commiss decis decemb relat proceed pursuant articl ec treati articl eea agreement case comp citric acid notifi document number german english dutch text authent text eea relev ec commiss european commun regard treati establish european commun regard agreement european econom area regard council regul februari regul implement articl treati amend regul ec articl thereof regard commiss decis march open proceed case undertak concern opportun make view object rais commiss pursuant articl regul commiss regul ec decemb hear parti proceed articl ec treati consult advisori committe restrict practic domin posit regard final report hear offic case part fact summari infring decis address undertak archer daniel midland compani cerestar bioproduct bv hoffmann la roch ag haarmann amp reimer corpor jungbunzlau ag infring consist particip produc citric acid continu agreement concert action contrari articl treati articl eea agreement januari cover eea fix market share citric acid agre price target product agre price list product agre elimin discount largest custom set machineri monitor enforc agreement undertak particip infring march case archer daniel midland compani haarmann amp reimer corpor hoffmann la roch ag jungbunzlau ag case cerestar bioproduct bv citric acid industri product citric acid wide distribut natur occur plant anim primarili food beverag industri high solubl tart flavour acid buffer capabl make wide adopt acidul preserv worldwid citric acid origin obtain physic extract acid lemon juic nowadai commerci product citric acid accomplish ferment process dextros beet molass raw materi aspergillu niger mould ferment organ ferment carri deep tank submerg ferment commonli prefer method shallow pan surfac ferment ferment produc liquid citric acid purifi concentr crystallis type citric acid moistur content vari citric acid monohydr cah moistur content approxim citric acid anhydr caa moistur content approxim food beverag citric acid solut moistur content approxim tri sodium citrat citric acid salt obtain neutralis citric acid caustic soda deterg industri sector applic citric acid vari divid main group food beverag segment account largest share citric acid consumpt repres total commun market main applic alcohol beverag citric acid account quarter total acidul consumpt commun measur volum acidul includ malic acid fumar acid citric acid remain overwhelm choic applic high solubl rate strong growth soft drink market western europ led increas consumpt citric acid food sector citric acid jam jelli gelatin dessert can fruit veget improv tast ic cream cake fill fruit cream meat bakeri industri flour process bake addit household deterg cleanser citric acid citrat extens introduc deterg begin replac phosphat deem environment damag phosphat builder builder zeolit heavi duti powder laundri deterg light duti powder builder concentr low addit builder citrat citric acid citrat surfac clean product kei advantag citrat deterg formul biodegrad eas process formul zeolit cost larg deterg compani bui citric acid convert site requir citrat deterg citric acid repres total citric acid consumpt western europ sector high price elast presenc citric acid depend competit price pharmaceut cosmet western european market citric acid sector account total citric acid consumpt pharmaceut applic includ human veterinari prepar human effervesc tablet powder largest segment syrup anticoagul industri sector repres total citric acid consumpt western europ main industri citric acid coal power station clean de sediment furnac wall technic applic citric acid includ metal surfac pre treatment prior coat industri clean applic substitut organ miner acid produc archer daniel midland compani archer daniel midland compani adm ultim parent compani group compani process corn soybean wheat adm corn product includ syrup sweeten citric lactic acid ethanol compani process soybean oilse veget oil product rang salad oil margarin industri chemic pulp adm produc wheat durum flour bakeri pasta maker adm own leas process plant worldwid includ world largest soya bean process facil europoort netherland world largest multise complex hamburg germani world largest softse crush plant erith unit kingdom adm emploi approxim peopl worldwid global turnov eur million usd million adm enter citric acid market result acquisit pfizer chemic corpor product facil market take plant ringaskiddi ireland cerestar bioproduct bv cerestar bioproduct bv cerestar bioproduct wholli own subsidiari cerestar sa european leader starch base product list pari stock exchang juli divis eridania béghin group eb independ entiti subsequ dissolut cerestar product site employe worldwid pro forma sale eur million italian base montedison group hold approxim share break eb world largest agro industri group activ market area sugar deriv starch deriv oilse process market anim nutrit oliv oil herb spice eb turnov eur million emploi approxim peopl countri product site demerg carri cerestar bioproduct wholli own subsidiari cerestar hold bv subsidiari eridania béghin sa ultim parent compani eb cerestar bioproduct bv respons product sale market citric acid acquisit eb decemb biacor citric acid plant itali cerestar bioproduct bv report sale eur million haarmann amp reimer corpor haarmann amp reimer corpor haarmann amp reimer wholli own subsidiari bayer corpor usa wholli own subsidiari german base compani bayer ag bayer ag ultim parent compani chemic healthcar group compris individu compani countri bayer group emploi peopl worldwid report turnov eur million worldwid citric acid manufactur facil bayer group manag haarmann amp reimer food ingredi divis haarmann amp reimer fid headquart indiana usa haarmann amp reimer direct global sale citric acid respons worldwid price period haarmann amp reimer fid global sale usd million emploi peopl april respons busi haarmann amp reimer fid transfer bayer plc british subsidiari bayer ag subsequ sold june tate amp lyle group haarmann amp reimer report sale usd million eur million haarmann amp reimer corpor hold compani control haarmann amp reimer partnership partnership achiev turnov usd million eur million hoffmann la roch ag hoffmann la roch ag hoffmann la roch lead intern compani main area oper pharmaceut diagnost vitamin fine chemic hoffmann la roch group emploi peopl worldwid turnov amount eur million sale region europ north america latin america asia africa australia oceania citric acid sale part vitamin fine chemic divis group achiev sale eur million repres group sale hoffmann la roch citric acid manufactur facil locat tienen belgium manag subsidiari sa citriqu belg nv citriqu belg jungbunzlau ag jungbunzlau ag jungbunzlau swiss base group compani headquart basel group ultim control hold jungbunzlau hold ag share held famili hold montana ag headquart group locat premis jungbunzlau ag manag compani run busi own jungbunzlau hold ag group direct jungbunzlau ge vienna austria jungbunzlau group engag manufactur market ingredi food beverag industri pharmaceut cosmet industri industri applic lead manufactur citric acid xantham gum citrat glucon glucos group emploi approxim peopl subsidiari european countri franc germani netherland austria hungari unit state america singapor indonesia total turnov order eur million jungbunzlau citric acid product facil locat austria germani franc indonesia citric acid plant built canada period consid present decis citric acid product handl jungbunzlau ge handl distribut product respons pass legal entiti jungbunzlau intern ag execut jungbunzlau group involv fact materi present decis emploi jungbunzlau ge jungbunzlau ag sake clariti take account fact jungbunzlau ge jungbunzlau ag success direct group oper entiti refer quot jungbunzlau quot produc chines chines citric acid industri grew substanti end experienc threefold increas annual product level peak mt year industri heavili orient export market domest consumpt account total product chines product channel distributor compani agent larg citric acid produc countri total number produc estim produc reli potato nearbi farm raw materi major ferment process carri reduc facil oper low level invest chines citric acid industri sensit export price extern demand ii european market suppli smaller produc isra base compani gadot biochem industri multin cargil varieti minor compani base eastern europ russia trade associ ecama european citric acid manufactur associ ecama sector group european chemic industri council cefic french acronym base brussel belgium repres interest european citric acid industri hold gener meet year work parti studi technic regulatori commerci question ecama monitor world market develop collect monthli sale data data render unidentifi trace individu compani anonym state sale figur report audit schweizerisch treuhandgesellschaft cooper amp lybrand deliv regular report find market citric acid suppli citric acid busi essenti global characteris oligopolist structur low transport cost repres averag final purchas price larg produc standard custom duti eea citric acid stood commun decreas applic citric acid case requir standard make technolog barrier appreci major produc citric acid larg multin corpor except jungbunzlau famili own medium size busi largest citric acid produc commun whilst sale product tend compartmentalis major geograph area north america europ asia signific amount product trade zone case commun import china account total commun consumpt import made dozen small compani order evalu size market citric acid relev period commiss take consider estim includ notabl provid main produc citric acid respect repli request inform august ecama estim worldwid citric acid market mt european market product mt commiss estim period worldwid product capac region mt actual worldwid demand product estim mt repli statement object haarmann amp reimer submit market intellig annual commun market volum approxim mt relev period take account averag sale price eur commun market relev period eur million eur million mention statement object applic averag price charg citric acid haarmann amp reimer minimum figur mt accept commiss worldwid market superior ecu million similarli applic averag price ecu mt propos haarmann amp reimer repli statement object ecama estim mt estim market europ ecu million juli commiss addresse present decis request inform provid worldwid eea wide sale figur citric acid figur obtain undertak tabl gt tabl gt estim market share market player tabl gt tabl gt figur total market share addresse present decis repres approxim worldwid citric acid market eea wide citric acid market combin figur sale figur set tabl recit estim size eur million total worldwid citric acid market eur million total eea wide citric acid market year respect commiss estim period consid present decis worldwid citric acid market case eur million eea wide market region eur million repli statement object haarmann amp reimer maintain strength market share worldwid market due strong posit local produc duti protect market south america european market concern haarmann amp reimer point prior rhône poulenc activ selbi capac tonn plant erect initi ran design capac tonn hoffmann la roch argu repli statement object commiss focus undertak market share europ overestim hoffmann la roch averag market share durat cartel hoffmann la roch contend ow quota system place unabl advantag growth commun market market share fell hoffmann la roch start build commun market share tabl overview current