commiss direct eec juli adapt technic progress seventeenth time council direct eec approxim law regul administr provis relat classif packag label danger substanc commiss european commun regard treati establish european econom commun regard council direct eec june approxim law regul administr provis relat classif packag label danger substanc amend direct eec articl thereof oj oj articl direct eec articl council direct eec june approxim law regul administr provis relat classif packag label danger prepar amend commiss direct eec provid physico chemic properti toxic ecotox substanc prepar determin method annex direct eec oj oj oj text annex direct eec publish part annex commiss direct eec annex commiss direct eec oj oj oj order account technic develop revis test method found annex commiss direct eec order account technic develop revis test method algal inhibit test found annex commiss direct eec occas transfer test method annex direct eec reduc minimum number anim experiment purpos accord council direct eec approxim law regul administr provis member state protect anim experiment purpos oj provis direct accord opinion committe adapt technic progress direct remov technic barrier trade danger substanc prepar adopt direct articl annex direct eec replac annex present direct articl algal inhibit test method annex direct eec delet articl member state bring forc law regul administr provis compli direct octob member state immedi inform commiss thereof member state adopt provis refer direct accompani refer time offici public procedur refer adopt member state articl direct address member state brussel juli commiss karel van miert member commiss annex annex publish offici journal european commun notic publish insid back cover offici journal annex commiss direct eec juli adapt technic progress seventeenth time council direct eec approxim law regul administr provis relat classif packag label danger substanc content introduct part method determin physico chemic properti melt freez temperatur boil temperatur rel densiti vapour pressur surfac tension water solubl partit coeffici flash point flammabl solid flammabl gase flammabl contact water pyrophor properti solid liquid explos properti auto ignit temperatur liquid gase rel ignit temperatur solid oxid properti solid part method determin toxic gener introduct acut toxic oral bi acut toxic oral fix dose method acut toxic inhal acut toxic dermal acut toxic skin irrit acut toxic ey irrit skin sensit repeat dose dai toxic oral repeat dose dai toxic inhal repeat dose dai toxic dermal mutagen vitro mammalian cytogenet test mutagen vivo mammalian bone marrow cytogenet test chromosom analysi mutagen micronucleu test mutagen escherichia coli revers mutat assai mutagen salmonella typhimurium revers mutat assai part method determin ecotox acut toxic fish acut toxic daphnia algal inhibit test biodegrad determin readi biodegrad dissolv organ carbon doc die modifi oecd screen test carbon dioxid evolut manometr respirometri close bottl miti ministri intern trade industri japan annex degrad biochem oxygen demand degrad chemic oxygen demand degrad abiot degrad hydrolysi function ph introduct annex set test method determin physicochem toxicolog ecotoxicolog properti list annex vii viii direct eec method base recogn recommend compet intern bodi oecd method nation standard scientif consensu method adopt gener test perform substanc defin direct attent influenc impur test result method annex inappropri investig properti notifi justifi altern method anim test studi conduct accord nation regul account human principl intern develop field anim welfar equival test method method minimum number anim chosen part method determin physico chemic properti melt freez temperatur method major method base oecd test guidelin fundament principl refer introduct method devic appli determin melt temperatur substanc restrict respect degre puriti select method depend natur substanc test consequ limit factor substanc pulver easili difficulti substanc determin freez solidif temperatur standard determin includ method due properti substanc paramet conveni measur pour point definit unit melt temperatur defin temperatur phase transit solid liquid state occur atmospher pressur temperatur ideal correspond freez temperatur phase transit substanc take place temperatur rang melt rang convers unit celsiu temperatur degre celsiu thermodynam temperatur kelvin refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv check perform method time time comparison result method calibr substanc list refer principl test method temperatur temperatur rang phase transit solid liquid state liquid solid state determin practic heat cool sampl test substanc atmospher pressur temperatur initi melt freez final stage melt freez determin type method capillari method hot stage method freez temperatur determin method thermal analysi determin pour point develop petroleum oil case conveni measur freez temperatur place melt temperatur capillari method melt temperatur devic liquid bath small amount fine ground substanc capillari tube pack tightli tube heat thermomet temperatur rise adjust min actual melt initi final melt temperatur determin melt temperatur devic metal block capillari tube thermomet situat heat metal block observ hole block photocel detect sampl capillari tube heat automat metal cylind beam light direct substanc hole cylind precis calibr photocel optic properti substanc chang opaqu transpar melt intens light reach photocel increas send stop signal digit indic read temperatur platinum resist thermomet locat heat chamber method suitabl highli colour substanc hot stage kofler hot bar kofler hot bar piec metal thermal conduct heat electr bar design temperatur gradient linear length temperatur hot bar rang special temperatur read devic includ runner pointer tab design specif bar order determin melt temperatur substanc laid thin layer directli surfac hot bar second sharp divid line fluid solid phase develop temperatur divid line read adjust pointer rest line melt microscop microscop hot stage determin melt temperatur small quantiti materi hot stage temperatur measur sensit thermocoupl mercuri thermomet typic microscop hot stage melt temperatur apparatu heat chamber metal plate sampl slide centr metal plate hole permit entranc light illumin mirror microscop chamber close glass plate exclud air sampl area heat sampl regul rheostat precis measur optic anisotrop substanc polar light meniscu method method specif polyamid temperatur displac meniscu silicon oil enclos hot stage cover glass support polyamid test specimen determin visual method determin freez temperatur sampl special test tube apparatu determin freez temperatur sampl stir gentli continu cool temperatur measur suitabl interv temperatur remain constant read temperatur correct thermomet error record freez temperatur supercool avoid maintain equilibrium solid liquid phase thermal analysi differenti thermal analysi dta techniqu record differ temperatur substanc refer materi function temperatur substanc refer materi subject control temperatur programm sampl undergo transit involv chang enthalpi chang endotherm melt exotherm freez departur base line temperatur record differenti scan calorimetri dsc techniqu record differ energi input substanc refer materi function temperatur substanc refer materi subject control temperatur programm energi energi establish temperatur differ substanc refer materi sampl undergo transit involv chang enthalpi chang endotherm melt exotherm freez departur base line heat flow record pour point method develop petroleum oil suitabl oili substanc low melt temperatur preliminari heat sampl cool specif rate examin interv flow characterist lowest temperatur movement substanc observ record pour point qualiti criteria applic accuraci method determin melt temperatur melt rang list tabl tabl applic method gt tabl gt gt tabl gt gt tabl gt gt tabl gt descript method procedur test method intern nation standard appendix method capillari tube subject slow temperatur rise fine pulveris substanc show stage melt shown figur figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt stage begin melt fine droplet adher uniformli insid wall capillari tube stage clearanc appear sampl insid wall due shrinkag melt stage shrunken sampl begin collaps liquefi stage complet meniscu form surfac appreci amount sampl remain solid stage final stage melt solid particl determin melt temperatur temperatur record begin melt final stage melt temperatur devic liquid bath apparatu figur show type standard melt temperatur apparatu made glass ji specif millimetr figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt measur vessel stopper vent thermomet auxiliari thermomet bath liquid capillari tube made glass mm length mm diamet mm wall thick side tube bath liquid suitabl liquid chosen choic liquid depend melt temperatur determin liquid paraffin melt temperatur higher silicon oil melt temperatur higher melt temperatur mixtur consist part sulphur acid part potassium sulphat mass ratio suitabl precaut mixtur thermomet thermomet fulfil requir equival standard astm din ji procedur dry substanc fine pulver mortar put capillari tube fuse end fill level approxim mm tightli pack obtain uniform pack sampl capillari tube drop height approxim mm glass tube vertic watch glass fill capillari tube bath middl part mercuri bulb thermomet touch capillari tube part sampl locat capillari tube introduc apparatu melt temperatur bath liquid heat temperatur rise approxim min liquid stir expect melt temperatur rate temperatur rise adjust maximum min calcul calculatin melt temperatur td td te correct melt temperatur td temperatur read thermomet te temperatur read thermomet number graduat mercuri thread thermomet emerg stem melt temperatur devic metal block apparatu consist cylindr metal block upper part hollow form chamber figur metal plug hole allow tube mount metal block heat system metal block provid electr resist enclos block rheostat regul power input electr heat window heat resist glass later wall chamber diametr dispos angl front window mount ey piec observ capillari tube window illumin insid enclosur mean lamp capillari tube heat resist glass close end thermomet standard mention thermoelectr measur devic compar accuraci applic figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt photocel detect apparatu procedur apparatu consist metal chamber autom heat system capillari tube fill oven linear increas temperatur calibr apparatu suitabl temperatur rise electr adjust pre select constant linear rate record show actual oven temperatur temperatur substanc capillari tube hot stage kofler hot bar appendix melt microscop appendix meniscu method polyamid appendix heat rate melt temperatur min method determin freez temperatur appendix thermal analysi differenti thermal analysi appendix differenti scan calorimetri appendix determin pour point appendix data thermomet correct case report test report includ inform method precis specif substanc ident impur preliminari purif step estim accuraci measur rang estim accuraci tabl report melt temperatur differ temperatur begin final stage melt limit accuraci method temperatur final stage melt melt temperatur temperatur report substanc decompos sublim melt temperatur reach temperatur effect observ report inform remark relev interpret result report regard impur physic state substanc refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final iupac le neindr vodar ed experiment thermodynam butterworth london vol ii weissberg ed techniqu organ chemistri physic method organ chemistri ed intersci publ york vol part chapter vii iupac physicochem measur catalogu refer materi nation laboratori pure appli chemistri vol appendix addit technic detail standard consult capillari method melt temperatur devic liquid bath astm standard test method rel initi final melt point melt rang organ chemic bs method determin melt point melt rang din bestimmung de schmelzinterval von harzen nach kapillarverfahren ji test method melt point chemic product melt temperatur devic metal block din visuel bestimmung der schmelztemperatur von teilkristallinen kunststoffen iso plastic polyamid determin melt point hot stage kofler hot bar ansi astm standard recommend practic test polymer powder coat melt microscop din visuel bestimmung der schmelztemperatur von teilkristallinen kunststoffen meniscu method polyamid iso plastic polyamid determin melt point ansi astm standard specif acet resin inject mould extrus materi nf résine de polyamid détermin du point de fusion méthode du ménisqu method determin freez temperatur bs method determin crystal point bs method determin melt point petroleum wax cool curv din bestimmung de gefrierpunkt von flugkraftstoffen ottokraftstoffen und motorenbenzolen iso cire de pétrole détermin de la températur de figeag din bestimmung de erstarrungspunkt von fettsäuren nf point de fusion de paraffin nf méthode de détermin du point de cristallis point de congélat iso method determin freez point thermal analysi differenti thermal analysi astm standard method assess thermal stabil chemic method differenti thermal analysi astm standard definit term relat thermal analysi astm standard practic report thermoanalyt data din thermisch analys begriff differenti scan calorimetri astm standard method assess thermal stabil chemic method differenti thermal analysi astm standard definit term relat thermal analysi astm standard practic report thermoanalyt data din thermisch analys begriff determin pour point nbn echantillonnag analys de produit du pétrole point de troubl point écoulement limit monsternem en ontled van aardolieproducten troebelingspunt en vloeipunt astm standard test method pour point petroleum oil iso petroleum oil determin pour point boil temperatur method major method base oecd test guidelin fundament principl refer introduct method devic appli liquid low melt substanc provid undergo chemic reaction boil temperatur auto oxid rearrang degrad method appli pure impur liquid substanc emphasi put method photocel detect thermal analysi method determin melt boil temperatur measur perform automat dynam method advantag appli determin vapour pressur correct boil temperatur normal pressur kpa normal pressur adjust measur manostat remark influenc impur determin boil temperatur depend greatli natur impur volatil impur sampl affect result substanc purifi definit unit normal boil temperatur defin temperatur vapour pressur liquid kpa boil temperatur measur normal atmospher pressur temperatur depend vapour pressur clausiu clapeyron equat log rtd hv const vapour pressur substanc pascal hv heat vapor mol univers molar ga constant mol thermodynam temperatur boil temperatur state regard ambient pressur measur convers pressur unit kpa kpa bar mpa bar permiss recommend pa mm hg torr unit mm hg torr permit atm standard atmospher pa unit atm permit temperatur unit celsiu temperatur degre celsiu thermodynam temperatur kelvin refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv check perform method time time comparison result method calibr substanc found method list appendix principl test method method determin boil temperatur boil rang base measur boil temperatur base thermal analysi determin ebulliomet ebulliomet origin develop determin molecular weight boil temperatur elev suit exact boil temperatur measur simpl apparatu astm appendix liquid heat apparatu equilibrium condit atmospher pressur boil dynam method method involv measur vapour recondens temperatur mean thermomet reflux boil pressur vari method distil method boil temperatur method involv distil liquid measur vapour recondens temperatur determin amount distil method siwoloboff sampl heat sampl tube immers liquid heat bath fuse capillari air bubbl lower part dip sampl tube photocel detect principl siwoloboff automat photo electr measur made rise bubbl differenti thermal analysi techniqu record differ temperatur substanc refer materi function temperatur substanc refer materi subject control temperatur programm sampl undergo transit involv chang enthalpi chang endotherm departur boil base line temperatur record differenti scan calorimetri techniqu record differ energi input substanc refer materi function temperatur substanc refer materi subject control temperatur programm energi energi establish temperatur differ substanc refer materi sampl undergo transit involv chang enthalpi chang endotherm departur boil base line heat flow record qualiti criteria applic accuraci method determin boil temperatur boil rang list tabl gt tabl gt descript method procedur test method intern nation standard appendix ebulliomet appendix dynam method test method determin vapour pressur boil temperatur observ appli pressur kpa record distil process boil rang appendix method siwoloboff sampl heat melt temperatur apparatu sampl tube diamet approxim mm figur figur show type standard melt boil temperatur apparatu ji made glass specif millimetr figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt measur vessel stopper vent thermomet auxiliari thermomet bath liquid sampl tube maximum mm outer diamet capillari tube approxim mm long approxim mm diamet approxim mm wall thick side tube capillari tube boil capillari fuse cm lower end sampl tube level test substanc ad fuse section capillari surfac liquid sampl tube boil capillari fasten thermomet rubber band fix support side figur figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt principl siwoloboff figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt modifi principl bath liquid chosen boil temperatur temperatur silicon oil liquid paraffin heat bath liquid adjust temperatur rise min bath liquid stir expect boil temperatur heat reduc rate temperatur rise min approach boil temperatur bubbl begin emerg rapidli boil capillari boil temperatur temperatur momentari cool string bubbl stop fluid suddenli start rise capillari thermomet read boil temperatur substanc modifi principl figur boil temperatur determin melt temperatur capillari stretch fine point cm length small amount sampl suck open end fine capillari close melt small air bubbl locat end heat melt temperatur apparatu air bubbl expand boil temperatur correspond temperatur substanc plug reach level surfac bath liquid photocel detect sampl heat capillari tube insid heat metal block light beam direct suitabl hole block substanc precis calibr photocel increas sampl temperatur singl air bubbl emerg boil capillari boil temperatur reach number bubbl increas greatli chang intens light record photocel stop signal indic read temperatur platinum resist thermomet locat block method determin room temperatur apparatu instrument cool bath thermal analysi differenti thermal analysi appendix differenti scan calorimetri appendix data small deviat normal pressur max kpa boil temperatur normal tn mean number equat sidnei young tn ft note sign pressur measur kpa ft rate chang boil temperatur pressur kpa measur boil temperatur tn boil temperatur correct normal pressur temperatur correct factor ft equat approxim includ intern nation standard mention substanc din method mention rough correct solvent includ paint gt tabl gt report test report includ inform method precis specif substanc ident impur preliminari purif step estim accuraci measur rang estim accuraci tabl report boil temperatur measur boil temperatur state pressur measur made report kpa pressur prefer close normal atmospher pressur inform remark relev interpret result report regard impur physic state substanc refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final iupac le neindr vodar edit experiment thermodynam butterworth london volum ii weissberg edit techniqu organ chemistri physic method organ chemistri edit intersci public york volum part chapter viii appendix addit technic detail standard consult ebulliomet astm standard test method boil point engin anti freez distil process boil rang iso test method distil distil yield distil rang bs method determin distil petroleum product bs method determin distil characterist din lösungsmittel für anstrichstoff bestimmung de siedeverlauf nf distil détermin du rendement de interval de distil differenti thermal analysi differenti scan calorimetri astm standard method assess thermal stabil chemic method differenti thermal analysi astm standard definit term relat thermal analysi astm standard practic report thermoanalyt data din thermisch analys begriff rel densiti method method base oecd test guidelin fundament principl refer introduct method determin rel densiti applic solid liquid substanc restrict respect degre puriti method list tabl definit unit rel densiti solid liquid ratio mass volum substanc examin determin mass volum water determin rel densiti dimens densiti substanc quotient mass volum densiti si unit kg refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv check perform method time time comparison result method principl method class method buoyanc method hydromet liquid substanc suffici accur quick determin densiti obtain float hydromet densiti liquid deduc depth immers read graduat scale hydrostat balanc liquid solid substanc differ weight test sampl measur air suitabl liquid water emploi determin densiti solid measur densiti repres sampl emploi determin densiti liquid bodi volum weigh air liquid immers bodi method liquid substanc method densiti liquid determin differ result weigh liquid immers bodi volum test liquid pycnomet method solid liquid pycnomet shape volum emploi densiti calcul differ weight full empti pycnomet volum air comparison pycnomet solid densiti solid form measur room temperatur ga comparison pycnomet volum substanc measur air inert ga cylind variabl calibr volum calcul densiti mass measur conclud volum measur oscil densitimet densiti liquid measur oscil densitimet mechan oscil construct form tube vibrat reson frequenc oscil depend mass introduc sampl reson frequenc oscil apparatu calibr liquid substanc densiti substanc prefer chosen densiti span rang measur applic method determin rel densiti list tabl descript method standard exampl consult addit technic detail attach appendix test run measur perform data standard report test report includ inform method precis specif substanc ident impur preliminari purif step rel densiti report defin physic state measur substanc inform remark relev interpret result report regard impur physic state substanc gt tabl gt refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final weissberg ed techniqu organ chemistri physic method organ chemistri ed chapter iv intersci publ york vol part iupac recommend refer materi realiz physico chemic properti pure appli chemistri vol wagenbreth die tauchkugel zur bestimmung der dicht von flüssigkeiten technisch messen tm vol leopold die digital messung von flüssigkeiten elektronik vol baumgarten füllmengenkontrol bei vorgepackten erzeugnissen verfahren zur dichtebestimmung bei flüssigen produkten und ihr praktisch anwendung die pharmazeutisch industri vol riemann der einsatz der digitalen dichtemessung im brauereilaboratorium brauwissenschaft vol appendix addit technic detail standard consult buoyanc method hydromet din iso hydromet gener instruct din part densiti hydromet construct adjust part ii densiti hydromet standard size design part iii test iso laboratori glasswar densiti hydromet gener purpos nf chemic product industri determin densiti liquid areometr method din laboratori glasswar rang find hydromet hydrostat balanc solid substanc iso method method determin densiti rel densiti plastic exclud cellular plastic nf chemic product industri determin densiti solid powder cellular product hydrostat balanc method astm specif graviti densiti plastic displac din test plastic elastom determin densiti liquid substanc iso iso din test miner oil relat materi determin densiti astm astm astm astm densiti specif graviti api graviti crude petroleum liquid petroleum product hydromet method bs densiti specif graviti api graviti crude petroleum liquid petroleum product hydromet method immers bodi method din test paint varnish similar coat materi determin densiti immers bodi method pycnomet method liquid substanc iso pycnomet iso liquid chemic product determin densiti din gai lussac pycnomet volatil liquid viscou din lipkin pycnomet liquid kinemat viscos din sprengel pycnomet liquid din din reischauer pycnomet liquid kinemat viscos applic hydrocarbon aqueou solut liquid higher vapour pressur approxim bar din hubbard pycnomet viscou liquid type high vapour pressur paint varnish bitumen din bingham pycnomet liquid din din jaulm pycnomet ethanol water mixtur din pycnomet ground thermomet capillari side tube liquid viscou din test paint varnish similar product determin densiti pycnomet din point test miner oil relat materi determin densiti astm section rubber product chemic analysi astm method halogen organ compound bs method determin specif graviti densiti petroleum product graduat bicapillari pycnomet method bs method determin rel densiti densiti petroleum product capillari stopper pycnomet method nf chemic product industri determin densiti solid powder liquid pyknometr method solid substanc iso method method determin densiti rel densiti plastic exclud cellular plastic nf chemic product industri determin densiti solid powder liquid pyknometr method din determin densiti soil air comparison pycnomet din part prüfung von anstrichstoffen und ähnlichen beschichtungsstoffen pulverlack bestimmung der dicht din anstrichstoff chlorhaltig polymer prüfung vapour pressur method major method base oecd test guidelin fundament principl refer introduct preliminari inform structur melt temperatur boil temperatur substanc perform test singl measur procedur applic entir rang vapour pressur method recommend measur vapour pressur tabl posit gt descript method dynam measur apparatu measur apparatu typic consist boil vessel attach cooler made glass metal figur equip measur temperatur equip regul measur pressur typic measur apparatu shown draw made heat resist glass compos part larg partial doubl wall tube consist ground jacket joint cooler cool vessel inlet glass cylind cottrel pump mount boil section tube rough surfac crush glass avoid bump boil process temperatur measur suitabl temperatur sensor resist thermomet jacket thermocoupl immers apparatu point measur figur suitabl inlet male ground joint connect made pressur regul measur equip bulb act buffer volum connect measur apparatu mean capillari tube boil vessel heat heat element cartridg heater insert glass apparatu heat current requir set regul thermocoupl vacuum pa approxim pa produc vacuum pump suitabl valv meter air nitrogen pressur regul measur rang approxim pa ventil pressur measur manomet measur procedur vapour pressur measur determin boil temperatur sampl pressur roughli pa steadi temperatur constant pressur boil temperatur reach froth substanc measur method substanc clean dry sampl vessel problem encount powder solid solv heat cool jacket vessel fill apparatu seal flang substanc degass lowest desir pressur set heat switch time temperatur sensor connect record equilibrium reach constant boil temperatur record constant pressur care avoid bump boil addit complet condens occur cooler determin vapour pressur low melt solid care avoid condens block record equilibrium point higher pressur set process continu manner pa reach approxim measur point check equilibrium point repeat decreas pressur static measur apparatu apparatu compris contain sampl heat cool system regul temperatur sampl measur temperatur apparatu includ instrument set measur pressur figur illustr basic principl involv sampl chamber figur bound side suitabl high vacuum valv tube suitabl manomet fluid attach side end tube branch vacuum pump nitrogen cylind ventil valv manomet pressur gaug pressur indic tube figur order regul temperatur sampl sampl vessel valv tube pressur gaug bath constant temperatur temperatur measur wall vessel sampl vessel vacuum pump upstream cool trap evacu apparatu method vapour pressur substanc measur indirectli indic take account fact densiti fluid tube alter temperatur greatli fluid suitabl indic tube depend pressur rang chemic behaviour test substanc silicon fluid phthalat test substanc dissolv notic react tube fluid manomet mercuri rang normal air pressur pa silicon fluid phthalat suitabl pa pa heatabl membran capac manomet pa pressur gaug pa measur procedur measur compon apparatu shown figur clean dri method fill tube chosen liquid degass elev temperatur read test substanc apparatu close temperatur reduc suffici degass temperatur low ensur air suck case multipl compon system alter composit materi requir equilibrium establish quickli stir sampl supercool liquid nitrogen take care avoid condens air pump fluid mixtur ethanol dry ic low temperatur measur