commiss decis june relat proceed pursuant articl ec treati articl eea agreement case comp amino acid notifi document number german english french text authent text eea relev ec commiss european commun regard treati establish european commun regard agreement european econom area regard council regul februari regul implement articl treati amend regul ec regard commiss decis octob open proceed case undertak concern opportun make view object rais commiss pursuant articl regul commiss regul eec juli hear provid articl council regul subsequ commiss regul ec decemb hear parti proceed articl ec treati consult advisori committe restrict practic domin posit fact subject proceed case concern agreement price sale volum exchang firm specif inform sale volum undertak produc offer sale synthet lysin distributor industri user establish eea anim feed present decis cover period septemb june undertak associ concern archer daniel midland compani archer daniel midland compani adm ultim parent compani group compani process cereal oil seed worldwid worldwid adm plant includ substanti asset eea world largest soya bean process facil europoort netherland world largest multi seed complex hamburg germani world largest soft seed crush plant erith unit kingdom adm manufactur starch starch product enter biochem market expect higher return product chemic base starch product tradit product adm bioproduct divis form time adm manag decid start produc lysin awar undertak set product facil north america undertak gave adm expans announc adm product facil lysin complet june archer daniel midland ingredi adm ingredi wholli own subsidiari adm deal adm european amino acid busi period cover present investig year end june compani belong adm group total turnov approxim usd billion eur billion year end june total turnov approxim usd billion eur billion adm worldwid turnov lysin approxim usd million eur million approxim usd million eur million made eea ajinomoto compani incorpor ajinomoto compani ajinomoto ultim parent compani group compani manufactur chemic includ lysin food product back capabl amino acid technolog group compani engag develop manufactur pharmaceut ajinomoto oper encompass manufactur market base countri ajinomoto oper amino acid feed grade product plant japan eea eurolysin sa quot eurolysin quot unit state thailand china brazil eurolysin establish joint ventur ajinomoto orsan manufactur market feed grade lysin europ eurolysin built plant amien eurolysin start produc lysin itali wholli own subsidiari bioitalia biopro italia spa total number employe eurolysin eurolysin sole produc feed grade lysin eea ajinomoto orsan own eurolysin septemb time ajinomoto increas interest purchas addit share orsan ajinomoto acquir eurolysin share held orsan made eurolysin wholli own subsidiari year end march compani belong ajinomoto group total turnov approxim jpy billion eur billion year end march total turnov approxim jpy billion eur billion ajinomoto world wide turnov lysin approxim usd million eur million approxim frf million eur million made eea kyowa hakko kogyo compani limit kyowa hakko kogyo compani limit kyowa ultim parent compani group compani establish oper worldwid involv develop product market pharmaceut food chemic agricultur anim health product alcohol alcohol beverag kyowa amino acid product plant japan hungari mexico kyowa introduc lysin ferment process kyowa european subsidiari kyowa hakko europ gmbh kyowa europ respons market lysin eea compani belong kyowa group turnov approxim jpy billion eur billion year kyowa worldwid turnov lysin approxim jpy million eur million approxim dem million eur million made eea year end march total turnov kyowa group approxim jpy billion eur billion daesang corpor daesang corpor korean undertak ultim parent compani group oper worldwid activ includ manufactur season anim feed amino acid creat merger daesang industri limit miwon corpor limit daesang industri limit sewon corpor limit miwon food corpor limit sewon half sewon transfer worldwid lysin busi undertak belong group compani unrel addresse decis begin miwon handel gmbh establish dealt sewon amino acid busi europ novemb miwon handel gmbh chang sewon europ gmbh sewon europ sewon worldwid turnov approxim korean won billion eur million year worldwid turnov lysin approxim dem million eur million approxim dem million eur million made eea sewon worldwid turnov approxim korean won trillion eur million cheil jedang corpor cheil jedang corpor cheil ultim parent compani group compani establish oper worldwid establish korean samsung group manufactur affili cheil independ cheil diversifi compani focus thing pharmaceut foodstuff cheil enter lysin market cheil turnov approxim usd billion eur billion year cheil worldwid turnov lysin approxim usd million eur million approxim eur million made eea cheil turnov approxim usd billion eur billion fefana feder européen de fabric adjuv pour la nutrit animal fefana central offic brussel bodi repres promot scientif technic econom interest