size main produc citric acid period size group undertak belong tabl current size main produc citric acid period year gt tabl gt demand custom citric acid rang larg food process multin deal directli produc small medium size compani suppli distributor food beverag sector account largest share consumpt produc deterg cleaner commun inter state trade citric acid produc member state commun austria belgium ireland itali unit kingdom market commun addresse present decis product facil commun case subsidiari tabl show annual sale commun compani product facil commun share sale member state repres year addit sale citric acid commun countri tabl data compani product site commun sourc adm articl repli decemb jungbunzlau articl repli septemb citriqu belg hoffmann la roch articl repli septemb haarmann amp reimer bayer ag articl repli septemb cerestar bioproduct articl repli june gt tabl gt substanti amount trade member state citric acid market procedur august commiss notifi depart justic grand juri investig citric acid market april commiss inform plea bargain agreement reach hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau usa recit august commiss request inform articl regul largest produc citric acid ec januari request inform main consum citric acid ec market june juli request inform main produc citric acid ec receipt articl request inform address cerestar bioproduct juli compani legal repres request meet commiss octob meet compani express cooper commiss pursuant notic imposit reduct fine cartel case lenienc notic gave oral descript cartel activ involv written statement confirm account commiss march preliminari contact septemb adm met commiss decemb express willing cooper commiss term lenienc notic meet provid oral account anti competit activ involv written statement confirm account provid januari march addit request inform bayer plc hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau cerestar bioproduct april bayer plc made behalf haarmann amp reimer applic lenienc notic provid statement supplement repli request inform letter date meet held commiss april jungbunzlau confirm intent cooper fulli condit lenienc notic provid written statement supplement previou repli articl request inform letter juli hoffmann la roch confirm particip cartel purpos meet relat march commiss initi proceed present case adopt statement object undertak decis address parti submit written observ respons commiss object request oral hear substanti contest fact set statement object juli addit request inform adm cerestar bioproduct haarmann amp reimer hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau order collect addit turnov figur proceed unit state america canada unit state america investig conduct depart justic feder bureau investig crimin charg conspiraci fix price contrari section sherman act file produc adm haarmann amp reimer hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau cerestar bioproduct addit senior execut haarmann amp reimer manag director hoffmann la roch affili citriqu belg chairman presid jungbunzlau intern ag manag director cerestar bioproduct charg person conspiraci octob june accus plead guilti charg agre pai fine set usd million adm usd million haarmann amp reimer usd million hoffmann la roch usd million jungbunzlau usd cerestar bioproduct addit fine undertak individu charg person fine usd manag director cerestar bioproduct paid crimin fine usd civil proceed file unit state district court behalf class purchas claim tripl damag adm haarmann amp reimer jungbunzlau hoffmann la roch cerestar bioproduct canada crimin investig conduct competit bureau adm haarmann amp reimer jungbunzlau hoffmann la roch plead guilti septemb particip conspiraci fix price share market citric acid fine cad million cad million cad million cad million descript event particip organis structur organis oper cartel base share assess market adm haarmann amp reimer frequent contact product facil ec consid north american european produc term logist coordin simpler hold frequent bilater meet usual repres undertak meet adm presid corn process divis vice presid sale market haarmann amp reimer senior vice presid compani member board haarmann amp reimer usa vice presid sale market sale market manag hoffmann la roch world head market vitamin fine chemic head unit state feed busi vitamin divis success gener manag citriqu belg product manag citriqu belg jungbunzlau chief execut offic head jungbunzlau austria product manag cerestar bioproduct gener manag salesperson cartel meet establish level period top level quot master quot meet presid ceo gener manag place averag year stage onward technic orient meet place sale manag call quot sherpa quot meet bilater contact undertak background initi contact averag price citric acid europ declin steadili fall price end period atyp low fact attribut quarter wage price war germani unit kingdom jungbunzlau held respons object captur extra market share jungbunzlau conduct market place perceiv reason declin price period jungbunzlau virtual tripl product capac citric acid mt mt acquisit boehring ingelheim citric acid manufactur busi benckis organ acid divis amount rationalis citric acid industri place end period cargil entri market plant unit state america neg impact worldwid price decemb year pfizer citric acid busi acquir adm make entrant market smaller european produc ebro spain stop product close biacor plant itali bought cerestar bioproduct end year week purchas pfizer citric acid busi adm arrang bilater meet citric acid manufactur ostens purpos introduc competitor januari presid corn process vice presid sale market adm met senior vice presid vice presid sale market haarmann amp reimer chicago unit state america januari met head hoffmann la roch vitamin fine chemic busi time chairman ecama basel switzerland dai repres adm met high rank repres jungbunzlau offic vienna final januari adm repres met member board haarmann amp reimer usa hanov germani meet characteris adm pure quot introductori quot natur descript fact remain adm step entri market contact import competitor prior event move industri fix price jungbunzlau state approach member manag board haarmann amp reimer view establish coordin approach price part citric acid manufactur basic principl cartel meet initi particip cartel met organis hoffmann la roch world head market vitamin fine chemic place march hotel plaza basel switzerland meet organis chair repres hoffmann la roch attend high rank repres adm haarmann amp reimer hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau meet basic principl cartel agre provid blueprint subsequ action particip undertak essenti featur arrang set agre identifi durat cartel draw clear pictur function object cartel pursu main object alloc specif sale quota member adher quota fix target quot floor quot price elimin price discount exchang specif custom inform sale quota sale quota alloc undertak fix worldwid basi produc consid market global suggest made adm decid basi quota averag year sale undertak haarmann amp reimer initi reserv posit figur assign settl accept principl concept quota system earli march meet fix tonnag figur sale quota assign undertak month cartel meet vienna convert market share figur quot target quot quot floor quot price cartel member agre quot floor quot quot target quot price implement price establish usd dem term european market dem benchmark currenc convert nation currenc quot charg price nation custom price discount agre custom grant discount expect pai list price design prevent particip sell agre price except made major consum citric acid unrealist expect pai publish list price accept custom offer discount list price custom inform exchang detail inform specif custom exchang meet technic natur quot sherpa quot meet coordin target custom chines manufactur discuss carri concert bid larg individu account implement monitor system monitor system establish verifi undertak strictli adher quota alloc suggest hoffmann la roch world head market vitamin fine chemic group agre meet march establish monitor system compani report monthli sale figur secretari basel contact compani provid compani sale figur month sale quota set worldwid level monitor sale report region break europ north america rest world figur audit independ sale compani made signific part total ecama sale regular report provid aggreg sale figur identifi compani gave incorrect data regular multilater meet hold regular frequent meet particip hallmark cartel organis march multilater meet held compani matter directli relat cartel addit individu adm haarmann amp reimer met ten separ occas period prepar posit prior multilater meet review cartel situat deal compens matter cartel decid hold technic orient meet quot sherpa quot meet order resolv grievanc market quot difficulti quot time cartel meet set coincid gener assembl trade associ ecama cartel particip member associ compani typic meet even prior offici ecama meet compens scheme compens scheme agre corollari quota agreement order penalis compani sell assign sale quota time compens reach compani assign quota year oblig purchas product compani compani sale quota year implement cartel agreement result march meet quot clear agreement implement volum quota report compens mechan increas price citric acid quot particip surpris level formal organis particip arriv arrang initi stage lead repres hoffmann la roch warn particip written record meet discreet exist content meet concern cartel distinct period period extend march mid time agreement implement smoothli price steep upward trend member join cartel issu compens compani problemat period mid end cartel increasingli difficult particip compani sustain price level small measur due dramat increas citric acid import china european market accus cheat agreement jungbunzlau rife level trust cartel member deterior price increas year period declin price evid primari aim cartel revers trend increas price citric acid demand citric acid underw substanti increas year year sourc demand citric acid emerg product environment friendli substitut polyphosph deterg industri serv boost demand cartel member discuss sourc grow demand meet cartel jungbunzlau offic vienna austria quot situat exploit coordin price increas quot aim produc rais price larger extent accept consum normal market condit price agre subsequ announc custom extens implement earli year cartel recit global charact citric acid market dem usd benchmark currenc exchang rate critic establish sustain competit price avoid tran shipment area price decis cartel member light import consider rel strength dem vi vi usd mid mid appreci meant citric acid price increas area price quot usd frequent higher aggreg amount dem denomin market essenti compens dem revalu mention citric acid produc form specif price applic citric acid monohydr cah citric acid anhydr caa common form caa main product north american market cah enjoi higher sale european discuss price cartel member exclus refer caa price sold higher price cah matter conveni price form product relat fix price form automat affect case price form caa discuss occas result meet march concert implement citric acid price increas dem kg caa april difficulti introduc price rise part ow favour market condit time agreement price increas north american market reach juli european price lag usd price mean telephon call exclus cartel member agre increas price european market dem kg caa effect august price increas