temperatur regul bath connect ultra cryomat valv sampl vessel open suction appli minut remov air valv close temperatur sampl reduc lowest level desir degass oper repeat time sampl heat vapour pressur increas alter equilibrium fluid tube compens nitrogen air admit apparatu valv pressur indic fluid pressur requir read precis manomet room temperatur pressur correspond vapour pressur substanc measur temperatur method similar vapour pressur read directli temperatur depend vapour pressur determin suitabl small interv approxim measur point desir maximum low temperatur read repeat check valu obtain repeat read coincid curv obtain increas temperatur due sampl air high viscos materi low boil substanc releas heat remov suction supercool cool temperatur low case liquid nitrogen cool agent case measur repeat substanc undergo chemic reaction temperatur rang investig decomposit polymer isoteniscop complet descript method found refer principl measur devic shown figur similarli static method isoteniscop investig solid liquid case liquid substanc serv fluid auxiliari manomet quantiti liquid suffici fill bulb short leg manomet section put isoteniscop isoteniscop attach vacuum system evacu fill nitrogen evacu purg system repeat remov residu oxygen fill isoteniscop horizont posit sampl spread thin layer sampl bulb manomet section part pressur system reduc pa sampl gentli warm boil remov dissolv fix gase isoteniscop sampl return bulb short leg manomet fill liquid pressur maintain degass drawn tip sampl bulb heat small flame sampl vapour releas expand suffici displac part sampl upper part bulb manomet arm manomet section isoteniscop creat vapour fill nitrogen free space isoteniscop constant temperatur bath pressur nitrogen adjust pressur equal sampl pressur balanc manomet section isoteniscop equilibrium vapour pressur nitrogen equal vapour pressur substanc case solid depend pressur temperatur rang manomet liquid list degass manomet liquid fill bulg long arm isoteniscop solid investig bulb degass elev temperatur isoteniscop inclin manomet liquid flow tube measur vapour pressur function temperatur effus method vapour pressur balanc apparatu version apparatu literatur apparatu illustr gener principl involv figur figur show main compon apparatu compris high vacuum stainless steel glass contain equip produc measur vacuum built compon measur vapour pressur balanc built compon includ apparatu evapor furnac flang rotari inlet evapor furnac cylindr vessel made copper chemic resist alloi good thermal conduct glass vessel copper wall furnac diamet approxim cm cm high open size vapour stream furnac heat heat plate underneath heat spiral prevent heat dissip base plate heater attach base plate metal low thermal conduct nickel silver chromium nickel steel nickel silver pipe attach rotari inlet furnac open arrang advantag allow introduct copper bar cool cool bath copper furnac lid open diamet ea ch vapour pressur rang measur rang cover open approxim mm diamet larg open low vapour pressur vice versa rotat furnac desir open intermedi posit vapour stream furnac open shield balanc pan set stream molecul releas deflect furnac open scale pan order measur temperatur substanc thermocoupl resist thermomet suitabl point shield balanc pan belong highli sensit microbal balanc pan approxim mm diamet gold plate aluminium suitabl materi balanc pan surround cylindr brass copper refriger box depend type balanc open balanc beam shield open stream molecul guarante complet condens vapour balanc pan heat dissip ensur copper bar connect refriger box bar rout base plate thermal insul chromium nickel steel tube bar immers dewar flask liquid nitrogen base plate liquid nitrogen circul bar refriger box approxim balanc pan cool exclus radiat satisfactori pressur rang investig cool approxim hour start measur balanc posit refriger box suitabl balanc highli sensit arm electron microbal highli sensit move coil instrument oecd test guidelin edit base plate incorpor electr connect thermocoupl resist thermomet heat coil vacuum produc vessel partial vacuum pump high vacuum pump requir vacuum approxim pa obtain pump pressur regul suitabl ionis manomet measur procedur vessel fill test substanc lid close shield refriger box slid furnac apparatu close vacuum pump switch final pressur start measur approxim pa cool refriger box start pa requir vacuum obtain start calibr seri lowest temperatur requir open lid set vapour stream pass shield directli open strike cool balanc pan balanc pan big ensur entir stream guid shield strike momentum vapour stream act forc balanc pan molecul condens cool surfac momentum simultan condens produc signal record evalu signal piec inform apparatu vapour pressur determin directli momentum balanc pan molecular weight geometr factor furnac open angl molecular stream account evalu read mass condens measur time rate evapor calcul vapour pressur calcul rate evapor molecular weight hertz equat rt evapor rate kg molar mass mol temperatur univers molar ga constant mol vapour pressur pa vacuum reach seri measur commenc lowest desir measur temperatur measur temperatur increas small interv maximum desir temperatur reach sampl cool curv vapour pressur record run fail confirm result run substanc decompos temperatur rang measur effus method loss weight apparatu effus apparatu consist basic part tank thermost evacu effus cell locat high vacuum pump diffus pump turbomolecular pump vacuum gaug trap liquefi nitrogen dry ic electr heat aluminium vacuum tank stainless steel effus cell shown figur stainless steel foil mm thick effus orific mm diamet attach effus cell thread lid measur procedur refer test substanc fill effus cell metal diaphragm orific secur thread lid cell weigh accuraci mg cell thermost apparatu evacu tenth expect pressur defin interv time rang hour air admit apparatu loss mass effus cell determin reweigh order ensur result influenc volatil impur cell reweigh defin time interv check evapor rate constant interv time vapour pressur effus cell mkate prtm vapour pressur pa mass substanc leav cell time kg time area hole correct factor univers ga constant mol temperatur molecular mass kg mol correct factor depend ratio length radiu cylindr orific ratio equat written emttm ka pr effus cell constant effus cell constant determin refer substanc equat tmm vapour pressur refer substanc pa molecular mass refer substanc kg mol ga satur method apparatu typic apparatu perform test compris number compon figur inert ga carrier ga react chemic test substanc nitrogen suffici purpos occasion gase requir ga emploi dry figur kei rel humid sensor flow control suitabl ga control system requir ensur constant select flow satur column trap collect vapour depend sampl characterist chosen method analysi vapour trap quantit form permit subsequ analysi test substanc trap liquid hexan ethylen glycol suitabl solid absorb applic altern vapour trap subsequ analysi train analyt techniqu chromatographi determin quantit amount materi transport amount carrier ga loss mass sampl measur heat exchang measur temperatur includ heat exchang assembl satur column test substanc deposit solut suitabl inert support coat support pack satur column dimens flow rate complet satur carrier ga ensur satur column thermost measur room temperatur region satur column trap heat prevent condens test substanc order lower mass transport occur diffus capillari satur column figur measur procedur prepar satur column solut test substanc highli volatil solvent ad suitabl amount support suffici test substanc ad maintain satur durat test solvent total evapor air rotari evapor mix materi ad satur column thermost sampl dry nitrogen pass apparatu measur trap train detector connect column effluent line time record flow rate check begin regular interv experi bubbl meter continu mass flow meter pressur outlet satur measur includ pressur gaug satur trap satisfactori increas dead space adsorpt surfac determin pressur drop trap system function flow rate separ experi satisfactori liquid trap time requir collect quantiti test substanc method analysi determin preliminari run estim altern collect substanc analysi train quantit analyt techniqu chromatographi calcul vapour pressur temperatur preliminari run carri determin maximum flow rate complet satur carrier ga substanc vapour guarante carrier ga pass satur suffici slowli lower rate greater calcul vapour pressur specif analyt method determin natur substanc test ga chromatographi gravimetri quantiti substanc transport volum carrier ga determin calcul vapour pressur vapour pressur calcul vapour densiti equat wv rtm vapour pressur pa mass evapor test substanc volum satur ga univers molar ga constant mol temperatur molar mass test substanc mol measur volum correct pressur temperatur differ flow meter thermost satur flow meter locat downstream vapour trap correct account vapor trap ingredi spin rotor apparatu spin rotor techniqu carri spin rotor viscos gaug shown figur schemat draw experiment set shown figur measur apparatu typic consist spin rotor measur head thermost enclosur regul sampl contain thermostat enclosur regul part set higher temperatur prevent condens high vacuum pump devic connect system mean high vacuum valv spin rotor measur head consist steel ball mm diamet tube ball suspend stabil magnet field gener combin perman magnet control coil ball made spin rotat field produc coil pick coil measur present low later magnet ball spin rate measur measur procedur ball reach rotat speed revolut energ stop deceler take place due ga friction drop rotat speed measur function time friction caus magnet suspens neglig compar ga friction ga pressur pcrr lnv averag speed ga molecul radiu ball mass densiti ball coeffici tangenti momentum transfer ideal spheric surfac ball time rotat speed time initi rotat speed equat written pcrr tn tn tn tn tn tn time requir number revolut time interv tn tn succe tn gt tn averag speed ga molecul rtp temperatur univers molar ga constant molar mass data vapour pressur preced method determin temperatur prefer rang order check linear vapour pressur curv report test report includ inform method precis specif substanc ident impur preliminari purif step vapour pressur temperatur valu prefer rang raw data log versu curv estim vapour pressur transit chang state decomposit observ inform note natur chang temperatur chang occur atmospher pressur vapour pressur transit temperatur temperatur transit solid ga inform remark relev interpret result report regard impur physic state substanc refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final ambros le neindr vodar ed experiment thermodynam butterworth london vol ii weissberg ed techniqu organ chemistri physic method organ chemistri ed chapter ix intersci publ york vol part knudsen ann phy lpz vol vol nf afnor sept chemic product industri determin vapour pressur solid liquid rang pa static method nf afnor sept chemic product industri determin vapour pressur solid liquid rang pa vapour pressur balanc method astm standard test method vapour pressur temperatur relationship initi decomposit temperatur liquid isoteniscop messer röhl gross jitschin vac sci technol vol ambros lawrenson sprake chem thermodynam vol rordorf thermochimica acta vol comsa fremerei lindenau vac sci technol vol reich vac sci technol vol fremerei vac sci technol vol appendix estim method introduct calcul valu vapour pressur decid experiment method provid estim limit case experiment method appli due technic reason includ vapour pressur low identifi case omit experiment measur justifi vapour pressur start graphic gt gt end graphic gt apparatu determin vapour pressur curv dynam method thermocoupl vacuum buffer volum pressur gaug vacuum measur point heat element circa figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt apparatu determin vapour pressur curv static ethod tube manomet test substanc temperatur bath vapour phase temperatur measur devic high vacuum valv vacuum pump tube auxiliari manomet ventil manomet figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt apparatu determin vapour pressur curv static method pressur indic test substanc pressur indic vapour phase temperatur bath high vacuum valv temperatur measur devic pressur gaug figur gt end graphic gt gt start graphic gt isoteniscop refer pressur control measur system mm od tube dry nitrogen pressur system sampl vapour small tip liquid sampl figur gt end graphic gt gt start graphic gt apparatu determin vapour pressur curv vapour pressur balanc method test substanc shield vapour phase vapour stream refriger bar evapor furnac rotari inlet refriger box furnac lid open balanc pan furnac heat refriger microbal measur temperatur sampl record refriger box high vacuum pump figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt apparatu evapor low pressur effus method effus cell volum cm connect vacuum well platinum resist thermomet temperatur measur control lid vacuum tank ring aluminium vacuum tank devic instal remov effus cell thread lid butterfli nut bolt stainless steel effus cell heater cartridg figur gt end graphic gt gt start graphic gt flow system determin vapour pressur ga satur method flow regul heat exchang needl valv rel humid sensor satur column ptfe joint flow meter trap absorb oil trap frit bubbler figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt system determin vapour pressur ga satur method capillari satur chamber thermal mass flowmet ga satur chamber manomet capillari temperatur control chamber absorpt vessel thermost coil carrier ga ga meter thermomet pt cold trap figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt experiment set spin rotor method vapour pressur apparatu spin rotor sensor head sampl cell thermostat vacuum line turbo pump air thermostat figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt spin rotor measur head ball evacu tubular extens perman magnet coil vertic stabil drive coil connect flnge surfac tension method method base oecd test guidelin fundament principl refer introduct method appli measur surfac tension aqueou solut preliminari inform water solubl structur hydrolysi properti critic concentr micel format substanc perform test method applic chemic substanc restrict respect degre puriti measur surfac tension ring tensiomet method restrict aqueou solut dynam viscos approxim mpa definit unit free surfac enthalpi unit surfac area refer surfac tension surfac tension si unit mn si unit dyne cm mn dyne cm obsolet cg system refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv check perform method time time comparison result method refer substanc cover wide rang surfac tension refer principl method method base measur maximum forc exert vertic stirrup ring contact surfac liquid examin measur cup order separ surfac plate edg contact surfac order draw film form substanc solubl water concentr mg test aqueou solut singl concentr qualiti criteria method capabl greater precis requir environment assess descript method solut substanc prepar distil water concentr solut satur solubl substanc water concentr exce concentr test substanc water solubl lower mg test plate method iso nf surfac activ agent determin surfac tension draw liquid film stirrup method iso nf surfac activ agent determin surfac tension draw liquid film ring method iso nf surfac activ agent determin surfac tension draw liquid film oecd harmon ring method apparatu commerci tensiomet adequ measur consist element mobil sampl tabl forc measur system measur bodi ring measur vessel mobil sampl tabl mobil sampl tabl support temperatur control measur vessel hold liquid test forc measur system mount stand forc measur system forc measur system figur locat sampl tabl error forc measur exce error limit mg mass measur case measur scale commerci tensiomet calibr mn surfac tension read directli mn accuraci mn measur bodi ring ring made platinum iridium wire mm thick circumfer mm wire ring suspend horizont metal pin wire mount bracket establish connect forc measur system figur figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt measur bodi dimens express millimetr measur vessel measur vessel hold test solut measur temperatur control glass vessel design measur temperatur test solut liquid ga phase surfac remain constant sampl evapor cylindr glass vessel insid diamet mm accept prepar apparatu clean glass vessel clean carefulli wash hot chromo sulphur acid subsequ syrupi phosphor acid weight po rins tap water final wash doubl distil water neutral reaction obtain subsequ dri rins part sampl liquid measur ring rins water remov substanc solubl water briefli immers chromo sulphur acid wash doubl distil water neutral reaction obtain final heat briefli methanol flame note contamin substanc dissolv destroi chromo sulphur acid phosphor acid silicon remov mean suitabl organ solvent calibr apparatu valid apparatu consist verifi point adjust indic instrument reliabl determin mn mount apparatu level instanc mean spirit level tensiomet base adjust level screw base point adjust mount ring apparatu prior immers liquid tensiomet indic adjust ring check parallel liquid surfac purpos liquid surfac mirror calibr actual test calibr accomplish mean procedur mass procedur rider mass ring calibr factor öa instrument read multipli detemin equat fa srsa sr mg mn mass rider graviti acceler cm sea level circumfer ring cm óa read tensiomet place rider ring mn water procedur pure water surfac tension instanc equal mn procedur accomplish faster weight calibr danger surfac tension water falsifi trace contamin surfact calibr factor öb instrument read multipli determin accord equat fb sosg óo cite literatur surfac tension water mn óg measur surfac tension water mn temperatur prepar sampl aqueou solut prepar substanc test requir concentr water dissolv substanc solut maintain constant temperatur surfac tension solut measur vessel alter period time measur made time curv plot show surfac tension function time chang occur state equilibrium reach dust gaseou contamin substanc interfer measur work carri protect cover test condit measur made approxim control perform test solut measur transfer carefulli clean measur vessel take care avoid foam subsequ measur vessel tabl test apparatu tabl top measur vessel rais ring immers surfac solut measur subsequ tabl top lower gradual evenli rate approxim cm min detach ring surfac maximum forc reach liquid layer attach ring separ ring complet measur ring immers surfac measur repeat constant surfac tension reach time transfer solut measur vessel record determin read maximum forc requir detach ring liquid surfac data order calcul surfac tension read mn apparatu multipli calibr factor öa öb depend calibr procedur yield appli approxim requir correct harkin jordan empir determin correct factor surfac tension valu measur ring method depend ring dimens densiti liquid surfac tension labori determin correct factor individu measur harkin jordan tabl order calcul surfac tension aqueou solut simplifi procedur read correct surfac tension valu directli tabl interpol read rang tabular valu gt tabl gt tabl compil basi harkin jordan correct similar din standard din water aqueou solut densiti cm commerci ring dimens mm ring radiu mm ring wire radiu tabl correct valu surfac tension measur calibr weight calibr water altern preced calibr surfac tension calcul formula rf forc measur dynamomet breakpoint film radiu ring correct factor report test report test report includ inform method type water solut precis specif substanc ident impur measur result surfac tension read state individu read arithmet correct take consider equip factor correct tabl concentr solut test temperatur ag solut time prepar measur solut descript time depend surfac tension transfer solut measur vessel inform remark relev interpret result report regard impur physic state substanc interpret result distil water surfac tension mn substanc show surfac tension lower mn condit method regard surfac activ materi refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final weissberg ed techniqu organ chemistri physic method organ chemistri ed intersci publ york vol part chapter xiv pure appl chem vol harkin jordan amer chem soc vol water solubl method method base oecd test guidelin introduct preliminari inform structur formula vapour pressur dissoci constant hydrolysi function ph substanc perform test singl method cover rang solubl water test method cover rang solubl applic volatil substanc appli essenti pure substanc low solubl gram litr stabl water refer flask method water solubl test substanc consider affect presenc impur definit unit solubl water substanc satur mass concentr substanc water temperatur solubl water unit mass volum solut si unit kg gram litr refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv check perform method time time comparison result method principl test method approxim amount sampl time achiev satur mass concentr determin simpl preliminari test column elut method method base elut test substanc water micro column charg inert support materi glass bead sand coat excess test substanc water solubl determin mass concentr eluat constant shown concentr plateau function time flask method method substanc solid pulver dissolv water temperatur test temperatur satur achiev mixtur cool test temperatur stir long reach equilibrium altern measur perform directli test temperatur assur sampl satur equilibrium reach subsequ mass concentr substanc aqueou solut undissolv particl determin suitabl analyt method qualiti criteria repeat column elut method temperatur initi chosen temperatur case temperatur control chosen temperatur constant relev part equip preliminari test approxim sampl solid substanc pulver glass stopper ml graduat cylind increas volum distil water room temperatur ad step shown tabl gt tabl gt addit amount water mixtur shaken vigor minut visual check undissolv part sampl addit ml water sampl part remain undissolv experi repeat ml measur cylind larger volum water lower solubl time requir dissolv substanc consider longer allow approxim solubl tabl volum ad water complet dissolut sampl occur substanc appar insolubl allow maximum dilut undertaken ascertain column elut flask solubl method column elut method support materi solvent eluent support materi column elut method inert materi emploi glass bead sand suitabl volatil solvent analyt reagent qualiti appli test substanc support materi water doubl distil glass quartz apparatu emploi eluent note water directli organ ion exchang load support approxim mg support materi weigh transfer ml round bottom flask suitabl weigh amount test substanc dissolv chosen solvent amount solut ad support materi solvent complet evapor rotari evapor water satur support achiev due partit effect surfac support materi load support materi problem erron result test substanc deposit oil crystal phase problem examin experiment detail report load support materi allow soak hour approxim ml water suspens ad microcolumn altern dry load support materi pour microcolumn fill water equilibr approxim hour test procedur elut substanc support materi carri wai recircul pump figur level vessel figur column elut method recircul pump apparatu schemat arrang typic system present figur suitabl microcolumn shown figur size accept provid meet criteria reproduc sensit column provid headspac bed volum water hold minimum sampl altern size reduc make solvent emploi replac initi bed volum remov impur column connect recircul pump capabl control flow approxim ml pump connect polytetrafluoroethylen glass connect column pump assembl provis sampl effluent equilibr headspac atmospher pressur column materi support small mm plug glass wool serv filter particl recircul pump peristalt pump membran pump care contamin absorpt occur tube materi measur procedur flow column start recommend flow rate approxim ml hr correspond bed volum hr column bed volum minimum discard remov water solubl impur recircul pump allow run equilibr establish defin success sampl concentr differ random fashion sampl separ time interv passag bed volum eluent column elut method level vessel apparatu figur level vessel connect level vessel made ground glass joint connect ptfe tube recommend flow rate approxim ml hr success eluat fraction collect analyz chosen method measur procedur fraction middl eluat rang concentr constant consecut fraction determin solubl water case recircul pump level vessel run perform half flow rate result run agreement test satisfactori higher appar solubl lower flow rate halv flow rate continu success run give solubl case recircul pump level vessel fraction check presenc colloid matter examin tyndal effect light scatter presenc particl invalid result test repeat improv filter action column ph sampl record run perform temperatur flask method apparatu flask method materi need normal laboratori glasswar instrument devic suitabl agit solut control constant temperatur centrifug prefer thermost requir emuls equip analyt determin measur procedur quantiti materi satur desir volum water estim preliminari test volum water requir depend analyt method solubl rang time quantiti materi determin weigh glass vessel fit glass stopper centrifug tube flask chosen volum water ad vessel vessel tightli stopper close vessel agit shake stir devic capabl oper constant temperatur magnet stir thermostat control water bath dai vessel remov equilibr hour test temperatur occasion shake content vessel centrifug test temperatur concentr test substanc clear aqueou phase determin suitabl analyt method flask treat similarli initi equilibr dai concentr result vessel agre requir reproduc test satisfactori test repeat longer equilibr time result vessel show tendenc increas valu measur procedur perform preincub order estim rate establish satur equilibrium sampl stir time longer influenc concentr test solut ph sampl record analysi substanc specif analyt method prefer determin small amount solubl impur larg error measur solubl exampl method ga liquid chromatographi titrat method photometr method voltammetr method data column elut method consecut sampl satur plateau calcul run standard deviat result unit mass volum solut mean calcul test flow compar repeat flask method individu result flask result deem constant repeat averag unit mass volum solut requir reconvers mass unit volum unit densiti solubl high gt gram litr report column elut method test report includ inform result preliminari test precis specif substanc ident impur individu concentr flow rate ph sampl mean standard deviat sampl satur plateau run averag success accept run temperatur water satur process method analysi emploi natur support materi emploi load support materi solvent evid chemic instabl substanc test method inform relev interpret result regard impur physic state substanc flask method test report includ inform result preliminari test precis specif substanc ident impur individu analyt determin averag determin flask ph sampl averag flask agreement test temperatur analyt method emploi evid chemic instabl substanc test method inform relev interpret result regard impur physic state substanc refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final nf afnor sept chemic product industri determin water solubl solid liquid low solubl column elut method nf afnor sept chemic product industri determin water solubl solid liquid high solubl flask method appendix figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt column elut method recircul pump figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt typic microcolumn dimens millimetr figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt typic microcolumn dimens millimetr figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt column elut method level vessel level vessel litr flask column figur fraction collector thermostat teflon tube ground glass joint water line thermostat column diamet approxim mm partit coeffici method shake flask method base oecd test guidelin introduct preliminari inform structur formula dissoci constant water solubl hydrolysi octanol solubl surfac tension substanc perform test measur made ioniz substanc ioniz form free acid free base produc buffer ph ph unit free acid free base pk test method includ separ procedur shake flask method high perform liquid chromatographi hplc applic log pow definit fall rang rang carri experiment procedur preliminari estim partit coeffici obtain shake flask method appli essenti pure substanc solubl water octanol applic surfac activ materi calcul estim base individu octanol water solubl provid hplc method applic strong acid base metal complex surfac activ materi substanc react eluent materi calcul estim base individu octanol water solubl provid hplc method sensit presenc impur test compound shake flask method case impur make interpret result difficult peak assign uncertain mixtur give unresolv