anim feed addit manufactur fefana conceiv order deal numer commun legisl propos impact area anim nutrit exist nation profession associ deal feed addit industri consid industri requir represent european level reason fefana found product lysin essenti amino acid amino acid build block protein major compon bodi tissu anim synthesis bodi protein amino acid releas digest twenti amino acid account protein found life anim synthesis design essenti suppli diet bound natur protein chemic pure form main sourc amino acid anim protein veget anim origin soybean meal rapese meal corn gluten feed pea fishmeal meat bonem skim milk product sourc amino acid industri product amino acid ident amino acid found feed protein case singl feedstuff combin feedstuff suppli amino acid precis amount requir anim meet dietari requir amino acid end suppli excess requir provid adequ amount amino acid addit amino acid pure form balanc dietari protein signific progress made defin precis amino acid requir class livestock nutritionist long realis benefit formul diet supplement diet individu amino acid reduct crude protein content diet maintain amino acid adequ level research shown level dietari protein standard maiz soybean meal reduc diet adequ fortifi lysin tryptophan threonin avail synthet amino acid nutritionist flexibl formul diet amino acid profil close resembl anim requir case convent raw materi effect reduc usag expens protein sourc anim perform enhanc increas pressur european countri reduc amount nitrogen phosphor effluent aris intens anim product system fefana increas amino acid combin reduc crude protein level feed estim potenti reduc nitrogen excret remov govern subsidi cereal commun common agricultur polici reform expect reduc cost cereal european countri expect increas proport cereal rel oilcak european livestock diet net effect demand synthet amino acid increas equal amino acid longer suppli high level oilcak diet product synthet amino acid oldest wide applic biotechnolog anim feed industri involv ferment suitabl carbohydr sourc sugar starch organ genet modifi produc excess amino acid question feedgrad lysin produc commerci year growth amino acid worldwid remark total world usag approxim consumpt region annum rise consumpt partial attribut increas pig poultri product occur worldwid reflect increas sophist formul livestock diet market lysin suppli side product product process synthet amino acid emploi high level technolog genet modifi bacterium ferment carbohydr major challeng process creation mainten steril condit growth organ prevent contamin micro organ technolog product improv significantli year lead substanti cost reduct carbohydr sourc ferment process constitut largest product cost product requir substanti amount electr energi agit aerat fermentor access cheap electr power crucial manufactur amino acid highli capit intens product requir heavi invest equip ferment extract purif pollut control lysin produc ajinomoto eurolysin kyowa sewon ajinomoto eurolysin biggest produc manufactur capac kyowa sewon smaller capac sewon start expand capac adm enter lysin market adm plant essenti doubl world lysin product capac addit adm strong financi background cheap access raw materi resourc cheil enter lysin market product capac end cheil start expans product capac continu begin final complet juli period cover present proceed signific entri lysin market eurolysin sole lysin produc eea distribut eea lysin produc concern decis oper distribut system rang direct sale industri user feed mill indirect sale appoint agent independ distributor establish member state adm ingredi sale agent basf replac direct sale number distributor sale agent eurolysin sold amino acid number distributor ajinomoto direct involv european lysin market confin interest eurolysin paragraph kyowa europ appoint japanes trade hous sale agent lysin offic repres eea member state sewon europ sold lysin distributor industri user cheil sale subsidiari eea lysin busi region run sale offic sell industri user demand side european compound feed industri turn million tonn anim feed year thousand feedmil spread contin feedmil formul mix need process feedstuff micro ingredi compound feed meet quantit qualit nutrit lowest cost tonn feed feed formula ensur adequ content essenti amino acid market inform factor influenc determin lysin price synthet lysin larg extent add lysin feedstuff suffici natur lysin cereal feedstuff lysin ad substitut feedstuff natur suffici lysin soybean amount synthet lysin demand european feed industri price influenc european cereal price world soybean price quot chicago board trade price soybean minu price cereal lysin quot shadow price quot nutritionist comput optimis feed formula cost formul techniqu input data feedstuff current price success substitut made feedstuff cheapest formula found suppli nutrit requir chang occur market feed industri react quickli movement price ingredi immedi recalcul formula set nutrit constraint prompt swing volum lysin supplement feed cost