commiss decis decemb relat proceed articl eec treati iv ec akzo dutch text authent eec commiss european commun regard treati establish european econom commun regard council regul februari regul implement articl treati amend act access greec articl thereof regard complaint date june made commiss pursuant articl regul engin chemic suppli epsom gloucest stonehous gloucestershir unit kingdom akzo chemi bv amersfoort netherland infring articl regard commiss decis june initi proceed case regard commiss decis eec juli relat proceed articl eec treati order interim measur undertak concern opportun make view object rais commiss accord articl regul commiss regul eec juli hear provid articl council regul consult advisori committe restrict practic domin posit fact introduct decis aris applic pursuant articl regul engin chemic suppli epsom gloucest ec small produc organ peroxid benzoyl peroxid unit kingdom ec alleg akzo chemi bv part larg multin group akzo contrari articl eec treati abus domin posit hold eec organ peroxid market alleg abus conduct involv implement polici select cost price cut design damag busi ec exclud competitor claim ec exclusionari price tactic concentr special market flour addit sector unit kingdom ireland account major ec turnov financ plan expans broader eec market organ peroxid plastic industri oj oj oj behaviour ec complain allegedli commenc end repres akzo chemi bv unit kingdom subsidiari akzo chemi uk visit ec threaten repris flour addit sector ec agre abandon polym quot plastic quot market export unit kingdom germani ec claim prompt grant injunct high court london akzo subsequ implement threat attempt put ec busi sustain systemat campaign price cut commiss carri investig pursuant articl regul prior warn akzo chemi akzo uk decemb month issu interim measur decis requir unit kingdom subsidiari return profit level appli alleg threat made implement akzo bring action court justic annul interim measur decis present proceed vigor contest factual evid obtain commiss applic eec competit rule fact undertak akzo chemi subsidiari form specialti chemic divis major dutch multin chemic fibr group akzo nv akzo nv total net turnov world wide fl million million ecu net profit fl million million ecu net turnov akzo chemi subsidiari specialti chemic fl million million ecu akzo nv annual report state process chemic polym industri organ peroxid made quot outstand quot contribut earn growth akzo chemi sale organ peroxid fl million million ecu akzo uk wholli own subsidiari akzo chemi respons specialti chemic busi akzo chemi unit kingdom manufactur market activ facil eec akzo produc organ peroxid polym industri akzo uk manufactur benzoyl peroxid compound bleach agent commerci bake bread flour mill addit akzo uk total turnov million million ecu flour addit busi uk involv total sale ecu ec small privat own compani found employe novadel compani absorb akzo uk form flour addit busi ec princip activ origin manufactur market flour addit includ benzoyl peroxid base bleach agent onward produc benzoyl peroxid initi polym industri quot plastic quot applic ec minor sharehold pergan compani germani act agent sale organ peroxid initi continent europ product organ peroxid specialti chemic produc reaction relev start product hydrogen peroxid akzo manufactur hydrogen peroxid largest custom eec product major organ peroxid relat polym industri organ peroxid act quot initi quot oper unlik true catalyst consum chemic process polym industri main field applic initi polymer copolymer vinyl monom pvc ldpe polystyren cure agent elastom resin cross link agent ethylen propylen synthet rubber silicon reason term quot akzo quot singl econom unit form akzo chemi bv subsidiari compani context requir distinct made parent subsidiari akzo chemi bv refer quot akzo chemi quot akzo chemi uk quot akzo uk quot pursuant articl regul busi secret publish offici journal field applic polym industri call akzo quot high polym quot sector account consumpt custom major bulk thermoplast produc approxim equal import cure polymer unsatur polyest resin quot unsatur polyest quot field resin cure reinforc agent glass fibr product boat hull car repair kit electr part usag organ peroxid account consumpt cross link field cross link polym manufactur reinforc coat car part polym industri readili substitut organ peroxid high polym unsatur polyest applic field minor usag sulphur product substitut organ peroxid cross link synthet rubber sulphur compound price advantag organ peroxid possess requisit technic properti complet substitut miscellan limit import organ peroxid oxid agent intermedi synthesi cosmet pharmaceut field benzoyl peroxid major organ peroxid term product varieti lauroyl isononanoyl peroxid product univers applic polym industri wide high polym polyest cure purpos activ ingredi skin care product context present case prefer bleach agent flour special usag limit eec unit kingdom ireland ec concentr expans wider plastic sector organ peroxid low volum specialist product product tonn year increas tendenc quot tailor made quot product involv consider degre research technic cooper produc user produc product suitabl individu custom requir organ peroxid market akzo posit akzo chemi intern document consid quot initi quot area singl market quot pure pragmat quot reason busi organ divis main field organ peroxid market world wide estim akzo chemi worth fl million million ecu akzo nv compani held western europ wider geograph market eec includ peripher countri akzo oper organ peroxid market worth region million ecu annual european market akzo chemi estim share share remain constant year akzo declar busi aim maintain market share level intern akzo chemi document put market share europ includ east european statetrad countri high applic field consid individu akzo market share approxim order high polym quot hp quot sector market share unsatur polyest quot quot sector akzo lead eec produc organ peroxid cross link individu member state eec akzo market estim show quot hp quot sector lowest nation market share unit kingdom highest itali quot quot sector lowest share itali highest netherland market share main produc organ peroxid western europ remain stabl past year joint solvai laport quot interox quot group place europ unit state own lucidol luperox oper number kenogard sweden chimi de franc akzo view produc interox possess strength technic field weak market organ translat higher market share akzo chemi document show consid quot quot quot lead posit quot inorgan peroxid attribut strength factor strong commerci technic market organ ii broad complet rang product compar interox iii lead knowledg import area safeti toxicolog iv product spread market coverag effort research develop vi applic number intern document obtain commiss akzo chemi lead predomin posit akzo stress perceiv maintain market share quot mean quot akzo chemi manufactur plant organ peroxid netherland belgium germani unit kingdom sell product member state eec includ custom main bulk polym produc unit kingdom ireland flour addit market major organ peroxid benzoyl peroxid bleach treatment flour confin eec unit kingdom ireland member state author current regul emploi purpos north south america middl east japan australasia part africa akzo uk ec serv oversea market unit kingdom flour regul benzoyl peroxid permit bleach agent product permit requir ad flour perform function industri bread bake process improv potassium bromat ascorb acid azodicarbonamid strengthen gluten soft wheat gener unit kingdom ireland alpha fungal amylas