successfulli implement cartel meet novemb particip made explicit commit north american european price diverg substanti time agre increas usd price parallel european market due grow weak usd vi vi dem final increas dem kg caa agre meet compani implement june date increas price agre talk price issu meet focu maintain price face remain competit pressur space month european price citric acid risen cartel member achiev main goal set initi meet march market share monitor system sale quota establish meet march instrument sustain upward pressur citric acid price produc assign worldwid market share express percentag total sale ecama member total world market volum quota initi set term total tonnag haarmann amp reimer unhappi alloc disput jungbunzlau share matter clarifi subsequ meet vienna meet decid express quota term market share figur total tonnag final market share quota compani haarmann amp reimer adm jungbunzlau hoffmann la roch cerestar bioproduct adm haarmann amp reimer jungbunzlau provid slightli figur exact percentag quota precis alloc calcul tabl provid jungbunzlau show figur assign sale quota year period tabl world market sale quota metric tonn market share gt tabl gt gt tabl gt gt tabl gt gt tabl gt cerestar bioproduct present meet basel member ecama includ aggreg data provid associ cartel particip ecama data cross check data report appar alloc share cerestar bioproduct likelihood knowledg reflect tabl provid jungbunzlau order monitor correct implement quota avoid compens end year regular exchang monthli sale inform establish march jungbunzlau declar quot particip report tonnag sold region europ north america rest world secretariat ecama presid seventh dai month secretariat sale figur assembl report back member telephon broken firm region made monitor rel market share continu inform form basi market analysi carri meet quot compani report sale region worldwid sale figur compli tabl provid jungbunzlau drawn basi data suppli monthli telephon call detail figur calcul monthli sale particip cartel show constant monitor individu undertak level complianc sale quota interpret tabl jungbunzlau explain quot row arrang show haarmann amp reimer adm jungbunzlau hoffmann la roch cerestar twelv column arrang side side show firm quot report monthli sale volum firm separ row show volum citric acid sold europ north america rest world total region row mark quot total quot show percentag differ agre sale volum row show differ europ separ tabl exist year period inform cumul monthli basi simpl monthli basi compens system meet novemb brussel suffici data gather progress sale clear adm fall short sale quota whilst haarmann amp reimer ahead quota similar quantiti quot end haarmann amp reimer need bui ton citric acid adm quot produc broadli line quota meet concern express diverg agre aim meticul monitor sale precis avoid compens end year agre earlier imbal kind allow subsequ meet januari germani question compens price state market discuss issu compens surfac earli life cartel larg roughli equival diverg haarmann amp reimer adm tabl enhanc compens system discuss meet jerusalem eventu decid quot individu compens arrang sought firm depart furthest volum laid quot meet jerusalem adm compens main topic discuss haarmann amp reimer reluct compens adm hoffmann la roch world head market vitamin fine chemic chairman interven disput make clear essenti part agreement complianc point undermin trust maintain cartel harm particip urg haarmann amp reimer fulfil agreement repres adm haarmann amp reimer told work solut disput discuss subject subsequ bilater meet meet seri continu april adm confirm quot unusu repres adm repres haarmann amp reimer meet discuss north american posit prior ecama meet quot fact member haarmann amp reimer present meet thirteen identifi compens disput figur promin discuss bulk transact conclud half tabl show diverg compani respect alloc quota year adm compani largest deficit term volum period haarmann amp reimer largest surplu actual sale citric acid compani correspond precis figur tabl reason citric acid trade compani legitim purpos unconnect compens measur part swap agreement ad hoc basi ow fact element flexibl actual level compens made compani disput negoti actual compens volum intens singl tonn citric acid oversold subject compens tabl world market diverg sale quota figur tabl base data contain tabl jungbunzlau articl repli april annex sale alloc row correspond sale volum quota figur assign compani tabl metric tonn gt tabl gt gt tabl gt gt tabl gt gt tabl gt volum purchas scheme signific adm sale haarmann amp reimer repres signific part compens adm calcul reach mt cerestar bioproduct admit sell mt caa mt tri sodium citrat haarmann amp reimer addit mt jungbunzlau remaind consign mt reject jungbunzlau due allegedli substandard qualiti product repli statement object jungbunzlau commiss convei incorrect impress detail system penalti enforc quota agreement jungbunzlau add statement adm quot commiss correct compens system introduc intent particip cartel meet jungbunzlau agreement reach march concern report sale compens mechan true possibl compens mechan discuss jerusalem meet agre separ compens arrang made firm depart furthest agre volum commiss confirm report statement object meet jerusalem led conclus individu compens arrang sought undertak concern reject jungbunzlau content compens agreement place period infring outset march principl oversel particip compens undersold plai central role cartel arrang form multi bilater implement compens scheme object effect introduc disciplin complianc quota particip knew lose benefit obtain lack respect market share agreement confirm statement made haarmann amp reimer effect earli novemb knew bui tonn adm explain recit purchas citric acid cartel particip complianc quota agreement place period infring whilst accept bought mt adm year haarmann amp reimer contend volum purchas compens scheme signific repres averag worldwid annual sale commiss share view purchas minor event import regard limit relev obviou shed great deal light effort deploi cartel member maintain agre quota cerestar bioproduct join cartel cerestar bioproduct establish contact member cartel ecama gener meet novemb member trade associ invit gener manag cerestar bioproduct approach occas hoffmann la roch world head market vitamin fine chemic subsequ met februari basel quot explain basic mechan cartel quot cerestar bioproduct eventu join discrep account particip actual date cerestar bioproduct attend cartel meet hoffmann la roch state quot repres cerestar attend meet year quot adm believ cerestar bioproduct join cartel meet novemb brussel whilst jungbunzlau put june jungbunzlau admit unsur cerestar bioproduct part adam present meet jerusalem date accept accur cerestar bioproduct smallest player cartel particip meet systemat record particip meet novemb place afternoon prior offici ecama meet cartel member agre establish cerestar bioproduct quota formal cartel member total worldwid sale inform agre member previous time decid compens compani sale differ actual assign sale small accept concert action chines manufactur end chines manufactur citric acid begun increas presenc world market europ chines product gener perceiv qualiti criteria establish supplier greater volum product form cah resourc technolog produc caa gener chines produc compet exclus basi price systemat sold price establish manufactur import rise price begin partial respons influx citric acid import china doubl reach mt commun market volum rise mt commun market volum year import impact cartel abil maintain agre price increasingli problem mean counteract price depress effect chines import devis implement cover ecama membership undertak compos cartel studi possibl caus anti dump proceed initi chines import european commiss continu appli type pressur send repres jungbunzlau adm china behalf ecama inform local manufactur anti dump proceed initi price cut practic termin perceiv effect price meantim cartel member target individu custom chines produc order undermin market posit mechan practic explain result difficulti cartel member begin surfac quarter jungbunzlau quot caus problem quot group strictli adher agreement time perceiv quot badli disciplin quot particip meet cartel june kildar countri club ireland main point discuss lack disciplin part member vi vi adher agreement custom largest pai list price adm haarmann amp reimer expressli accus jungbunzlau lack disciplin order remedi perceiv flaw decid quot junior quot member group meet separ identifi quot except quot made order clarifi situat technic meet refer quot sherpa quot meet oppos main quot master quot meet cartel meet octob bruge belgium difficulti due lack disciplin price continu quot fundament agreement place increas number except group jungbunzlau primarili respons quot fall market share cartel member matter concern cartel member world market share term total sale fallen continu fall continu declin meant size quot pie quot share compani cartel steadili decreas factor led increas tension quot sherpa quot meet held london januari remit review citric acid market situat find wai encourag growth sale cartel member increas avail chines product european market forc stanc cartel member maintain level sale light subject discuss meet particip quot accept price war competit china quot quot regain account lost chines produc price bless quot quot custom identifi alloc individu particip make offer quot catalogu undertak quot serbia list quot subject regular monitor discuss subsequ quot sherpa quot meet held london march quot master quot meet held savoi hotel london issu chines produc rais includ initi discuss possibl bring anti dump complaint european commiss accus level jungbunzlau perceiv break agreement price concern jungbunzlau ceo chairmanship cartel meet time elect chairmanship ecama retir hoffmann la roch world head vitamin fine chemic monthli price inform subsequ report secretari quot routin quot quot sherpa quot meet held juli zurich master meet august jungbunzlau continu blame undermin price agreement possibl caus anti dump proceed initi chines produc discuss chairmanship group jungbunzlau respons logist organis meet meet novemb hotel amigo brussel quot serbia list quot review discuss agre forthcom trip repres jungbunzlau adm china local produc threaten anti dump complaint addit individu larg account partit undertak quot master quot entrust quot sherpa quot quot arriv common price bid busi cartel meet sherpa stai establish broad common price bid quot agreement quotat singl custom discuss quot sherpa meet quot novemb mariott hotel slough unit kingdom novemb hotel concord lafayett pari meet bid main topic note adm repres meet show undertak assign bid price order individu countri discuss multin compani held meet main theme discuss pari meet follow implement quot serbia list quot begin impact chines import european market percept jungbunzlau keep agreement price undercut cartel member clear effect cohes effect cartel price europ fall agre price dem kg caa end cartel meet januari hotel hilton hare chicago februari hotel hilton heathrow london februari hotel sheraton toronto canada fundament chang previou pattern behaviour undertak attack jungbunzlau quot total lack adher agre price jungbunzlau reduc exclus europ quot monitor implement quot serbia list quot continu whilst atmospher quot friendli quot group start fall monthli sale data continu regularli