commiss decis june relat proceed pursuant articl ec treati case iv inntrepreneur iv spring notifi document number english text authent ec commiss european commun regard treati establish european commun regard council regul februari regul implement articl treati amend regul ec articl thereof regard applic neg clearanc notif exempt submit march inntrepreneur pub compani limit inntrepreneur beer suppli compani limit april spring inn limit pursuant articl regul publish summari applic notif pursuant articl regul consult advisori committe restrict practic domin posit fact introduct march inntrepreneur pub compani limit hereinaft quot ipcl quot inntrepreneur beer suppli compani limit hereinaft quot tibsco quot notifi pursuant articl regul standard form tenanc agreement hereinaft quot leas quot let ipcl relat compani licens premis unit kingdom leas form januari incorpor deed variat purchas agreement april spring inn limit hereinaft quot spring quot notifi pursuant articl regul leas let spring relat compani licens premis unit kingdom spring leas form leas ipcl januari incorpor deed variat purchas agreement letter februari notifi parti ad grand pub compani hereinaft quot gpc quot parti notif complet notif inform oper leas march notifi parti request neg clearanc leas confirm agreement benefit applic commiss regul eec june applic articl treati categori exclus purchas agreement amend regul ec individu exempt pursuant articl treati regul titl ii special provis beer suppli agreement period march notic publish offici journal european commun pursuant articl regul parti ipcl spring agre exempt comfort letter letter novemb letter issu januari commiss publish articl notic pursuant regul situat march beer suppli structur chang letter novemb notifi parti inform commiss request decis period march decis concern situat march parti gpc septemb gpc compani set japanes invest bank nomura enter agreement acquir ipcl spring pub compani agreement gpc acquir option call vendor option put share capit ipcl spring option exercis march exercis option ipcl spring nomin supplier leas suppli line wholli own subsidiari gpc march gpc subsidiari benefici owner premis subject leas march ipcl estat compris licens premis pub ipcl hous long leas princip year durat hous shorter term agreement year temporari agreement shorter durat march spring hous long leas princip year durat hous shorter term temporari agreement gpc enter agreement sell pub scottish newcastl plc complet place march sale gpc estat number pub novemb gpc estat number pub gpc notifi quot upstream quot beer suppli agreement brewer march commiss februari case iv case close commiss issu neg clearanc comfort letter gpc march notifi brand suppli agreement individu brewer contain restrict gpc sourc polici exclus purchas oblig minimum purchas oblig quot stock quot oblig compet oblig lesse bui brand includ gpc price list novemb gpc beer suppli agreement brewer lesse parti actual agreement base leas individu compani gener interest licens establish market unit kingdom trade beer market chang significantli decad monopoli merger commiss hereinaft quot mmc quot report suppli beer result legisl import factor mmc report suppli beer led number recommend made aim relax tradit tie exclus purchas oblig competit oblig brewer pub mmc recommend implement suppli beer ti estat order suppli beer loan ti licens premis wholesal price order hereinaft quot order quot ti estat order impos quot nation brewer quot brewer estat licens premis tenant lesse free tie beer drink low alcohol beer tenant lesse bui cask condit al beer ferment cask sourc brewer landlord guest beer claus allow tie number pub forc sell free tie estim unit kingdom pub demand factor beer sold trade pub hotel restaur trade supermarket licenc addit import brought unit kingdom privat individu duti paid calai estim account total beer consumpt unit kingdom proport sale volum account trade except ireland remain highest proport commun consumpt draught beer account total consumpt except ireland highest figur commun unit kingdom pub offer bigger choic draught beer commun averag brand pub suppli factor brew remain nation brewer scottish amp newcastl bass carlsberg tetlei brew whitbread command unit kingdom beer market term suppli herfindahl hirschmann index hereinaft quot hhi quot describ market concentr unit kingdom beer market stood basi market share nation brewer hhi market quot moder concentr quot increas price competit wholesal level emerg pub compani recit led recent consolid brew level region brew compani attempt achiev economi scale region brewer wholes order caus sale part nation brewer ti estat expect lead increas free trade greater role tradit wholesal tradit wholesal account distribut compar nation brewer domin wholesal sector share distribut similar share product region brewer requir servic tradit wholesal combin gener declin sale beer increas effici nation brewer wholesal result margin growth tradit wholesal sector pub sold nation brewer purchas retail pub chain region brewer gener pub chain wholes oper suppli directli brewer retail unit kingdom retail sale beer alcohol drink consumpt premis requir justic local court law licenc distinct class licenc oper full licenc premis person bui alcohol drink resid meal approxim full licenc issu pub remaind includ hotel wine bar restrict licenc premis condit bui drink custom resid meal cover privat hotel