improv gass dough enrich agent vitamin nicotin acid reduc iron surviv wartim legisl requir miller add essenti nutrient flour bread bake unit kingdom ireland commerci scale produc quot chorleywood quot process improv ad bake stage product flour flour addit bleach ad dough baker includ flour miller product suppli strength requir custom benzoyl peroxid sold strength mix inert filler potassium bromat sold mill readi strength higher concentr mix custom addit dough supplier unit kingdom ireland full full rang flour addit akzo uk ec supplier diaflex akzo uk ec produc concentr benzoyl peroxid initi plastic flour benzoyl chlorid hydrogen peroxid special flour add inert filler diaflex product concentr benzoyl peroxid intermitt bui requir product akzo uk mix produc compound flour treatment potassium bromat improv bought bulk form flour addit produc produc mix inert filler simpl blend oper give concentr ireland account small tonnag suppli unit kingdom enrich agent vitamin mix simpl mixtur made bought concentr filler akzo uk ec make arrang miller suppli flour cost admixtur concentr give requir end product bleach agent improv akzo uk ec diaflex larg custom akzo uk bui improv akzo uk concentr form mix strength akzo uk ec diaflex includ includ enrich agent part rang flour addit akzo uk busi final product produc easili special led entrant cut margin akzo uk virtual ceas suppli enrich agent bui resal quot servic custom quot akzo uk largest supplier flour addit unit kingdom ireland estim unit kingdom market share bleach agent major flour addit product ec diaflex ow differ concentr factor comparison absolut tonnag flour addit suppli give mislead impress market share commiss obtain detail flour addit sale akzo uk ec unit kingdom ireland world sale figur show ec sale unit kingdom ireland declin akzo uk increas spite substanti fall price level world wide akzo uk total sale flour addit doubl ec world sale total sale akzo uk detail sale figur diaflex commiss estim sale annum unit kingdom ireland give market share akzo uk ec diaflex princip custom flour addit unit kingdom major mill group rhm spiller alli mill part british food rhm recent closur larg mill custom ireland group roughli compar size spiller abandon bake import baker white bread industri scale quot plant baker quot unit kingdom account uk sale bleach agent quot larg independ quot mill independ quot big quot quot small independ quot take balanc import custom flour addit bleach agent british arkadi manufactur quot dough improv quot bake industri obtain requir potassium bromat azodicarbonamid amylas concentr form akzo uk busi rhm histor share akzo uk diaflex spiller suppli akzo uk diaflex secondari supplier akzo uk sole supplier alli mill suppli primarili ec central bui agenc provinci merchant disput ec akzo uk suppli directli mill alli group gain individu mill ec ec third busi independ akzo uk respect share revers akzo uk custom rhm spiller individu alli mill independ diaflex sell rhm small custom ec make substanti sale flour addit mill ireland suppli unit kingdom diaflex akzo uk benzoyl peroxid price ireland unit kingdom rhm price premium extra transport cost custom singl supplier meet requir flour addit secondari supplier obtain full rang bleach improv amylas sold price rang product offer quot packag quot attract assess custom custom obtain enrich agent vitamin sourc inclus produc packag flour addit vitamin mix advantag price prove decis factor gain busi custom normal practic prior differ ec akzo produc flour addit make quot assistori quot quot produc quot deliveri meet shortfal product cover produc product make akzo uk suppli ec part requir benzoyl peroxid bui vitamin mix ec present time akzo uk suppli diaflex larg part requir bulk benzoyl peroxid price flour addit unit kingdom prior disput disput ec akzo late price flour addit unit kingdom rose steadili regular increment akzo state repli statement object quot period high court proceed price unit kingdom flour addit steadili rise quot describ market character quot stabl steadili rise price quot appar custom resist increas ow partli low percentag miller total product cost account flour addit mid akzo uk sell price spiller benzoyl peroxid tonn potassium bromat tonn price increas increas januari juli akzo uk plan fresh price increas effect begin implement mid februari bring spiller price rhm price potassium bromat similar appli spiller rhm bought benzoyl peroxid concentr correspondingli higher price price percentag spiller akzo uk price independ bought smaller quantiti major paid higher price increas success rise reach benzoyl peroxid potassium bromat juli price diaflex custom share akzo uk rhm spiller invari correspond major produc time amount differ ec suppli rhm spiller price alli mill sole major custom gener akzo uk price major price independ substanti akzo uk ec tend follow akzo uk price increas maintain differenti august price alli bp pb bp price independ akzo uk encount signific custom resist regular price increas unit kingdom maintain share market includ larger part busi rhm spiller spite differenti price ec origin expans ec year began trade ec bought benzoyl peroxid bulk form akzo uk blend concentr suitabl flour addit ec began develop product bulk benzoyl peroxid flour addit seri rapid price rise akzo uk squeez margin ec akzo express concern ec start product toler develop provid akzo interest threaten ec suppli flour addit market uk oversea market ec estim product cost benzoyl peroxid lower akzo uk state prior disput akzo sector provid reason profit margin decis ec expand flour addit sector lucr import plastic usag gave rise event complain ec began produc benzoyl peroxid product form suitabl bulk polym industri harden agent cosmet materi sold sell agent initi unit kingdom septemb consign benzoyl peroxid past dispatch basf ludwigshafen akzo major custom polym industri ec price basf akzo price ec alleg akzo reaction expans swift novemb senior akzo uk repres request urgent meet ec schedul dai ec alleg meet direct threat made akzo uk ec withdrew plastic market retali akzo uk follow form price reduct select cut aim ec custom price reduct concentr flour addit sector harm ec akzo uk prepar cost profit side busi support price reduct ventur ec repres akzo uk act instruct parent compani akzo chemi netherland akzo chemi allegedli annoi ec begun suppli basf germani largest consum benzoyl peroxid eec altern possibl canvass akzo bui ec neutral competit ec alleg meet place fortnight akzo uk repres join head offic product manag akzo chemi netherland threat repeat dai ec appli grant injunct articl eec treati part hear high court london proceed akzo chemi akzo uk vigor deni affidavit evid threat made ec alleg version event akzo ec appear plastic market sell significantli lower price akzo decid assistori produc deliveri benzoyl peroxid longer maintain quot competit quot sale polici flour addit adopt meet mere quot commun exercis quot explain ec matter courtesi hear part injunct continu vari settlement reach court akzo agre pai ec legal cost undertook reduc normal sell price benzoyl peroxid unit kingdom plastic flour addit quot intent elimin ec competitor quot undertak forc injunct half year march term settlement watertight cover flour addit benzoyl peroxid show breach undertak ec requir proof direct intent elimin ec mention order akzo appear assum lower price custom lowest price market irrespect actual competit condit complaint ec commiss interim measur settlement high court proceed end disput ec complain commiss behaviour complain