exchang parti contact state relat compani jungbunzlau compani hoffmann la roch adm haarmann amp reimer discuss quot possibl form arrang citric acid market includ jungbunzlau quot ultim result concret action meet held hilton airport hotel zurich cartel meet prearrang adm state quot cartel come end quot accus continu level jungbunzlau compani held bilater side discuss arrang unplan meet schweiz park hotel vitznau switzerland clear quot cartel total disarrai work ceo jungbunzlau told jbl repair damag agreement end quot notwithstand turn event parti continu exchang monthli sale data date adm hoffmann la roch haarmann amp reimer continu discuss continu agreement modifi form american firm cargil deem addit group concret step effect case raid conduct unit state america feder bureau investig fbi premis adm unit state america june brought end compani involv cartel inform commiss remain contact parti relat anti competit practic drawn close part ii legal assess jurisdict arrang appli countri eea consum citric acid eea agreement provis competit analog treati forc januari present decis includ applic date rule competit eea agreement articl arrang object arrang affect competit common market trade eu member state articl treati applic cartel oper effect trade ec efta countri efta countri part eea articl eea agreement applic agreement practic affect trade member state ec commiss retain compet appli articl treati hand agreement affect trade efta state efta surveil author quot esa quot compet appli eea competit rule articl eea agreement present case commiss compet author appli articl treati articl eea agreement basi articl agreement cartel appreci effect trade ec member state applic articl treati articl eea agreement articl treati articl eea agreement articl treati prohibit incompat common market agreement undertak decis associ undertak concert practic affect trade member state object effect prevent restrict distort competit common market directli indirectli fix purchas sell price trade condit limit control product market share market sourc suppli articl eea agreement model articl treati similar prohibit refer articl trade quot member state quot replac refer trade quot contract parti quot refer competit quot common market quot replac refer competit quot territori cover eea agreement quot agreement concert practic articl treati articl eea agreement prohibit agreement decis associ concert practic agreement exist parti adher common plan limit limit individu commerci conduct determin line mutual action abstent action market made write formal contractu sanction enforc measur requir fact agreement express implicit behaviour parti judgment join case limburgs vinyl maatschappij nv commiss pvc ii court instanc state quot establish case law agreement mean articl treati suffici undertak express joint intent behav market quot articl ec treati draw distinct concept quot concert practic quot quot agreement undertak quot quot decis associ undertak quot object bring prohibit laid provis form coordin undertak reach stage agreement properli call conclud knowingli substitut practic cooper risk competit criteria coordin cooper laid case law court requir elabor actual plan understood light concept inher provis treati relat competit econom oper determin independ commerci polici intend adopt common market requir independ depriv undertak adapt intellig exist anticip conduct competitor strictli preclud direct indirect contact oper object effect whereof influenc conduct market actual potenti competitor disclos competitor conduct decid adopt contempl adopt market conduct fall scope articl treati concert practic parti explicitli subscrib common plan defin action market knowingli adopt adher collus devic facilit coordin commerci behaviour term articl treati concept concert practic requir concert conduct market result concert causal connect presum subject proof contrari undertak take part concert remain activ market account inform exchang competitor determin conduct market concert occur regular basi long period case complex infring long durat commiss characteris exclus form illeg behaviour concept agreement concert practic fluid overlap realist make distinct infring present simultan characterist form prohibit conduct consid isol manifest accur artifici analyt subdivid continu common enterpris object discret form infring cartel agreement concert practic time articl lai specif categori complex infring type pvc ii court instanc state quot context complex infring involv produc seek number year regul market commiss expect classifi infring precis undertak moment event form infring cover articl treati quot quot agreement quot purpos articl treati requir certainti enforc commerci contract civil law case complex cartel long durat term quot agreement quot properli appli plan term expressli agre implement agre basi mechan pursuanc common purpos cartel joint enterpris particip agreement plai role exercis domin role ringlead intern conflict rivalri cheat occur prevent arrang constitut agreement concert practic purpos articl treati articl eea agreement singl common continu object complex cartel properli view singl continu infring time frame exist agreement vari time time mechan adapt strengthen account develop complex cartel long durat concert practic agreement conclud form part seri effort made undertak pursuit common object prevent distort competit commiss entitl find constitut singl continu infring court instanc observ point case hercul commiss artifici split continu conduct characteris singl purpos treat number separ infring quot fact undertak part period year integr set scheme constitut singl infring progress manifest unlaw agreement unlaw concert practic quot mere fact particip cartel plai role specif circumst preclud respons infring includ act commit particip share unlaw purpos anti competit effect undertak take part common unlaw enterpris action contribut realis share object equal respons period adher common scheme act particip pursuant infring case establish undertak question awar unlaw behaviour particip foreseen awar prepar risk singl continu infring meet march basel switzerland major produc haarmann amp reimer adm jungbunzlau hoffmann la roch agre basic principl cartelis world market citric acid plan subscrib cerestar bioproduct stage implement period year emploi mechan pursu common purpos elimin competit work plan regular meet give rise discret quot agreement quot constitut implement illeg scheme common design common object produc steadili pursu elimin competit citric acid industri commiss consid conduct question constitut singl continu infring articl treati articl eea agreement arrang produc correctli consid present characterist full quot agreement quot factual element illicit conduct aptli constitut concert practic repli statement object jungbunzlau alleg commiss correct agreement reach march commonli agre plan restrict competit implement long period emploi mechan jungbunzlau parti fail reach agreement march onward jungbunzlau particip partli implement principl question half plai part light recit argument agreement period consid present decis dismiss question agreement concert practic implement address recit restrict competit articl treati articl eea agreement expressli mention restrict competit agreement directli indirectli fix sell price trade condit limit control product share market sourc suppli complex agreement arrang consid present case element identifi relev order find infring articl treati articl eea agreement alloc market market share quota freez restrict close product capac agre concert price increas design produc quot lead quot price increas nation market circul list current futur target price order coordin price increas devis appli report monitor system ensur implement restrict agreement share alloc custom particip regular meet contact order agre restrict implement modifi requir kind arrang object restrict competit mean articl treati articl eea agreement price main instrument competit collus arrang mechan adopt produc ultim aim inflat price benefit level determin condit free competit order conclud articl treati eea agreement appli actual effect competit agreement establish agreement object restrict competit cartel restrict effect competit price rise primari object cartel agre announc custom extens implement earli year cartel eea mainten compani market share agre order make price agreement work larg achiev diverg actual alloc sale compani year cartel remain figur period tabl restrict effect arrang question establish detail recit repli statement object jungbunzlau declar commiss wrongli impress improp pressur brought bear chines produc jungbunzlau cheap import china distort competit consider extent reprehens threaten legitim step jungbunzlau state anti dump complaint contempl ecama regard abus demonstr fact turkei impos anti dump duti import chines citric acid commiss intent maintain file plan file anti dump complaint inform parti intent file complaint constitut infring articl treati establish present case increas price citric acid successfulli brought cartel member competit restrict agreement effect strongli increas chines export citric acid europ context joint effort made cartel member convinc chines produc limit price cut export europ aptli strategi aim protect cartel unexpect competit threat irrespect question law ec anti dump law price charg chines produc whilst perfectli legitim industri discuss anti dump complaint file commiss main player market segment concert action price charg respect custom order evict parti market fact recit illustr illeg charact practic cartel particip order disciplin chines produc counter offer target specif compani identifi catalogu quot serbia list quot individu alloc cartel particip form part strategi elimin competit citric acid market eea respect commiss found conduct cartel member vi vi chines produc amount concert practic fall articl treati articl eea agreement effect trade eu member state eea contract parti continu agreement produc appreci effect trade member state eu contract parti eea agreement articl treati aim agreement harm attain singl market eu member state partit nation market affect structur competit common market similarli articl eea agreement direct agreement undermin realis homogen european econom area demonstr section quot inter state trade quot recit citric acid market characteris substanti volum trade ec member state consider volum trade eu efta countri parti eea efta countri parti eea import requir prior access austria finland sweden commun austria export substanti quantiti countri import total requir citric acid applic articl treati eea agreement cartel limit part member sale involv transfer good state order provis appli show individu conduct particip oppos cartel affect trade member state present case cartel arrang cover virtual trade ec eea import industri sector exist price fix quota mechan result result automat divers trade pattern provis competit rule applic austria finland iceland liechtenstein norwai sweden eea agreement enter forc januari period prior date cartel oper provis applic present proceed articl treati cartel arrang period restrict competit austria finland iceland liechtenstein norwai sweden efta member state caught provis period januari decemb provis eea agreement appli efta member state cartel constitut infring articl eea agreement articl treati commiss compet appli provis restrict competit efta state