band upper lower limit log state definit unit partit coeffici defin ratio equilibrium concentr ci dissolv substanc phase system consist larg immisc solvent case octanol water pow cn octanolcwat partit coeffici quotient concentr form logarithm base log refer substanc shake flask method refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv check perform method time time comparison result method hplc method order correl measur hplc data compound calibr graph log chromatograph data refer point establish user select refer substanc refer compound pow test substanc pow test substanc log valu calibr base data obtain shake flask method log valu greater calibr base valid literatur valu agreement calcul valu accuraci prefer choos refer compound structur relat test substanc extens list valu log pow group chemic data partit coeffici structur relat compound gener calibr establish refer compound list recommend refer substanc pow valu appendix principl method shake flask method order determin partit coeffici equilibrium interact compon system achiev concentr substanc dissolv phase determin studi literatur subject techniqu solv problem mix phase separ order determin equilibrium concentr substanc examin hplc method hplc perform analyt column pack commerci solid phase long hydrocarbon chain chemic bound silica chemic inject column move rate degre partit mobil phase hydrocarbon stationari phase mixtur chemic elut order hydrophob water solubl chemic elut oil solubl chemic proport hydrocarbon water partit coeffici enabl relationship retent time revers phase column octanol water partit coeffici establish partit coeffici deduc capac factor express tr tr retent time test substanc averag time solvent molecul pass column dead time quantit analyt method requir determin elut time qualiti criteria repeat shake flask method order assur accuraci partit coeffici duplic determin made test condit quantiti substanc ratio solvent volum vari determin valu partit coeffici express common logarithm fall rang log unit hplc method order increas confid measur duplic determin made valu log deriv individu measur fall rang log unit sensit shake flask method measur rang method determin limit detect analyt procedur permit assess valu log pow rang occasion condit appli rang extend log pow concentr solut phase mol litr hplc method hplc method enabl partit coeffici estim log pow rang partit coeffici compound estim log unit shake flask typic correl found literatur higher accuraci achiev correl plot base structur relat refer compound specif shake flask method nernst partit law appli constant temperatur pressur ph dilut solut strictli appli pure substanc dispers pure solvent solut occur phase time affect result dissoci associ dissolv molecul result deviat nernst partit law deviat fact partit coeffici depend concentr solut multipl equilibria involv test method appli ioniz compound appli correct buffer solut place water consid compound ph buffer ph unit pka substanc bear mind relev ph environ descript method preliminari estim partit coeffici partit coeffici estim prefer calcul method appendix ratio solubl test substanc pure solvent shake flask method prepar octanol determin partit coeffici carri high puriti analyt grade reagent water water distil doubl distil glass quartz apparatu emploi ioniz compound buffer solut place water justifi note water directli ion exchang pre satur solvent partit coeffici determin phase solvent system mutual satur shake temperatur experi practic shake larg stock bottl high puriti analyt grade octanol water suffici quantiti solvent hour mechan shaker stand long phase separ achiev satur state prepar test entir volum phase system fill test vessel prevent loss materi due volatil volum ratio quantiti substanc fix preliminari assess partit coeffici minimum quantiti test substanc requir analyt procedur limit maximum concentr phase mol litr test carri calcul volum ratio octanol water ratio divid ratio multipli test substanc stock solut prepar octanol pre satur water concentr stock solut precis determin emploi determin partit coeffici solut store condit ensur stabil test condit test temperatur constant lie rang measur procedur establish partit equilibrium duplic test vessel requir accur measur amount solvent quantiti stock solut prepar test condit octanol phase measur volum test vessel suitabl shaker shaken hand centrifug tube recommend method rotat tube quickli transvers axi trap air rise phase experi shown rotat suffici establish partit equilibrium rotat minut recommend phase separ order separ phase centrifug mixtur carri laboratori centrifug maintain room temperatur temperatur control centrifug centrifug tube equilibr test temperatur hour analysi analysi determin partit coeffici determin concentr test substanc phase take aliquot phase tube test condit analyz chosen procedur total quantiti substanc present phase calcul compar quantiti substanc origin introduc aqueou phase sampl procedur minim risk includ trace octanol glass syring remov needl sampl water phase syring initi partial fill air air gentli expel insert needl octanol layer adequ volum aqueou phase withdrawn syring syring quickli remov solut needl detach content syring aqueou sampl concentr separ phase prefer determin substanc specif method exampl analyt method photometr method ga chromatographi high perform liquid chromatographi hplc method prepar apparatu liquid chromatograph fit puls free pump suitabl detect devic requir inject valv inject loop recommend presenc polar group stationari phase impair perform hplc column stationari phase minim percentag polar group commerci microparticul revers phase pack readi pack column guard column posit inject system analyt column mobil phase hplc grade methanol hplc grade water prepar elut solvent degass isocrat elut emploi methanol water ratio minimum water content typic methanol water mixtur satisfactori elut compound log hour flow rate ml min compound high log shorten elut time refer compound decreas polar mobil phase column length substanc low solubl octanol tend give abnorm low log pow valu hplc method peak compound accompani solvent front due fact partit process slow reach equilibrium time hplc separ decreas flow rate lower methanol water ratio effect arriv reliabl test refer compound solubl mobil phase suffici concentr detect except case addit methanol water mixtur addit chang properti column chromatogram addit mandatori separ column type methanol water organ solvent water mixtur ethanol water acetonitril water ph eluent critic ioniz compound oper ph rang column buffer recommend care avoid salt precipit column deterior occur organ phase buffer mixtur hplc measur silica base stationari phase ph advis alkalin mobil phase rapid deterior perform column solut refer compound purest compound test calibr purpos dissolv mobil phase test condit temperatur measur vari measur calcul dead time dead time determin homolog seri alkyl methyl keton unretain organ compound thiourea formamid calcul dead time homolog seri set member homolog seri inject respect retent time determin raw retent time tr nc plot function tr nc intercept slope regress equat tr nc tr nc determin nc number carbon atom dead time calibr graph step construct correl plot log valu versu log refer compound practic set standard refer compound log expect rang inject simultan retent time determin prefer record integr link detect system logarithm capac factor log calcul plot function log determin shake flask method calibr perform regular interv daili column perform allow determin capac factor test substanc test substanc inject small quantiti mobil phase retent time determin duplic permit calcul capac factor correl graph refer compound partit coeffici test substanc interpol low high partit coeffici extrapol case care confid limit regress line data shake flask method reliabl determin valu test comparison mean duplic determin report test report includ inform precis specif substanc ident impur method applic surfac activ materi calcul estim base individu octanol water solubl provid inform remark relev interpret result regard impur physic state substanc shake flask method result preliminari estim temperatur determin data analyt procedur determin concentr time speed centrifug measur concentr phase determin mean total concentr report weight test substanc volum phase emploi test vessel total calcul amount test substanc present phase equilibr calcul valu partit coeffici report set test condit determin suggest concentr depend partit coeffici note report standard deviat individu valu report determin express logarithm base calcul theoret pow determin measur gt ph water aqueou phase experi buffer justif buffer place water composit concentr ph buffer ph aqueou phase experi hplc method result preliminari estim test refer substanc puriti temperatur rang determin ph determin made detail analyt guard column mobil phase mean detect retent data literatur log valu refer compound calibr detail fit regress line log versu log averag retent data interpol log test compound descript equip oper condit elut profil quantiti test refer substanc introduc column dead time measur refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final hansch leo substitu constant correl analysi chemistri biologi john wilei york log paramet databas tool quantit predict bioactiv hansch chairman leo dir pomona colleg medic chemistri project pomona colleg claremont california renberg sundström sundh nygärd chemospher vol ellgehausen hondt fuerer pestic sci vol mcduffi chemospher vol hammer al chromatogr vol haki young liq chromat vol fujisawa masuhara biom mat re vol jubermann verteilen und extrahieren methoden der organischen chemi houben weyl allgemein laboratoriumpraxi edit muller georg thiem verlag stuttgart band rekker de kort euro med chem vol leo hansch elkin partit coeffici chem rev vol rekker hydrophob fragment constant elsevi amsterdam nf afnor chemic product industri determin partit coeffici flask shake method eadsforth moser chemospher vol leo hansch elkin chem rev vol hansch leo unger kim nikaitani lien med chem vol neeli branson blau environ sci technol vol brown flagg environ qual vol seydel schaper chemisch struktur und biologisch aktivität von wirkstoffen verlag chemi weinheim york frank theoret drug design method elsevi amsterdam martin quantit drug design marcel dekker york basel nirrle noulton murphi taylor med chem vol appendix calcul estim method introduct gener introduct calcul method data exampl provid handbook chemic properti estim method calcul valu pow decid experiment method shake flask rang log pow hplc rang log pow select test condit refer substanc hplc procedur volum ratio octanol water shake flask method laboratori intern check experiment error provid pow estim case experiment method appli technic reason estim method preliminari estim partit coeffici partit coeffici estim solubl test substanc pure solvent pestim satur cn octanolsatur cwater calcul method principl calcul method calcul method base formal fragment molecul suitabl substructur reliabl log pow increment log pow molecul calcul sum fragment valu sum correct term intramolecular interact list fragment constant correct term regularli updat qualiti criteria gener reliabl calcul method decreas increas complex compound studi case simpl molecul low molecular weight function group deviat log pow unit result fragment method measur expect case complex molecul margin error greater depend reliabl avail fragment constant abil recogn intramolecular interact hydrogen bond correct correct term problem comput softwar clogp case ioniz compound correct consider charg degre ioniz import calcul procedur hansch method origin hydrophob substitu constant introduc fujita al defin ðx log pow phx log pow phh pow phx partit coeffici aromat deriv pow phh parent compound pestim satur cn octanolsatur cwater definit method applic predominantli aromat substitut valu larg number substitu tabul calcul log pow aromat molecul substructur rekker method rekker log pow calcul log pow siai fi sj interact term fi repres molecular fragment constant ai frequenc occurr molecul investig correct term express integr multipl singl constant cm call magic constant fragment constant fi cm determin list experiment pow valu compound multipl regress analysi determin interact term carri set rule literatur hansch leo method hansch leo log pow calcul log pow siai fi sj bj fj fi repres molecular fragment constant fj correct term ai bj frequenc occurr deriv experiment pow valu list atom group fragment valu list correct term fj call factor determin trial error correct term order class complic time consum account rule correct term softwar packag develop combin method calcul log pow complex molecul consider improv molecul dissect larger substructur reliabl log pow valu tabl measur fragment heterocycl anthraquinon azobenzen combin hansch valu rekker leo fragment constant remark calcul method appli partli fulli ioniz compound correct factor account ii intramolecular hydrogen bond assum correct term approx log pow unit ad indic presenc bond obtain stereo model spectroscop data molecul iii tautomer form form basi calcul iv revis list fragment constant carefulli report calcul estim method test report includ inform descript substanc mixtur impur indic intramolecular hydrogen bond dissoci charg unusu effect tautomer descript calcul method identif suppli databas peculiar choic fragment comprehens document calcul literatur lyman reehl rosenblatt ed handbook chemic properti estim method mcgraw hill york pomona colleg medicin chemistri project claremont california usa log databas med chem softwar program clogp hansch leo substitu constant correl analysi chemistri biologi john wilei york leo hansch elkin chem rev vol rekker de kort eur med chem chim ther vol fujita iwasa hansch amer chem soc vol rekker hydrophob fragment constant pharmacochemistri librari elsevi york vol eadsforth moser chemospher vol scherrer ac american chemic societi washington symposium seri appendix gt tabl gt flash point method introduct preliminari inform flammabl substanc perform test test procedur applic liquid substanc vapour ignit ignit sourc test method list text reliabl flash point rang individu method possibl chemic reaction substanc sampl holder consid select method definit unit flash point lowest temperatur correct pressur kpa liquid evolv vapour condit defin test method amount flammabl vapour air mixtur produc test vessel unit ct refer substanc refer substanc emploi case investig substanc primarili serv check perform method time time comparison result method principl method substanc test vessel heat cool test temperatur procedur individu test method ignit trial carri order ascertain sampl flash test temperatur qualiti criteria repeat repeat vari flash point rang test method maximum sensit sensit depend test method specif specif test method limit flash point rang subject substanc relat data high viscos descript method prepar sampl test substanc test apparatu safeti recommend method util small sampl size circa cm energet toxic substanc test condit apparatu consist safeti draught free posit perform test equilibrium method iso iso iso iso equilibrium method abel apparatu bs part nf nf abel penski apparatu en din part temperatur din part temperatur nf tag apparatu astm penski marten apparatu iso en din astm bs nf remark flash point determin equilibrium method found confirm equilibrium method apparatu method give temperatur flash point notif determin flash point viscou liquid paint gum similar solvent apparatu test method suitabl determin flash point viscou liquid iso iso iso din part data report test report includ inform precis specif substanc identif impur method state deviat result addit remark relev interpret result refer flammabl solid method introduct preliminari inform potenti explos properti substanc perform test test appli powderi granular past substanc order includ substanc ignit burn rapidli burn behaviour danger substanc burn veloc exce limit consid highli flammabl danger incandesc propag metal powder difficulti extinguish fire metal powder consid highli flammabl support spread incandesc mass time definit unit burn time express second refer substanc principl method substanc form unbroken strip powder train mm long preliminari screen test perform determin ignit ga flame propag burn flame smoulder occur propag mm train occur time full test programm determin burn rate carri qualiti criteria state descript method preliminari screen test substanc form unbroken strip powder train mm long mm wide mm high combust porou low heat conduct base plate hot flame ga burner minimum diamet mm appli end powder train powder ignit maximum minut minut powder metal metal alloi note combust propag mm train minut test period minut metal powder substanc ignit propag combust burn flame smoulder mm powder train minut minut test period substanc consid highli flammabl test requir substanc propag burn mm length powder train minut minut metal powder procedur point carri burn rate test prepar powderi granular substanc loos fill mould mm long triangular cross section height mm width mm side mould longitudin direct metal plate mount later limit project mm upper edg triangular cross section figur mould drop time height cm solid surfac mould fill later limit remov excess substanc scrape combust porou low heat conduct base plate top mould apparatu invert mould remov past substanc spread combust porou low heat conduct base plate form rope mm length cross section cm test condit case moistur sensit substanc test carri quickli remov contain perform test arrang pile draught fume cupboard air speed suffici prevent fume escap laboratori vari test draught screen erect apparatu hot flame ga burner minimum diamet mm ignit pile end pile burn distanc mm rate burn mm measur test perform time clean cool plate time posit result observ earlier data burn time preliminari screen test shortest burn time test relev evalu report test report test report includ inform precis specif substanc identif impur descript substanc test physic state includ moistur content result preliminari screen test burn rate test perform addit remark relev interpret result interpret result powderi granular past substanc consid highli flammabl time burn test carri test procedur second powder metal metal alloi consid highli flammabl ignit flame zone reaction spread sampl minut refer nf sept chemic product industri determin flammabl solid appendix figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt mould accessori prepar pile dimens millimetr flammabl gase method introduct method determin gase mix air room temperatur circa atmospher pressur flammabl rang concentr mixtur increas concentr test ga air expos electr spark observ ignit occur definit unit rang flammabl rang concentr lower upper explos limit lower upper explos limit limit concentr flammabl ga admixtur air propag flame occur refer substanc principl method concentr ga air increas step step mixtur expos stage electr spark qualiti criteria state descript method apparatu test vessel upright glass cylind minimum diamet mm minimum height mm ignit electrod separ distanc mm mm bottom cylind cylind fit pressur releas open apparatu shield restrict explos damag stand induct spark sec durat gener high voltag transform output voltag kv maximum power input ignit sourc suitabl apparatu refer test condit test perform room temperatur circa perform test proport pump concentr ga air introduc glass cylind spark pass mixtur observ flame detach ignit sourc propag independ ga concentr vari step vol ignit occur chemic structur ga flammabl composit stoichiometr mixtur air calcul mixtur rang stoichiometr composit greater composit test step data occurr flame propag relev inform data determin properti report test report includ inform precis specif substanc identif impur descript dimens apparatu temperatur test perform test concentr result obtain result test flammabl ga highli flammabl ga conclud ga flammabl concentr rang test step state inform remark relev interpret result report refer nf sept chemic product industri determin flammabl gase berthold conrad grewer gross wortmann redek und schack entwicklung einer standard apparatur zur messung von explosionsgrenzen chem ing tech vol flammabl contact water method introduct test method determin reaction substanc water damp air lead develop danger amount ga gase highli flammabl test method appli solid liquid substanc method applic substanc spontan ignit contact air definit unit highli flammabl substanc contact water damp air evolv highli flammabl gase danger quantiti minimum rate litr kg hour principl method substanc test step step sequenc ignit occur step test substanc react violent water proce step step test substanc trough distil water note evolv ga ignit step test substanc filter paper float surfac dish distil water note evolv ga ignit filter paper substanc place increas chanc ignit step test substanc made pile approxim cm high cm diamet drop water ad pile note evolv ga ignit step test substanc mix distil water rate evolut ga measur period hour hour interv rate evolut errat increas hour measur time extend maximum time dai test stop rate time exce litr kg hour refer substanc qualiti criteria state descript method step test condit test perform room temperatur circa perform test small quantiti approxim mm diamet test substanc trough distil water note made ga evolv ii ignit ga occur ignit ga occur test substanc need substanc regard hazard step apparatu filter paper float flat surfac distil water suitabl vessel mm diamet evapor dish test condit test perform room temperatur circa perform test small quantiti test substanc approxim mm diamet centr filter paper note made ga evolv ii ignit ga occur ignit ga occur test substanc need substanc regard hazard step test condit test perform room temperatur circa perform test test substanc made pile approxim cm high cm diamet indent top drop water ad hollow note made ga evolv ii ignit ga occur ignit ga occur test substanc need substanc regard hazard step apparatu apparatu set shown figur test condit inspect contain test substanc powder start graphic gt gt end graphic gt apparatu pyrophor properti solid liquid method introduct test procedur applic solid liquid substanc small amount ignit spontan short time come contact air room temperatur circa substanc expos air hour dai room temperatur elev temperatur ignit occur cover test method definit unit substanc consid pyrophor properti ignit char condit auto flammabl liquid test method auto ignit temperatur liquid gase refer substanc principl method substanc solid liquid ad inert carrier brought contact air ambient temperatur period minut liquid substanc ignit absorb filter paper expos air ambient temperatur circa minut solid liquid ignit liquid ignit char filter paper substanc consid pyrophor qualiti criteria repeat import relat safeti singl posit result suffici substanc consid pyrophor descript test method apparatu porcelain cup circa cm diamet fill diatomac earth height mm room temperatur circa note diatomac earth compar inert substanc gener obtain repres soil test substanc spilt event accid dry filter paper requir test liquid ignit contact air contact inert carrier perform test powderi solid cm powderi substanc test pour circa height combust surfac observ substanc ignit drop minut settl test perform time ignit occur liquid circa cm liquid test pour prepar porcelain cup observ substanc ignit minut ignit occur test perform test ml test sampl deliv syring indent filter paper observ ignit char filter paper occur minut liquid ad test perform time ignit char occur data treatment result test discontinu posit result occur test evalu substanc ignit minut ad inert carrier expos air liquid substanc char ignit filter paper minut ad expos air consid pyrophor report test report includ inform precis specif substanc identif impur result test addit remark relev interpret result refer nf sept chemic product industri determin spontan flammabl solid liquid recommend transport danger good test criteria unit nation york explos properti method introduct method scheme test determin solid pasti substanc present danger explos submit effect flame thermal sensit shock friction sensit mechan stimuli liquid substanc present danger explos submit effect flame shock method compris part test thermal sensit test mechan sensit respect shock test mechan sensit respect friction method yield data assess likelihood initi explos mean common stimuli method intend ascertain substanc capabl explod condit method determin substanc present danger explos thermal mechan sensit condit direct base number type apparatu wide internation give meaning result recognis method definit altern apparatu provid internation recognis result adequ correl apparatu test perform thermodynam inform heat format heat decomposit absenc reactiv group structur formula establish reason doubt substanc incap rapid decomposit evolut gase releas heat materi present risk explos test mechan sensit respect friction requir liquid definit unit explos substanc explod effect flame sensit shock friction apparatu mechan sensit dinitrobenzen altern apparatu refer substanc dinitrobenzen technic crystallin product siev pass mm friction shock method perhydro trinitro triazin rdx hexogen cyclonit ca recrystallis aqueou cyclohexanon wet siev ìm retain ìm siev dri hour seri friction shock test principl method preliminari test establish safe condit perform test sensit safeti handl test safeti reason perform main test small sampl circa mg substanc subject heat confin ga flame shock conveni form apparatu friction mallet anvil form friction machin object ascertain substanc sensit explos prescrib sensit test thermal sensit perform special precaut avoid injuri oper thermal sensit method involv heat substanc steel tube close orific plate differ diamet hole determin substanc liabl explod condit intens heat defin confin mechan sensit shock method involv subject substanc shock mass drop height mechan sensit friction method involv subject solid pasti substanc friction standard surfac condit load rel motion qualiti criteria state descript method thermal sensit effect flame apparatu apparatu consist reusabl steel tube usabl close devic figur instal heat protect devic tube deep drawn sheet steel appendix intern diamet mm length mm wall thick mm tube flang open end enabl close orific plate assembl consist pressur resist orific plate central hole secur firmli tube part screw joint nut thread collar nut thread collar made chromium manganes steel appendix spark free orific plate mm thick made heat resist steel appendix rang diamet open test condit substanc test receiv case press cast condens test substanc crush solid mass materi test determin stage dry run procedur tare tube fill cm substanc substanc tamp forc appli total cross section tube reason safeti case physic form sampl chang compress fill procedur substanc friction sensit tamp materi compress ad tamp tube fill mm top total mass fill tube mm level determin increment tamp forc ad materi ad tamp requir leav tube fill level mm top dry run perform start tamp quantiti total mass found dry run increment ad tamp level substanc tube adjust mm top addit subtract materi requir amount solid determin dry run trial fill perform equal amount compress cm forc facilit space ring liquid gel load tube height mm take care gel prevent format void thread collar slip tube orific plate insert nut tighten appli molybdenum disulphid base lubric essenti check substanc trap flang plate thread heat provid propan industri cylind fit pressur regul mbar meter evenli distribut visual observ flame burner manifold burner burner locat test chamber shown figur burner combin consumpt litr propan minut altern fuel gase burner heat rate figur apparatu heat rate check period tube fill dibutyl phthalat figur perform test test perform tube fragment tube heat minut test result fragment tube piec case connect narrow strip metal illustr figur evalu give explos test result fewer fragment fragment regard give explos seri test mm diamet orific plate perform explos obtain seri test perform mm diamet orific plate explos occur test seri test requir evalu test result consid posit explos occur seri test mechan sensit shock apparatu figur essenti part typic fall hammer apparatu cast steel block base anvil column guid drop weight releas devic sampl holder steel anvil mm diamet mm height screw top steel block mm length mm width mm height cast base mm length mm width mm height column made seamless drawn steel tube secur holder screw back steel block screw anchor apparatu solid concret block cm guid rail absolut vertic drop weight fall freeli kg weight made solid steel strike head weight harden steel hrc minimum diamet mm