feedstuff synthet lysin ad exce price altern natur amino acid rich feedstuff synthet amino acid balanc diet gener prevent protein excess averag monthli lysin price begin end lysin price doubl period lysin price start fall averag monthli lysin price eurolysin adm ingredi kyowa europ sewon europ charg custom gt tabl gt annual lysin sale quantiti lysin undertak concern decis sold year tonn gt tabl gt gt tabl gt gt tabl gt gt tabl gt gt tabl gt descript event earli ajinomoto eurolysin kyowa sewon produc synthet lysin ajinomoto eurolysin market leader worldwid europ begin adm cheil invest lysin product capac prepar entri lysin market asian european cartel commiss indic incumb asian lysin produc ajinomoto kyowa sewon form cooper aim fix price volum europ collus commiss prove place juli appar adm cheil invest lysin product capac order enter lysin market asian european cartel forum monitor close develop entrant potenti influenc competit situat market begin letter ajinomoto date decemb sewon refer meet undertak place juli letter sewon state meet rais sharpli price lysin quot ajinomoto quot light cooper compani lysin price sale volum meet juli commiss take view ajinomoto sewon meet agre lysin price appli world market septemb ajinomoto sewon met seoul ajinomoto inform sewon dai subsidiari announc price increas price worldwid standard price european price dem kg ajinomoto refer kyowa intent announc septemb usa price increas ajinomoto kyowa sewon discuss price telephon prior meet reach tent agreement sewon understand ajinomoto request sewon follow price move sewon agre follow price ajinomoto decemb ajinomoto sewon discuss possibl price increas decemb sewon inform ajinomoto agre worldwid increas lysin price event price fix septemb clear kyowa particip price agreement europ american price consid standard world price commiss take view price agreement reach ajinomoto sewon juli decemb limit compani firstli sharp rais lysin price juli sewon letter decemb refer involv largest lysin produc oper asian european cartel demonstr kyowa particip cartel essenti final intern document set market alloc ajinomoto orsan group discuss june mexico meet ajinomoto prepar view juli tokyo meet kyowa includ titl club ajinomoto sewon cheil consist ajinomoto suggest period prior mid initi discuss european market ajinomoto sewon kyowa meet februari februari repres ajinomoto kyowa sewon met fix world market price lysin price europ current eurolysin sale price dem kg quantiti sewon agre limit sale level previou year adm achiev full scale product sale expect happen april order maintain price kyowa insist home market principl particip agre sell export quantiti meet march tokyo meet place okura hotel particip includ repres ajinomoto kyowa sewon agenda meet prepar ajinomoto arrang meet meet kyowa disclos inform adm adm fermentor run middl april adm start sell begin adm product plan year year year adm plan sell half product market leav half export kyowa report adm intend sell product manufactur sell price ajinomoto disclos inform cheil product plant indonesia gather busi trip indonesia particip discuss market behaviour sewon inform particip want sell usa quantiti maintain base price europ particip complain sewon sell agre price dem kg sewon request sell agre price maintain year sale volum note european local meet dealt european price particip promis agreement sale quantiti price made meet adm cheil began signific market sale case violat agreement compani agre immedi contact parti quot hotlin quot propos ajinomoto meet juli tokyo meet place premis ajinomoto particip includ repres ajinomoto kyowa sewon particip exchang inform adm cheil product capac sale volum dai meet cheil commun inform product capac sale volum ajinomoto telephon particip exchang inform price sale volum relat europ refer region meet juli price dem kg announc particip fix price usa europ dem kg price asia oceania discuss stage quantiti particip conclud quot control volum tough issu quot follow adm commenc signific sale low price ajinomoto kyowa sewon met seoul februari discuss adm cheil market potenti price march ajinomoto kyowa agre follow adm price maintain market share march asian produc met discuss adm impend full entri lysin market price discuss telephon period march sewon europ report sewon headquart korea quot trilater meet quot appar place dai meet ajinomoto kyowa sewon evalu current european lysin market note price increas germani great britain netherland luxembourg franc price lower dem kg countri particip agre price european market maintain dem kg meet schedul held april basel report headquart sewon europ express doubt likelihood discuss price quot opinion particip compani adm cheil attend quot sewon europ report sewon headquart korea trilater meet held april basel ajinomoto kyowa sewon evalu current european lysin market particip confirm price european market maintain dem kg meet schedul held june locat chosen sewon report headquart appar meaningless sewon europ discuss price increas meet