continu spite undertak high court gist ec complaint akzo uk process attrit import custom larg independ sector individu mill alli group manag remain custom reduc price low price level quot akzo uk ec complain akzo uk lawyer februari alleg breach undertak repli akzo uk respond competit level price introduc ec intent elimin ec ec lack stage documentari proof pursu matter english court decemb commiss act pursuant articl regul carri prior warn simultan investig akzo chemi akzo uk month ec made applic time request commiss order interim measur secur surviv claim predatori price tactic akzo continu investig result immin danger ceas trade give parti opportun heard commiss juli issu decis eec order akzo uk return profit margin appli flour addit sector unit kingdom immedi disput arisen ec akzo uk argu strongli except allow align price offer produc provis made decis commiss ec alleg complaint commiss ec repeat version meet akzo repres allegedli present ultimatum abandon plastic face repris flour addit ec alleg destruct price cut polici threaten akzo implement unit kingdom confin flour addit cover plastic abus conduct alleg statement object issu commiss limit sale market flour addit unit kingdom document refer akzo uk flour addit activ eec market provid evid akzo busi strategi unit kingdom flour addit sector princip alleg concern take ec busi individu alli mill mean cost unreason low price ii take ec busi import quot independ quot custom similar low price offer iii potassium bromat vitamin mix loss leader bait order custom flour addit busi iv forc ec lower price econom level order retain busi remain custom commerci conduct akzo ec investig visit pursuant articl regul commiss obtain akzo number import intern document high court proceed note meet ec akzo late made manageri employe akzo uk particip meet memorandum date decemb head quot privat confidenti quot address senior execut akzo chemi set detail blueprint implement plan disciplin elimin ec begin quot discuss place offic engin chemic suppli stonehous decemb mr sullivan manag director princip sharehold ec inform expect cooper quot mill quot side intend enter quot plastic quot industri confirm mr sullivan akzo aggress commerci action mill product refrain suppli product plastic industri decid action tuesdai decemb allow time mr sullivan react propos quot head quot action quot memorandum continu quot mr sullivan react middai tuesdai decemb propos action quot detail plan approach ec custom offer rang flour addit benzoyl peroxid bp potassium bromat pb vitamin mix price prevail involv consider loss appoint made provinci merchant central bui agenc ec major custom alli mill propos offer benzoyl peroxid tonn potassium bromat tonn vitamin mix tonn cost flour time akzo uk price product major custom plan increas month akzo uk suppli vitamin mix appoint plan name larg independ mill suppli ec offer price approxim alli bp pb vitamin mix includ flour special quot packag deal quot requir flour addit akzo uk quot small independ quot mill clientel ec contact propos packag deal total requir price offer quot larg quot independ bp tonn pb vitamin mix recogn low price offer ec custom necessarili involv decreas price offer akzo major custom rhm spiller futur price bp bp pb drop tonn effect akzo uk profit low price offer analyz alli quot larg independ quot busi captur ec total loss akzo fl annum busi foreseen special budget take account plan attach memorandum error calcul evid akzo prepar flour addit busi oper loss order achiev object elimin disciplin ec plan origin conceiv put effect applic ec high court grant injunct akzo uk fact increas price custom earli ec follow customari price gap supplier appar price increas akzo uk spiller rhm approach ec quotat suppli flour addit spiller want suppli ec flour filler vitamin mix ec suggest spiller return place flour addit busi ec march ec quot spiller price tonn bp tonn pb quot correspond price offer ec alli mill akzo uk price spiller respons akzo uk repres shown ec quotat lose busi ec adjust price match ec quot reason clear part reduct shown invoic rest tonn held paid year end rebat time spiller told akzo uk dissatisfact diaflex henceforth spiller place group potassium bromat azodicarbonamid busi akzo uk year octob spiller request quotat fix price contract month durat supplier flour addit ec quot standard product price offer earlier year request spiller reduc price offer special cheap mixtur gypsum normal inert filler offer cheap mix increas ec cover cost addit ensur flow characterist diaflex quot initi tonn reduc offer month month contract diaflex product cheaper gypsum filler spiller gave akzo uk full detail includ copi correspond quot receiv supplier knowledg supplier offer akzo uk quot standard formul undercut tonn lowest price offer supplier cheap mix busi basi spiller obtain total requir akzo uk akzo uk increas price rhm begin month juli ec approach rhm quot price equival charg alli mill busi result novemb diaflex heard ec offer inform akzo uk ad opinion akzo uk diaflex match ec price want rhm busi basi diaflex inform price offer rhm ec akzo uk move price bp pb month price rhm lower march lower akzo uk reaction ec quot spiller earli approach provinci merchant quot budget price quot vitamin mix azobrom substitut potassium bromat document directli result ec quot akzo uk contact provinci merchant stage akzo uk make attempt gain alli flour addit busi learn late ec quot rhm reaction akzo uk aggress plan conceiv contact provinci merchant offer standard qualiti bp pb price ec quot spiller special cheap mix result busi akzo uk contact individu mill alli group offer price find mill manag content exist arrang bui ec busi ec ec price alli time product akzo uk quot low leav possibl justifi quot align quot price ec firm chose back high court akzo uk repres inform provinci merchant offer substanti ec price alli akzo uk believ tonn offer nutramin price exclud flour return akzo uk undertak bui flour filler alli mill intern document show tactic akzo hope quot undermin posit quot chief buyer provinci merchant open akzo uk piecem ec busi individu mill group signific time akzo uk suppli cox lock mill alli group custom price bp pb appli larg independ approach provinci merchant brought result akzo uk directli individu mill alli group offer price decemb sale manag draft note meet ec late systemat approach quot larg independ quot suppli ec offer low price ec price group custom time bp pb vitamin mix akzo uk price regular larg independ custom price akzo uk quot independ bui ec bp pb pb vitamin mix select offer price ec suppli custom akzo uk price custom larg independ term remain unchang bp pb alli low price offer akzo uk calcul refer market price price paid custom price ec earlier unsuccessfulli quot spiller cheap mix dai visit diaflex larg independ custom ec offer price similar quot akzo uk custom diaflex previou busi relat akzo uk note report septemb diaflex gain busi ec custom result systemat low price offer akzo uk assidu ec gradual lost busi import larg independ custom individu alli mill custom remain mill price reduct match akzo uk quot januari akzo uk lower price offer alli mill independ ec retain custom oblig decreas price substanti cost increas labour raw materi quot low price ec custom benzoyl peroxid potassium bromat akzo uk includ vitamin addit part packag suppli product deliv price quot akzo uk vitamin cost bui materi akzo factual argument akzo contest import alleg fact set complaint ec statement object ec version meet late strongli disput akzo claim meet