sampl test enclos shock devic consist coaxial solid steel cylind hollow cylindr steel guid ring solid steel cylind mm diamet mm height polish surfac round edg radiu curvatur mm hard hrc hollow cylind extern diamet mm polish bore mm height mm shock devic assembl intermedi anvil mm diamet mm height made steel centr ring perfor escap fume test condit sampl volum mm volum suit altern apparatu solid substanc test dry state prepar powder substanc siev siev size mm pass siev test press cast condens substanc broken small piec siev siev fraction mm diamet test repres origin substanc substanc suppli past test dry state case remov maximum amount diluent liquid substanc test mm gap upper lower steel cylind perform test seri test perform drop kg mass explos obtain test seri test drop kg mass perform apparatu sampl compar chosen refer substanc establish procedur techniqu evalu test result consid posit explos burst flame report equival explos occur test shock apparatu sampl sensit dinitrobenzen rdx altern shock test mechan sensit friction apparatu figur friction apparatu consist cast steel base plate mount friction devic consist fix porcelain peg move porcelain plate porcelain plate held carriag run guid carriag connect electr motor connect rod eccentr cam suitabl gear porcelain plate move back beneath porcelain peg distanc mm porcelain peg load newton flat porcelain plate made white technic porcelain rough ìm dimens mm length mm width mm height cylindr porcelain peg made white technic porcelain mm long diamet mm roughen spheric end surfac radiu curvatur mm test condit sampl volum mm volum suit altern apparatu solid substanc test dry state prepar powder substanc siev siev size mm pass siev test press cast condens substanc broken small piec siev siev fraction start graphic gt gt end graphic gt gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt thermal sensit test exampl fragment figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt heat rate calibr thermal sensit test temperatur time curv obtain heat dibutyl phthalat cm close mm orific plate tube propan flow rate litr minut temperatur measur mm diamet stainless steel sheath chromel alumel thermocoupl central mm rim tube heat rate minut figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt figur continu fig shock devic substanc powder past form fig shock devic liquid substanc steel cylind guid ring steel cylind locat ring orific vertic section plan rubber ring liquid substanc mm space free liquid gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt fig hammer drop mass kg suspens spigot height marker posit groov cylindr strike head rebound catch figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt friction sensit apparatu fig friction apparatu elev plan view gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt fig start posit peg sampl gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt auto ignit temperatur liquid gase method introduct explos substanc substanc ignit spontan contact air ambient temperatur submit test test procedur applic gase liquid vapour presenc air ignit hot surfac auto ignit temperatur consider reduc presenc catalyt impur surfac materi higher volum test vessel definit unit degre auto ignit express term auto ignit temperatur auto ignit temperatur lowest temperatur test substanc ignit mix air condit defin test method refer substanc refer substanc cite standard primarili serv check perform method time time comparison result method principl method method determin minimum temperatur surfac enclosur result ignit ga vapour liquid inject enclosur qualiti criteria repeat vari rang auto ignit temperatur test method sensit specif depend test method descript method apparatu apparatu method refer test condit sampl test substanc test method refer perform test iec din astm bs nf data record test temperatur atmospher pressur quantiti sampl time lag ignit occur report test report includ inform precis specif substanc identif impur quantiti sampl atmospher pressur apparatu result measur test temperatur result ignit time lag addit remark relev interpret result refer rel ignit temperatur solid method introduct explos substanc substanc ignit spontan contact air ambient temperatur submit test purpos test provid preliminari inform auto flammabl solid substanc elev temperatur heat develop reaction substanc oxygen exotherm decomposit lost rapidli surround heat lead ignit occur ignit occur rate heat product exce rate heat loss test procedur preliminari screen test solid substanc view complex natur ignit combust solid ignit temperatur determin test method comparison purpos definit unit ignit temperatur obtain method minimum ambient temperatur express volum substanc ignit defin condit refer substanc principl method volum substanc test oven room temperatur temperatur time curv relat condit centr sampl record temperatur oven increas melt point lower rate min purpos test temperatur oven sampl temperatur reach heat call ignit temperatur qualiti criteria descript method apparatu oven temperatur program laboratori oven volum litr fit natur air circul explos relief order avoid potenti explos risk decomposit gase allow contact electr heat element wire mesh cube piec stainless steel wire mesh mm open cut pattern figur mesh fold secur wire open top cube thermocoupl suitabl thermocoupl record channel record calibr voltag test condit substanc test receiv perform test cube fill substanc test tap gentli ad substanc cube complet full cube suspend centr oven room temperatur thermocoupl centr cube cube oven wall record oven temperatur temperatur oven sampl continu record temperatur oven increas melt point lower rate min substanc ignit sampl thermocoupl show sharp temperatur rise oven temperatur data temperatur oven sampl temperatur reach heat relev evalu figur report test report includ inform descript substanc test result measur includ temperatur time curv addit remark relev interpret result refer nf septemb chemic product industri determin rel temperatur spontan flammabl solid figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt pattern mm test cube figur gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt typic temperatur time curv oxid properti solid method introduct preliminari inform potenti explos properti substanc perform test test applic liquid gase explos highli flammabl substanc organ peroxid test perform examin structur formula establish reason doubt substanc incap react exotherm combust materi order ascertain test perform special precaut preliminari test perform definit unit burn time reaction time second reaction zone travel pile procedur burn rate express millimetr maximum burn rate highest burn rate obtain mixtur weight oxid refer substanc barium nitrat analyt grade refer substanc test preliminari test refer mixtur mixtur barium nitrat powder cellulos prepar maximum burn rate mixtur barium nitrat weight principl method preliminari test carri interest safeti test requir preliminari test test substanc oxid properti case substanc subject full test full test substanc test defin combust substanc mix ratio mixtur form pile pile ignit end maximum burn rate determin compar maximum burn rate refer mixtur qualiti criteria requir method grind mix valid provid differ maximum rate burn separ test differ arithmet descript method prepar test substanc reduc test sampl particl size start graphic gt gt end graphic gt mould accessori prepar pile dimens millimetr part method determin toxic gener introduct part introduct gener introduct definit acut toxic compris advers effect occur time dai administr singl dose substanc ii ld median lethal dose statist deriv singl dose substanc expect death dose anim ld express term weight test substanc unit weight test anim milligram kilogram iii lc median lethal concentr statist deriv concentr substanc expect death exposur fix time exposur anim expos time lc express weight test substanc standard volum air milligram litr iv advers effect level maximum dose exposur level test produc detect sign toxic acut chronic toxic compris advers effect occur experiment anim result repeat daili dose exposur chemic short part expect lifespan vi maximum toler dose mtd highest dose level elicit sign toxic anim major effect surviv rel test vii skin irrit product revers inflammatori skin applic test substanc viii ey irrit product revers ey applic test substanc anterior surfac ey ix skin sensit allerg contact dermat immunolog mediat cutan reaction substanc specif definit inhal toxic aerosol defin particl solid liquid homogen dispers air aerodynam diamet diamet sphere unit densiti cm termin settl veloc particl question mass median aerodynam diamet mmad calcul aerodynam diamet divid size distribut aerosol half measur mass geometr standard deviat gsd ratio estim percentil percentil slope cumul particl size distribut curv assum size distribut log normal specif definit fix dose procedur determin acut oral toxic evid toxic refer toxic effect administr test substanc sever administr higher dose level result mortal discrimin dose highest fix dose level administ caus compound relat mortal includ human kill mutagen includ carcinogen pre screen test preliminari assess mutagen potenti substanc obtain inform categori end point gene mutat chromosom abberr end point evalu test test product gene point mutat procaryot cell salmonella typhimurium test escherichia coli accept choic test organ determin natur chemic test ii test product chromosom aberr mammalian cell grown vitro vivo procedur micronucleu test metaphas analysi bone marrow cell accept absenc contraind vitro method strongli prefer evalu interpret limit extent result anim vitro test extrapol directli man born mind test evalu interpret evid advers effect human relev determin potenti effect chemic substanc human popul literatur refer toxicolog develop experiment scienc abund literatur topic relev inform found oecd test guidelin addit remark anim care stringent control environment condit proper anim care techniqu essenti toxic test hous condit environment condit experiment anim room enclosur test speci rat mice guinea pig suitabl condit room temperatur rel humid rabbit temperatur rel humid experiment techniqu sensit temperatur effect case detail condit includ descript test method investig toxic effect temperatur humid monitor record includ final report studi light artifici sequenc hour light hour dark detail light pattern record includ final report studi report anim experi import type cage number anim hous cage exposur chemic subsequ observ period ii feed condit diet meet nutrit requir speci test test substanc administ anim diet nutrit reduc interact substanc dietari constitu possibl reaction consid interpret result test dietari contamin influenc toxic present interf concentr anim welfar elabor test method due consider anim welfar exampl briefli hereund list exhaust exact word condit read text method determin acut oral toxic altern method fix dose procedur introduc procedur util death specif endpoint fewer anim result pain distress classic determin acut oral toxic number anim reduc scientif accept minimum anim sex test dose level method anim neg control group determin skin sensitis guinea pig maxim test method number anim need posit control test mutagen vivo lower method pain distress anim test minimis anim show sever endur sign distress pain human kill dose test substanc mark pain distress due corros irrit properti carri method test irrelevantli high dose avoid introduct limit test acut toxic test method vivo test mutagen method strategi test irrit perform test reduct singl anim studi suffici scientif evid provid scientif evid base physico chemic properti substanc result test perform result valid vitro test acut toxic studi dermal rout conduct limit test dose substanc method skin irrit observ test skin irrit method unnecessari materi demonstr definit corros sever skin irrit dermal irrit tudi method test ey irrit method acut toxic oral method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method test substanc administ oral gavag graduat dose group experiment anim dose group dose chosen base result rang find test subsequ observ effect death made anim die test necropsi conclus test surviv anim necropsi method direct primarili studi rodent speci anim show sever endur sign distress pain human kill dose test substanc mark pain distress due corros irrit properti carri qualiti criteria descript test method prepar anim experiment hous feed condit dai prior test test healthi young adult anim random assign treatment group test substanc dissolv suspend suitabl vehicl recommend aqueou solut consid consider solut veget oil solut vehicl suspens aqueou vehicl relev toxic characterist vehicl determin test rodent volum exce ml kg bodi weight case aqueou solut ml kg variabl test volum minim adjust concentr ensur constant volum dose level test condit experiment anim contra indic rat prefer speci commonli laboratori strain emploi sex start test rang weight variat anim exce number sex rodent dose level sex femal nullipar pregnant inform demonstr sex markedli sensit anim sex dose note acut toxic test anim higher order rodent smaller number consid dose carefulli select effort made exce moder toxic dose test administr lethal dose test substanc avoid dose level suffici number space appropri produc test group rang toxic effect mortal rate data suffici produc dose respons curv permit accept determin ld limit test rodent limit test dose level mg kg bodyweight carri group male femal procedur compound relat mortal produc full studi consid observ period observ period dai durat observ rigidli fix determin toxic reaction rate onset length recoveri period extend consid time sign toxic disappear time death import tendenc death delai procedur anim fast prior substanc administr rat food withheld overnight anim higher metabol rate shorter period fast water restrict dai anim weigh test substanc administ gavag singl dose singl dose dose smaller fraction period exceed hour substanc administ food withheld hour dose administ fraction period provid anim food water depend length period administr observ made record systemat individu record maintain anim observ made frequent dai care clinic examin made work dai observ made daili action minim loss anim studi necropsi refriger anim found dead isol sacrific weak moribund anim observ includ skin fur ey mucou membran respiratori circulatori autonom central nervou system somatomotor activ behaviour pattern attent direct oberv tremor convuls saliv diarrhoea lethargi sleep coma time death record precis anim die test surviv termin test subject necropsi gross patholog record tissu histopatholog examin assess toxic sex complet studi sex group anim sex dose establish anim sex markedli sensit test substanc fewer anim justifi individu circumst adequ inform demonstr anim sex test markedli sensit test anim sex dispens data data summar tabular form show test group number anim start test time death individu anim number anim displai sign toxic descript toxic effect necropsi find individu weight anim determin record shortli test substanc administ weekli death weight calcul record surviv exce dai anim human kill due compound relat distress pain record compound relat death ld determin recogn method data evalu includ relationship anim exposur test substanc incid sever abnorm includ behaviour clinic abnorm gross lesion bodi weight mortal toxicolog effect report test report test report includ inform speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit dose level vehicl concentr sex anim dose tabul respons data sex dose level number anim di kill test number anim show sign toxic number anim expos time death dose reason criteria human kill anim observ ld sex subject full studi determin dai method determin confid interv ld provid dose mortal curv slope permit method determin necropsi find histopatholog find result test sex discuss result attent effect human kill anim test calcul ld interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part bi acut toxic oral fix dose method method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method acut oral toxic test inform advers effect follow short period time ingest singl dose test substanc fix dose method conduct stage preliminari sight studi effect dose administ oral gavag singl anim sex investig sequenti manner sight studi yield inform dose toxic relationship includ estim minimum lethal dose anim stage main studi substanc administ oral gavag group male femal anim pre set dose level mg kg dose deriv sight studi produc evid toxic definit death administr observ effect made initi dose level chosen produc evid toxic compound relat mortal test need evid toxic chosen dose level substanc test higher dose level anim die sever toxic reaction requir human kill anim substanc test lower dose level procedur permit identif discrimin dose definit highest pre set dose level administ caus mortal includ human kill anim show sever endur sign distress pain human kill dose test substanc mark pain distress due corros irrit properti carri qualiti criteria descript test method prepar experiment anim contra indic rat prefer speci commonli laboratori strain emploi sex start test rang weight variat anim exce anim experiment hous feed condit dai prior test test healthi young adult anim random assign sight studi main studi treatment group practic group sex need main studi dose prepar administr test substanc dissolv suspend suitabl vehicl recommend aqueou solut consid consider solut veget oil solut vehicl suspens aqueou vehicl relev toxic characterist vehicl determin test rodent volum exce ml kg bodi weight case aqueou solut ml kg variabl test volum minim adjust concentr ensur constant volum dose level anim fast prior substanc administr rat food withheld overnight water restrict dai anim weigh test substanc administ gavag singl dose singl dose dose smaller fraction period exceed hour substanc administ food withheld hour dose administ fraction period provid anim food water depend length period procedur sight studi effect dose investig singl anim femal anim absenc inform indic male sensit sex dose sequenti allow hour dose anim anim carefulli observ sign toxic dai sign moder toxic persist dai anim observ addit dai initi dose level consid mg kg initi dose chosen produc sever toxic higher level produc mortal investig intermedi dose level build inform dose level produc sign toxic minimum dose level produc mortal effort made select initi dose evid relat chemic absenc inform suggest mg kg dose instanc sign toxic initi dose higher dose level investig mortal occur mg kg sight test complet main studi conduct dose level sever effect necessit human kill initi dose mg kg lower dose mg kg anim anim surviv anim dose intermedi dose level fix dose expect anim procedur main studi anim femal male dose level investig femal nullipar pregnant principl fix dose method moder toxic dose main studi administr lethal dose test substanc avoid dose level test select fix dose level mg kg bodi weight initi dose level chosen produc evid toxic compound relat mortal includ human kill accident death includ record test dose level produc evid toxic compound relat mortal evid toxic result administr chosen dose level substanc test higher dose level anim continu observ observ period complet sever toxic reaction requir anim human kill compound relat mortal substanc retest lower dose level anim human kill observ full observ period administr observ made record systemat individu record maintain anim observ period dai durat observ rigidli fix determin toxic reaction rate onset length recoveri period extend consid time sign toxic disappear time death import tendenc toxic sign delai care clinic examin made dai dose dai anim pain show sever sign distress human kill addit observ dai dose anim continu displai sign toxic test termin appar initi dose level chosen high observ includ skin fur ey mucou membran respiratori circulatori autonom central nervou system somatomotor activ behaviour pattern attent direct observ tremor convuls saliv diarrhoea lethargi sleep coma individu weight anim determin shortli test substanc administ daili dai weekli anim die test surviv termin test weigh subject necropsi gross patholog record tissu histopatholog examin investig except circumst dose level requir depend result preced dose level case substanc produc mortal mg kg bodi weight sight studi mortal result dose level acut toxic substanc investig data data sight studi main studi summar tabular form show dose level test number anim start test number anim displai sign toxic number anim found dead test kill human reason descript toxic effect main studi compound relat evid toxic observ time toxic effect necropsi find weight calcul record surviv exce dai anim human kill due compound relat distress pain record compound relat death report test report test report includ inform sight studi main studi speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit dose level vehicl concentr full result dose level investig tabul respons data sex dose level number anim bodi weight applic number anim di kill test number anim show sign toxic natur sever durat effect time onset sign toxic revers anim di kill time death dose reason criteria human kill anim necropsi find histopatholog find discuss result interpret result includ sign evid toxic discrimin dose level identifi test evalu interpret gt tabl gt gener introduct part refer gener introduct part acut toxic inhal method introduct preliminari inform particl size distribut vapour pressur melt point boil point flash point explos applic substanc gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method group experiment anim expos defin period test substanc graduat concentr concentr group subsequ observ effect death made anim die test necropsi conclus test surviv anim necropsi anim show sever endur sign distress pain human kill dose test substanc mark pain distress due corros sever irrit properti carri qualiti criteria descript test method prepar anim experiment hous feed condit dai prior experi test healthi young anim random assign requir number group subject simul exposur type exposur apparatu solid test substanc micronis order achiev particl size suitabl vehicl ad test substanc gener concentr test substanc atmospher vehicl control group vehicl addit facilit dose produc toxic effect histor data test condit experiment anim contra indic rat prefer speci commonli laboratori strain emploi sex start test rang weight variat anim exce number sex rodent femal male concentr level femal nullipar pregnant note acut toxic test anim higher order rodent smaller number consid dose carefulli select effort made exce moder toxic dose test administr lethal dose test substanc avoid exposur concentr suffici number space appropri produc test group rang toxic effect mortal rate data suffici produc concentr mortal curv permit accept determin lc limit test exposur male femal test anim mg litr ga aerosol liquid solid substanc due physic chemic includ explos properti test substanc maximum attain concentr produc hour exposur compound relat mortal dai test consid exposur time period exposur hour equip anim test inhal equip design sustain dynam airflow air hour ensur adequ oxygen content evenli distribut exposur atmospher chamber design minim crowd test anim maxim exposur inhal test substanc gener rule ensur stabil chamber atmospher total volum test anim exce volum test chamber oro nasal head bodi individu chamber exposur minim uptak test substanc rout observ period observ period dai durat observ rigidli fix determin toxic reaction rate onset length recoveri period extend consid time sign toxic disappear time death import tendenc death delai procedur shortli exposur anim weigh expos test concentr design apparatu period hour equilibr chamber concentr time equilibr short temperatur test perform maintain ideal rel humid maintain instanc test aerosol practic mainten slight neg pressur insid chamber amp ge mm water prevent leakag test substanc surround area food water withheld exposur suitabl system gener monitor test atmospher system ensur stabl exposur condit achiev rapidli chamber design oper homogen distribut test atmospher chamber maintain measur monitor made rate air flow continu actual concentr test substanc measur breath zone time exposur atmospher aerosol high concentr frequent monitor exposur period concentr vari case aerosol level control achiev wider rang accept aerosol particl size analysi perform test group temperatur humid continu exposur observ made record systemat individu record maintain anim observ made frequent dai care clinic examin made work dai observ made daili action minim loss anim studi necropsi refriger anim found dead isol sacrific weak moribund anim observ includ skin fur ey mucou membran respiratori circulatori autonom central nervou system somatomotor activ behaviour pattern attent direct observ respiratori behaviour tremor convuls saliv diarrhoea lethargi sleep coma time death record precis individu weight anim determin weekli exposur death anim die test surviv termin test subject necropsi refer upper lower respiratori tract gross patholog record tissu histopatholog examin data data summar tabular form show test group number anim start test time death individu anim number anim displai sign toxic descript toxic effect necropsi find weight calcul record surviv exce dai anim human kill due compound relat distress pain record compound relat death lc determin recogn method data evalu includ relationship anim exposur test substanc incid sever abnorm includ behaviour clinic abnorm gross lesion bodi weight mortal toxic effect report test report test report includ inform speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit descript exposur apparatu includ design type dimens sourc air system gener aerosol method condit air method hous anim test chamber equip measur temperatur humid aerosol concentr particl size distribut exposur data tabul present valu measur variabl standard deviat includ airflow rate inhal equip temperatur humid air nomin concentr total amount test substanc fed inhal equip divid volum air natur vehicl actual concentr test breath zone mass median aerodynam diamet mmad geometr standard deviat gsd equilibr period exposur period tabul respons data sex exposur level number anim di kill test number anim show sign toxic number anim expos time death exposur reason criteria human kill anim observ lc sex determin end observ period method calcul confid interv lc provid dose mortal curv slope permit method determin necropsi find histopatholog find discuss result attent effect human kill anim test calcul lc interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part acut toxic dermal method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method test substanc appli skin graduat dose group experiment anim dose group subsequ observ effect death made anim die test necropsi conclus test surviv anim necropsi anim show sever endur sign distress pain human kill dose test substanc mark pain distress due corros irrit properti carri qualiti criteria descript test method prepar anim experiment cage experiment hous feed condit dai prior experi test healthi young adult anim random assign treatment group approxim hour test fur remov clip shave dorsal area trunk anim clip shave fur care avoid abrad skin alter permeabl bodi surfac clear applic test substanc test solid pulver test substanc moisten suffici water suitabl vehicl ensur good contact skin vehicl influenc vehicl penetr skin test substanc account liquid test substanc gener undilut test condit experiment anim adult rat rabbit speci requir justif commonli laboratori strain emploi sex start test rang weight variat anim exce number sex anim dose level sex femal nullipar pregnant inform demonstr sex markedli sensit anim sex dose note acut toxic test anim higher order rodent smaller number consid dose carefulli select effort made exce moder toxic dose test administr lethal dose test substanc avoid dose level suffici number space appropri produc test group rang toxic effect mortal rate irrit corros effect account decid dose level data suffici produc dose respons curv permit accept determin ld limit test limit test dose level mg kg bodyweight carri group male femal anim procedur compound relat mortal produc full studi consid observ period observ period dai durat observ rigidli fix determin toxic reaction rate onset length recoveri period extend consid time sign toxic disappear durat time death import tendenc death delai procedur anim cage individu test substanc appli uniformli area approxim total bodi surfac area highli toxic substanc surfac area cover area cover layer thin uniform test substanc held contact skin porou gauz dress irrit tape hour exposur period test