year period fall articl eea agreement access austria finland sweden ec januari articl treati applic cartel affect competit market oper cartel norwai iceland liechtenstein remain contrari articl eea agreement practic cartel oper austria finland norwai sweden iceland liechtenstein constitut breach eea ec competit rule januari addresse principl applic order identifi addresse present decis determin legal entiti respons infring regard order determin parent compani held respons unlaw conduct subsidiari establish subsidiari quot decid independ conduct market carri materi respect instruct parent compani quot infring articl treati articl eea agreement found commit period time identifi natur legal person respons oper undertak time infring undertak commit infring articl treati articl eea agreement dispos asset serv vehicl infring withdraw market concern undertak question continu exist held respons infring period consid addresse decis adm directli autonom particip cartel group bear respons infring addresse present decis hoffmann la roch subsidiari citriqu belg directli involv cartel hoffmann la roch bear direct respons infring addresse present decis april respons busi haarmann amp reimer fid transfer bayer plc subsequ sold june tate amp lyle group sale haarmann amp reimer fid tate amp lyle occur end infring consid present decis haarmann amp reimer exist bear respons infring haarmann amp reimer addresse present decis cerestar bioproduct wholli own subsidiari cerestar hold bv period infring control eridania béghin sa compani ultim control montedison group cerestar bioproduct directli involv cartel addresse present decis jungbunzlau ge wholli own subsidiari jungbunzlau hold ag busi control effect manag jungbunzlau ag headquart group locat confirm repli statement object jungbunzlau respons manag group lain jungbunzlau ag date group direct jungbunzlau ge repli statement object jungbunzlau ag jungbunzlau ge jointli repli jungbunzlau ge addresse decis relat fact question support assert argu part conduct statement object part repres jungbunzlau ge commiss initi request inform undertak submiss part jungbunzlau group present case made behalf jungbunzlau ge commiss dismiss argument half jungbunzlau ge sole subsidiari charg product distribut citric acid legal entiti respons manag jungbunzlau group respons pass jungbunzlau ag regard successor jungbunzlau ge respect manag jungbunzlau group date jungbunzlau ge wholli own subsidiari group decid independ conduct market carri materi respect instruct issu jungbunzlau ag compani respons manag group part period consid present decis jungbunzlau ag part directli cartel meet notabl person ceo conclud period time consid present decis legal entiti respons manag jungbunzlau group activ directli involv cartel legal entiti question jungbunzlau ag addresse present decis durat infring bilater contact citric acid produc place initi multilater meet adm alleg exist agreement prior concern present proceed commiss present case limit assess articl treati articl eea agreement applic fine period march onward date multilater cartel meet basel switzerland basic principl cartelis market agre note cartel affect austria finland norwai sweden iceland liechtenstein constitut infring competit rule januari eea agreement effect particip infring haarmann amp reimer adm jungbunzlau hoffmann la roch date establish particip meet respect presid gener manag cerestar bioproduct enter citric acid market admiss particip meet cartel continu meet held month regular plan meet impromptu jungbunzlau issu ultimatum demonstr continu willing agreement light previou practic forthcom jungbunzlau deem left group adm hoffmann la roch haarmann amp reimer discuss possibl continu agreement modifi form recit inform commiss raid conduct fbi adm premis unit state america june put end remain contact parti involv anti competit practic remedi articl regul commiss find infring articl treati articl eea agreement requir undertak concern bring infring end accord articl regul present case particip cartel consider length conceal unlaw conduct circumst commiss maintain statement object declar absolut certainti infring ceas repli statement object cerestar bioproduct claim put end particip haarmann amp reimer point part sold activ question quot respect haarmann amp reimer bayer plc pointless includ requir oper part decis quot notwithstand observ avoid doubt requir addresse undertak remain activ citric acid market bring infring end henceforth refrain agreement concert practic decis associ object effect similar articl regul gener consider articl regul commiss decis impos undertak fine eur eur million sum excess thereof exceed turnov preced busi year undertak particip infring intention neglig infring articl treati articl eea agreement fix amount fine commiss regard relev circumst graviti durat infring criteria explicitli refer articl regul role plai undertak parti infring assess individu basi commiss reflect fine impos aggrav mitig circumst appli notic imposit reduct fine cartel case assess graviti infring commiss account natur actual impact market measur size relev geograph market role plai undertak parti infring assess individu basi amount fine cartel constitut deliber infring articl treati eea agreement full knowledg restrict charact action illeg lead produc combin set secret institutionalis system design restrict competit signific industri sector basic amount basic amount determin graviti durat infring graviti assess graviti infring commiss take account natur actual impact market measur size relev geograph market natur infring fact present infring consist market share price fix practic natur worst kind infring articl treati eea agreement cartel arrang involv major oper eea conceiv direct encourag high level particip compani natur implement cartel agreement type lead automat signific distort competit exclus benefit produc particip cartel highli detriment custom ultim gener public commiss consid present infring constitut natur infring articl treati articl eea agreement adm argu present case infring consid regard natur quot quot quot quot adm infring jeopardis proper function market partit nation market adm view commiss document show quota worldwid european target price primarili set dem convert local currenc equival commiss reject approach clear price market share cartel natur jeopardis proper function singl market erron conclud mere fact quota price made distinct individu member state infring matter normal competit pattern govern singl market citric acid replac collus regim relat quantiti price essenti compon competit actual impact infring citric acid market eea infring commit undertak materi period cover averag world market european market citric acid arrang specif aim restrict sale quantiti rais price higher restrict sale custom arrang implement actual impact market quantifi detail extent price differ appli absenc arrang measur reliabl manner number extern factor simultan affect price develop product make extrem difficult draw conclus rel import causal factor cartel agreement carefulli implement mention particip declar quot surpris level formal organis particip arriv arrang quot march mid price agre cartel announc custom extens implement earli year cartel price increas dem kg caa april decid cartel meet march easili introduc decis telephon juli increas price dem kg caa august price increas successfulli implement final increas dem kg caa agre meet implement june date price increas implement cartel concentr maintain price sale quota establish march meet instrument sustain upward pressur price constitut critic element cartel parti devis appli detail report monitor system ensur implement quota individu undertak level complianc constantli monitor aspect detail recit discuss recit compens system agre march carefulli implement actual purchas product deriv directli anti competit arrang place light forego effort devot particip complex organis cartel effect implement question cerestar bioproduct contend quot refus adher blueprint price januari continu produc quot jungbunzlau state repli middl latest distanc openli attempt price increas offer price market target price paid attent practic market share agre initi plai role end cartel cerestar bioproduct jungbunzlau argument behav quot free rider quot cheat cartel particip dismiss compani attend cartel meet end regard jungbunzlau assert plai activ part end cartel mention late cartel meet vitznau jungbunzlau report plai activ role adm statement jungbunzlau repres initi organis cartel meet send messag adm statement quot jungbunzlau want bring stabil market agreement reach quot fact cerestar bioproduct jungbunzlau disregard extent commit made cartel particip impli implement cartel agreement court instanc cascad quot undertak collud competitor independ polici market simpli exploit cartel benefit quot adm haarmann amp reimer jungbunzlau disagre commiss conclus impact cartel citric acid market eea haarmann amp reimer quot deni cartel effect market respectfulli submit effect translat concret figur overst quot adm jungbunzlau submit cartel impact market adm jungbunzlau contend onward price increas longer implement due influx cheap chines product haarmann amp reimer submit effect market limit increas demand year due increas sale chines manufactur quot cheat quot practic cartel member haarmann amp reimer contend limit effect market confirm repli custom commiss request inform januari compani conclud commiss statement price citric acid rose month understood light broader econom context market support argument adm submit commiss expert report consist econom analysi citric acid industri period consid statement object report conclud citric acid market oligopoli situat capac vi vi total demand major determin price characteris cyclic variat report submit steep increas price earli period cartel occur event abnorm low price logic rose report hypothesi impact cartel price destroi fact period infring price attain level mid report submit great major adm sale custom eea countri price floor price lend support conclus price relev period result situat oligopolist competit coordin contend quot chines export suffici constrain price oligopolist competit collus level quot repli statement object jungbunzlau draw conclus underlin main reason price increas substanti unmatch expans demand result develop citric acid sequest agent deterg industri jungbunzlau insist rise price perspect fall period repres return normal situat jungbunzlau contend spite cartel agreement intens competit citric acid market illustr repli custom commiss request inform januari fact worldwid market share parti fell origin demonstr cartel longer posit influenc price format argument parti minimis commiss find cartel actual effect market conclus explan price increas provid adm haarmann amp reimer jungbunzlau valid demonstr convinc manner implement cartel agreement plai role price fluctuat whilst phenomena occur absenc cartel perfectli consist cartel situat fact price citric acid increas month explain sole term competit reaction interpret light fact particip agre coordin price increas market share alloc report monitor system contribut success price increas jungbunzlau argument base repli buyer citric acid commiss request inform januari conclus question ask commiss intens competit market context preliminari investig main featur citric acid market frame gener term repli point citric acid market worldwid major