akzo uk quot previous harmoni quot relat firm end ec continu offer benzoyl peroxid plastic market price substanti akzo meet trap orchestr ec lawyer gather evid ec retali akzo intern memorandum decemb confirm import respect version event consist ec akzo continu deni vigor threat made memorandum dismiss akzo person impress quot salesman quot prone exagger allegedli abus price decemb onward akzo argu low price fault ec brought collaps price ec undercut akzo uk import custom akzo uk drop price busi order recoup lost revenu altern seek busi larg independ mill individu alli group mill obviou candid bui power larg custom strong competit diaflex cite reason fall price onward event akzo price offer abus includ element profit akzo mean cover variabl necessarili total cost gener comment akzo claim commiss allow dupe complain shift blame poor perform bad invest decis particip market ultim consum light documentari evid commiss accept argument akzo claim fall price result factor akzo control contradict evid prior akzo uk effect determin price level unit kingdom flour addit encount difficulti increas price regular interv step customari differenti price ec result signific pressur rhm spiller align ec import factor custom loyalti small percentag mill total cost account flour addit made market character steadili increas price market competit custom quot resist quot suffici prevent akzo uk increas price line cost tactic adopt akzo uk ec custom alli mill larg independ consid defens measur normal competit argument akzo uk simpli recoup profit lost fall price rhm spiller disprov fact quot quot busi heavili loss make circumst time approach made akzo uk alli independ indic aggress campaign displac regular supplier low price offer bore relat price paid custom akzo uk price structur calcul low quot justifi quot refer earlier unsuccess quot ec spiller cheap mix reflect quot market level quot akzo uk maintain time higher price equival custom commiss accept price forc strong competit diaflex small produc intermitt product benzoyl peroxid substanti depend akzo uk suppli diaflex regard margin competit price past increas simultan uniformli akzo uk document evid disput aros ec akzo akzo uk close contact diaflex price handwritten note meet june compani show detail discuss price increas rhm spiller custom share ec suppli effect juli evid akzo uk control price diaflex provid note intern akzo chemi meet decid sale director akzo uk contact owner diaflex quot move quot akzo explan refer diaflex slow pai purchas bulk benzoyl peroxid akzo uk want put price diaflex impli necess increas diaflex commiss find explan unconvinc diaflex recogn depend akzo uk document exist quot unwritten law quot busi akzo uk similar reserv ec evid contradict akzo argument overcapac correct demand white bread unit kingdom declin akzo uk sale flour addit continu rise shortfal unit kingdom balanc substanti increas export busi doubl year intern manag report akzo uk show begin flour addit plant akzo uk gillingham work oper full time hour dai pace demand refer quot substanti undercapac mill area quot commiss regard assess factual evid intern report akzo demonstr continu concern part akzo inflict damag busi ec detail memorandum decemb show firm intent disciplin elimin ec attack base flour addit retali expans plastic sector commiss persuad akzo attack credibl employe long time respons commerci side flour addit busi occupi manageri posit prompt issu injunct high court prevent implement plan origin form settlement march action brought ec akzo consid order impos restraint aggress price signific tactic autumn onward similar detail memorandum ec custom approach akzo uk mention note akzo uk care half year period order forc relat price offer ec custom earlier offer made ec spiller intern document date show origin intent damag ec abandon reinforc conclus drawn commiss circumst time low price offer made akzo uk alli larg independ thrust akzo uk market condit report date novemb made sale director akzo uk manag flour addit busi dealt develop flour addit market record quot ec lost independ mill follow suffer consider reduct margin price charg ec alli mill drop exampl gt pic file quot quot gt report satisfact gener drop price affect akzo uk margin ec reason includ possibl obtain bulk potassium bromat consign term report conclud quot alli mill prove difficult quot nut quot crack price constraint impos court injunct time mill break ec pressur maintain quot languag akzo uk refer maintain quot pressur quot ec incompat argument altern follow market trend earlier handwritten note septemb express similar term draw attent fact ec lost mill akzo uk forc reduc price remaind report note diaflex manag gain busi ec signific akzo uk obtain attempt obtain supplier potassium bromat detail tonnag bought ec inform type consid confidenti provid indic effect ec busi akzo uk price tactic polici document found akzo uk akzo chemi show explicit link akzo polici plastic market action flour addit market link fact crucial threat made ec decemb akzo concern long run protect market posit plastic market effect method achiev case ec react smaller flour addit market margin import account ec turnov akzo primari busi object intern report quot maintain actual market share mean quot oper produc watch carefulli threaten akzo interest competit activ toler rival import custom produc regard danger akzo prepar action elimin market produc scado annual report akzo chemi quot plastic elastom quot depart show akzo believ virtual withdraw produc market result aggress campaign direct akzo report action akzo chemi includ quot compet violent show quot quot quantiti contract quot result effect disappear scado market importantli abandon scado plan construct plant result sale fall previou level scado neutral akzo increas price relev product report identifi ec pergan compani germani potenti danger competitor akzo signific paragraph recommend quot scado approach quot adopt deal problem report fact refer export order emphas akzo uk plan flour addit gain busi expens ec meant substanti loss intent attribut quot amp strategi quot flour addit busi form part plastic elastom amp busi unit akzo chemi organ argument advanc akzo directli contradict document resolv disput factual issu commiss account credibl oppos parti memorandum meet decemb crucial import disclos high court akzo investig pursuant articl light claim akzo paper exist overwhelm evid memorandum akzo continu deni threat made ec explan refer contact diaflex price wholli unconvinc hand version event ec confirm contemporan record note made bank manag present meet akzo intern document corrobor import respect alleg ec effect ec akzo uk surmis gener fall price loss custom ec effect busi ec flour addit sale unit kingdom declin sale account inflat sale market halv real term effect quot independ quot alli mill lost akzo uk account flour addit busi unit kingdom gener declin price flour addit involv reduct margin busi ec retain order remain busi ec oblig increas bank borrow substanti incur addit bank charg interest lack fund caus ec reduc budget research develop delai modif plant intend deal organ peroxid busi akzo uk cost interim measur procedur limit financi account inform akzo uk gave impress abil charg lower price ec due part quot effici quot lower cost profit undertak comparison rival prior disput ec flour addit sector constitut profit busi akzo uk oper profit stand net revenu akzo uk flour addit activ form part total busi detail statutori account separ intern manag account maintain demonstr