site cover suitabl manner retain gauz dress test substanc ensur anim ingest test substanc restrain prevent ingest test substanc complet immobilis recommend method end exposur period residu test substanc remov practic water method cleans skin observ record systemat made individu record maintain anim observ made frequent dai care clinic examin made work dai observ made daili action minim loss anim studi necropsi refriger anim found dead isol sacrific weak moribund anim observ includ fur treat skin ey mucou membran respiratori circulatori autonom central nervou system somatomotor activ behaviour pattern attent direct observ tremor convuls saliv diarrhoea lethargi sleep coma time death record precis anim die test surviv termin test subject necropsi gross patholog record tissu histopatholog examin assess toxic sex complet studi sex group anim sex dose establish anim sex markedli sensit test substanc fewer anim justifi individu circumst adequ inform demonstr anim sex test markedli sensit test anim sex dispens data data summar tabular form show test group number anim start test time death individu anim number anim displai sign toxic descript toxic effect necropsi find individu weight anim determin record shortli test substanc appli weekli death weight calcul record surviv exce dai anim human kill due compound relat distress pain record compound relat death ld determin recogn method data evalu includ evalu relationship anim exposur test substanc incid sever abnorm includ behaviour clinic abnorm gross lesion bodi weight mortal toxicolog effect report test report test report includ inform speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit includ method skin cleans type dress occlus occlus dose level vehicl concentr sex anim dose tabul respons data sex dose level number anim di kill test number anim show sign toxic number anim expos time death dose reason criteria human kill anim observ ld sex subject full studi determin dai method determin confid interv ld provid dose mortal curv slope permit method determin necropsi find histopatholog find result test sex discuss result attent effect human kill anim test calcul ld interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part acut toxic skin irrit method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method initi consider care consider inform substanc minim test substanc condit produc sever reaction inform complet test singl anim studi test physicochem properti chemic reactiv strongli acid alkalin substanc demonstr ph greater requir test primari dermal irrit corros properti expect alkalin acid reserv account ii convinc evid sever effect valid vitro test complet test requir iii result acut toxic studi acut toxic test dermal rout conduct substanc limit test dose level mg kg bodi weight skin irrit observ test skin irrit unnecessari addit test materi shown highli toxic dermal rout unnecessari substanc test appli singl dose skin experiment anim anim serv control degre irrit read grade specif interv provid complet evalu effect durat observ suffici evalu fulli revers effect observ anim show sever endur sign distress pain human kill qualiti criteria descript test method prepar approxim hour test fur remov clip shave dorsal area trunk anim clip shave fur care avoid abrad skin anim healthi intact skin strain rabbit dens islet hair promin time year test substanc appli zone dens hair growth test solid pulver consid test substanc moisten suffici water suitabl vehicl ensur good contact skin vehicl influenc vehicl irrit skin test substanc account liquid test substanc gener undilut test condit experiment anim mammalian speci albino rabbit prefer speci number anim suspect vitro screen result consider substanc produc necrosi corros singl anim test consid result test corros test complet addit anim complet test healthi adult anim separ anim requir untreat control group addit anim requir clarifi equivoc respons dose level contra indic ml liquid solid semi solid appli test site adjac area untreat skin anim serv control test observ period durat observ period fix rigidli suffici evalu fulli revers irrevers effect observ exce dai applic procedur anim cage individu test substanc appli small area approxim cm skin cover gauz patch held place irrit tape case liquid past appli test substanc gauz patch appli skin patch loos held contact skin mean suitabl occlus semi occlus dress durat exposur period access anim patch result ingest inhal test substanc prevent end exposur period residu test substanc remov practic water solvent alter exist respons integr epidermi exposur durat hour suspect substanc produc necrosi corros durat exposur reduc hour minut test emploi singl anim instanc preclud acut dermal toxic test compound patch appli simultan anim patch remov minut skin reaction observ patch remov hour observ stage hour exposur human conduct patch remov hour respons grade case hour exposur test complet addit anim consid human necrosi observ hour exposur skin reaction necrosi observ minut hour test immedi termin longer exposur condit expect pattern human exposur observ grade anim observ sign erythema oedema respons grade minut hour patch remov dermal irrit grade record system tabl observ need revers fulli establish hour addit observ irrit lesion corros irrevers destruct skin tissu toxic effect fulli techniqu histopatholog examin measur skin fold thick clarifi doubt reaction respons mask stain skin test substanc data data summar tabular form show individu anim irrit grade erythema oedema observ period lesion descript degre natur irrit revers corros toxic effect observ record report test report test report includ inform speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit includ relev physicochem properti chemic techniqu skin prepar cleans type dress occlus semi occlus tabul irrit respons data individu anim observ time period hour patch remov descript lesion observ includ corros descript degre natur irrit observ histopatholog find descript toxic effect dermal irrit discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part appendix acut toxic ey irrit method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method initi consider care consider inform substanc minim test substanc condit produc sever reaction inform regard physicochem properti chemic reactiv strongli acid alkalin substanc expect result ph ey greater requir test sever lesion expect alkalin acid reserv account ii result valid altern studi materi shown potenti corros sever irrit properti test ey irrit presum substanc produc sever effect ey test method iii result skin irrit studi materi demonstr definit corros sever skin irrit dermal irrit studi test ey irrit presum substanc produc sever effect ey substanc test appli singl dose ey experiment anim untreat ey provid control inform degre irrit evalu grade specif interv provid complet evalu effect durat observ suffici evalu fulli revers irrevers effect observ anim show sever endur sign distress pain human kill qualiti criteria descript test method prepar ey experiment anim provision select test examin hour test start anim show ey irrit ocular defect pre exist corneal injuri test condit experiment anim varieti experiment anim recommend test perform healthi adult albino rabbit number anim singl anim test consid mark effect anticip result test rabbit suggest substanc sever irrit revers effect corros irrevers effect ey procedur test ocular irrit subsequ anim carri occasion test addit anim investig specif aspect case singl anim test anim addit anim requir clarifi equivoc respons dose level test liquid dose ml test solid past particul substanc amount volum ml weigh approxim weight record test materi solid granular ground fine dust volum particul measur gentli compact tap measur contain substanc contain pump sprai pressur aerosol contain liquid expel ml collect instil ey liquid observ period durat observ period rigidli fix suffici evalu revers irrevers effect observ exce dai instil procedur anim cage individu test substanc conjunctiv sac ey anim gentli pull lower lid eyebal lid gentli held prevent loss materi ey remain untreat serv control thought substanc unreason pain local anaesthet prior instil test substanc type concentr time applic local anaesthet carefulli select ensur signific differ reaction test substanc result control ey similarli anaesthet ey test anim wash hour instil test substanc hour washout consid substanc shown irrit test addit test rabbit ey wash instil substanc case recommend rabbit half minut instil ey rabbit wash half minut volum veloc flow injuri observ grade ey examin hour evid ocular lesion hour studi end extend observ persist corneal involv ocular irrit order determin progress lesion revers irrevers addit observ cornea iri conjunctiva lesion note record report grade ocular reaction tabl record examin grade ocular respons subject interpret assist test laboratori involv make interpret observ illustr guid ey irrit examin reaction facilit binocular loup hand slit lamp biomicroscop suitabl devic record observ hour ey rabbit examin aid fluorescein data data summar tabular form show individu anim irrit grade design observ time descript degre natur irrit presenc lesion effect ocular observ report report test report test report includ inform anim data speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit includ relev physicochem properti test substanc tabul irrit corros respons data individu anim observ time point hour descript lesion observ narr descript degre natur irrit corros observ includ area cornea involv revers descript method grade irrit hour hand slit lamp biomicroscop fluorescein descript ocular topic effect note discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part appendix skin sensit method introduct remark sensit abil test detect potenti human skin sensit consid import classif system toxic relev public health singl test method adequ identifi substanc potenti sensit human skin relev substanc factor physic characterist substanc includ abil penetr skin consid select test test guinea pig subdivid adjuv type test allerg state potenti dissolv suspend test substanc freund complet adjuv fca adjuv test adjuv type test accur predict probabl skin sensit effect substanc human method emploi freund complet adjuv prefer method guinea pig maxim test gpmt wide adjuv type test method detect potenti substanc provok skin sensit reaction gpmt consid prefer adjuv techniqu chemic class adjuv test prefer buehler test consid sensit case good reason choos buehler test involv topic applic intraderm inject guinea pig maxim test scientif justif buehler test guinea pig maxim test gpmt buehler test method method provid valid scientif justif method sensit strain guinea pig skin sensit test check regular interv month mild moder sensit satisfactori number posit respons obtain gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc substanc dilut recommend sensit substanc literatur belong group substanc test phenylenediamineca dinitrochlorobenzeneca potassium dichromateca neomycin sulphateca nickel sulphateca principl test method initi exposur test substanc induct period anim subject approxim week induct exposur challeng exposur test substanc order establish hypersensit state induc sensit determin examin skin reaction challeng exposur qualiti criteria descript test method guinea pig maxim test gpmt prepar healthi young albino guinea pig random assign treatment control group prior dose hair remov clip shave shoulder region care avoid damag skin test condit experiment anim commonli laboratori strain albino guinea pig weigh number sex male femal anim femal nullipar pregnant minimum anim treat group control group fewer anim justifi case equivoc result histopatholog examin decid test repeat set anim conclud definit test substanc sensit test addit anim give total test control anim recommend dose level concentr test substanc adjust level produc evid skin irrit toler anim induct stage challeng concentr maximum produc evid skin irrit sensit anim concentr determin small scale anim pilot studi observ period induct period observ carri check irrit effect challeng exposur skin reaction record hour remov patch procedur anim weigh test commenc end test shoulder region clear hair stage procedur induct dai treat group pair intraderm inject ml shoulder region pair li side midlin inject ml freund complet adjuv fca mix water physiolog salin inject ml test substanc vehicl inject ml test substanc fca inject water solubl substanc dissolv ml water ml undilut fca liposolubl insolubl substanc test mix undilut fca inject final concentr test substanc equal inject inject close nearest head caudal part test area dai control group pair intraderm inject site inject ml freund complet adjuv fca mix water physiolog salin inject ml vehicl inject ml vehicl fca dai control treat group substanc skin irrit test area clip shave paint ml sodium lauryl sulphat vaselin order creat local irrit dai treat group test area clear hair test substanc suitabl vehicl choic vehicl justifi solid fine pulveris incorpor suitabl vehicl liquid appli directli spread filter paper cm appli test area held contact occlus dress hour dai control group test area clear hair vehicl appli similar manner test area held contact occlus dress hour challeng dai flank treat control anim clear hair patch chamber test substanc appli flank treat anim patch chamber vehicl flank patch held contact occlus dress hour control group expos ident manner dai hour remov patch challeng area clean clear hair hour hour start challeng applic skin reaction observ record hour observ observ hour made record clarifi result obtain challeng challeng vehicl control group consid approxim week observ grade skin reaction unusu find result induct challeng procedur record report techniqu histopatholog examin measur skin fold thick clarifi doubt reaction respons mask stain skin test substanc buehler test prepar healthi young albino guinea pig random assign treatment control group prior dose hair remov clip shave flank care avoid damag skin test condit experiment anim commonli laboratori strain albino guinea pig weigh number sex male femal anim femal nullipar pregnant anim treat group control group fewer anim justifi case equivoc result histopatholog examin decid test repeat set anim dose level induct stage concentr test substanc adjust highest level toler system irrit substanc produc mild moder irrit major test anim challeng concentr maximum produc evid skin irrit sensitis anim concentr determin small scale anim studi observ period induct period skin observ carri check irrit effect challeng exposur skin reaction record hour remov patch hour begin applic procedur anim weigh test commenc end test stage procedur induct dai treat group flank clear hair ml test substanc suitabl vehicl choic vehicl justifi liquid appli directli spread cotton pad appli test area held contact skin occlus patch chamber suitabl dress hour dai control group flank clear hair vehicl appli similar manner test area held contact skin occlus patch chamber suitabl dress hour dai applic dai carri test area clear hair dai dai challeng dai flank treat control anim clear hair occlus patch chamber ml test substanc appli maximum irrit concentr posterior flank treat anim occlus patch chamber vehicl appli anterior flank occlus patch held contact suitabl dress hour control group expos ident manner dai hour remov patch challeng area clean clear hair hour hour start challeng applic skin reaction observ record hour observ observ hour made record observ grade skin reaction unusu find result induct challeng procedur record report techniqu histopatholog examin measur skin fold thick clarifi doubt reaction respons mask stain skin test substanc data gpmt buehler test data summar tabular form show anim skin reaction observ report gpmt buehler test test report gpmt buehler test test report includ inform strain guinea pig test condit vehicl test substanc concentr induct challeng number ag sex anim individu weight anim start conclus test observ made anim includ grade system discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gpmt buehler test gener introduct part refer gener introduct part repeat dose dai toxic oral method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method test substanc administ oral daili graduat dose group experiment anim dose group period dai period administr anim observ daili detect sign toxic anim die test necropsi conclus test surviv anim necropsi qualiti criteria descript test method prepar anim experiment hous feed condit dai prior test test healthi young anim random assign treatment group test substanc administ diet gavag capsul drink water anim dose method entir experiment period vehicl addit facilit dose produc toxic effect histor data test condit experiment anim contra indic prefer speci rat commonli laboratori strain young healthi anim emploi dose begin ideal rat week case week commenc studi rang weight variat anim exce number sex anim femal male dose level femal nullipar pregnant interim sacrific plan number anim increas number anim schedul sacrif complet studi addit satellit group anim anim sex treat high dose level dai observ revers persist delai occurr toxic effect dai post treatment satellit group control anim anim sex dose level dose level control treatment test substanc anim control group handl ident manner test group subject vehicl facilit dose control dose vehicl treat group receiv amount vehicl receiv highest dose level group highest dose level result toxic effect produc fatal lowest dose level produc evid toxic usabl estim human exposur lowest level exce ideal middl dose level produc minim observ toxic effect intermedi dose dose level space produc gradat toxic effect low intermedi group control incid fatal low order permit meaning evalu result test substanc administ diet constant dietari concentr ppm mg kg food constant dose level term anim bodi weight altern substanc administ gavag dose similar time dai dose level adjust interv weekli bi weekli maintain constant dose level term anim bodi weight limit test dai studi conduct accord method detail dose level mg kg bodi weight dai higher dose level relat human exposur produc evid toxic effect test consid substanc low toxic import ensur administ diet quantiti properti test substanc involv interfer normal nutrit requir observ period anim observ daili sign toxic record includ time onset degre durat time death time sign toxic disappear record procedur anim dose test substanc ideal dai week period dai anim satellit group schedul follow observ dai treatment detect recoveri persist toxic effect observ includ skin fur ey mucou membran respiratori circulatori autonom central nervou system somatomotor activ behaviour pattern weekli measur made food consumpt water consumpt test substanc administ drink water anim weigh weekli regular observ anim ensur anim lost studi due cannib autolysi tissu misplac end studi period survivor satellit treatment group necropsi moribund anim anim sever distress pain remov notic human kill necropsi examin made end test period anim includ control haematolog includ haematocrit haemoglobin concentr erythrocyt count total differenti leucocyt count measur clot potenti clinic blood biochemistri includ paramet liver kidnei function alanin aminotransferas glutam pyruv transaminas serum aspart aminotransferas glutam oxaloacet transaminas urea nitrogen albumin blood creatinin total bilirubin total serum protein determin adequ toxicolog evalu includ calcium phosphoru chlorid sodium potassium fast glucos analysi lipid hormon acid base balanc methaemoglobin cholinesteras activ addit clinic biochemistri emploi extend investig observ effect gross necropsi anim studi subject full gross necropsi liver kidnei adren test weigh wet dissect avoid dry organ tissu liver kidnei spleen test adren heart organ show gross lesion size preserv suitabl medium futur histopatholog examin histopatholog examin high dose group control group histolog examin perform preserv organ tissu organ tissu show defect attribut test substanc highest dosag level examin lower dosag group anim satellit group examin histolog emphasi organ tissu identifi show effect treat group data data summar tabular form show test group number anim start test number anim displai type lesion observ result evalu statist method recogn statist method report test report test report includ inform speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit dose level includ vehicl concentr toxic respons data sex dose effect level time death studi anim surviv termin toxic effect time observ abnorm sign subsequ food bodi weight data haematolog test emploi result clinic biochemistri test emploi result necropsi find detail descript histopatholog find statist treatment result discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part repeat dose dai toxic inhal method introduct preliminari inform particl size distribut vapour pressur melt point boil point flash point explos applic substanc gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method group experiment anim expos daili defin period test substanc graduat concentr concentr group period dai vehicl gener concentr test substanc atmospher vehicl control group period administr anim observ daili detect sign toxic anim die test necropsi conclus test surviv anim necropsi qualiti criteria descript test method prepar anim experiment hous feed condit dai prior experi test healthi young anim random assign requir number group suitabl vehicl ad test substanc gener concentr substanc atmospher vehicl addit facilit dose produc toxic effect histor data test condit experiment anim contra indic rat prefer speci commonli laboratori strain young healthi anim emploi commenc studi rang weight variat anim exce number sex anim femal male test group femal nullipar pregnant interim sacrific plan number increas number anim schedul sacrif complet studi addit satellit group anim anim sex treat high concentr level dai observ revers persist delai occurr toxic effect dai post treatment satellit group control anim anim sex exposur concentr concentr requir control vehicl control concentr vehicl highest level vehicl treatment test substanc anim control group handl ident manner test group anim highest concentr result toxic effect fatal lowest concentr produc evid toxic usabl estim human exposur lowest concentr exce ideal intermedi concentr produc minim observ toxic effect intermedi concentr concentr space produc gradat toxic effect low intermedi group control incid fatal low permit meaning evalu result exposur time durat daili exposur hour period need meet specif requir equip anim test inhal equip design sustain dynam airflow air hour ensur adequ oxygen content evenli distribut exposur atmospher chamber design minim crowd test anim maxim exposur inhal test substanc gener rule ensur stabil chamber atmospher total volum test anim exce volum test chamber oro nasal head individu bodi chamber exposur minim uptak rout observ period experiment anim observ daili sign toxic entir treatment recoveri period time death time sign toxic disappear record procedur anim expos test substanc daili dai week period dai anim satellit group schedul follow observ dai treatment detect recoveri persist toxic effect temperatur test perform maintain ideal rel humid maintain instanc test aerosol practic mainten slight neg pressur insid chamber amp le mm water prevent leakag test substanc surround area food water withheld exposur dynam inhal system suitabl analyt concentr control system establish suitabl exposur concentr trial test recommend airflow adjust ensur condit exposur chamber homogen system ensur stabl exposur condit achiev rapidli measur monitor made rate airflow continu actual concentr test substanc measur breath zone daili exposur period concentr vari case aerosol level control achiev wider rang accept total durat studi dai dai concentr held constant practic aerosol particl size analysi perform test group weekli temperatur humid continu exposur observ made record systemat individu record maintain anim anim observ daili sign toxic record includ time onset degre durat observ includ skin fur ey mucou membran respiratori circulatori autonom central nervou system somatomotor activ behaviour pattern measur made weekli anim weight recommend food consumpt measur weekli regular observ anim ensur anim lost studi due cannib autolysi tissu misplac end studi period survivor satellit treatment group necropsi moribund anim anim sever distress pain remov notic human kill necropsi examin made end test anim includ control haematolog includ haematocrit haemoglobin concentr erythrocyt count total differenti leucocyt count measur clot potenti ii clinic blood biochemistri includ paramet liver kidnei function serum alanin aminotransferas glutam pyruv transaminas serum aspart aminotransferas glutam oxaloacet transaminas urea nitrogen albumin blood creatinin total bilirubin total serum protein measur determin adequ toxicolog evalu includ calcium phosphoru chlorid sodium potassium fast glucos analysi lipid hormon acid base balanc methaemoglobin cholinesteras activ addit clinic biochemistri emploi extend investig observ toxic effect gross necropsi anim studi subject full gross necropsi liver kidnei adren lung test weigh wet dissect avoid dry organ tissu respiratori tract liver kidnei spleen test adren heart organ show gross lesion size preserv suitabl medium futur histopatholog examin lung remov intact weigh treat suitabl fix ensur lung structur maintain histopatholog examin high concentr group control histolog examin perform preserv organ tissu organ tissu show defect attribut test substanc highest dosag level examin lower dosag group anim satellit group examin histolog emphasi organ tissu identifi show effect treat group data data summar tabular form show test group number anim start test number anim displai type lesion observ result evalu statist method recogn statist method report test report test report includ inform speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit descript exposur apparatu includ design type dimens sourc air system gener aerosol method condit air treatment exhaust air method hous anim test chamber equip measur temperatur humid stabil aerosol concentr particl size distribut exposur data tabul present valu measur variabl standard deviat includ airflow rate inhal equip temperatur humid air nomin concentr total amount test substanc fed inhal equip divid volum air natur vehicl actual concentr test breath zone mass median aerodynam diamet mmad geometr standard deviat gsd toxic respons data sex concentr time death studi anim surviv termin descript toxic effect effect level time observ abnorm sign subsequ food bodi weight data haematolog test emploi result clinic biochemistri test emploi result necropsi find detail descript histopatholog find statist treatment result discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part repeat dose dai toxic dermal method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method test substanc appli daili skin graduat dose group experiment anim dose group period dai period applic anim observ daili detect sign toxic anim die test necropsi conclus test surviv anim necropsi qualiti criteria descript test method prepar anim experiment hous feed condit dai prior test test healthi young anim random assign treatment control group shortli test fur clip dorsal area trunk test anim shave emploi carri approxim hour test repeat clip shave need approxim weekli interv clip shave fur care avoid abrad skin bodi surfac area clear applic test substanc weight anim account decid area clear dimens cover test solid pulver test substanc moisten suffici water suitabl vehicl ensur good contact skin liquid test substanc gener undilut daili applic dai week basi test condit experiment anim adult rat rabbit guinea pig speci requir justif commenc studi rang weight variat anim exce number sex anim femal male healthi skin dose level femal nullipar pregnant interim sacrific plan number increas number anim schedul sacrif complet studi addit satellit group anim anim sex treat high dose level dai observ revers persist delai occurr toxic effect dai post treatment satellit group control anim anim sex dose level dose level requir control vehicl control vehicl exposur period hour dai applic test substanc made similar time dai adjust interv weekli bi weekli maintain constant dose level term anim bodi weight treatment test substanc anim control group handl ident manner test group subject vehicl facilit dose vehicl control group dose treat group receiv amount receiv highest dose level group highest dose level result toxic effect produc fatal lowest dose level produc evid toxic usabl estim human exposur lowest level exce ideal intermedi dose level