif dealt protocol access treati section law govern åland island empow legisl area entitl levi supplementari incom tax miscellan addit incom tax busi entertain tax base assess area taxat fall remit counti local author tax measur åland island adopt part local taxat incorpor section åland local govern taxat law åf finnish author åland island economi base small number sector counti insular natur rise structur problem affect competit busi insur financi servic sector suit åland island disadvantag island region impact sector finnish author stress measur enter forc åland island economi depress unemploy high finnish author amend broaden scope measur includ foreign owner minor import consequ nation level involv chang tax measur statu exist aid assum commiss consid constitut state aid mean articl ec treati final finnish author detail adjust origin amend made tax reduct increas percentag point restor percentag point amend gener corpor tax introduc indirectli affect tax payabl captiv insur compani basi tax measur question compani liabl corpor tax tax year apprais finnish author measur statu aid finland stress åland island regard separ jurisdict relev area legisl power lie exclus åland parliament firstli finland argu lower rate tax captiv insur compani distort threaten distort competit favour undertak sector affect trade member state measur affect competit insur compani compani receiv tax advantag insur owner subsidiari finnish author competit insur market affect captiv insur compani insur market finnish author claim natur legal person irrespect sector activ concern qualifi tax reduct ownership captiv insur compani insur risk reduc rate tax appli captiv insur compani regul applic compani insur owner subsidiari measur applic compani constitut busi taxat measur elig tax advantag requir close link captiv insur compani owner consid singl unit finland argu financi benefit tax measur accru owner captiv insur compani oper sector whatsoev tax measur consid gener measur measur affect trade member state finland measur appli åland island consid select impos requir sector owner oper claim measur select region standpoint åland island autonom constitut separ jurisdict relat rest finland apprais finnish author compat issu compat concern commiss regard measur aid finland take view derog provid articl ec treati preclud measur deem incompat state aid case captiv insur compani regist offic mariehamn januari elig derog region aid provid articl finland commiss bear mind åland island group island diversifi economi finland claim account articl ec treati underlin commun reduc dispar level develop region backward favour region island appli declar island region append amsterdam treati account point council resolut decemb code conduct busi taxat state attent paid special featur constraint case outermost region small island åland island consist countless small island ill balanc busi activ restrict fact region form archipelago lower rate tax captiv insur compani åland island promot busi develop basi argument set finland consid tax measur appli captiv insur compani åland island constitut state aid regard constitut state aid incompat common market final finland point tax measur appli actual case question recoveri aris commiss decid measur constitut incompat state aid assess aid applic articl ec treati articl ec treati aid grant member state state resourc form whatsoev distort threaten distort competit favour undertak product good affect trade member state incompat common market term prohibit aid articl ec treati measur fulfil criteria measur confer beneficiari advantag reliev charg incur busi advantag grant state resourc measur affect competit trade member state dthe measur specif select favour quot undertak product good quot commiss examin measur light condit laid articl firstli criterion quot measur afford beneficiari advantag quot lower rate taxat confer advantag compani enabl retain greater proport profit distribut member sharehold reinvest confer advantag elig compani point commiss notic applic state aid rule measur relat busi taxat tax advantag provid reduct firm tax burden wai includ reduct amount tax exempt oblig pai full amount corpor tax applic captiv insur compani åland island fulfil criterion captiv insur compani group compani belong regard criterion measur quot grant member state state resourc form whatsoev quot grant tax reduct involv loss tax revenu point commiss notic equival consumpt state resourc form fiscal tax expenditur court justic rule principl appli aid grant region local bodi member state present case tax relief grant åland island author state resourc criterion regard fulfil thirdli criterion effect quot aid distort threaten distort competit quot court justic repeatedli rule intra commun trade deem affect moment beneficiari firm carri econom activ subject trade member state finnish author claim lower rate tax applic captiv insur compani åland island distort competit beneficiari insur owner subsidiari competit finland argu captiv insur compani activ reinsur market distort trade exist context commiss take view effect aid trade member state independ purpos aid grant finnish author competit insur market affect captiv insur compani reinsur market commiss consid insur market open market insur subject intra commun trade commiss take view captiv insur compani offset risk insur market intern reinsur respect reinsur subsidiari constitut separ insur market subsidiari insur compani oper open market fact insur captiv insur compani irrelev competit member state affect measur favour establish captiv insur compani counti åland group belong oper sector trade member state fact insur captiv insur compani prevent trade member state affect irrespect talk compani group belong fourthli criterion aid favour quot undertak product good quot finnish author claim financi benefit tax measur accru owner captiv insur compani requir sector owner oper tax measur regard gener measur benefit tax measur question measur select grant except gener tax arrang establish law regul administr practic discret tax administr present case commiss consid measur specif select favour captiv insur compani prime beneficiari tax relief case condit met measur debar insur compani insur affili compani oper market condit captiv insur compani lai condit met compani activ insur affili relat compani select criterion met fact