disput aros product suppli ec custom sold cost flour addit busi oper loss loss total busi allow financ work capit loss slight profit shown flour addit treat transfer intermedi product flour addit sector plastic elastom depart cost materi intern memorandum akzo uk account manag show transfer basi fix variabl cost oper profit flour addit busi reduc account financ charg brought busi loss intern document show increas turnov flour addit busi made loss extent loss confirm annual report plastic elastom busi unit prepar head offic netherland show profit loss account flour addit busi separ tend underestim result reason omiss item indirect sell cost overhead expens akzo argu price flour addit quot includ profit margin quot broad statement read subject import qualif akzo mean price quot variabl quot cost full cost assess akzo argument cover variabl cost essenti ascertain akzo includ term akzo account classif quot variabl quot cost cover cost raw materi energi packag transport major item labour mainten wareh dispatch treat akzo quot fix quot account system quot variabl quot akzo recogn appar inconsist account methodolog analys busi perform rule thumb cost treat quot fix quot akzo claim cover cost acknowledg quot margin quot quot variabl quot affect output level akzo treatment variabl cost element revis includ labour charg figur provid akzo quot labour quot element account total cost notion calcul base forecast plant util level show import variat compar actual labour cost invari higher akzo calcul adjust appar potassium bromat improv vitamin mix price offer custom hope gain ec fell short cover variabl cost defin benzoyl peroxid quot alli mill cover variabl cost organiz account akzo uk result reduct manufactur cost benzoyl peroxid price quot akzo uk cover variabl total cost flour addit offer packag price product margin cost effect involv addit subsidi benzoyl peroxid major price offer akzo uk individu alli mill select quot larg independ quot custom ec year order supplier akzo variabl cost import case akzo suppli materi price offer leav ec drop price custom incur loss akzo uk price interim measur akzo uk knew interim measur applic prompt final gain busi quot independ quot ec late earli dai hear interim measur applic sought obviat order put price custom potassium bromat improv bring cost price commiss interim measur decis akzo uk request includ provis allow akzo uk price set decis order align good faith competit price level purpos measur avoid situat produc busi quot pound akzo uk interim measur decis akzo uk retain busi custom gain ec gain mill price benzoyl peroxid dissimilar origin won busi akzo sought justifi low price refer quot competit quot quot diaflex event gain busi time interim measur decis commiss evid obtain diaflex show effect vigor competitor akzo uk assert fix cost cost remain constant spite output gener includ manag overhead depreci interest properti tax variabl cost cost vari output gener includ materi energi direct labour supervis repair mainten royalti total cost sum fix variabl cost averag cost total cost divid output margin cost addit cost result product addit unit output interim measur decis akzo uk encourag custom won ec obtain quot quot quot diaflex implic meet price diaflex quot direct evid diaflex quot low price akzo uk defeat order late novemb akzo believ control diaflex price declar attitud diaflex willingli busi ec attack akzo uk commiss consid entitl draw infer diaflex quot realist market price infer strengthen fact price allegedli quot diaflex benzoyl peroxid potassium bromat price pai raw materi profit call deliv earli onward akzo uk suppli diaflex bulk requir benzoyl peroxid price tonn enabl diaflex cover cost overhead make reason profit sell price akzo claim entitl quot align quot diaflex price accept case price variabl cost akzo treat quot variabl quot cost raw materi energi result figur price meet standard variabl cost normal mean includ labour akzo price potassium bromat meet test propos low price packag enabl busi exclud ec time akzo uk suppli tradit custom larg independ sector higher price remain unchang ii legal assess articl eec treati abus undertak domin posit common market substanti part thereof prohibit incompat common market affect trade member state abus consist directli indirectli impos unfair purchas sell price unfair trade condit appli dissimilar condit equival transact trade parti place competit disadvantag essenti question decid akzo chemi hold domin posit term articl alleg conduct constitut abus domin posit appreci effect trade member state number question aris akzo defens examin domin posit relev market order commiss determin akzo occupi domin posit mean articl defin relev market constitut area busi econom power undertak question vi vi competitor judg present case complain alleg akzo aggress price cut limit flour addit sector long run aim secur remov ec effect competitor akzo wider organ peroxid market question examin greater detail point decis establish court justic judgment februari case europemballag corpor continent compani commiss strengthen domin posit held product market constitut abus domin posit irrespect precis mean adopt ecr decis judgment continent proce basi quot relev market quot purpos case market akzo sought long term exclud ec organ peroxid market question aris proper definit organ peroxid market denial organ peroxid sector relev market akzo address argument commiss point relat limit flour addit sector claim singl quot product quot market concentr flour addit produc ec akzo argument addit specif substitut form market adopt argument lead result odd commerci realiti transpos organ peroxid quot plastic quot sector hundr separ quot market quot formul concentr present context articl object market delin defin area commerc condit competit market power domin firm assess concept substitut involv question market drawn broadli includ product manufactur market allegedli domin produc effect competit determin extent market power held akzo real issu organ peroxid quot substitut quot fact case extent product substitut organ peroxid form part market point earlier minor cross link field organ peroxid face competit substitut product sulphur compound sulphur base product necessarili meet requisit technic specif usag organ peroxid prefer commiss purpos assess relev market power akzo substitut product organ peroxid minor applic requir output sulphur compound includ definit market includ market power akzo greatli affect fact import usag organ peroxid subject competit chemic geograph standpoint eec consid area competit measur akzo produc organ peroxid member state suppli product transport cost factor constitut barrier trade nation border geograph spread consid akzo signific factor constitut market strength ec demonstr substanti competit opportun sale member state commiss conclud purpos articl relev market organ peroxid sector eec exist domin posit determin akzo hold domin posit market domin posit articl defin court justic quot posit econom strength enjoi undertak enabl prevent effect competit maintain relev market afford power behav appreci extent independ competitor custom ultim consum posit preclud competit enabl undertak profit determin appreci influenc condit competit develop case act larg disregard long conduct act detriment quot judgment case hoffmann la roch commiss point definit court case infring articl involv primarili exploit custom ecr reflect import connect abil behav independ power exclud effect competit case cotermin independ competit factor involv abil elimin