adm cheil attend june ajinomoto kyowa sewon met conclud possibl increas price reduc sale volum compani review particip agre problem rais price solv adm agre oper capac ajinomoto kyowa request sewon reduc substanti sale usa europ principl local produc sell region global cartel background adm plant essenti doubl world lysin product capac shortli market entri adm signal incumb produc intend big player lysin market prefer achiev part market coordin price war context adm met ajinomoto decemb kyowa decemb februari ajinomoto kyowa inform sewon respect meet adm order convinc incumb produc serious intent penalti agre adm grant ajinomoto kyowa sewon possibl inspect product plant commenc signific sale low price caus incumb lysin produc begin drastic lower lysin price attempt market share respons situat ajinomoto kyowa agre march cooper adm begin meet adm order prepar agreement price sale quantiti meet april adm ajinomoto tokyo april adm kyowa hawaii june dai ajinomoto kyowa sewon met adm sewon decatur discuss led june meet mexico constitut begin adm collus member asian european cartel meet june mexico meet attend adm ajinomoto eurolysin kyowa repres kyowa arrang chair meet particip decid ajinomoto kyowa repres convei result meet sewon cheil meet adm primari goal product share largest competitor result total world demand adm ajinomoto group kyowa korean produc kyowa ajinomoto express disagr propos time concern adm suggest implement quota propos year alloc extra market growth reach ajinomoto market share propos quota scheme ajinomoto adm kyowa sewon cheil ajinomoto prepar accept adm prospect growth time adm event implement propos quantiti octob particip discuss mechan alloc quantiti adm explain competitor citric acid industri formal inform mean keep track sale figur particip agre lysin price level octob usd lb deliv time usd lb regard north america europ particip consid price quot higher quot north america condit final agreement sale alloc propos price fix usd lb end year territori target price usd cif time usd kg cif follow juli kyowa receiv telephon call adm agre product quota provid achiev pariti ajinomoto year juli ajinomoto kyowa met korean lysin produc tokyo ajinomoto premis ajinomoto inform korean produc sale alloc discuss adm june ajinomoto kyowa present alloc plan base supplier market power level invest propos ajinomoto kyowa adm sewon cheil year europ alloc propos ajinomoto kyowa adm sewon cheil demand north america increas increas sale volum belong adm futur increas sale europ belong eurolysin ajinomoto agreement particip reach final alloc agre adm end juli quantiti control purpos compani quarterli meet review collect inform product volum sale figur compani sewon local quota system base competit propos parti futur alloc base parti proport year sale cheil request worldwid quantiti alloc agreement reach particip return headquart reconsid subject inform ajinomoto result reconsider juli ajinomoto explain detail meet adm price adjust price usd lb europ america septemb adjust usd lb decemb august asian produc met tokyo ajinomoto premis continu discuss order reach agreement reduct lysin product volum ajinomoto inform particip adm prepar invit employe competitor product plant decatur order prove product capac sewon propos gener reduct product suggest revis quantiti alloc plan ajinomoto adm kyowa sewon cheil revis plan agre ajinomoto happi amount propos cheil insist particip agre continu discuss reduct product propos price increas favour receiv decid discuss matter meet adm ajinomoto suggest compani met formul plan scenario particip compani readili accept suggest ajinomoto suggest meet place seoul august asian produc met time seoul cheil premis continu discuss juli august particip reach conclus step discuss adm sale quota alloc lysin particip set view purpos meet adm decis quantiti alloc confirm price increas discuss practic implement price increas price particip agre adm plan increas american price usd lb august particip note adm offer price custom ajinomoto kyowa subsidiari intend announc price middl septemb price adjust europ decid europ meet septemb adm ajinomoto met chicago ajinomoto suggest alloc lysin sale quota worldwid basi restrict product local market situat adm agre insist total product quota particip confirm price increas usd lb initi agre adm japanes produc mexico meet june accept korean produc seoul meet august meet octob pari meet held pullman windsor hotel pari particip includ repres adm ajinomoto eurolysin kyowa sewon cheil meet arrang ajinomoto eurolysin prepar fake fefana agenda particip discuss price compani evalu impact agre price level exchang inform accept price increas region particip refer price increas europ fix dem kg dem kg context seoul meet august time meet price announc produc dem kg particip admit price appli practic particip consid european price time higher price concern parallel import attract price differenti increas conclud increas european price moment particip agre price dem kg discuss