restaur club person member bui drink cover outlet jointli own member tabl beer sold retail channel ti estat brewer manag estat brewer ti estat brew pub compani includ ipcl spring manag estat brew pub compani loan ti premis unti free premis data brewer licens retail associ hereinaft quot blra quot includ estim member tabl uk trade beer consumpt gt tabl gt figur sale ti estat brewer includ ti purchas lesse cask condit beer tenant lesse nation brewer purchas discount landlord brewer figur includ purchas guest beer supplier figur loan ti premis volum includ total volum loan ti pub oper bui supplier loan tie volum exce ti quantiti foreseen loan agreement part repres purchas excess loan ti quantiti figur includ quot free quot purchas loan ti pub oper supplier tabl idea throughput trade describ ownership situat premis note refer categori licens premis beer sold estim pub club restaur hotel wine bar full restrict licenc data order reduc restrict scope loan ti allow termin moment time tenant month notic order introduc guest beer publican trade loan nation brewer inform suppli blra specif survei undertaken appear usual period loan year averag actual length year thirti brewer loan outstand end survei period start year loan enter repaid loan repaid period exceed loan made exist custom outstand capit written bad debt averag loan gbp type loan small gbp start period averag gbp end survei period made small free trade pub volatil hand larger loan larg volum outlet club averag gbp exclus purchas oblig specif quantiti beer estim made blra volum split small big loan number exclus big loan total trade volum percentag account exclus loan percentag total throughput relev premis account quantiti beer stipul loan ti inform proport loan publican pai back monei loan brewer exchang loan tie beer volum sold loan ti reduc coupl year year scale loan repay exceed loan competit brewer wholesal level major brewer guarante sale ti manag estat brewer compet suppli remaind market individu agreement free hous loan ti suppli agreement pub chain brewer quot ti quot minimum purchas oblig compet stock oblig competit paramet price brand strength brewer gain sale offer benefit promot support market entri brew level main hindranc entri level secur outlet suppli access distribut system entrant secur suppli free hous pub chain brewer estat part portfolio beer case nation brewer guest beer possess competitor brand hinder entri expans exist brewer import lager market nation economi scale advertis make small scale entri viabl difficulti involv small scale entri increas advertis spend nation lager brand increas substanti coupl year brand basi secur outlet reduc implement order ow reduct proport market subject ti emerg pub compani easier entrant enter suppli agreement chain individu pub easi set distribut system limit suppli wholesal depot brewer wholesal difficult reach individu retail outlet foreign produc beer lager chosen enter unit kingdom market enter exclus licens agreement exist nation brewer beer brew unit kingdom sold part nation brewer portfolio brand foreign lager market premium brand support substanti advertis spend brewer unit kingdom market directli anheus busch recent brewer unit kingdom take courag breweri mortlak produc budweis lager market entri retail level pub compet local broadli speak area local price type packag compris total pub quot offer quot facil ambienc price beer entri barrier retail market low signific presenc licens law prevent pub open law appli strictli unit kingdom result entri local difficult area unit kingdom licenc refus public order ground pub compani succeed open pub greenfield site recent year arrang pub tenant landlord histor pub mean quot tradit quot short term pub tenanc brewer retain respons fabric build fixtur fit tenant respons sell beer suppli landlord drink food mmc report pub tenant england wale provid secur tenur brought landlord tenant act mmc recommend long full repair mainten leas provid secur tenur abil assign leas offer agreement leas grant march gpc quot standard variabl term leas quot long fulli repair insur leas term year quot variabl term agreement quot term year incorpor purchas agreement deed variat purchas agreement set discount structur deed variat incorpor purchas agreement exist leas introduc beer tie gpc vari tie tie brand remov minimum purchas oblig penalti shortfal exist leas issu ipcl spring februari arrang purchas agreement consid rent review march introduc opportun lesse rent review determin expert fix fee lesse call rent review purchas agreement termin review level rent prior time enter purchas agreement leas issu march guest beer provis tie cider alcohol low alcohol beer beer tie lesse agre purchas beer requir sale properti compani nomine quot beer quot mean type beer light pale al bitter export premium al mild al brown al strong al includ barlei wine bitter stout porter sweet stout lager export premium lager strong lager quot diet pil quot premium low carbohydr beer low carbohydr quot lite quot beer brand denomin beer type compani price list compani wish add substitut delet brand denomin beer type price list guest beer provis lesse sell expos sale pub beer suppli compani unspecifi beer packag bottl can small contain draught form sale beer draught form customari satisfi suffici demand lesse custom lesse advertis properti good suppli compani proport good bear total turnov lesse