weaken exist competitor prevent potenti competitor enter market court state exist domin posit requir produc enjoi elimin opportun competit case unit brand point time time manifest live competit produc lead firm domin connect fact spite exert attack firm succeed increas market share signific pointer domin present case akzo estim share market high share hold member state factor indic signific degre market power market share import indic exist domin posit infer signific case vari market market structur characterist market question assess market power purpos present case commiss relev econom evid includ element akzo market share larg equival remain produc put ii interox luperox remain produc limit product rang local signific iii akzo market share produc interox luperox remain steadi period consider akzo successfulli repuls attack posit smaller produc iv akzo period econom downturn maintain margin regular price increas increas sale volum akzo offer broader rang product rival highli develop commerci technic market organ possess lead knowledg safeti toxicolog vi akzo account effect elimin quot troublesom quot competitor ec market weaken substanti scado show akzo posit wish exclud power produc vii small potenti danger competitor neutral akzo rais price product respect competit felt commiss account possibl market entri expans annual report akzo plastic elastom sector smaller firm attempt expand market share penetr market invari unsuccess face akzo respons firm disappear lost substanti busi europ akzo includ scado kenogard aztec dart ec quot base quot flour addit recent entrant organ peroxid market regard high start cost market structur produc know reaction akzo readi enter market basi consider commiss consid materi time akzo occupi domin posit eec market organ peroxid abus domin posit question examin conduct akzo constitut abus domin posit ecr consider relat aspect behaviour type complain price commerci conduct intend damag smaller competitor elimin market principl fall articl conduct relat sale flour addit constitut abus domin posit held akzo wider organ peroxid market point note court justic confirm list abus contain articl exhaust enumer infring cite illustr case continent order interpret provis articl commiss regard system object treati articl part chapter treati deal common rule commun polici field competit base primarili articl treati requir commun pursu institut system effect competit behaviour domin undertak undermin purpos articl endang structur competit constitut abus domin posit articl articl aim sole practic damag consum custom directli indirectli detriment impact effect competit structur continent commiss join case instituto chemioterapico italiana spa commerci solvent corpor commiss judgment case hoffmann la roch commiss court justic defin point notion abus articl object concept relat behaviour undertak domin posit influenc structur market result presenc undertak question degre competit weaken recours method condit normal competit product servic basi transact commerci oper effect hinder mainten degre competit exist market growth competit case hoffmann la roch commiss exclusionari behaviour consist grant loyalti rebat ti custom domin produc clear judgment court form unfair unreason behaviour tend exclud competitor market affect structur competit fall articl case commerci solvent corpor commiss unfair commerci practic part domin undertak intend elimin disciplin deter smaller competitor fall scope prohibit articl condit applic fulfil present case main thrust complaint made akzo behaviour intend elimin ec competitor organ peroxid market deep prolong price cut principl mean achiev aim aspect akzo chemi commerci conduct fall head exclusionari behaviour articl prescrib cost base legal rule defin precis stage pricecut domin firm abus broad applic concept abus form exclusionari behaviour argu narrow test akzo argu criterion assess legal conduct price charg averag variabl cost proxi margin cost rational argument effici firm harm price averag variabl cost higher level averag variabl cost akzo effici competitor remain busi higher price lead lower output misalloc resourc advanc test akzo draw part margin cost price rule propound professor areeda turner relat unit state anti trust legisl harvard law review rule present se test price margin cost presum law price margin cost presum abus ecr note akzo event fail test assert price offer attract custom ec quot variabl quot quot margin quot cost depend accept face akzo classif cost treat quot variabl quot raw materi energi cost author areeda turner rule emphas variabl cost includ direct manufactur cost labour repair mainten treat akzo fix specif exclud variabl cost capit cost interest debt attribut invest land plant equip properti tax unaffect output depreci plant attribut obsolesc iii areeda turner anti trust law commiss accept argument incid articl depend mechan applic se test base margin variabl cost standard propos akzo base static short term concept quot effici quot take account broad object eec competit rule set articl guard impair effect structur competit common market fail account longer term strateg consider underli sustain price cut appar present case ignor fundament import element discrimin permit domin manufactur recov full cost regular custom tempt rival custom lower price underli polici consider articl limit akzo argu achiev short term effici quot effici quot firm harm domin firm sell total cost variabl cost price level busi cover total cost smaller possibl effici firm eventu elimin larger firm greater econom resourc includ possibl cross subsid surviv oral hear professor yamei econom expert retain purpos proceed akzo suggest slightli test origin advanc akzo submiss price cut abus quot profit maxim quot short term lead firm time inevit damag busi smaller rival emphasi intent lead firm direct competitor concept lead firm short term interest object appli variat rule origin propos akzo addit factor excus behaviour matter destruct competit serv domin produc short term interest test base aggressor cost cover case unfair conduct design exclud damag competitor inher difficulti accur establish cost test give suffici weight strateg aspect price cut behaviour order achiev desir long term goal price cut campaign domin firm beneath total averag cost professor yamei lead articl publish quot aggressor achiev object elimin disciplin rival discourag potenti entrant mean price cut fall short predatori price defin quot journal law econom domin firm interest achiev aim lowest cost present case akzo concentr price cut flour addit market extrem import ec relativelli minor signific akzo context organ peroxid busi import element rival assess aggressor determin frustrat expect rate growth attain profit margin domin firm cover cost anti competit object price cut aggressor set price cost mean term pursuanc domin firm stretegi elimin competitor potenti competitor unfair mean differ normal competit principl fall articl detail mode implement manifest price polici exclusionari commerci practic exclus requir contract loyalti rebat detail analysi alleg aggressor cost consider import establish reason price conduct underli purpos thereof circumst exclusionari consequ price cut campaign domin produc evid evid intent elimin competitor hand low price suscept explan evid intent elimin competitor restrict competit requir prove infring evid exist form intern document domin compani point scheme damag competitor absenc direct documentari evid exclusionari intent infer circumst case present case