increas meet adm want fewer peopl price meet europ adm propos attend european local meet ajinomoto eurolysin consid local manag meet effect forum meet continu presid eurolysin report adm directli particip fix price region particip discuss possibl format amino acid work group fefana ajinomoto ask find set follow octob kyowa discuss ajinomoto eurolysin price lysin europ novemb ajinomoto eurolysin sewon met seoul particip discuss adm behaviour lysin market ajinomoto inform sewon adm increas price point market demand start shrink time adm happi alloc sale volum reason adm mention quantiti alloc pari meet octob ajinomoto expect adm maximum quantiti end absenc comprehens agreement product quota felt destabilis factor term relationship produc attenu fact includ adm exercis restraint sale particip agre cooper quota sewon prepar give reduct meet ajinomoto eurolysin request sewon stop sale europ week price dem limit sale quantiti year sewon reduc sale volum europ eurolysin institut anti dump action sewon sewon confirm willing stick agre price agre limit sale europ year particip agre open direct commun highest level staff broke agreement novemb adm ajinomoto discuss lysin sale polici telephon price asia north america oceania confirm accord pari meet octob price europ set dem kg particip note sewon deviat agre price level respect consid adm sell lysin korea quot sewon behav quot novemb ajinomoto met cheil seoul cheil inform ajinomoto term cooper lysin price increas substanti success express intent continu cooper regard lysin price lysin quota compani continu disagre mexico pari meet price increas place usa europ undertak concern decis blame respect price agreement relationship produc deterior novemb ajinomoto kyowa sewon cheil met cheil premis seoul note adm offer low price commun adm interrupt due fbi search adm caus presid adm bioproduct divis cooper fbi lysin investig particip note choic wait adm establish commun produc believ inabl comprehens volum agreement help initi prolong return low price talk sale quantiti alloc resum adm ajinomoto intent meet quot global lysin market quot mid januari januari adm propos kyowa region volum alloc februari ajinomoto kyowa sewon cheil met ajinomoto premis tokyo specif agenda ajinomoto propos exchang idea lysin price declin world market price rais europ particip note price maintain ajinomoto sewon restrict sale volum global situat particip conclud progress made order reviv quota discuss adm ajinomoto upper manag arrang meet enhanc relationship market leader acceler process develop comprehens volum agreement kyowa eurolysin want express view prior intend meet adm ajinomoto meet arrang adm kyowa april adm eurolysin april meet adm april kyowa argu volum cut competitor meet april eurolysin rais possibl adm divid sale volum region price fix agreement effect rais price europ adm eurolysin agre price europ price agreement conclud mexico june place fulli implement region april ajinomoto adm met adm premis decatur purpos meet enabl top execut biggest lysin produc restor relationship compani begin process develop comprehens volum agreement meet adm allud import compani control sale forc order maintain high price explain sale peopl gener tendenc competit produc firm control sale peopl price cut problem ajinomoto understood adjust suppli adm ajinomoto repres arrang meet occur tokyo adm ajinomoto inform kyowa decatur meet adm ajinomoto eurolysin met tokyo order continu discuss commenc decatur particip argu size current market adm share market adm request discuss mechan need obtain polic sale volum agreement adm state commun trade associ adm explain adm report citric acid sale month trade associ year swiss account audit figur adm lysin sale likewis report ajinomoto report back member member result adm state report confidenti ajinomoto report kyowa tokyo meet adm produc agre adm volum alloc request unaccept sewon involv volum discuss ajinomoto kyowa met sewon inform sewon adm volum request ajinomoto refer good result cooper past adm entranc market complic matter sewon confirm readi negoti proce discuss ajinomoto kyowa particip felt conven meet produc order adjust volum ajinomoto want initi negoti adm whilst sewon persuad cheil june adm inform kyowa decid stop decreas lysin price europ announc dai price increas usd lb june ajinomoto kyowa sewon cheil met sankei kaikan hotel tokyo discuss tactic produc meet schedul place vancouv june particip exchang price volum inform region basi discuss sale alloc scheme basi ajinomoto propos adm adm request plan meet adm insist order reach agreement final alloc ajinomoto adm kyowa sewon cheil ajinomoto propos hold quarterli meet region commun system particip confirm price increas region relat europ price set dem kg basi confirm price usd lb dem kg price rose usd lb meet june vancouv meet held hyatt regenc hotel vancouv particip includ repres adm ajinomoto eurolysin kyowa sewon cheil point agenda examin recent market condit product sale volum adjust compani price increas