player compet quotat occas bid price product vari significantli year answer commiss constru demonstr inexist effect cartel view high degre sophist characteris illeg arrang expect custom posit confirm inexist competit market question note repli drew attent broad similar price quot main produc fact highlight jungbunzlau cartel quot market share quot diminish time initi illustr difficulti encount cartel particip keep price competit level demonstr illeg practic effect market contrari strong increas import china onward cartel member adapt price pressur exert import size relev geograph market cartel cover common market creation eea part common market eea influenc collus purpos calcul graviti commiss consid entireti commun creation eea affect cartel commiss find graviti infring take account natur conduct scrutini actual impact citric acid market fact cover common market creation eea commiss consid undertak concern present decis commit infring articl treati eea agreement haarmann amp reimer submit repli statement object calcul total annual market citric acid market ec eur million commiss reconsid statement major industri sector request reject market affect price fix market share cartel commun eea level moder commiss oblig classifi infring classif cartel particip categori infring propos scale fine make appli differenti treatment undertak order account effect econom capac offend signific damag competit set fine level ensur suffici deterr effect commiss note exercis present case consider dispar size undertak particip infring circumst case involv undertak set basic amount fine account specif weight undertak real impact competit misconduct purpos undertak concern divid categori rel import market concern subject adjust account ensur effect deterr basi assess rel import undertak market concern commiss consid present case worldwid product turnov global charact market figur give pictur particip undertak capac signific damag oper common market eea approach support fact global cartel object inter alia alloc market worldwid level withhold competit reserv eea market worldwid turnov parti cartel indic contribut effect cartel convers instabl affect cartel particip comparison made basi worldwid product turnov year infring year tabl set recit relev figur haarmann amp reimer worldwid market share largest player market adm jungbunzlau similar market share hoffmann la roch market share whilst cerestar bioproduct smallest player market estim market share haarmann amp reimer larg market share group adm hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau group cerestar bioproduct smallest player group basi forego start amount fine basi criterion rel import market concern haarmann amp reimer eur million adm hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau eur million cerestar bioproduct eur million suffici deterr order ensur fine suffici deterr effect commiss determin adjust start amount need case undertak tabl set recit indic rel size addresse present decis rel size econom entiti ultim belong basi ownership respect worldwid turnov eur million eur million hoffmann la roch adm larger player addresse respect commiss consid start point fine basi criterion rel import market concern requir upward adjust account size resourc hoffmann la roch adm compar analysi respect size econom entiti addresse present decis ultim belong basi ownership show haarmann amp reimer integr part larg econom entiti haarmann amp reimer ultim control bayer ag worldwid turnov eur million commiss take view inequit appli upward adjust exclus adm hoffmann la roch haarmann amp reimer approach possibl commiss account larg size econom entiti recit conting organis structur econom entiti organis singl legal entiti compris industri divis unduli penalis compar organis form group success wholli control subsidiari commiss consid order account size resourc econom entiti undertak belong adjust upward start point fine set haarmann amp reiner basi criterion rel import market concern basi forego commiss consid deterr requir start point fine determin recit increas eur million case adm hoffmann la roch eur million case haarmann amp reimer durat infring commiss consid adm haarmann amp reimer hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau infring articl treati articl eea agreement march cerestar bioproduct infring articl treati articl eea agreement adm haarmann amp reimer hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau commit infring year correspond medium durat start amount fine determin graviti recit increas cerestar bioproduct commit infring year correspond medium durat start amount fine determin graviti recit increas conclus basic amount adm argu present case commiss fix amount fine follow methodolog explain guidelin fine maintain commiss allow radic alter method set fine disregard relev eea product turnov adm guidelin appli infring occur public offici journal januari adm refer judgment case parker pen court instanc state commiss account fact turnov account product infring relat low comparison turnov result parker total sale reduc commiss fine adm opinion court made clear fine set regard compani commun turnov good infring relat consid disproportion reason commiss acknowledg past frequent determin fine base rate repres percentag sale relev commun market requir exercis commiss discret fix fine pursuant articl regul regard graviti durat infring ceil determin refer total turnov undertak concern observ factor fulli fairli account present decis commiss set basic amount fine gt tabl gt aggrav circumst role leader infring commiss consid adm hoffmann la roch leader infring repli statement object adm submit instig leader contrari plai follow leader role cartel support assert adm declar statement object refer fact quot move industri fix price prior march quot quot jungbunzlau state approach member manag board haarmann amp reimer order coordin approach price citric acid manufactur quot adm refer quot impress adm wit direct evid understand meet citric acid arrang pre date adm particip quot adm refer case investig commiss maintain implicitli point exist citric cartel prior adm entri market adm submit extent arrang exist prior adm involv adm instig adm point meet march led hoffmann la roch haarmann amp reimer wrong infer statement made employe adm fbi adm leader cartel adm underlin act chairman cartel respons invit coerc particip join part hoffmann la roch submit instig ringlead citric acid cartel urg compani part infring hoffmann la roch assert drive forc cartel primarili adm director hoffmann la roch adm decid initi develop bilater contact citric acid produc gener plai role price leader allegedli confirm admiss repres hoffmann la roch argu cerestar bioproduct statement confirm lead role plai adm hoffmann la roch point cartel meet place occas ecama meet chairmanship pass accord rotat arrang cartel particip reach agreement chair organis function cartel explain hoffmann la roch entrust conduct cartel discuss manag secretariat contact point set parti hoffmann la roch submit specif role administr function hoffmann la roch special posit cartel role mediat event intern disagr cartel particip hoffmann la roch add chairmanship ecama pass jungbunzlau organis role cartel hoffmann la roch initi repres chairman ecama retir successor plai subordin role cartel spite argument commiss maintain adm hoffmann la roch regard leader citric acid cartel success meet januari adm haarmann amp reimer hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau characteris adm quot introductori natur quot commiss opinion meet plai determin role establish reestablish citric acid cartel march view short laps time separ seri meet multilater cartel meet march possibl intent set formalis cartel discuss support content discuss held report employe adm descript discuss remain vagu employe occas competitor quot disparag quot manner conduct citric acid busi express resent competitor accus behav properli market indic anti competit purpos introduc disciplin market commiss opinion fact round bilater meet place adm competitor shortli multilater cartel meet suffici show adm instig cartel strongli suggest case commiss possess addit element conclud adm leader cartel interview fbi repres adm cartel meet refer repres adm meet quot mechan arrang adm repres idea march meet basel ca arrang formul adm repres fairli activ role quot refer colleagu adm repres view quot wise man quot dub preacher repres jungbunzlau statement march cerestar bioproduct declar quot repres hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau chair master meet bioproduct clear impress repres adm plai lead role repres adm chair sherpa meet tend prepar matter make propos price list agre quot commiss conclud adm leader citric acid cartel spite denial clear hoffmann la roch plai decis role cartel multilater meet cartel march organis chair repres hoffmann la roch person continu chair quot master quot meet retir lead role hoffmann la roch highlight statement made fbi adm repres cartel transcript interview adm repres meet march declar repres hoffmann la roch quot allud care write note hoffmann la roch quiet meet refer price fix matter laroch implic repres hoffmann la roch admonish group write quot fact undertak acknowledg repli statement object hoffmann la roch act mediat event intern disagr particip illustr hoffmann la roch commit smooth function cartel effort deploi sort intern quarrel exculp hoffmann la roch show contrari exercis degre leadership group commiss view circumst surround cerestar bioproduct entri cartel point hoffmann la roch leadership cerestar bioproduct describ contact made novemb context ecama quot occas ecama gener assembl meet brussel repres hoffmann la roch invit gener manag cerestar bioproduct visit basl discuss possibl join club call club cartel meet appar place previou afternoon quot repres hoffmann la roch approach gener manag cerestar bioproduct explain februari basic mechan cartel argument put forward hoffmann la roch chair meet chairman ecama meet exoner hoffmann la roch coerc particip refus assum chairmanship cartel respons collect sale data argument dismiss similarli possibl hoffmann la roch adopt quot lower profil quot cartel chairmanship cartel meet pass jungbunzlau invalid commiss find hoffmann la roch plai lead role cartel conclus commiss consid adm hoffmann la roch leader cartel regard aggrav factor account determin amount fine impos adm hoffmann la roch justifi increas respect basic amount increas reflect fact whilst undertak promin role infring member cartel carri activ leadership role chair meet centralis data collect distribut attenu circumst exclus passiv role infring cerestar bioproduct state repli initi led cartel contrari plai minor role submit small market share eea fact particip meet organis host cartel meet account order lower fine impos cerestar bioproduct worri consequ join cartel declar acquisit biacor plant greet open hostil major citric acid produc fear put busi retali measur join cartel jungbunzlau contend repli statement object particip cartel confin passiv quot follow leader role quot preliminari argument jungbunzlau submit set cartel trigger conduct quot newcom quot citric acid market aggress price implement jungbunzlau establish market cartel agreement initi attempt tie quot troublemak quot agre common disciplin jungbunzlau add avoid cartel agreement initi period afraid driven market competitor larger financi stronger citric