convinc documentari evid detail plan made akzo late elimin ec competitor plastic sector subsequ document price behaviour akzo uk flour addit late onward part strategi damag busi ec take account constraint impos high court injunct factor reinforc documentari evid anti competit intent includ select natur price cut regular custom ec maintain higher level establish custom ii departur akzo uk previou pattern prior disput ec full cost recoveri flour addit iii subsid price cust flour addit sector cost transfer price plastic elastom divis commiss emphas intent domin firm prevail rival unlaw domin firm entitl compet merit commiss suggest larg produc oblig refrain compet vigor smaller competitor entrant mainten system effect competit requir small competitor protect behaviour domin undertak design exclud market virtu greater effici superior perform abus market power behaviour akzo consid aspect circumst present case price conduct abus articl make direct threat ec meet late ii end onward systemat offer suppli flour addit provinci merchant alli mill custom ec larg independ sector unreason low price intend damag ec viabil take custom busi forc ec suppli uneconom price order busi iii make quotat select ec custom maintain substanti higher price similarli custom suppli iv offer potassium bromat vitamin mix product suppli bait price ec custom secur busi flour addit part plan damag ec keep price gener uneconom level surviv superior financi resourc maintain cost price spiller rhm prolong period time vi pursu exclusionari commerci polici respect rhm spiller obtain custom precis detail quot produc offer price compet quotat obtain busi coupl case spiller exclus suppli oblig supplier vii implement tactic long term purpos damag secur withdraw ec competitor broader organ peroxid market common featur aspect akzo behaviour effect potenti structur competit tendenc exclud ec competitor discrimin similarli custom expressli prohibit articl place firm competit disadvantag present case anticompetit effect akzo differenti price involv direct injuri custom impact structur competit level suppli reason exclusionari effect inclus domin produc quot packag quot item cost abus act quot bait quot attract busi custom exclud competitor market commiss consid tactic systemat obtain custom detail price offer made supplier benefit knowledg supplier obtain custom busi price lowest altern quot exclusionari purpos stipul price condit custom take requir akzo uk effect smaller supplier exclud possibl obtain busi decid advanc award domin produc effect arrang deni smaller firm benefit free plai competit present case systemat take ec custom flour addit remain uncheck eventu led withdraw ec flour addit sector organ peroxid quot plastic quot market akzo argu decis order interim measur guilti infring articl permit term decis align offer produc reason set point commiss consid diaflex offer repres realist market price akzo knew price akzo uk align enabl retain busi quot larg independ quot custom earlier gain ec potassium bromat variabl cost discriminatori comparison charg custom sector purport align term interim order interim measur decis legitim price behaviour akzo uk breach thereof fact interim order specif prohibit conduct behaviour question infring provis articl exclusionari behaviour akzo continu interim measur decis question consid relat establish abus akzo conduct constitut abus domin posit eec organ peroxid market judgment court justic case continent corpor commiss show strengthen domin posit held market degre domin reach substanti fetter competit principl constitut abus domin posit irrespect firm market power achiev purpos court specif held question link domin posit abus consequ strengthen domin posit abus prohibit articl mean procedur achiev effect substanti restrict competit judgment case hoffmann la roch commiss court justic point reject argument domin undertak brought result complain mean econom power convei alleg domin posit domin posit held market abus conduct market domin posit held special market market ec consid akzo small potenti danger competitor organ peroxid field true akzo succeed elimin ec polym market produc akzo consid akzo local import larger produc luperox interox market share organ peroxid remain static appar akzo danger market posit price structur import firm mainten competit depend size impetu direct competit larger establish produc elimin ec dissuas effect small produc mind attack akzo establish market posit commiss consid elimin ec organ peroxid market substanti effect competit notwithstand minor market share exist supplier regard strateg object price polici adopt ec flour addit elimin competitor larger eec organ peroxid market conduct akzo consid abus domin posit market assumpt requir articl met conduct constitut abus domin posit market carri effect trade member state court justic held case unit brand point occupi domin posit establish common market aim elimin competitor establish common market immateri behaviour relat directli trade member state shown elimin repercuss pattern competit common market court held case commerci solvent point matter eliminatori conduct direct rival export commun affect competit structur insid commun present case abus behaviour dealt statement object concern commerci practic akzo flour addit market unit kingdom note ec complaint relat export sale aspect dealt expressli statement object cover decis reason principl exclusionari price export market fall articl affect competit structur insid eec articl appli abus behaviour implement transact directli involv inter state trade event aggress behaviour akzo uk flour addit direct causal link trade member state origin threat direct result ec expans plastic sector export germani quantit term export ec germani small order akzo foresaw consider potenti expans persist demonstr long period underli competit import view channel trade commiss determin relat articl decis eec toltec dorcet trade mark case nation market domin larg undertak restrict small supplier member state infring firm impos restrict consider import market consider appli fortiori articl case domin firm adopt conduct deter smaller procud enter market punish akzo succeed erad neutral ec competitor trade oj unit kingdom germani stop competit repres akzo elimin competit structur common market affect direct result flow trade member state addresse decis akzo object fact statement object present proceed address akzo chemi interim measur decis name unit kingdom subsidiari privat law parent compani subsidiari separ legal person relev prohibit articl direct quot undertak quot concept limit strict applic doctrin legal person present case concern abus domin posit held akzo organ peroxid market akzo chemi subsidiari compani oper member state form singl econom unit case action akzo uk flour addit market carri direct knowledg senior execut parent compani akzo chemi akzo uk conduct busi autonom parent commiss consid akzo chemi bv includ subsidiari compani econom unit activ akzo group specialti chemic organ addresse decis abus domin posit unit kingdom ireland flour addit market commiss consid point ant relev market purpos articl eec organ peroxid sector emphas relev market unit kingdom ireland flour addit market end result akzo domin market abus domin posit akzo high share flour addit busi unit kingdom ireland main factor relev establish domin posit market fact akzo uk suppli exclus major unit kingdom mill custom ii close relat diaflex influenc akzo uk firm price iii structur akzo nv group superior financi resourc compar ec