produc minim observ toxic effect intermedi dose dose level space produc gradat toxic effect low intermedi group control incid fatal low order permit meaning evalu result applic test substanc produc sever skin irrit concentr reduc result reduct absenc toxic effect high dose level skin badli damag termin studi undertak studi lower concentr limit test preliminari studi dose level mg kg higher dose level relat human exposur produc toxic effect test consid observ period experiment anim observ daili sign toxic time death time sign toxic disappear record procedur anim cage individu anim treat test substanc ideal dai week period dai anim satellit group schedul follow observ dai treatment detect recoveri persist toxic effect exposur time hour dai test substanc appli uniformli area approxim total bodi surfac area highli toxic substanc surfac area cover area cover thin uniform layer exposur test substanc held contact skin porou gauz dress irrit tape test site cover suitabl manner retain gauz dress test substanc ensur anim ingest test substanc restrain prevent ingest test substanc complet immobil recommend method altern collar protect devic end exposur period residu test substanc remov practic water method cleans skin anim observ daili sign toxic record includ time onset degre durat observ includ skin fur ey mucou membran respiratori circulatori autonom central nervou system somatomotor activ behaviour pattern measur made weekli anim weight recommend food consumpt measur weekli regular observ anim ensur anim lost studi due cannib autolysi tissu misplac end studi period survivor satellit treatment group necropsi moribund anim anim sever distress pain remov notic human kill necropsi examin made end test anim includ control haematolog includ haematocrit haemoglobin concentr erythrocyt count total differenti leucocyt count measur clot potenti clinic blood biochemistri includ paramet liver kidnei function serum alanin aminotransferas glutam pyruv transaminas serum aspart aminotransferas glutam oxaloacet transaminas urea nitrogen albumin blood creatinin total bilirubin total serum protein determin adequ toxicolog evalu includ calcium phosphoru chlorid sodium potassium fast glucos analysi lipid hormon acid base balanc methaemoglobin cholinesteras activ addit clinic biochemistri emploi extend investig observ effect gross necropsi anim studi subject full gross necropsi liver kidnei adren test weigh wet dissect avoid dry organ tissu normal treat skin liver kidnei spleen test adren heart target organ organ show gross lesion size preserv suitabl medium futur histopatholog examin histopatholog examin high dose group control group histolog examin perform preserv organ tissu organ tissu show defect attribut test substanc highest dosag level examin lower dosag group anim satellit group examin histolog emphasi organ tissu identifi show effect treat group data data summar tabular form show test group number anim start test number anim displai type lesion observ result evalu statist method recogn statist method report test report test report includ inform anim data speci strain sourc environment condit diet test condit includ type dress occlus occlus dose level includ vehicl concentr effect level toxic respons data sex dose time death studi anim surviv termin toxic effect time observ abnorm sign subsequ food bodi weight data haematolog test emploi result clinic biochemistri test emploi result necropsi find detail descript histopatholog find statist treatment result discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part mutagen vitro mammalian cytogenet test method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method vitro cytogenet test short term mutagen test detect structur chromosom aberr cultur mammalian cell cultur establish cell line primari cell cultur exposur test chemic metabol activ system cell cultur treat spindl inhibitor colchicin accumul cell metaphas stage mitosi metaphas cell harvest time chromosom prepar made prepar stain metaphas cell analyz chromosom abnorm qualiti criteria descript test method prepar cell establish cell line cultur primari cell chines hamster cell human lymphocyt test chemic prepar cultur medium dissolv vehicl prior treatment cell metabol activ system cell expos test substanc presenc absenc metabol activ system commonli system cofactor supplement post mitochondri fraction prepar liver rodent treat enzym induc agent test condit number cultur duplic cultur experiment point neg posit control solvent solvent cultur medium water liver enzym activ mixtur liver enzym activ mixtur solvent untreat control neg control experi posit control includ liver enzym activ mixtur activ test chemic compound requir metabol activ posit control dose level dose test compound log dose rang emploi highest dose inhibit mitot activ approxim exhibit indic cytotox toxic test substanc test solubl limit maximum concentr mg ml cultur condit cultur medium incub condit temperatur cultur vessel concentr humid procedur prepar cultur establish cell line cell gener stock cultur trypsin shake seed cultur vessel densiti incub human lymphocyt heparin blood ad cultur medium phytohaemagglutinin fetal calf serum antibiot incub treatment cultur test compound treatment liver enzym activ mixtur treatment cover period cell cycl fixat scheme ensur analysi post treatment mitos cell treat stage cycl treatment cover length cell cycl fixat time chosen sampl cell stage cell cycl treatment test chemic ad cultur establish cell line exponenti stage growth human lymphocyt cultur treat semi synchron condit ii treatment liver enzym activ mixtur treatment test compound combin activ system present long exert toxic effect cell toxic reason treatment cover length cell cycl fixat time chosen sampl cell stage cell cycl treatment harvest cell cell cultur treat spindl inhibitor time prior harvest cultur harvest process separ prepar chromosom harvest time need recommend approxim cell cycl ensur stage cell cycl cover cell cycl delai chromosom prepar chromosom prepar involv hypoton treatment cell fixat spread slide stain analysi spread metaphas cultur analyz chromosom aberr slide code analysi human lymphocyt metaphas centromer analyz establish cell line metaphas centromer modal number analyz addition mitot index indic cytotox assess test dose level data data present tabular form chromatid type aberr gap break interchang chromosom type aberr gap break minut ring dicentr polycentr number aberr metaphas includ exclud gap list separ treat control cultur data evalu statist method test result compar concurr neg control independ experi conduct scientif justifi singl experi suffici perform ident initi experi prefer alter test condit order obtain data report test report test report includ inform cell test condit composit medium concentr incub temperatur incub time dose level treatment time durat treatment concentr spindl inhibitor type liver enzym activ mixtur posit neg control number cell cultur number metaphas analyz data separ cultur mitot index indic cytotox type number aberr separ treat control cultur modal number chromosom establish cell line statist evalu discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part mutagen vivo mammalian bone marrow cytogenet test chromosom analysi method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method vivo cytogenet test short term mutagen test detect structur chromosom aberr chromosom aberr gener evalu post treatment mitos chemic mutagen major induc aberr chromatid type method emploi bone marrow cell mammal expos test chemic rout sacrif sequenti interv anim treat prior sacrific spindl inhibitor colchicin accumul cell metaphas stage mitosi metaphas air dri chromosom prepar cell made stain metaphas analyz microscop chromosom aberr qualiti criteria descript test method prepar test chemic dissolv normal salin insolubl dissolv suspend vehicl freshli prepar solut test compound emploi vehicl facilit dose interfer test compound produc toxic effect test condit experiment anim rodent speci rat mice chines hamster healthi young adult anim random assign treatment control group number sex femal male anim experiment control group emploi anim sacrif time period group test time treatment includ experiment schedul posit control group singl sampl time suffici rout administr test compound gener administ base toxicolog inform repeat treatment schedul emploi repeat treatment schedul appli test compound exhibit cytotox effect bone marrow usual rout administr oral intraperiton inject rout administr neg posit control compound produc chromosom aberr vivo emploi posit control neg solvent control group includ design experi dose level base set dose test compound dose maximum toler dose produc indic cytotox partial inhibit mitosi toxic compound maximum limit dose investig singl dose administr mg kg bodi weight repeat dose schedul emploi limit dose mg kg bodi weight dai addit dose level scientif reason test method verif addit dose level procedur test perform wai anim treat test compound highest toler dose instanc sampl hour treatment result posit stage sampl result neg equivoc cell cycl kinet influenc test chemic earlier sampl interv adequ space rang hour appli addit dose level sampl sensit interv hour treatment ii pharmacokinet metabol inform repeat treatment schedul repeat dosag emploi sampl hour treatment bone marrow prepar prior sacrific anim inject intraperiton dose spindl inhibitor obtain adequ number cell metaphas bone marrow obtain femora freshli kill anim rins isoton solut hypoton treatment cell fix spread slide air dry slide stain analysi slide code microscop analysi spread metaphas complet number centromer analyz anim structur chromosom aberr addition mitot index establish anim data data present tabular form chromatid isochromatid type aberr gap break interchang mitot index establish list separ treat control anim number standard deviat experiment control group list data evalu statist method report test report test report includ inform speci strain ag anim number anim sex experiment control group test condit detail descript treatment sampl schedul dose level durat treatment concentr spindl inhibitor number metaphas analyz anim mitot index establish type number aberr separ treat control anim sign toxic studi statist evalu discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part mutagen micronucleu test method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method micronucleu test mammalian short term vivo test detect chromosom damag damag mitot apparatu chemic basi assai increas micronuclei polychromat erythrocyt treat anim versu control micronuclei form chromosom fragment chromosom lag mitosi erythroblast develop erythrocyt main nucleu expel micronucleu maintain cytoplasm young polychromat erythrocyt bone marrow laboratori mammal expos test substanc rout test bone marrow extract smear prepar made stain polychromat erythrocyt score micronuclei microscop ratio polychromat normochromat erythrocyt establish qualiti criteria descript test method prepar test chemic dissolv isoton solut insolubl dissolv suspend vehicl vehicl interfer test compound produc toxic effect freshli prepar solut test compound emploi test condit experiment anim mice recommend mammal healthi young adult anim random assign treatment control group number sex femal male anim experiment control group emploi anim sacrif time period group test time treatment includ experiment schedul posit control group singl sampl time suffici rout administr test compound gener administ base toxicolog inform repeat treatment schedul emploi repeat treatment schedul appli test compound exhibit cytotox effect bone marrow usual rout administr oral intraperiton inject rout administr neg posit control posit neg solvent control experi dose level base set dose test compound dose maximum toler dose produc indic cytotox chang ratio polychromat normochromat erythrocyt toxic compound maximum limit dose investig singl dose administr mg kg bodi weight repeat dose schedul emploi limit dose mg kg bodi weight dai addit dose level scientif reason test method verif addit dose level procedur test perform wai anim treat test compound sampl time coincid maximum respons assai vari test compound sampl bone marrow start earlier hour treatment extend hour addit dose level sampl maximum sensit period hour treatment ii pharmacokinet metabol inform repeat treatment schedul repeat dosag emploi sampl earlier hour treatment bone marrow prepar bone marrow obtain femora freshli kill anim rins fetal calf serum cell sediment centrifug supernat discard drop homogen cell suspens put slide spread smear air dry slide stain analysi slide code microscop analysi polychromat erythrocyt anim score incid micronuclei ratio normochromat polychromat erythrocyt determin anim count total erythrocyt data data present tabular form number polychromat erythrocyt score number polychromat erythrocyt micronuclei percent micronucl cell list separ experiment control anim ratio normochromat polychromat erythrocyt number standard deviat experiment control group list list data evalu statist method report test report test report includ inform speci strain ag anim number anim sex experiment control group test condit detail descript treatment sampl schedul dose level toxic data neg posit control criteria score micronuclei dose effect relationship sign toxic studi statist evalu discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part mutagen escherichia coli revers mutat assai method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method escherichia coli tryptophan trp revers system microbi assai measur trp trp revers chemic base genom organ bacteria expos test chemic metabol activ suitabl period incub minim medium revert coloni count compar number spontan revert untreat solvent control cultur qualiti criteria descript test method method perform assai preincub method direct incorpor method bacteria test agent mix overlai agar pour surfac select agar plate prepar bacteria bacteria grown late exponenti earli stationari phase growth approxim cell densiti cell millilitr metabol activ bacteria expos test substanc presenc absenc metabol activ system commonli system cofactor supplement post mitochondri fraction prepar liver rodent treat enzym induc agent test condit tester strain strain wp wp uvr wp uvr pkm recogn method stock cultur prepar storag growth requir genet ident strain sensit uv radiat mitomycin resist ampicillin strain wp uvr pkm check strain yield spontan revert frequenc rang expect media medium express select mutant adequ overlai agar neg posit control concurr untreat solvent control perform posit control conduct purpos confirm sensit bacteri strain methyl methan sulphon nitroquinolin oxid ethylnitrosourea posit control test metabol activ ii ensur activ metabol system posit control activ metabol system strain aminoanthracen posit control chemic class chemic test amount test substanc plate amount test chemic test half log interv plate substanc test limit solubl toxic toxic evidenc reduct number spontan revert clear background lawn degre surviv treat cultur toxic chemic test mg plate test substanc neg incub condit plate incub hour procedur direct plate incorpor method enzym activ chemic ml fresh bacteri cultur ad ml overlai agar test metabol activ ml liver enzym activ mixtur adequ amount post mitochondri fraction ad agar overlai addit test chemic bacteria content tube mix pour surfac select agar plate overlai agar allow solidifi plate incub hour end incub period revert coloni plate count preincub method mixtur test chemic ml fresh bacteri cultur adequ amount liver enzym activ mixtur amount buffer preincub ad ml overlai agar procedur incorpor method plate method triplic data number revert coloni plate report control treat seri individu plate count number revert coloni plate standard deviat present test chemic control data evalu statist method independ experi conduct perform ident initi experi prefer alter test condit order obtain data report test report test report includ inform bacteria strain test condit dose level toxic composit media treatment procedur preincub incub metabol activ system refer substanc neg control individu plate count number revert coloni plate standard deviat dose effect relationship discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part mutagen salmonella typhimurium revers mutat assai method introduct gener introduct part definit gener introduct part refer substanc principl test method salmonella typhimurium histidin revers system microbi assai measur revers chemic base substitut frameshift mutat genom organ bacteria expos test chemic metabol activ plate minim medium suitabl period incub revert coloni count compar number spontan revert untreat solvent control cultur qualiti criteria descript test method prepar bacteria fresh cultur bacteria grown late exponenti earli stationari phase growth approxim cell densiti cell millilitr metabol activ bacteria expos test substanc presenc absenc metabol activ system commonli system cofactor supplement post mitochondri fraction prepar liver rodent treat enzym induc agent test condit tester strain strain ta ta ta ta ta strain ta ta addit recogn method stock cultur prepar storag growth requir genet ident strain sensit uv radiat crystal violet resist ampicillin check strain yield spontan revert frequenc rang expect media select medium adequ overlai agar neg posit control concurr untreat solvent control perform posit control conduct purpos confirm sensit bacteri strain compound test metabol activ strainsrevert ta ta sodium azid ta ta ta nitrofluoren ta aminoacridin ta cumen hydroperoxid ii ensur activ metabol system posit control activ metabol system strain aminoanthracen posit control chemic class chemic test amount test substanc plate amount test chemic test half log interv plate substanc test limit solubl toxic toxic evidenc reduct number spontan revert clear background lawn degre surviv treat cultur toxic chemic test mg plate test substanc neg incub condit plate incub hour procedur direct plate incorpor method enzym activ test chemic ml fresh bacteri cultur ad ml overlai agar test metabol activ ml liver enzym activ mixtur adequ amount post mitochondri fraction ad agar overlai addit test chemic bacteria content tube mix pour surfac select agar plate overlai agar allow solidifi plate incub hour end incub period revert coloni plate count preincub method mixtur test chemic ml fresh bacteri cultur adequ amount liver enzym activ mixtur amount buffer preincub ad ml overlai agar procedur direct plate incorpor method plate method triplic data number revert coloni plate report control treat seri individu plate count number revert coloni plate standard deviat present test chemic control data evalu statist method independ experi conduct perform ident initi experi prefer alter test condit order obtain data report test report test report includ inform bacteria strain test condit dose level toxic composit media treatment procedur preincub incub metabol activ system refer substanc neg control individu plate count number revert coloni plate standard deviat dose effect relationship discuss result interpret result evalu interpret gener introduct part refer gener introduct part part method determin ecotox acut toxic fish method introduct purpos test determin acut lethal toxic substanc fish fresh water desir inform water solubl vapour pressur chemic stabil dissoci constant biodegrad substanc select test method static semi static flow ensur satisfactorili constant concentr test substanc period test addit inform instanc structur formula degre puriti natur percentag signific impur presenc amount addit octanol water partit coeffici consider plan test interpret result definit unit acut toxic discern advers effect induc organ short time dai exposur substanc present test acut toxic express median lethal concentr lc concentr water kill test batch fish continu period exposur state concentr test substanc weight volum milligram litr express weight weight mg kg refer substanc refer substanc test mean demonstr laboratori test condit respons test speci chang significantli refer substanc test principl test method limit test perform mg litr order demonstr lc greater concentr fish expos test substanc ad water rang concentr period hour mortal record hour interv concentr kill fish lc observ time calcul qualiti criteria qualiti criteria appli limit test full test method mortal control exce fish ten end test dissolv oxygen concentr air satur concentr test substanc maintain initi concentr durat test substanc dissolv easili test medium yield stabl solut signific extent volatil degrad hydrolyz adsorb initi concentr equival nomin concentr evid present concentr maintain test qualiti criteria satisfi substanc poorli solubl test medium ii capabl form stabl emuls dispers iii stabl aqueou solut initi concentr concentr measur solut technic measur water column start test concentr determin period equilibr introduct test fish case measur made test confirm actual exposur concentr qualiti criteria met ph vari unit descript test method type procedur static test toxic test flow test solut occur solut remain unchang durat test semi static test test flow test solut regular batchwis renew test solut prolong period hour flow test toxic test water renew constantli test chamber chemic test transport water renew test medium reagent solut test substanc stock solut requir strength prepar dissolv substanc deioniz water water chosen test concentr prepar dilut stock solut high concentr test substanc dissolv dilut water directli substanc test limit solubl substanc substanc low solubl water high pow form stabl dispers true solut water accept run test concentr solubl limit substanc ensur maximum solubl stabl concentr obtain import concentr disturb test system film substanc water surfac prevent oxygen water ultrason dispers organ solvent emulsifi dispers aid prepar stock solut substanc low aqueou solubl dispers substanc test medium auxiliari substanc test concentr amount auxiliari substanc addit control fish expos concentr auxiliari substanc test seri concentr auxiliari minim case exce mg litr test medium test carri adjust ph evid mark chang ph advis test repeat ph adjust result report case ph stock solut adjust ph dilut water specif reason hcl naoh prefer purpos ph adjust made concentr test substanc stock solut chang signific extent chemic reaction physic precipit test compound caus adjust report hold dilut water drink water suppli uncontamin potenti harm concentr chlorin heavi metal substanc good qualiti natur water reconstitut water appendix water total hard mg litr caco ph prefer apparatu apparatu made chemic inert materi automat dilut system flow test oxygen meter equip determin hard water adequ apparatu temperatur control ph meter test fish fish good health free appar malform speci select basi practic criteria readi avail year eas mainten conveni test rel sensit chemic econom biolog ecolog factor bear compar data obtain exist intern harmon refer born mind select fish speci list fish speci recommend perform test appendix zebra fish rainbow trout prefer speci hold test fish prefer singl stock similar length ag fish held dai condit load system recircul flow fish speci water light hour illumin daili dissolv oxygen concentr air satur feed time week daili ceas hour startof test mortal hour settl period mortal record criteria appli greater popul dai reject entir batch popul hold period continu addit dai mortal occur batch accept reject popul accept batch adapt fish expos water qualiti temperatur test dai test procedur rang find test preced definit test order obtain inform rang concentr main test control test substanc run relev control auxiliari substanc run addit test seri depend physic chemic properti test compound static semi static flow test select fulfil qualiti criteria fish expos substanc durat hour number anim concentr tank suitabl capac relat recommend load load maximum load litr static semi static test recommend flow system higher load accept test concentr concentr differ constant factor exceed span rang mortal water light hour illumin daili temperatur speci appendix test dissolv oxygen concentr air satur select temperatur feed fish inspect hour hour interv fish consid dead touch caudal peduncl produc reaction breath movement visibl dead fish remov observ mortal record record visibl abnorm loss equilibrium swim behaviour respiratori function pigment measur ph dissolv oxygen temperatur carri daili limit test procedur test method limit test perform mg litr order demonstr lc greater concentr natur substanc concentr mg litr test water attain limit test perform concentr equal solubl substanc maximum concentr form stabl dispers medium point limit test perform fish number control binomi theori dictat fish mortal confid lc greater concentr limit test fish absenc mortal confid lc greater concentr mortal occur full studi carri subleth effect observ record data evalu period observ record hour plot percentag mortal recommend exposur period concentr logarithm probabl paper observ time lc confid limit estim standard procedur valu round signific figur exampl round figur case slope concentr percentag respons curv steep permit calcul lc graphic estim suffici consecut concentr ratio give mortal valu suffici rang lc fall observ stabil homogen test substanc maintain report care interpret result report test report includ inform inform test fish scientif strain supplier pretreat size number test concentr dilut water sourc major chemic characterist ph hard temperatur case substanc low aqueou solubl method prepar stock test solut concentr auxiliari substanc list concentr inform stabil concentr test chemic test solut chemic analys perform method result obtain result limit test conduct reason choic detail test procedur static semi static dose rate flow rate aerat fish load descript test equip light regim dissolv oxygen concentr ph valu temperatur test solut hour evid qualiti criteria fulfil tabl show cumul mortal concentr control control auxiliari substanc requir recommend observ time graph concentr percentag respons curv end test lc valu recommend observ time confid limit statist procedur determin lc valu refer substanc result obtain highest test concentr caus mortal period test lowest test concentr caus mortal period test refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final updat afnor determin acut toxic substanc brachydanio rerio static flow method nft june afnor determin acut toxic substanc salmo gairdneri static flow method nft june iso water qualiti determin acut lethal toxic substanc fresh water fish brachydanio rerio hamilton buchanan teleostei cyprinida part static method part semi static method part flow method eidgenössisch depart de innern schweiz richtlinien fur probenahm und normung von wasseruntersuchungsmethoden part ii din testverfahren mit wasserorganismen und ji acut toxic test fish nen water bepal van de akut toxiciteit met behulp van poecilia reticulata environment protect agenc method acut toxic test fish macroinvertebr amphibian committe method toxic test aquat organ ecolog research seri epa environment protect agenc environment monitor support laboratori offic research develop epa januari environment protect agenc toxic substanc control part iv march standard method examin water wastewat fourteen edit apha awwa wpcf commiss european commun inter laboratori test programm studi ecotox chemic substanc respect fish eec studi march verfahrensvorschlag de umweltbundesamt zum akuten fisch test rudolph und boje okotoxikologi grundlagen für die okotoxikologisch bewertung von umweltchemikalien nach dem chemikaliengesetz ecom litchfield wilcoxon simplifi method evalu dose effect experi pharm exp therap vol finnei statist method biolog assai griffin weycomb spragu measur pollut toxic fish bioassai method acut toxic water re vol spragu measur pollut toxic fish ii utilis appli bioassai result water re vol stephan method calcul lc aquat toxicolog hazard evalu edit mayer hamelink american societi test materi astm stp stephan busch smith burk andrew comput program calcul lc epa appendix reconstitut water suitabl dilut water chemic analyt grade water good qualiti distil water deioniz water conduct ìscm apparatu distil water part made copper stock solut cacl calcium chlorid dihydr dissolv make litr water mgso magnesium sulphat heptahydr dissolv make litr water nahco sodium hydrogen carbon dissolv make litr water kcl potassium chlorid dissolv make litr water reconstitut dilut water mix ml stock solut make litr water aerat dissolv oxygen concentr equal air satur ph adjust ph naoh sodium hydroxid hcl hydrochlor acid dilut water prepar set hour aerat sum ca mg ion solut mmol litr ratio ca mg ion na ion total