condit measur appli implicitli requir econom strength appli suffici larg compani exclud owner insur compani oper sector qualifi tax relief format captiv compani impli group insur contract conclud larg gener turnov cover fix cost obtain profit imagin group textil sector compris compani ten employe afford set captiv insur compani doubt fix cost question offset volum premium paid group compani reason measur design group compani larg afford set captiv insur compani commiss consid measur implement counti åland constitut oper aid mean articl ec treati determin aid deem compat common market basi derog provid articl ec treati assess measur constitut illeg aid measur put effect time finland member european union articl council regul ec scheme regard exist aid amend made involv widen scope recipi cover compani regist offic åland island origin exclud scheme extend exist scheme articl ec treati notifi commiss affect situat compani regist offic counti åland remain unchang amend constitut separ event alter origin exist scheme applic sole compani regist offic counti åland applic scheme compani regist offic counti åland regard illeg aid amend made involv increas reduct corpor tax compani regist offic åland island percentag point doubt amend increas advantag grant scheme constitut event articl ec treati notifi commiss amend issu constitut separ act address unlik amend amend appli recipi previous constitut exempt type tax scheme concern corpor tax commiss take view amend deem separ origin scheme captiv insur compani applic result amend increas advantag enjoi recipi extent imposs determin increas tax reduct percentag point indetermin multipli effect increas tax reduct lead increas competit part recipi compani addit distort quantifi view amend separ rest scheme reason amend deem constitut separ act alter effect scheme turn scheme articl ec treati notifi commiss date scheme captiv insur compani illeg aid fact scheme amend restor form advantag limit percentag point statu exist aid deem restor failur notifi amend render measur illeg amend scheme make previou aid scheme restor statu exist aid fact compani hitherto benefit scheme alter fact amend origin scheme notifi compat aid measur ec treati measur caught articl ec treati gener incompat common market qualifi derog articl derog applic shown aid market forc induc recipi act aim derog achiev case derog articl ec treati applic aid design achiev aim list relev provis articl aid deem compat common market design promot econom develop area standard live abnorm low underemploy commiss counti åland constitut area provis appli derog provid articl aid question intend promot execut import project common european interest remedi disturb economi finland intend promot cultur heritag conserv lastli examin aid qualifi derog articl state aid consid compat common market facilit develop econom activ econom area advers affect trade condit extent contrari common interest case captiv insur compani regist offic mariehamn januari elig benefit derog region aid provid articl finland claim derog contain articl prevent tax measur constitut incompat state aid finland claim articl ec treati declar island region append amsterdam treati account articl ec treati commiss take view commun develop pursu action aim strengthen econom social cohes order promot harmoni develop level present case commiss find measur restrict captiv insur compani natur cover derog provid articl ec treati aid found compat common market quot facilit develop econom activ econom area aid advers affect trade condit extent contrari common interest quot case assess light articl ec treati rule assess articl aim safeguard harmoni develop line articl ec treati finnish author argu account point council resolut decemb code conduct busi taxat state attent paid special featur constraint case outermost region small island respect born mind criteria appli context code conduct busi taxat assess harm charact measur relev compat measur common market commiss consid order assess aid measur question compat common market distinct made invest aid oper aid rule applic capit insur compani åland island relat invest creation employ constitut exempt cost compani bear pursu dai dai busi activ commiss take view aid measur question constitut oper aid oper aid principl prohibit present commiss authoris except case subject condit respect type environment aid region includ outermost region cover derog articl provid aid duli justifi level proport handicap intend offset derog grant basi region criteria commiss ensur measur question target genuin region handicap consid genuin region handicap addit cost transport cost insur activ impact measur constitut oper aid lead signific improv region develop term posit effect ceas withdrawn limit time measur specif aim captiv insur compani commiss offset genuin region handicap åland island form addit cost view natur econom activ question scheme promot econom develop region signific extent commiss take view oper aid present case cover derog set articl ec treati deem incompat common market mean articl ec treati recoveri aid connect initi formal procedur finnish author interest parti invit give comment legitim expect natur pose obstacl recoveri aid event aid regard illeg incompat common market aid grant compani scheme enter forc issu recoveri aris vi conclus inform provid commiss finland measur cover decis initi procedur articl treati commiss find finland unlawfulli implement counti åland captiv insur compani tax scheme amend breach articl ec treati commiss find measur favour captiv insur compani counti åland satisfi criteria laid articl ec treati measur incompat common market pursuant provis adopt decis articl state aid finland implement call captiv insur compani counti åland åf subsequ amend incompat common market articl finland withdraw scheme refer articl articl finland inform commiss month notif decis measur compli articl decis address republ finland brussel juli commiss mario monti member commiss oj footnot oj oj oj regard concept quot tax expenditur quot quot tax expenditur recent experi quot oecd pari stanlei surrei quot tax incent devic implement govern polici comparison direct govern expenditur quot harvard law review volum page case germani commiss ecr case itali commiss ecr paragraph footnot commun guidelin state aid environment protect oj guidelin nation region aid oj