possibl cross financ loss flour addit busi plastic elastom divis iv privileg posit akzo uk compar ec vi vi supplier includ abil obtain good consign favour term access quot insid quot inform produc supplier custom breadth akzo uk product rang flour addit includ strength higher margin product amylas compar ec vi akzo uk histor role price leader unit kingdom flour addit market prior vii akzo recognit abil control price intern document success plan bring hold price level akzo argu flour addit market market separ market exist flour addit formul thereof maintain relev market product treat detail evid elimin consider substanti sale flour addit claim market vitamin ec quot domin quot share document akzo show quot flour addit quot constitut identifi busi area custom prefer full rang product supplier reason set point flour addit sector constitut singl quot line busi quot market rel power ec akzo judg element consid commiss abus behaviour effect inter state trade appli evalu articl competit flour addit market akzo disput unit kingdom ireland constitut substanti part common market purpos articl commiss conclud reason base doctrin continent consid incorrect conduct akzo constitut infring articl abus domin posit market flour addit unit kingdom ireland conclus basi consider set commiss conclud akzo infring articl eec treati materi time akzo occupi domin posit eec organ peroxid market ii akzo abus domin posit eec organ peroxid market make threat ec late systemat implement end commerci behaviour flour addit sector design damag busi ec long term secur withdraw competitor organ peroxid market reinforc unfair mean domin posit akzo iii abus akzo domin posit intend appreci effect trade member state iv relev market purpos articl unit kingdom ireland flour addit market eec organ peroxid market conduct akzo constitut abus domin posit market infring began late abandon issu interim measur decis remedi fine articl regul infring articl sanction fine million ecu turnov undertak preced busi year whichev greater regard graviti durat infring present case commiss take view infring natur substanti fine impos akzo infring present case involv make direct threat small competitor order deter expand market provid import element competit akzo posit market domin akzo threat akzo sought systemat determin manner implement plan damag busi ec akzo emploi substanti resourc subsid long period time conduct design harm ec specif serv polici retain mean domin market posit import industri sector take action prevent punish expans small competitor member state akzo flout fundament object treati creation singl market member state serious infring heighten fact akzo continu abus behaviour long proceed high court commiss issu decis order interim measur commiss consid aggrav factor akzo total mislead version event high court difficulti proof succeed achiev purpos elimin ec commiss discov evid decis base appar aggress behaviour ec isol event occur context settl corpor polici akzo market power disciplin destroi unwant competitor infring commit deliber akzo awar infring rule competit meet novemb point akzo ec threat constitut abus domin posit infring long durat origin threat made decemb implement manner year abus behaviour continu interim measur decis termin infring articl regul commiss find infring articl treati requir undertak concern termin infring circumst present case commiss consid essenti impos substanti fine akzo measur ensur infring repeat continu establish judgment join case commerci solvent commiss discretionari power order measur ensur decis effect includ requir undertak specif act power order measur confin act directli involv trade member state object mainten effect competit structur common market measur proportion threat order provid adequ protect complain maintain condit competit common market ec complain exclusionari behaviour akzo manifest flour addit sector relat plastic applic present find infring confin alleg abus conduct sale flour addit commiss make order cover sale flour addit eec akzo place prohibit relat sale flour addit offer price exist potenti custom ec discriminatori price differenti permit categori custom reflect reason cost differ commerci attribut transact insid categori custom akzo permit discrimin treatment regular custom hand present custom ec hope gain retain custom avoid doubt suppli akzo flour addit individu mill alli group made term condit larg independ mill consid includ provis report commiss interv complianc akzo decis monitor requir akzo refrain abus behaviour limit time consid report requir applic reason period set year provid decis eec decis replac oblig impos akzo chemi uk decis adopt decis articl akzo chemi bv infring articl eec treati pursu ec conduct intend damag ec busi secur withdraw eec organ peroxid market essenti featur consist make direct threat ec meet late aim secur ec withdraw market organ peroxid quot plastic quot applic ii decemb onward systemat offer suppli flour addit provinci merchant alli mill custom ec quot larg independ quot sector unreason low price design damag ec busi viabil ec oblig abandon custom akzo chemi bv match loss make price order retain custom iii make quotat select ec custom flour addit maintain substanti higher price compar buyer regular custom iv offer potassium bromat vitamin mix product suppli bait price packag benzoyl peroxid ec custom order attract busi full rang flour addit exclus ec maintain part plan damag ec price flour addit unit kingdom artifici low level prolong period situat surviv superior financi resourc comparis ec vi pursu exclusionari commerci polici respect major custom rhm spiller obtain custom precis detail offer made supplier includ ec flour addit offer price lowest altern offer order obtain busi coupl case spiller requir custom agre obtain total requir flour addit akzo chemi bv articl fine million ecu fl impos akzo chemi bv fine paid guilder month date notif decis account commiss european commun amro bank amsterdam articl akzo chemi bv forthwith bring end infring refer articl extent end akzo chemi bv subsidiari compani form part akzo chemi bv undertak refrain repeat continu act behaviour articl vi prejudic oblig aris articl vi akzo chemi bv subsidiari refrain order meet order price accept date notif decis offer appli price condit sale flour addit eec result custom respect busi compet ec pai akzo chemi bv price dissimilar offer akzo chemi bv compar custom provis prevent akzo chemi bv appli price differenti flour addit categori custom object reflect differ product deliveri cost attribut annual requir custom order size commerci factor avoid doubt provid offer akzo chemi bv suppli flour addit individu mill alli group made term substanti favour offer quot larg independ quot articl akzo chemi bv inform custom flour addit unit kingdom ireland accept stipul oral write express impli requir obtain effect requir akzo chemi bv stipul bind notifi commiss april articl akzo chemi bv period year januari month end calend year furnish commiss complianc report year question list price offer appli akzo chemi bv custom flour addit product territori eec includ intern financi statement flour addit busi basi cost calcul includ transfer price raw materi intermedi depart akzo group articl respect oblig set articl period penalti payment ecu dai payabl respect dai delai date state articl oper decis eec termin accord articl decis articl decis address akzo chemi bv stationsstraat amersfoort netherland decis enforc pursuant articl eec treati brussel decemb commiss peter sutherland member commiss