alkalin solut mmol litr deviat prepar dilut water chang composit properti water appendix collect fish list easi rear wide year capabl bred cultiv fish farm laboratori diseas parasit control condit test anim healthi parentag fish part world appendix concentr percentag mortal gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt determin lc log probit paper acut toxic daphnia method introduct purpos test determin median effect concentr immobil ec substanc daphnia fresh water desir inform water solubl vapour pressur chemic stabil dissoci constant biodegrad substanc start test addit inform instanc structur formula degre puriti natur percentag signific impur presenc amount addit octanol water partit coeffici consider plan test interpret result definit unit direct requir lc daphnia consid fulfil determin ec test method acut toxic express test median effect concentr ec immobil concentr term initi valu immobil daphnia test batch continu period exposur state immobil anim swim second gentl agit test contain consid immobil concentr test substanc weight volum milligram litr express weight weight mg kg refer substanc refer substanc test mean demonstr laboratori test condit sensit test speci chang significantli summari result eec ring test substanc appendix principl test method limit test perform mg litr order demonstr ec greater concentr daphnia expos test substanc ad water rang concentr hour shorter test justif test report ident test condit adequ rang test substanc concentr concentr test substanc exert averag degre effect swim abil daphnia concentr result percentag daphnia longer capabl swim end test concentr caus immobil deriv directli test observ hour ec determin calcul static system method test solut renew exposur period qualiti criteria qualiti criteria appli limit test full test method immobil control exce end test test daphnia control group trap surfac water desir concentr dissolv oxygen test vessel remain mg test circumst dissolv oxygen concentr fall mg concentr test substanc maintain initi concentr durat test substanc dissolv easili test medium yield stabl solut signific extent volatil degrad hydrolyz adsorb initi concentr equival nomin concentr evid present concentr maintain test qualiti criteria satisfi substanc poorli solubl test medium ii capabl form stabl emuls dispers iii stabl aqueou solut initi concentr concentr measur solut technic measur water column start test concentr determin period equilibr introduct test organ case measur made test confirm actual exposur concentr qualiti criteria met ph vari unit descript test method reagent solut test substanc stock solut requir strength prepar dissolv substanc deioniz water water chosen test concentr prepar dilut stock solut high concentr test substanc dissolv dilut water directli substanc test limit solubl substanc substanc low solubl water high pow form stabl dispers true solut water accept run test concentr solubl limit substanc ensur maximum solubl stabl concentr obtain import concentr disturb test system film substanc water surfac prevent oxygen water ultrason dispers organ solvent emulsifi dispers aid prepar stock solut substanc low aqueou solubl dispers substanc test medium auxiliari substanc test concentr amount auxiliari substanc addit control daphnia expos concentr auxiliari substanc test seri concentr auxiliari minim case exce mg litr test medium test carri adjust ph evid mark chang ph advis test repeat ph adjust result report case ph stock solut adjust ph solut water specif reason hcl naoh prefer purpos ph adjust made concentr test substanc stock solut chang signific extent chemic reaction physic precipit test compound caus adjust report test water reconstitut water test appendix refer iso avoid necess acclim prior test recommend cultur water similar qualiti ph hard water test apparatu normal laboratori apparatu equip equip contact test solut prefer made glass oxygen meter microelectrod suitabl equip measur dissolv oxygen low volum sampl adequ apparatu temperatur control ph meter equip determin hard water test organ daphnia magna prefer test speci daphnia pulex permit test anim hour begin test laboratori bred free overt diseas histori breed pretreat test procedur rang find test preced definit test order obtain inform rang concentr main test control test substanc run relev control auxiliari substanc run addit test seri daphnia expos substanc durat prefer hour number anim anim test concentr prefer divid batch anim batch load ml test solut provid anim test concentr test solut prepar immedi introduct daphnia prefer solvent water concentr made geometr seri concentr ratio exceed concentr suffici give immobil hour rang intermedi degre immobil permit calcul hour ec test control water light light dark cycl option temperatur test temperatur singl test constant aerat test solut bubbl aerat feed ph oxygen concentr control test concentr measur end test ph test solut modifi volatil compound test complet fill close contain larg prevent lack oxygen daphnia inspect hour exposur hour limit test procedur method limit test perform mg litr order demonstr ec greater concentr natur substanc concentr mg litr test water attain limit test perform concentr equal solubl substanc maximum concentr form stabl dispers medium point limit test perform daphnia divid batch number control immobilis occur full studi carri data evalu period observ record percentag mortal plot concentr logarithm probabl paper observ time ec confid limit estim standard procedur valu round signific figur exampl round figur case slope concentr percentag respons curv steep permit calcul ec graphic estim suffici immedi consecut concentr ratio give immobil valu suffici rang ec fall observ stabil homogen test substanc maintain report care interpret result report test report includ inform inform test organ scientif strain supplier sourc pretreat breed method includ sourc kind amount food feed frequenc dilut water sourc major chemic characterist ph temperatur hard case substanc low aqueou solubl method prepar stock test solut concentr auxiliari substanc list concentr inform stabil concentr test chemic test solut chemic analys perform method result obtain result limit test conduct descript test equip light regim dissolv oxygen concentr ph valu temperatur test solut evid qualiti criteria fulfil tabl show cumul immobilis concentr control control auxiliari substanc requir recommend observ time graph concentr percentag respons curv end test ec valu recommend observ time confid limit statist procedur determin ec valu refer substanc result obtain highest test concentr caus immobil period test lowest test concentr caus immobil period test refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final updat intern standard iso water qualiti determin inhibit mobil daphnia magna strau iso afnor inhibit mobil daphnia magna strau cladocera crustacea nft januari verfahrensvorschlag de umweltbundesamt zum akuten daphnien test rudolph und boje ökotoxikologi grundlagen für die ökotoxikologisch bewertung von umweltchemikalien nach dem chemikaliengesetz ecom din testverfahren mit wasserorganismen und finnei statist method biolog assai griffin weycomb litchfield wilcoxon simplifi method evalu dose effect experi pharmacol exper ther vol spragu measur pollut toxic fish bioassai method acut toxic water re vol spragu measur pollut toxic fish ii utilis appli bioassai result water re vol stephan method calcul lc aquat toxicolog hazard evalu edit mayer hamelink american societi test materi astm stp stephan busch smith burk andrew comput program calcul lc epa appendix reconstitut water suitabl dilut water iso chemic analyt grade water good qualiti distil water deioniz water conduct ìscm apparatu distil water part made copper stock solut cacl calcium chlorid dihydr dissolv make litr water mgso magnesium sulphat heptahydr dissolv make litr water nahco sodium hydrogen carbon dissolv make litr water kcl potassium chlorid dissolv make litr water reconstitut dilut water mix ml stock solut make litr water aerat dissolv oxygen concentr equal air satur ph adjust ph naoh sodium hydroxid hcl hydrochlor acid dilut water prepar set hour aerat sum ca mg ion solut mmol litr ratio ca mg ion na ion total alkalin solut mmol litr deviat prepar dilut water chang composit properti water appendix summari result eec ring test perform cite refer caution purpos ring test determin ec hour substanc potassium dichrom tetrapropylbenzenesulphon acid tetrapropylbenzenesulphon acid sodium salt trichloro phenoxyacet acid potassium salt gt tabl gt appendix concentr percentag immobilis gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt determin ec log probit paper immobil algal inhibit test method introduct purpos test determin effect substanc growth unicellular green algal speci hour test assess effect gener method adapt unicellular algal speci case descript method provid test report method easili appli water solubl substanc condit test remain water method substanc interfer directli measur algal growth desir inform water solubl vapour pressur chemic stabil dissoci constant biodegrad substanc start test addit inform instanc structur formula degre puriti natur percentag signific impur presenc amount addit octanol water partit coeffici consider plan test interpret result definit unit cell densiti number cell millilitr growth increas cell densiti test period growth rate increas cell densiti unit time ec method concentr test substanc result reduct growth ebc growth rate erc rel control noec observ effect concentr method highest test concentr signific inhibit growth observ rel control concentr test substanc weight volum milligram litr express weight weight mg kg refer substanc refer substanc test mean demonstr laboratori test condit sensit test speci chang significantli refer substanc result test report potassium dichrom refer substanc colour affect light qualiti intens cell spectrophotometr determin potassium dichrom intern inter laboratori test ref appendix principl test method limit test perform mg litr order demonstr ec greater concentr exponenti grow cultur select green alga expos concentr test substanc gener defin condit test solut incub period hour cell densiti solut measur hour inhibit growth relat control cultur determin qualiti criteria qualiti criteria appli limit test full test method cell densiti control cultur increas factor dai concentr test substanc maintain initi concentr time durat test substanc dissolv easili test medium yield stabl solut signific extent volatil degrad hydrolyz adsorb initi concentr equival nomin concentr evid present concentr maintain test qualiti criteria satisfi substanc poorli solubl test medium ii capabl form stabl emuls dispers iii stabl aqueou solut initi concentr concentr measur start test concentr determin period equilibr case measur made test confirm actual exposur concentr qualiti criteria met recogn signific amount test substanc incorpor algal biomass period test purpos demonstr complianc qualiti criteria amount substanc incorpor algal biomass substanc solut technic measur water column account determin substanc concentr algal biomass pose signific technic problem complianc qualiti criteria demonstr run test vessel highest substanc concentr alga measur concentr solut technic water column begin end test period descript test procedur reagent solut test substanc stock solut requir strength prepar dissolv substanc deioniz water water chosen test concentr prepar ad suitabl aliquot algal pre cultur appendix substanc test limit solubl substanc substanc low solubl water high pow form stabl dispers true solut water accept run test concentr solubl limit substanc ensur maximum solubl stabl concentr obtain import concentr disturb test system film substanc water surfac prevent oxygen water ultrason dispers organ solvent emulsifi dispers aid prepar stock solut substanc low aqueou solubl dispers substanc test medium auxiliari substanc test concentr amount auxiliari substanc addit control expos concentr auxiliari substanc test seri concentr auxiliari minim case exce mg litr test medium test carri adjust ph evid mark chang ph advis test repeat ph adjust result report case ph stock solut adjust ph solut water specif reason hcl naoh prefer purpos ph adjust made concentr test substanc stock solut chang signific extent chemic reaction physic precipit test compound caus adjust report test medium water good qualiti distil water deioniz water conduct ìs cm apparatu distil water part made copper medium recommend stock solut prepar tabl stock solut sterilis membran filtrat autoclav store dark stock solut sterilis membran filtrat stock solut dilut achiev final nutrient concentr test solut gt tabl gt ph medium equilibr air approxim apparatu normal laboratori equip test flask suitabl volum ml conic flask suitabl volum test solut ml test flask ident materi dimens cultur apparatu cabinet chamber temperatur rang maintain continu uniform illumin provid spectral rang nm alga control cultur achiev recommend growth rate assum condit growth includ light intens adequ recommend averag level test solut light intens rang ìe photon measur rang nm receptor light measur instrument calibr lux equival rang lx accept light intens obtain fluoresc lamp univers white type colour temperatur approxim distanc algal cultur cell densiti measur made direct count method live cell microscop count chamber procedur photometri turbidimetri suffici sensit shown suffici correl cell densiti test organ suggest speci green alga fast grow speci conveni cultur test speci prefer selenastrum capricornutum atcc ccap scenedesmu subspicatu sag note atcc american type cultur collect ccap cultur centr alga protozoa sag collect algal cultur göttingen speci strain report test procedur concentr rang effect occur determin basi result rang find test measur growth biomass growth rate result wide dispar measur growth inhibit rang find test ensur geometr progress concentr estim ebc erc initi cell densiti recommend initi cell densiti test cultur approxim cell ml selenastrum capricornutum scenedesmu subspicatu speci biomass compar concentr test substanc test concentr made geometr seri concentr ratio exceed lowest concentr test observ effect growth alga highest concentr test inhibit growth rel control prefer stop growth complet replic control test design includ replic test concentr control test substanc run relev control auxiliari substanc run justifi test design alter increas number concentr reduc number replic concentr perform test test cultur desir concentr test substanc desir quantiti algal inoculum prepar ad aliquot stock solut test substanc suitabl amount algal pre cultur appendix cultur flask shaken cultur apparatu algal cell suspens shake stir bubbl air order improv ga exchang reduc ph variat test solut cultur maintain temperatur rang control cell densiti flask determin hour start test filter algal medium concentr test chemic determin background cell densiti measur direct count method ph measur begin test hour ph control deviat unit test test volatil substanc date gener accept test volatil substanc substanc tendenc vapor close test flask increas head space possibl shortag consid calcul head space close flask variat method propos refer attempt made determin amount substanc remain solut extrem caution advis interpret result test volatil chemic close system limit test procedur method limit test perform mg litr order demonstr ec greater concentr natur substanc concentr mg litr test water attain limit test perform concentr equal solubl substanc maximum concentr form stabl dispers medium point limit test perform triplic number control measur growth biomass growth rate limit test limit test decreas found biomass growth rate limit test control full test carri data evalu measur cell densiti test cultur control tabul concentr test substanc time measur cell densiti test substanc concentr control plot time produc growth curv determin concentr effect relationship approach substanc stimul growth low concentr data point indic inhibit consid comparison area growth curv area growth curv horizont line calcul formula nn nn tn tn area number cell ml time begin test measur number cell ml nn measur number cell ml time tn time measur begin test tn time nth measur begin test number measur begin test percentag inhibit cell growth test substanc concentr ia calcul formula ia ac atac ac area control growth curv horizont line area growth curv concentr horizont line ia valu plot semilogarithm paper semilogarithm probit paper concentr plot probit paper point fit straight line ey comput regress ec estim regress line read concentr equival inhibit ia denot unambigu relat method calcul propos symbol ebc essenti ebc quot exposur period ebc comparison growth rate averag specif growth rate exponenti grow cultur calcul ln nn ln tn time begin test altern averag specif growth rate deriv slope regress line plot ln versu time percentag inhibit specif growth rate test substanc concentr iìt calcul formula imt mc mtmc ìc control specif growth rate ìt specif growth rate test concentr percentag reduct averag specif growth rate test substanc concentr compar control plot logarithm concentr ec read result graph denot unambigu ec deriv method propos symbol erc time measur relat time hour symbol erc note specif growth rate logarithm term small growth rate lead great biomass ebc erc valu numer compar calcul noec observ effect concentr determin suitabl statist procedur multisampl comparison analysi varianc dunnett test individu replic valu area growth curv point specif growth rate point report test report includ inform test substanc chemic identif data test organ origin laboratori cultur strain number method cultiv test condit date start end test durat temperatur composit medium cultur apparatu ph solut start end test explan provid ph deviat unit observ vehicl method solubil test substanc concentr vehicl test solut light intens qualiti concentr test measur nomin result cell densiti flask measur point method measur cell densiti valu cell densiti growth curv graphic present concentr effect relationship ec valu method calcul noec observ effect refer oecd pari test guidelin decis council final umweltbundesamt berlin verfahrensvorschlag hemmung der zellvermehrung bei der grünalg scened subspicatu rudolph boje ökotoxikologi ecom landsberg iso water qualiti fresh water algal growth inhibit test scenedesmu subspicatu selenastrum capricornutum galassi vighi chemospher vol appendix procedur cultur alga gener observ purpos cultur basi procedur obtain algal cultur toxic test suitabl method ensur algal cultur infect bacteria iso axen cultur desir unialg cultur essenti oper carri steril condit order avoid contamin bacteria alga contamin cultur reject procedur obtain algal cultur prepar nutrient solut media medium prepar dilut concentr stock solut nutrient solid medium agar ad medium steril sterilis autoclav lead loss nh stock cultur stock cultur small algal cultur regularli transfer fresh medium act initi test materi cultur regularli streak slope agar tube transfer fresh medium month stock cultur grown conic flask medium volum ml alga incub continu illumin weekli transfer requir transfer amount cultur transfer steril pipett flask fresh medium fast grow speci initi concentr time smaller cultur growth rate speci determin growth curv estim densiti cultur transfer medium cultur reach death phase pre cultur pre cultur intend give amount alga suitabl inocul test cultur pre cultur incub condit test exponenti grow incub period dai algal cultur deform abnorm cell discard appendix iso water qualiti fresh water algal growth inhibit test scenedesmu subspicatu andselenastrum capricornutum report result inter laboratori test laboratori test potassium dichrom gt tabl gt determin readi biodegrad part gener onsider introduct test method permit screen chemic readi biodegrad aerob aqueou medium dissolv organ carbon doc die method modifi oecd screen doc die method carbon dioxid evolut modifi sturm test method manometr respirometri method close bottl method miti ministri intern trade industri japan method gener common consider test part method item specif individu method part ii vii annex definit formula guidanc materi oecd inter laboratori comparison exercis shown method give consist result depend physic characterist substanc test method prefer select method order select method inform chemic solubl vapour pressur adsorpt characterist essenti chemic structur formula order calcul theoret valu check measur valu paramet thod thco doc toc cod annex ii test chemic solubl water mg assess method provid volatil adsorb chemic poorli solubl water volatil adsorb suitabl method tabl manner poorli water solubl chemic volatil chemic dealt annex iii moder volatil chemic test doc die method suffici ga space test vessel suitabl stopper case abiot control set physic loss gt tabl gt inform puriti rel proport major compon test materi requir interpret result obtain result low margin inform toxic test chemic bacteria annex iv select test concentr essenti correct interpret low biodegrad valu refer substanc order check procedur refer chemic meet criteria readi biodegrad test set flask parallel normal test run suitabl chemic anilin freshli distil sodium acet sodium benzoat refer chemic degrad method inoculum deliber ad suggest refer chemic sought readili biodegrad requir addit inoculum potassium hydrogen phthalat propos evid obtain substanc accept refer substanc respirometr test nitrogen compound affect oxygen uptak nitrif annex ii principl test method solut suspens test substanc miner medium inocul incub aerob condit dark diffus light amount doc test solut due inoculum low compar amount doc due test substanc allow made endogen activ inoculum run parallel blank test inoculum test substanc endogen activ cell presenc substanc match endogen control refer substanc run parallel check oper procedur gener degrad determin paramet doc product oxygen uptak measur suffici frequent interv identif begin end biodegrad automat respiromet measur continu doc measur addit paramet begin end test specif chemic analysi assess primari degrad test substanc determin concentr intermedi substanc form obligatori miti test test last dai test end dai biodegrad curv reach plateau determin test prolong dai curv show biodegrad start plateau reach dai qualiti criteria reproduc natur biodegrad mix bacteri popul inocula determin carri duplic common experi larger concentr micro organ initi ad test medium smaller variat replic ring test shown larg variat result obtain laboratori good agreement obtain easili biodegrad compound valid test test consid valid differ extrem replic valu remov test chemic plateau end test end dai window percentag degrad refer substanc reach level readi biodegrad dai condit met test repeat stringenc method low valu necessarili test substanc biodegrad environment condit work establish biodegrad toxic test test substanc refer chemic degrad base doc base thod thco occur dai test chemic assum inhibitori annex iv test seri repeat lower concentr test chemic higher concentr inoculum greater mg solid litr gener procedur prepar gener condit appli test summaris tabl apparatu experiment condit pertain specif individu test head test gt tabl gt dilut water deioniz distil water free inhibitori concentr toxic substanc cu ion organ carbon content introduc test materi high puriti test water elimin high blank valu contamin result inher impur ion exchang resin lyse materi bacteri alga seri test batch water check doc analysi check close bottl test oxygen consumpt water low stock solut miner compon make test solut stock solut concentr miner compon made stock solut dilut factor method doc die modifi oecd screen evolut manometr respirometri close bottl test dilut factor miti test specif prepar miner medium head specif test stock solut prepar stock solut analyt grade reagent monopotassium dihydrogen orthophosph kh po dipotassium monohydrogen orthophosph hpo disodium monohydrogen orthophosph dihydr na hpo ammonium chlorid nh cl dissolv water make litr ph solut calcium chlorid anhydr cacl calcium chlorid dihydr cacl dissolv water make litr magnesium sulphat heptahydr mgso dissolv water make litr iron iii chlorid hexahydr fecl dissolv water make litr note order avoid prepar solut immedi add drop conc hcl ethylenediaminetetra acet acid disodium salt edta par litr stock solut chemic dissolv test refer chemic deioniz water make litr solubl exce prepar stock solut miner medium add chemic direct miner medium handl solubl chemic annex iii miti test method solvent emulsifi agent inocula inoculum deriv varieti sourc activ sludg sewag effluent unchlorin surfac water soil mixtur doc die evolut manometr respirometri test activ sludg treatment plant laboratori scale unit receiv predominantli domest sewag inocula sourc found give higher scatter result modifi oecd screen close bottl test dilut inoculum sludg floc need prefer sourc secondari effluent domest wast water treatment plant laboratori scale unit miti test inoculum deriv mixtur sourc head specif test inoculum activ sludg collect sampl activ sludg freshli aerat tank sewag treatment plant laboratori scale unit treat predominantli domest sewag remov coars particl filtrat fine siev sludg aerob altern settl centrifug min remov coars particl discard supernat sludg wash miner medium suspend concentr sludg miner medium yield concentr suspend solid aerat requir sludg properli work convent plant sludg high rate treatment plant thought inhibitor wash settl centrifug suspend sludg mix discard supernat suspend wash sludg volum miner medium repeat procedur sludg consid free excess substrat inhibitor complet suspens achiev untreat sludg withdraw sampl determin dry weight suspend solid altern homogenis activ sludg suspend solid treat sludg mechan blender min medium speed settl blend sludg min longer requir decant liquid inoculum rate ml miner medium sourc inoculum deriv secondari effluent treatment plant laboratori scale unit receiv predominantli domest sewag collect fresh sampl aerob transport settl filter coars filter paper decant effluent filtrat aerob requir ml type inoculum litr medium sourc inoculum surfac water case collect sampl surfac water river lake aerob requir concentr inoculum filtrat centrifug pre condit inocula inocula pre condit experiment condit pre adapt test chemic pre condit consist aerat activ sludg miner medium secondari effluent dai test temperatur pre condit improv precis test method reduc blank valu consid unnecessari pre condit miti inoculum abiot control requir check abiot degrad test substanc determin remov doc oxygen uptak carbon dioxid evolut steril control inoculum steril filtrat membran micrometr addit suitabl toxic substanc concentr membran filtrat sampl asept maintain steril adsorpt test chemic rule test measur biodegrad remov doc activ sludg inocula includ abiot control inocul poison number flask number flask typic run head test type flask test suspens test substanc inoculum inoculum blank inoculum procedur control refer substanc inoculum abiot steril control steril test substanc adsorpt control test substanc inoculum sterilis agent toxic control test substanc refer substanc inoculum mandatori determin test suspens inoculum blank made parallel advis make determin flask parallel ensur suffici sampl read percentag remov dai window assess data evalu calcul dt percentag degrad valu duplic measur paramet test vessel inoculum blank formula set section specif test degrad displai graphic dai window calcul report percentag remov achiev end dai window plateau end test whichev respirometr test nitrogen compound affect oxygen uptak nitrif annex ii degrad measur mean doc determin percentag degrad dt time sampl calcul separ flask test substanc valu duplic doc measur order valid test assess calcul equat dt ctcbtcocbo dt degrad time start concentr doc inocul cultur medium test substanc mg doc ct concentr doc inocul cultur medium test substanc time mg doc cbo start concentr doc blank inocul miner medium mg doc cbt concentr doc blank inocul miner medium time mg doc concentr measur experiment degrad measur mean specif analysi specif analyt data calcul primari biodegrad dt sb sasb dt degrad time dai sa residu amount test substanc inocul medium end test mg sb residu amount test substanc blank test water medium test substanc ad mg abiot degrad abiot steril control calcul percentag abiot degrad abiot degrad cs cs cs cs doc concentr steril control dai cs doc concentr steril control dai report test report test refer chemic puriti test condit inoculum natur sampl site concentr pre condit treatment proport natur industri wast present sewag test durat temperatur case poorli solubl test chemic treatment test method appli scientif reason explan chang procedur data sheet observ inhibit