acid produc jungbunzlau state consider greater commerci danger compani continu exist jeopardis lost signific volum sale jungbunzlau submit depend buyer glucos goodwil cartel particip exert influenc glucos manufactur group compromis jungbunzlau sourc suppli jungbunzlau contend quot massiv pressur quot brought bear haarmann amp reimer order compel part agreement jungbunzlau allegedli visit vienna repres haarmann amp reimer told produc coordin action jungbunzlau jungbunzlau reason fear coordin conduct part competitor direct declar attend meet final jungbunzlau submit plai activ role implement agreement fact jungbunzlau ceo role report centr secretariat show plai role repli statement object haarmann amp reimer contest strongli jungbunzlau assert pressuris haarmann amp reimer newcom quot outsid quot haarmann amp reimer vigor contest jungbunzlau descript supplier quot establish supplier quot deni jungbunzlau belong categori haarmann amp reimer point statement jungbunzlau suppli citric acid year lead european manufactur product largest market share europ haarmann amp reimer submit fact ceo jungbunzlau respons logist organis meet onward subsequ chair cartel meet demonstr decis role plai jungbunzlau cartel repli hoffmann la roch contest assert jungbunzlau pressur allegedli subject hoffmann la roch point jungbunzlau describ pressur brought bear contest jungbunzlau content small player submit held world market product facil countri hoffmann la roch point jungbunzlau lead role prepar anti dump proceed chines manufactur particip multilater cartel meet period infring commiss dismiss argument put forward cerestar bioproduct jungbunzlau fact cerestar bioproduct small player citric acid market worri consequ join cartel reliev corpor respons instanc cerestar bioproduct report cartel commiss jungbunzlau argument regard relev commiss mere fact onward jungbunzlau respons collect sale data ceo chair cartel meet suffic demonstr jungbunzlau involv cartel activ acknowledg implement practic offend agreement discuss recit commiss consid anti competit agreement carefulli implement attenu circumst applic addresse present decis attenu circumst cerestar bioproduct submit citric acid plant acquir biacor made profit benefit cartel end situat unten point cerestar bioproduct subsequ sold site ceas citric acid product june commiss gener benefit cartel econom disadvantag suffer due particip cartel constitut attenu circumst purpos fix fine argument cerestar bioproduct dismiss adm suggest corpor code conduct complianc polici approv adm board director juli account attenu circumst similarli haarmann amp reimer point introduc complianc programm quot year ago quot indic date content programm decemb januari presid ceo bayer corpor letter employe compani remind oblig competit law final jungbunzlau submit autumn introduc antitrust complianc polici commiss welcom fact compani set antitrust law complianc polici consid initi late prevent tool dispens commiss duti penalis infring competit rule adm haarmann amp reimer jungbunzlau commit past jungbunzlau submit fact agreement quot defens measur cheap import china caus distort competit quot reduc fine jungbunzlau contend chines produc export state assist chines product offer europ low price cost commiss dismiss argument entireti state recit main player market segment concert privat action price charg custom order compens manner whatsoev quot dump quot strategi emploi undertak countri conclus amount fine prior applic commiss notic imposit reduct fine cartel case quot lenienc notic quot commiss set amount fine prior applic lenienc notic gt tabl gt final amount calcul method case exce worldwid turnov address laid articl regul fine set order exce permiss limit gt tabl gt applic commiss lenienc notic addresse present decis cooper commiss stage investig infring purpos receiv favour treatment commiss lenienc notic order meet legitim expect undertak concern imposit reduct fine basi cooper commiss examin section parti concern satisfi condit set notic imposit fine substanti reduct amount adm submit satisfi requir section lenienc notic adm point contact commiss septemb express intent cooper framework lenienc notic subsequ meet septemb offer evid citric acid arrang form document testimoni adm submit seek guidanc commiss meet novemb type natur evid undertook intern investig provid hand wit testimoni commiss meet decemb form contemporari documentari evid document reveal context implement cartel arrang adm submit provid documentari evid respect cartel decemb quot provid written statement detail adm particip meet attende price quota agre cartel monitor compens mechan quot adm submit produc decis evid cartel exist includ quot extens detail meet attende compens monitor mechan price quota applic eu quot adm evid suppli form basi request inform citric produc subsequ prompt admit particip cartel cooper commiss investig adm prior evid suppli commiss substant evid exist cartel respect commun adm note cerestar bioproduct cooper commiss commiss file suggest cerestar bioproduct offer cooper octob adm initi admiss offer cooper adm submit cerestar bioproduct provid written confirm particip march adm submit written statement januari commiss request inform cerestar bioproduct march base adm inform adm contend evid ultim provid cerestar bioproduct limit clear hand wit evid offer detail agre price quota suppli quota establish cerestar bioproduct ident attende provid meet identifi quot quot cartel meet cartel meet identifi fact place evid defend find commiss adm note admiss cerestar bioproduct subject detail request inform base adm data part cerestar bioproduct submit parti submit written statement quot cooper provid detail inform cartel structur basic rule meet competitor quot cerestar bioproduct submit statement object fulli describ level cerestar bioproduct cooper commiss import substanti cooper progress commiss investig date account octob cerestar bioproduct gave detail descript cartel decemb provid background inform document februari cerestar bioproduct provid commiss mark commiss minut octob meet eventu form basi cerestar bioproduct statement march cerestar bioproduct submit meet place request octob oral explain background origin histori cartel submit time commiss direct evid cartel illicit practic inform receiv depart justic real evid receiv relat cartel activ citric acid produc european union commiss accept cerestar bioproduct undertak submit decis inform exist intern cartel affect eea citric acid industri inform provid meet octob immedi provid written form inform provid cerestar bioproduct meet octob correspond inform provid written statement march suffici establish exist cartel commun commiss adm provid inform inform adm meet septemb constitut decis evid suffici establish exist cartel cerestar bioproduct compani provid decis inform commiss undertaken investig order decis cerestar bioproduct fulfil condit set section lenienc notic convers adm fulfil condit section lenienc notic benefit reduct fine contempl section commiss found adm leader cartel fulfil condit section lenienc notic commiss note cerestar bioproduct approach commiss receiv request inform address juli cerestar bioproduct applic lenienc spontan commiss fact account determin amount reduct fine commiss grant cerestar bioproduct reduct fine impos cooper commiss substanti reduct fine adm haarmann amp reimer hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau provid commiss decis inform citric acid cartel requir point section lenienc notic undertak meet condit set section lenienc notic signific reduct fine meet held decemb adm provid commiss oral account citric acid cartel januari written statement confirm account commun commiss commiss accept inform submit adm detail extens commiss pursuit investig inform obtain cerestar bioproduct draft request inform greatli help trigger admiss haarmann amp reimer hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau particip citric acid cartel commiss note adm provid commiss document contemporan infring includ hand written note cartel meet price instruct relat decis cartel commiss conclud adm fulfil condit set indent section lenienc notic grant adm reduct fine impos cooper commiss repli statement object jungbunzlau mention file applic lenienc notic meet commiss april made construct contribut establish fact statement repli request inform april claim qualifi section quot rate close quot submit inform provid plai central role evid dispos commiss commiss accept jungbunzlau file applic lenienc notic start cooper statement object issu equal true commiss reli signific extent inform provid jungbunzlau confirm vast major meet ident particip fact question jungbunzlau notabl submit commiss number tabl creat contemporan infring tabl quota alloc cartel particip diverg sale quota real sale evid present decis commiss note larg part inform provid repli request inform march fall ambit undertak duti articl regul repli fulli request commiss conclud jungbunzlau fulfil condit set indent section lenienc notic grant jungbunzlau reduct fine impos cooper commiss haarmann amp reimer submit repli statement object cooper commiss provid comprehens descript infring april bayer plc file applic lenienc notic provid written statement supplement repli request inform march commiss accept applic lenienc notic file behalf haarmann amp reimer cooper began statement object issu haarmann amp reimer statement confirm vast major meet ident particip number fact question commiss note larg part inform provid repli request inform march fall ambit undertak duti articl regul repli fulli request commiss conclud haarmann amp reimer fulfil condit set indent section lenienc notic grant haarmann amp reimer reduct fine impos cooper commiss hoffmann la roch formal file applic lenienc notic letter juli hoffmann la roch confirm particip cartel purpos meet relat commiss conclud hoffmann la roch fulfil condit set indent section lenienc notic grant hoffmann la roch reduct fine impos cooper commiss conclus applic lenienc notic conclus regard natur cooper light condit set lenienc notic commiss grant addresse present decis reduct respect fine cerestar bioproduct reduct adm reduct jungbunzlau reduct haarmann amp reimer reduct hoffmann la roch reduct quot bi idem quot assess fine impos individu undertak commiss account inter alia graviti infring respect durat particip role plai undertak collus arrang aggrav mitig circumst consid import undertak citric acid industri impact respect conduct competit account adm cerestar bioproduct haarmann amp reimer jungbunzlau submit commiss account deduct fine penalti impos conduct unit state america case canada adm case deterr commun competit rule fine damag paid lysin citric acid matter unit state america octob plead guilti unit state feder court crimin charg conspiraci restrain trade lysin citric acid unit state america adm underlin plea agreement close unit state author sodium glucon investig adm crimin fine adm submit settl consolid unit state class action law suit relat specif citric acid adm suggest commiss account settlement paid result sharehold deriv action brought base part behaviour subject citric acid matter jungbunzlau ag submit case commiss account penalti impos unit state canadian author act challeng commiss author jungbunzlau refer unit state canadian crimin fine impos result plea agreement quot inadmiss agreement respect sale citric acid similar fact relat sodium glucon quot