properti ii legal assess articl relev market relev product market relev product market includ principl good servic perceiv consum ground characterist price intend purpos interchang court justic european commun state delim judgment quot relev market primarili defin basi natur econom activ question case sale beer beer sold retail channel premis sale consumpt drink consum point view sector compris public hous restaur distinguish retail sector ground sale beer public hous sole consist purchas product link provis servic beer consumpt public hous essenti depend econom consider specif natur public hous trade born fact breweri organis specif distribut system sector requir special instal price charg sector gener higher retail price quot view specif licens system unit kingdom clarifi section distinct class licenc recit form relev product market quot public hous restaur quot respect refer made paragraph commiss notic regul eec eec applic articl treati categori exclus distribut exclus purchas agreement state quot concept premis sale consumpt drink cover licens premis purpos privat club includ quot understand outlet includ restrict licenc common drink purchas consumpt premis import servic element provid commiss recognis beer price club decemb prevail pub lower charg pub reflect larg extent fact club oper profit base remain case view servic element price club excess price beer supermarket specif distribut system trade includ club special instal draught dispens brewer beer list price oper loan ti refer market distribut beer premis sale consumpt drink trade market state delim judgment paragraph find affect fact overlap trade retail sale competitor make brand reput order gain access market constitut premis sale consumpt drink relev geograph market object competit condit suppli demand suppli beer trade vari consider part commun court justic note delim judgment paragraph beer suppli agreement enter nation level appli commun competit rule agreement account unit kingdom market beer distribut premis sale consumpt drink unit kingdom market distinct beer market member state view order recit high consumpt draught beer recit presenc pub manag compani recit pub licens regul recit varieti type al offer recit agreement undertak gpc hand lesse undertak mean articl individu leas form similar notifi leas notifi compani lesse agreement mean articl beer tie restrict effect competit descript natur beer tie beer suppli agreement leas gener qualifi refer exclus purchas oblig gener back competit oblig claus formul leas recit lesse agre purchas beer requir sale properti compani nomine brand denomin beer type compani price list compani wish add substitut delet brand denomin beer type price list exclus purchas oblig guest beer provis lesse sell expos sale pub beer suppli compani unspecifi beer packag bottl can small contain draught form sale beer draught form customari satisfi suffici demand lesse custom competit oblig note explicit competit oblig exclus purchas oblig formul includ implicitli competit oblig refer gener word quot beer quot exclus purchas oblig lesse preclud accept offer contract good supplier competit lesse compani nomin supplier beer wholesal offer brand preclud restrict intra brand competit explicit implicit competit oblig beer prohibit lesse purchas brand type produc beer restrict interbrand competit contractu provis purchas type impos administr constraint lesse effect restrict abil offer type premis claus lack restrict effect competit delim test court held paragraph delim judgment quot beer suppli agreement prohibit articl eec treati cumul condit met regard econom legal context agreement issu difficult competitor enter increas market share gain access nation market distribut beer premis sale consumpt drink quot test concern unit kingdom trade beer market foreclos foreclosur exist unit kingdom trade beer market notifi parti ti leas fall scope articl court paragraph delim judgment quot agreement issu make signific contribut seal effect brought total agreement econom legal context extent contribut made individu agreement depend posit contract parti relev market durat agreement quot court clarifi paragraph judgment quot posit determin sole market share held breweri group belong number outlet ti group relat total number premis sale consumpt drink found relev market quot durat court quot durat manifestli excess relat averag durat beer suppli agreement gener enter relev market individu contract fall prohibit articl breweri small market share ti sale outlet year make signific contribut seal market breweri strong market posit regularli releas sale outlet shorter interv quot german ic cream case court instanc assess signific contribut compani question refer quot strong posit occupi compani concern relev market market share quot court base primarili broader concept market share appli test notifi parti ti leas look quot econom legal context quot assess agreement purchas beer brewer quot upstream quot beer suppli agreement differenti assess properti loan tie agreement quot downstream quot agreement categori agreement quot upstream quot beer suppli contract sort tie minimum purchas oblig compet oblig stock oblig consid part ti network suppli brewer contract fall scope articl suppli brewer contribut significantli foreclosur market agreement exempt fulfil criteria articl respect note restrict link brewer effect nation player wholesal