phenomena observ abiot degrad specif chemic analyt data analyt data intermedi graph percentag degrad time test refer substanc lag phase degrad phase dai window slope annex test compli valid criteria degrad percentag flask test substanc graph percentag remov dai window plateau end test part ii doc die test method ii principl method measur volum inocul miner medium concentr test substanc mg doc nomin sole sourc organ carbon aerat dark diffus light degrad doc analysi frequent interv dai period degre biodegrad calcul express concentr doc remov correct blank inoculum control percentag concentr initi present degre primari biodegrad calcul supplement chemic analysi made begin end incub ii descript method ii apparatu conic flask ml depend volum need doc analysi shake machin accommod conic flask automat temperatur control constant temperatur room suffici power maintain aerob condit flask filtrat apparatu suitabl membran doc analys apparatu determin dissolv oxygen centrifug ii prepar miner medium prepar stock solut mix ml solut ml dilut water add ml solut make dilut water ii prepar pre condit inoculum inoculum deriv varieti sourc activ sludg sewag effluent surfac water soil mixtur ii prepar flask introduc ml portion miner medium conic flask add suffici volum stock solut test refer substanc separ flask give concentr chemic equival mg doc check ph valu adjust inocul flask activ sludg sourc inocula give final concentr greater mg suspend solid prepar inoculum control miner medium test refer chemic need vessel check inhibitori effect test chemic inocul solut miner medium compar concentr test refer chemic requir set steril flask check test chemic degrad abiot uninocul solut chemic addition test chemic suspect significantli adsorb glass sludg make preliminari assess determin extent adsorpt suitabl test chemic tabl set flask test substanc inoculum steril agent make volum flask miner medium mix sampl flask determin initi concentr doc annex ii cover open flask aluminium foil free exchang air flask surround atmospher insert vessel shake machin start test ii number flask typic run flask test suspens flask inoculum blank flask procedur control prefer flask abiot steril control flask adsorpt control flask toxic control ii perform test test determin concentr doc flask duplic time interv suffici frequent determin start dai window percentag remov end dai window minim volum test suspens determin sampl make good evapor loss flask ad dilut water requir amount mix cultur medium withdraw sampl ensur materi adher wall vessel dissolv suspend sampl membran filter centrifug annex ii immedi sampl analys filter centrifug sampl dai store maximum longer period ii data report ii treatment result calcul percentag degrad time doc determin option specif analysi record result data sheet provid ii valid result ii report ii data sheet data sheet doc die test laboratori date start test test substanc stock solut concentr mg chemic initi concentr medium mg chemic inoculum sourc treatment pre condit concentr suspend solid reaction mixtur mg carbon determin carbon analys gt tabl gt evalu raw data gt tabl gt abiot control option gt tabl gt abiot degrad cs cs cs specif chemic analysi option gt tabl gt part iii modifi oecd screen test method iii principl method measur volum miner medium concentr test substanc mg doc litr nomin sole sourc organ carbon inocul ml effluent litr medium mixtur aerat dark diffus light degrad doc analysi frequent interv dai period degre biodegrad calcul express concentr doc remov correct blank inoculum control percentag concentr initi present degre primari biodegrad calcul supplement chemic analysi made begin end incub iii descript method iii apparatu conic flask ml litr depend volum need doc analysi shake machin accommod conic flask automat temperatur control constant temperatur room suffici power maintain aerob condit flask filtrat apparatu suitabl membran doc analys apparatu determin dissolv oxygen centrifug iii prepar miner medium prepar stock solut mix ml solut ml dilut water add ml solut make litr dilut water method ml effluent litr inoculum medium fortifi trace element growth factor ad ml solut litr final medium trace element solut manganes sulfat tetrahydr mnso mg boric acid bo mg zinc sulfat heptahydr znso mg ammonium heptamolybd nh mo mg fe chelat fecl ethylenediamin tetra acet acid mg dissolv make ml dilut water vitamin solut yeast extract mg dissolv yeast extract ml water sterilis passag micron membran make freshli iii prepar pre condit inoculum inoculum deriv secondari effluent treatment plant laboratori scale unit receiv predominantli domest sewag ml litr miner medium iii prepar flask introduc ml portion miner medium litr conic flask add suffici volum stock solut test refer substanc separ flask give concentr chemic equival mg doc litr check ph adjust inocul flask sewag effluent ml litr prepar inoculum control miner medium test refer chemic need vessel check inhibitori effect test chemic inocul solut miner medium compar concentr test refer chemic requir set steril flask check test chemic degrad abiot uninocul solut chemic addition test chemic suspect significantli adsorb glass sludg make preliminari assess determin extent adsorpt suitabl test chemic tabl set flask test substanc inoculum steril agent make volum flask litr miner medium mix sampl flask determin initi concentr doc annex ii cover open flask aluminium foil free exchang air flask surround atmospher insert vessel shake machin start test iii number flask typic run flask test suspens flask inoculum blank flask procedur control prefer flask abiot steril control flask adsorpt control flask toxic control iii perform test test determin concentr doc flask duplic time interv suffici frequent determin start dai window percentag remov end dai window minim volum test suspens determin sampl make good evapor loss flask ad dilut water requir amount mix cultur medium withdraw sampl ensur materi adher wall vessel dissolv suspend sampl membran filter centrifug annex ii immedi sampl analys filter centrifug sampl dai store maximum longer period iii data report iii treatment result calcul percentag degrad time doc determin option specif analysi record result data sheet provid iii valid result iii report iii data sheet data sheet modifi oecd screen test laboratori date start test test substanc stock solut concentr mg litr chemic initi concentr medium mg litr chemic inoculum sourc treatment pre condit concentr suspend solid reaction mixtur mg carbon determin carbon analys gt tabl gt evalu raw data gt tabl gt abiot control option gt tabl gt abiot degrad cs cs cs specif chemic analysi option gt tabl gt part iv evolut test method iv principl method measur volum inocul miner medium concentr test chemic mg doc toc nomin sole sourc organ carbon aerat passag carbon dioxid free air control rate dark diffus light degrad dai determin carbon dioxid produc trap barium sodium hydroxid measur titrat residu hydroxid inorgan carbon amount carbon dioxid produc test chemic correct deriv blank inoculum express percentag thco degre biodegrad calcul supplement doc analysi made begin end incub iv descript method iv apparatu flask litr fit aerat tube reach bottom vessel outlet magnet stirrer assess poorli solubl chemic ga absorpt bottl devic control measur airflow apparatu carbon dioxid scrub prepar air free carbon dioxid altern mixtur free oxygen free nitrogen ga cylind correct proport devic determin carbon dioxid titrimetr form inorgan carbon analys membran filtrat devic option doc analys option iv prepar miner medium prepar stock solut mix ml solut ml dilut water add ml solut make dilut water iv prepar pre condit inoculum inoculum deriv varieti sourc activ sludg sewag effluent surfac water soil mixtur iv prepar flask volum weight valu litr flask suspens smaller volum modifi valu ensur carbon dioxid form measur accur litr flask add ml miner medium add volum prepar activ sludg give concentr suspend solid mg final inocul mixtur altern dilut prepar sludg give suspens mg miner medium ad aliquot content litr flask attain concentr mg ensur greater precis sourc inoculum aerat inocul mixtur free air overnight purg system carbon dioxid add test materi refer substanc separ volum stock solut replic flask yield concentr contribut ad chemic mg doc toc leav flask addit chemic inoculum control add poorli solubl test substanc directli flask weight volum basi handl annex iii requir flask check inhibitori effect test chemic ad test refer chemic concentr present flask requir steril flask check test chemic degrad abiot uninocul solut chemic sterilis addit toxic substanc concentr make volum suspens flask addit miner medium previous aerat free air option sampl withdrawn analysi doc annex ii specif analysi connect absorpt bottl air outlet flask barium hydroxid connect absorpt bottl ml barium hydroxid solut seri litr flask solut free precipit sulphat carbon strength determin immedi sodium hydroxid connect trap act control demonstr carbon dioxid absorb absorpt bottl fit serum bottl closur suitabl add ml sodium hydroxid bottl suffici absorb total quantiti carbon dioxid evolv test chemic complet degrad sodium hydroxid solut freshli prepar trace carbon correct deduct carbon blank iv number flask typic run flask test suspens flask inoculum blank flask procedur control prefer flask abiot steril control flask toxic control iv perform test start test bubbl free air suspens rate ml min sampl carbon dioxid absorb period analysi content ten dai recommend analys made dai dai dai dai window period identifi dai withdraw sampl option doc specif analysi measur ph suspens add ml concentr hydrochlor acid flask aerat flask overnight drive carbon dioxid present test suspens dai make analysi evolv carbon dioxid dai measur disconnect barium hydroxid absorb closest flask titrat hydroxid solut hcl phenolphthalein indic move remain absorb place closer flask place absorb ml fresh barium hydroxid end seri make titrat need substanti precipit trap evid weekli altern naoh absorb withdraw syring small sampl depend characterist carbon analys sodium hydroxid solut absorb nearer flask inject sampl ic part carbon analys analysi evolv carbon dioxid directli analys content trap end test correct carri carbon dioxid iv data report iv treatment result amount trap absorb titrat mgco cb ca volum hcl titrat ml absorb ml cb concentr barium hydroxid solut ca concentr hydrochlor acid solut cb ca titrat ml barium hydroxid ml weight ml hcl titrat ml hcl case convert volum hcl titrat mg produc factor calcul weight produc inoculum inoculum test chemic respect titrat valu differ weight produc test chemic inoculum titrat ml inoculum test chemic ml inoculum mg inoculum test chemic mg weight produc test chemic mg percentag biodegrad calcul degrad thco mg test chemic addedmg produc degrad mg toc ad test mg produc convers factor carbon carbon dioxid obtain percentag degrad time interv ad percentag thco valu calcul dai time measur sodium hydroxid absorb calcul amount carbon dioxid produc express ic mg multipli concentr ic absorb volum absorb calcul percentag degrad thco mg ic test flask mg ic blankmg toc ad test chemic calcul doc remov option record result data sheet provid iv valid result ic content test chemic suspens miner medium begin test tc total evolut inoculum blank end test exce mg medium valu greater mg litr obtain data experiment techniqu examin critic iv report iv data sheet data sheet carbon dioxid evolut test laboratori date start test test substanc stock solut concentr mg litr chemic initi conc medium mg litr chemic total ad flask mg thco mg inoculum sourc treatment pre condit concentr suspend solid reaction mixtur mg litr carbon dioxid product degrad method ba naoh gt tabl gt carbon analysi option carbon analys gt tabl gt doc remov ct cb cocb abiot degrad option abiot degrad format steril flask dai mg thco mg part manometr respirometri test method principl method measur volum inocul miner medium concentr test chemic mg litr test substanc give mg thod litr nomin sole sourc organ carbon stir close flask constant temperatur closer dai consumpt oxygen determin measur quantiti oxygen produc electrolyt requir maintain constant ga volum respiromet flask chang volum pressur combin apparatu evolv carbon dioxid absorb solut potassium hydroxid suitabl absorb amount oxygen test chemic correct uptak blank inoculum run parallel express percentag thod cod option primari biodegrad calcul supplement specif analysi made begin end incub ultim biodegrad doc analysi descript method apparatu suitabl respiromet temperatur control maintain membran filtrat assembl option carbon analys option prepar miner medium prepar stock solut mix ml solut ml dilut water add ml solut make litr dilut water prepar pre condit inoculum inoculum deriv varieti sourc activ sludg sewag effluent surfac water soil mixtur prepar flask prepar solut test refer chemic separ batch miner medium equival concentr mg chemic litr give mg thod litr stock solut calcul thod basi format ammonium salt nitrif anticip calcul base nitrat format annex ii determin ph valu adjust poorli solubl substanc ad stage toxic test chemic determin prepar solut miner medium test refer chemic concentr individu solut measur physico chemic uptak oxygen requir prepar solut test chemic mg thod litr sterilis addit suitabl toxic substanc introduc requisit volum solut test refer chemic duplic flask add flask miner medium inoculum control requir mix test refer chemic solut steril solut test chemic poorli solubl add directli stage weight volum basi handl annex iii add potassium hydroxid soda lime pellet absorb absorb compart number flask typic run flask test suspens flask inoculum blank flask procedur control prefer flask steril control flask toxic control perform test vessel reach desir temperatur inocul vessel prepar activ sludg sourc inoculum give concentr suspend solid greater mg litr assembl equip start stirrer check air tight start measur oxygen uptak attent requir take read make daili check correct temperatur adequ stir maintain calcul oxygen uptak read regular frequent interv method manufactur equip end incub dai measur ph content flask oxygen uptak low greater thodnh nitrogen compound requir withdraw sampl respiromet flask initi final analysi doc specif chemic annex ii initi withdraw ensur volum test suspens remain flask oxygen test substanc determin increas concentr nitrit nitrat dai calcul correct oxygen consum nitrif annex data report treatment result divid oxygen uptak mg test chemic time correct blank inoculum control time weight test chemic yield bod express mg oxygen mg test chemic bod mg uptak test chemic mg uptak blankmg test chemic flask mg mg test chemic calcul percentag biodegrad biodegrad thod bod mg mg chemic thod mgo chemic form cod bod mg mg chemic cod mg mg chemic note method necessarili give prefer method test substanc nitrogen thod nh expect occurr nitrif annex ii nitrif occur complet calcul correct oxygen consum nitrif concentr nitrit nitrat annex option determin organ carbon specif chemic made calcul percentag degrad record result data sheet attach valid result oxygen uptak inoculum blank mg litr greater mg litr dai valu higher mg litr requir critic examin data experiment techniqu ph rang oxygen consumpt test chemic test repeat lower concentr test chemic report data sheet data sheet manometr respirometri test laboratori date start test test substanc stock solut concentr mg litr initi concentr medium mg litr volum test flask ml thod cod mg mg test substanc nh inoculum sourc treatment pre condit concentr suspend solid reaction mixtur mg oxygen uptak biodegrad gt tabl gt correct nitrif annex gt tabl gt carbon analysi option carbon analys gt tabl gt doc remov ct cblt cblo specif chemic option sb concentr physico chemic steril control dai sa concentr inocul flask dai biodegrad sb sasb abiot degrad option oxygen consumpt steril flask dai mg oxygen consumpt mg test chemic cova section abiot degrad cov thoda part vi close bottl test method vi principl test method solut test chemic miner medium mg litr inocul small number micro organ mix popul complet full close bottl dark constant temperatur degrad analysi dissolv oxygen dai period amount oxygen test chemic correct uptak blank inoculum run parallel express percentag thod cod vi descript method vi apparatu bod bottl glass stopper ml water bath incub keep bottl constant temperatur exclus light larg glass bottl litr prepar media fill bod bottl oxygen electrod meter equip reagent winkler titrat vi prepar miner medium prepar stock solut mix ml solut make litr dilut water vi prepar inoculum inoculum deriv secondari effluent treatment plant laboratori scale unit receiv predominantli domest sewag altern sourc inoculum surfac water drop ml ml filtrat litr medium trial need discov optimum volum effluent vi prepar flask strongli aerat miner medium min carri test seri miner medium deriv batch gener medium readi stand test temperatur determin concentr dissolv oxygen control purpos mg litr conduct transfer fill oper air satur medium bubbl free siphon prepar parallel group bod bottl determin test refer chemic simultan experiment seri assembl suffici number bod bottl includ inoculum blank duplic measur oxygen consumpt made desir test interv dai ensur identifi dai window bottl requir add fulli aerat miner medium larg bottl full add suffici stock solut test chemic refer chemic separ larg bottl final concentr chemic greater mg litr add chemic blank control medium contain larg bottl order ensur inoculum activ limit concentr dissolv oxygen fall mg litr bod bottl limit concentr test chemic mg litr poorli degrad compound low thod mg litr case advis run parallel seri test chemic concentr mg litr calcul thod basi format ammonium salt nitrif expect occur calcul basi format nitrat thodno annex ii nitrif complet occur correct concentr nitrit nitrat determin analysi annex toxic test chemic investig case previou low biodegrad found seri bottl prepar larg bottl aerat miner medium volum test chemic refer chemic final concentr larg bottl inocul solut larg bottl secondari effluent drop ml ml litr sourc river water final make solut volum aerat miner medium hose reach bottom bottl achiev adequ mix vi number flask typic run typic run bottl test chemic inoculum test suspens inoculum inoculum blank refer chemic inoculum procedur control bottl test chemic refer chemic inoculum toxic control ensur identifi dai window bottl vi perform test dispens prepar solut immedi respect group bod bottl hose lower quarter bottom larg bottl bod bottl complet fill tap gentli remov air bubbl analys time bottl immedi dissolv oxygen winkler electrod method content bottl preserv analysi winkler method ad manganes ii sulfat sodium hydroxid winkler reagent store carefulli stopper bottl oxygen fix brown manganes iii hydrat oxid dark longer hour proceed remain step winkler method stopper remain replic bottl ensur air bubbl enclos incub dark seri accompani complet parallel seri determin inocul blank medium withdraw duplic bottl seri dissolv oxygen analysi time interv weekli dai incub weekli sampl assess percentag remov dai window sampl dai dai window identifi requir bottl test substanc correct uptak oxygen nitrif occur made electrod method determin concentr dissolv oxygen withdraw sampl bod bottl analysi nitrit nitrat increas concentr nitrit nitrat calcul oxygen annex vi data report vi treatment result calcul bod exert time period subtract oxygen deplet mg litr inoculum blank exhibit test chemic divid correct deplet concentr mg litr test chemic obtain specif bod mg oxygen mg test chemic calcul percentag biodegrad divid specif bod specif thod calcul annex ii cod determin analysi annex ii bod mg uptak test chemic mg uptak blankmg test chemic flask mg mg test chemic degrad bod mg mg test chemic thod mg mg test chemic degrad bod mg mg test chemic cod mg mg test chemic note method necessarili give prefer method test substanc nitrogen thod nh expect occurr nitrif annex ii nitrif occur complet calcul correct oxygen consum nitrif concentr nitrit nitrat annex vi valid result oxygen deplet inoculum blank exce mg dissolv oxygen litr dai valu higher requir investig experiment techniqu residu concentr oxygen test bottl fall mg litr time low oxygen level valid method determin dissolv oxygen capabl measur level accur vi report vi data sheet data sheet close bottl test laboratori date start test test substanc stock solut concentr mg litr initi concentr bottl mg litr thod cod mgo mg test substanc inoculum sourc treatment pre condit concentr reaction mixtur mg litr determin method winkler electrod gt tabl gt correct nitrif annex gt tabl gt deplet degrad gt tabl gt mto test flask time mtx test flask time mbo blank time mbx blank time appli correct nitrif iii vi section blank deplet oxygen consumpt blank mbo mb mg litr consumpt import valid test mg litr part vii test method vii principl method oxygen uptak stir solut suspens test chemic miner medium inocul special grown unadapt micro organ measur automat period dai darken enclos respiromet evolv carbon dioxid absorb soda lime biodegrad express percentag oxygen uptak correct blank uptak theoret uptak thod percentag primari biodegrad calcul supplement specif chemic analysi made begin end incub option doc analysi vii descript method vii apparatu automat electrolyt bod meter respiromet equip bottl ml equip cup absorb constant temperatur room water bath membran filtrat assembl option carbon analys option vii prepar miner medium prepar stock solut analyt grade reagent water monopotassium dihydrogen ortho phosphat kh po dipotassium monohydrogen ortho phosphat hpo disodium monohydrogen ortho phosphat dodecahydr na hpo ammonium chlorid nh cl dissolv water make litr ph solut magnesium sulphat heptahydr mgso dissolv water make litr calcium chlorid anhydr cacl dissolv water make litr iron iii chlorid hexahydr fecl dissolv water make litr ml solut make litr vii prepar inoculum collect fresh sampl fewer ten site area varieti chemic discharg site sewag treatment work industri wast water treatment river lake sea collect sampl sludg surfac soil water mix remov float matter allow stand adjust supernat ph sodium hydroxid phosphor acid volum filter supernat fill fill draw activ sludg vessel aerat liquid thirti minut stop aerat discard volum supernat add equal volum solut ph glucos pepton monopotassium ortho phosphat settl materi recomm aerat repeat procedur dai sludg unit oper good practic effluent clear temperatur ph sludg settl suffici aerat mixtur aerob time protozoa present activ sludg test refer substanc month sludg inoculum month oper month sampl site regular interv month order maintain fresh sludg activ mix filter supernat activ sludg equal volum filter supernat freshli collect ten sourc mixtur cultur combin liquor sludg inoculum unit fed vii prepar flask prepar flask nr test chemic dilut water mg nr test chemic miner medium mg nr refer chemic anilin miner medium mg nr miner medium add poorli solubl test chemic directli weight volum basi handl annex iii solvent emulsifi agent add absorb flask special cup provid adjust ph flask nr vii perform test inocul flask nr test suspens nr activ control nr inoculum blank small volum inoculum give concentr mg suspend solid inoculum ad flask nr serv abiot control assembl equip check air tight start stirrer start measur oxygen uptak condit dark daili check temperatur stirrer coulometr oxygen uptak record note colour content flask read oxygen uptak flask directli method point chart record produc bod curv end incub dai measur ph content flask determin concentr residu test chemic intermedi case water solubl substanc concentr doc annex ii special care case volatil chemic nitrif anticip determin nitrat nitrit concentr vii data report vii treatment result divid oxygen uptak mg test chemic time correct blank inoculum control time weight test chemic yield bod express mg oxygen mg test chemic bod mg uptak test chemic mg uptak blankmg test chemic flask mg mg test chemic percentag biodegrad obtain biodegrad thod bod mg mg chemic thod mg mg chemic mixtur calcul thod element analysi simpl compound thod thodnh thodno nitrif absent complet annex ii nitrif occur incomplet make correct oxygen consum nitrif calcul concentr nitrit nitrat annex calcul percentag primari biodegrad loss specif parent chemic dt sb sasb loss test chemic flask nr measur physico chemic remov report concentr test chemic sb dai flask calcul percentag biodegrad determin doc made option calcul percentag ultim biodegrad dt ct cbt cbo point loss doc flask nr measur physico chemic remov doc concentr flask calcul percentag biodegrad record result data sheet attach vii valid result oxygen uptak inoculum blank mg greater mg dai valu higher mg requir critic examin data experiment techniqu ph rang oxygen consumpt test chemic test repeat lower concentr test chemic percentag degrad anilin calcul oxygen consumpt exce dai dai test regard invalid vii report vii data sheet data sheet miti test laboratori date start test test substanc stock solut concentr mg chemic initi concentr medium mg chemic volum reaction mixtur ml thod mg inoculum sludg sampl site concentr suspend solid activ sludg acclimat synthet sewag mg volum activ sludg litr final medium ml concentr sludg final medium mg oxygen uptak biodegrad type respiromet gt tabl gt carbon analysi option carbon analys gt tabl gt doc remov specif chemic analyt data gt tabl gt degrad sb sasb calcul degrad flask remark bod curv time attach annex abbrevi definit dissolv oxygen mg concentr oxygen dissolv aqueou sampl bod biochem oxygen demand amount oxygen consum micro organ metabol test compound express oxygen uptak test compound method cod chemic oxygen demand amount oxygen consum oxid test compound hot acid dichrom measur amount oxidis matter present express oxygen consum test compound method doc dissolv organ carbon organ carbon present solut pass micrometr filter remain supernat centrifug min thod theoret oxygen demand mg total amount oxygen requir oxidis chemic complet calcul molecular formula annex ii express mg oxygen requir mg test compound thco theoret carbon dioxid mg quantiti carbon dioxid calcul produc measur carbon content test compound fulli miner express mg carbon dioxid evolv mg test compound toc total organ carbon sampl sum organ carbon solut suspens ic inorgan carbon tc total carbon sum organ inorgan carbon present sampl primari biodegrad alter chemic structur substanc brought biolog action result loss specif properti substanc ultim biodegrad aerob level degrad achiev test compound total utilis micro organ result product carbon dioxid water miner salt microbi cellular constitu biomass readili biodegrad arbitrari classif chemic pass screen test ultim biodegrad test stringent assum compound rapidli complet biodegrad aquat environ aerob condit inher biodegrad classif chemic unequivoc evid biodegrad primari ultim recogn test biodegrad treatabl amen compound remov biolog wastewat treatment advers affect normal oper treatment process gener readili biodegrad compound treatabl inher biodegrad compound abiot process oper lag time time inocul die test degrad percentag increas lag time highli variabl poorli reproduc degrad time time end lag time till time maximum level degrad reach dai window dai immedi attain degrad annex ii calcul determin suitabl summari paramet depend method chosen summari paramet requir section describ deriv valu paramet individu method carbon content carbon content calcul element composit determin element analysi test substanc theoret oxygen demand thod theoret oxygen demand thod calcul element composit determin element analysi compound cchhclclnnnanaooppss nitrif thodnh cl na mw mg mg nitrif thodno cl na mw mg mg chemic oxygen demand cod chemic oxygen demand cod determin method dissolv organ carbon doc dissolv organ carbon doc definit organ carbon chemic mixtur water pass micrometr filter sampl test vessel withdrawn filter immedi filtrat apparatu membran filter ml amount reduc small filter filtrat discard volum ml lower inject volum depend amount requir carbon analys retain carbon analysi doc concentr determin mean organ carbon analys capabl accur measur carbon concentr equival lower initi doc concentr test filter sampl analys work dai preserv storag refriger longer period remark membran filter impregn surfact hydrophilis filter mg solubl organ carbon interfer biodegrad determin surfact solubl organ compound remov filter boil deionis water period hour filter store water week dispos filter cartridg lot check confirm releas solubl organ carbon depend type membran filter test chemic retain adsorpt advis ensur test chemic retain filter centrifug sec min differenti toc versu doc filtrat method reliabl initi concentr tabl posit gt borax naoh gt tabl gt