claim unit state proceed fine impos respect effect european market commiss reject entireti argument put forward adm cerestar bioproduct haarmann amp reimer jungbunzlau exercis unit state america canada crimin jurisdict respect cartel act limit exclud commiss jurisdict commun competit law virtu principl territori articl treati limit act restrict competit intern market unit state canadian antitrust law limit respect territori scope unit state canadian author exercis jurisdict extent conduct direct intend effect unit state canadian commerc fact plea agreement conclud unit state author confirm unit state procedur state quot volum defend sale unit state adequ reflect effect unit state commerc particip worldwid conspiraci quot crimin fine impos individu event account present proceed relat natur person possibl undertak requir pai damag civil action bear fine impos infring commun competit rule payment damag civil law action object recoup damag caus cartel individu compani consum compar public law penalti illeg conduct final amount fine impos present proceed conclus fine impos pursuant articl regul gt tabl gt decid articl archer daniel midland compani cerestar bioproduct bv hoffmann la roch ag haarmann amp reimer corpor jungbunzlau ag infring articl treati articl eea agreement particip continu agreement concert practic sector citric acid durat infring case archer daniel midland compani hoffmann la roch ag haarmann amp reimer corpor jungbunzlau ag march case cerestar bioproduct bv articl undertak name articl immedi bring end infring refer articl refrain act conduct object effect infring equival thereto articl infring refer articl fine impos gt tabl gt articl fine paid month date notif decis bank account code swift bbvabebb code iban european commiss banco bilbao vizcaya argentaria bbva sa avenu de art kunstlaan brussel expiri period interest automat payabl interest rate appli european central bank main refinanc oper dai month decis adopt percentag point articl decis address archer daniel midland compani fari pkwy decatur il unit state america cerestar bioproduct bv nijverheidstraat la sa van gent netherland hoffmann la roch ag grenzacherstrass ch basel haarmann amp reimer corpor north street terterboro nj unit state america jungbunzlau ag st alban vorstadt postfach ch basel decis enforc pursuant articl treati brussel decemb commiss mario monti member commiss oj oj oj mt metric tonn quantiti quot express monhyd equival unit averag weight worldwid price usd calcul basi averag region price provid haarman amp reimer note quot worldwid quot averag price pitch low vi vi real weight price view rel weight european sale sourc repli request inform august adm haarmann amp reimer bayer ag citriqu belg hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau assum eea wide market share similar eu wide market share assum market share held addresse present decis similar oj oj adm document sri intern chemic econom handbook market research report citric acid januari jungbunzlau statement bayer articl repli septemb cerestar bioproduct statement adm statement adm statement exhibit bayer statement feder bureau investig fbi transcript jungbunzlau statement adm statement jungbunzlau statement jungbunzlau articl repli april bayer statement exhibit bayer statement fbi transcript hoffmann la roch articl repli april annex jungbunzlau articl repli april adm statement bayer statement bayer statement exhibit bayer statement fbi transcript adm statement jungbunzlau statement jungbunzlau statement exhibit bayer statement fbi transcript cerestar bioproduct statement adm statement bayer statement exhibit bayer statement fbi transcript adm document jungbunzlau statement annex adm statement particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april bayer statement exhibit bayer statement fbi transcript hoffmann la roch articl repli april annex jungbunzlau statement quot erkannten darin ein situat die für ein koordiniert preishöhung genutzt werden konnt quot hoffmann la roch articl repli april annex adm statement adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april adm price instruct doc jungbunzlau statement jungbunzlau statement bayer statement adm statement jungbunzlau statement bayer statement jungbunzlau statement tabl jungbunzlau articl repli april annex data onward adm statement bayer statement tabl jungbunzlau articl repli april annex jungbunzlau statement quot meldeten die beteiligten unternehmen jeweil bi zum ein jeden monat ihr verkauften tonnagen pro region beim sekretariat de ecama präsidenten im sekretriat wurden die verkäuf konsolidiert und dann den teilnehmern aufgeteilt nach firma und region europa nordamerika rest der welt telefonisch zurückgemeldet dadurch konnten die relativen marktanteil laufend verfolgt werden dies informationen waren dann auch die grundlag der marktanalys den sitzungen quot jungbunzlau articl repli april annex jungbunzlau statement quot dieser list sind fünf untereinand angeordneten zeilen unter den ziff bi die unternehmen haarmann amp reimer adm jungbunzlau hoffmann la roch und cerestar aufgelistet den zwölf nebeneinand angeordneten spalten sind die monatlich gemeldeten verkaufsmengen dieser unternehmen aufgelistet für jede einzeln unternehmen ist vier einzelnen zeilen jeweil die verkauft meng zitronensäur für die regionen europa nordamerika und rest der welt sowi die gesamtsumm der drei regionen angegeben der zeil total ist die zusammenrechnung aller verkäuf der einzelnen regionen und deren gesamtsumm aufgelistet der letzten zeil ist die abweichung bezogen auf gesamteuropa wiedergegeben quot particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april bayer statement exhibit bayer statement fbi transcript hoffmann la roch articl repli april annex exhibit bayer statement fbi transcript note figur correspond shown tabl particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april bayer statement exhibit bayer statement fbi transcript hoffmann la roch articl repli april annex cerestar bioproduct statement jungbunzlau statement quot dass zwischen unternehmen zwischen denen die grössten abweichungen von den mengenvorgaben vorliegen würden individuel ausgleichsmassnahmen zu suchen wären quot adm statement bayer statement adm statement adm doc admz amp cerestar bioproduct statement jungbunzlau statement paragraph statement object jungbunzlau repli statement object cerestar bioproduct statement hoffmann la roch articl repli april particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april bayer statement exhibit bayer statement fbi transcript hoffmann la roch articl repli april annex cerestar bioproduct statement jungbunzlau articl repli april adm statement cerestar bioproduct statement cerestar bioproduct statement adm statement cerestar bioproduct statement jungbunzlau statement hoffmann la roch articl repli april exhibit bayer statement fbi transcript jungbunzlau statement particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april bayer statement exhibit bayer statement fbi transcript hoffmann la roch articl repli april annex cerestar bioproduct statement particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april bayer statement cerestar bioproduct statement adm statement tabl adm statement particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april jungbunzlau articl repli april quot es wurd erkannt dass gegen die konkurrenz au china ein preiskampf aufgenommen werden musst quot adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april quot dies kunden wurden namentlich identifiziert und den einzelnen teilnehmern für die abgab der entsprechenden angebot zugeteilt quot particip adm met haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct london march hoffmann la roch march london adm statement particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april bayer statement cerestar bioproduct statement hoffmann la roch articl repli april annex particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct adm statement particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april cerestar bioproduct statement particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april bayer statement exhibit bayer statement fbi transcript cerestar bioproduct statement adm statement particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april cerestar bioproduct statement adm document adm statement particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april cerestar bioproduct statement particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april cerestar bioproduct statement particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april adm statement adm statement particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april particip hoffmann la roch jungbunzlau adm haarman amp reimer cerestar bioproduct adm statement jungbunzlau articl repli april bayer statement cerestar bioproduct statement adm statement final act agreement european econom area oj pursuant articl eea agreement prejudic compet ec commiss trade ec member state affect esa compet case turnov undertak concern territori efta state equal turnov territori eea chapter effect trade eu member state eea contract parti join case limburgs vinyl maatschappij commiss pvc ii ecr ii paragraph case law court justic court instanc relat interpret term quot agreement quot quot concert practic quot articl treati express principl establish signatur eea agreement appli equal term articl eea agreement refer articl appli articl case imperi chemic industri commiss ecr paragraph join case suiker uni commiss ecr case hercul chemic commiss ecr ii paragraph case hül commiss ecr paragraph case hercul chemic commiss paragraph paragraph case hercul chemic commiss paragraph case commiss anic ecr paragraph recit case imperi chemic industri commiss ecr ii paragraph join case van landewyck commiss ecr paragraph case imperi chemic industri commiss ecr paragraph commiss decis april iv polypropylen oj para commiss decis decemb iv pvc oj para commiss decis juli iv cartonboard oj para case enichem anic spa commiss polypropylen ecr ii judgment upheld court justic case commiss anic partecipazioni spa ecr case sca hold commiss ecr ii judgment upheld court justic case sca hold report jungbunzlau repli statement object adm statement exhibit bayer statement fbi transcript articl council regul ec novemb arrang implement agreement european econom area quot commun rule give effect principl set articl articl ec treati appli mutati mutandi quot oj haarman amp reimer repli statement object oj recit fbi transcript adm statement jungbunzlau repli articl april adm price instruct cerestar bioproduct repli statement object jungbunzlau repli statement object adm statement idem ecr ii paragraph haarman amp reimer repli statement object adm repli statement object economist report case parker pen commiss ecr ii para statement object adm repli statement object interview repres adm fbi appendix appendix fbi transcript statement made cerestar bioproduct exhibit bayer statement fbi transcript cerestar bioproduct statement paragraph cerestar bioproduct statement jungbunzlau statement jungbunzlau repli statement object jungbunzlau repli statement object die absprachen darstellen auch ein gegenmassnahm gegen die billigimport au china die ihrerseit ein erheblich wettbewerbsverzerrung bewirkten adm repli statement object idem cerestar repli statement object jungbunzlau repli statement object