player limit access quot downstream quot ti network wholesal player unit kingdom foreign brewer easier brewer conclud agreement wholesal player obtain access outlet ti player conclud agreement individu retail outlet exist open beer suppli structur impact assess ti network quot wholesal quot ti network quot wholesal quot simpli quot attribut breweri make appreci contribut foreclosur quot contrast delim case concern brewer notifi parti free stand pub compani vertic integr unit kingdom brewer relationship notifi parti tenant hand brewer econom brewer wish beer sold network agreement march suppli beer gpc estat characteris multi sourc period tender brand sourc basi diversifi portfolio nation region brewer durat contract suppli brewer typic year structur proport busi tender frequent interv period approxim beer throughput provid opportun parti brewer tender notifi parti singl volum commit current brewer brand list price list notifi parti offer gatewai substanti number brewer theoret nation foreign brewer uk trade market easier brewer newcom uk market conclud agreement wholesal player obtain access outlet ti player conclud agreement individu retail outlet effect leas mitig reinforc network effect brewer agreement unit kingdom trade beer market role independ distribut structur reduc foreclosur recognis court paragraph delim judgment quot presenc beer wholesal ti produc activ market factor capabl facilit produc access market make wholesal sale network distribut beer quot conclud significantli contribut foreclosur ti leas quot ti quot pub compani enhanc competit structur market circumst import pub compani ti estat term number outlet ti beer throughput outlet relev assess contribut market foreclosur conclus delim test gpc oper network quot restrict quot agreement includ standard leas agreement contribut significantli foreclosur unit kingdom trade beer market standard leas agreement consid view beer suppli agreement brewer form part quot suppli quot brewer ti network conclus exclus purchas competit oblig contain notifi leas march fall scope articl restrict effect competit advertis claus notifi leas claus state lesse avoid advertis good suppli undertak higher proport share good total turnov realis premis hereinaft quot advertis claus quot advertis claus fall scope articl treati relev market distribut beer regard neighbour market suppli good licens premis unit kingdom beer drink crisp amus machin claus restrict leas absenc exclus purchas oblig competit oblig suppli product restrict competit market consid exist appreci extent mere imposit advertis claus regard suppli beer advertis claus object limit lesse abil advertis beer suppli undertak beer gpc lesse entitl pursuant leas bui undertak nomin supplier guest beer beer type brand beer type unit kingdom consum requir specif spot advertis letter claus make advertis product imposs claus requir advertis proportion turnov good definit virtual good exclus purchas oblig contain beer tie gpc exclud parti beer offer lesse ad price list beer recit demonstr recit beer tie fall scope articl treati advertis claus make advertis parti beer imposs caught articl treati event commiss possess inform effect advertis claus appli contrari gpc confirm letter date june quot ipcl spring enforc claus leas allow advertis product quot letter march gpc confirm intent enforc claus futur quot appar fact lesse freedom advertis promot market market mix choic brewer product busi plan quot advertis claus fall scope articl treati adopt decis articl basi fact possess commiss ground action articl treati respect notifi agreement period march articl decis address grand pub compani mill hous aylesburi road thame oxfordshir ox unit kingdom brussel june commiss mario monti member commiss oj oj oj case situat march licens premis licens sell alcohol beverag consumpt premis oppos licens premis supermarket licens premis consumpt oj oj oj case iv inntrepreneur oj case iv spring unit kingdom govern extend scope allow bottl condit beer april commiss precis inform market share unit kingdom brewer estim hhi brewer reach mark market consid quot highli concentr quot defin mmc report brewer quot busi necessarili wholli concentr singl region unit kingdom quot number region defin take number own pub product volum smallest region mmc report benchmark licens system slightli scotland public estim number pub call guest beer legal definit guest beer refer purchas cask condit beer supplier recit limit number reason owner pub outlet purpos manag hous case lesse receiv compens fix law parti negoti agreement absenc agreement unit kingdom court renew agreement similar term exist agreement except rent durat exce year subject formal case unit brand ecr paragraph case stergio delim henning bräu ecr paragraph german procedur languag version judgment term schankwirtschaften french version work languag court term café oj extract stat mr survei retail price submit nation brewer offic fair trade delim loc cit paragraph judgment case amp langnes iglo schöller ecr ii ii paragraph delim loc cit paragraph judgment commiss recognis practic limit number quot product line quot necessarili equal brand brand stock contain size pub compani stock distribut effici ti outlet case brew pub compani current market structur retail level durat ipcl spring standard leas irrelev assess contribut significantli foreclosur quot upstream quot beer suppli structur open