schedul commun system region meet establish lysin cooper organis particip note price increas usa europ success agreement south central america asia properli execut particip envisag step increas price usd lb usd lb usd lb final usd lb ajinomoto present tabl volum alloc basi alloc adm adm insist maintain current product volum cheil insist propos ajinomoto agre presid meet solv problem commun system japanes want local meet adm oppos request direct commun headquart cheil agre form offici lysin corpor manag ajinomoto adm follow ajinomoto adm agre meet octob pari arrang ajinomoto main agenda point price quantiti associ adm inform ajinomoto product level past month equival annum accept minimum quantiti adm adm state pariti market share ajinomoto adm want achiev delai year meet octob pari meet held grand hotel pari particip includ repres ajinomoto eurolysin adm kyowa sewon cheil meet arrang ajinomoto prepar agenda chair meet subject meet establish amino acid produc associ umbrella fefana agreement price fourth quarter sale volum alloc year ajinomoto report progress made creat produc associ market trend particip note mississippi flood summer destroi soybean crop caus increas grain price result time excess lysin stock expect decreas order order prevent price decreas suppli reduc europ particip envisag reduct framework price review region particip realis european price agre region meet dem kg higher price region agre european price level period octob septemb compani claim product volum note cheil claim quantiti compani allud vancouv meet june adm decid time reduct product volum determin top manag adm ajinomoto directli involv quantiti discuss follow octob top manag adm ajinomoto met irvin particip discuss alloc sale volum lysin produc analys volum lysin produc sell end adm propos figur calcul sale volum alloc lysin produc discuss market grow growth market produc alloc adm state lysin produc sell sold adm ajinomoto share remain growth worldwid lysin sale adm agre plan charg produc agre alloc scheme irvin meet asian produc discuss volum propos reach irvin cheil sewon want volum result cheil attend meet place decemb tokyo meet decemb tokyo meet held palac hotel tokyo includ repres ajinomoto eurolysin adm kyowa sewon particip review lysin price region region note price agre pari meet octob fulli implement europ current price dem kg dem kg agre spite fact produc limit sale agre european price dem kg quarter meet produc fine tune volum alloc plan develop adm ajinomoto irvin sale quantiti alloc supplier worldwid region includ europ worldwid adm alloc portion growth ajinomoto kyowa adm ajinomoto kyowa agre volum alloc scheme sewon receiv depend ajinomoto kyowa agre audit sale volum sewon agre propos adm name ajinomoto offic lysin produc provid monthli sale figur ajinomoto job track figur produc make adjust sale limit annual sale agre maximum submiss monthli sale number adm told quot watch telephon care quot adm propos produc attend trade associ meet quarterli adjust price sale volum agreement explain form industri associ provid seemingli legitim artifici reason meet conceal fact purport competitor secretli meet discuss price sale volum adm quot offici quot quot unoffici quot meet adm explain attend offici industri associ meet person book hotel suit quietli notifi secretli meet discuss price sale volum offici meet particip agre proce follow discuss asian produc audit sale figur februari adm ingredi met eurolysin discuss price level time decid slow deliveri order maintain price meet european repres lysin produc quot trilater meet quot half paragraph commiss possess direct evid clear evid directli meet august octob octob period cover present investig european repres lysin produc fine tune decis world level januari offici meet fefana amino acid work parti held fefana offic brussel februari eurolysin invit lysin produc fake fefana quot task forc meet quot honolulu meet march honolulu meet held sheraton makaha resort hotel particip repres ajinomoto eurolysin adm kyowa sewon cheil kyowa chair meet meet hawaii meet held ajinomoto eurolysin adm kyowa sewon decid submit sale volum number ajinomoto morn ajinomoto eurolysin adm kyowa sewon discuss analys sale figur relat target sale figur establish tokyo meet decemb discuss submit figur verif audit progress issu particip agre upper manag asian compani decid audit issu meet afternoon cheil particip morn meet cheil want larger sale volum alloc previous agre produc offer quota cheil agre offer report sale figur particip includ cheil discuss agre price charg lysin quarter countri countri basi region north america central south america europ middl east africa asia european market note current price dem kg end user wait drop stock level drop appar due manipul trader particip agre effect price europ dem kg adm ajinomoto suggest offici amino acid work parti meet quot cover quot produc conspiratori meet follow march ajinomoto kyowa sewon met royal hotel tokyo particip discuss select account firm verifi sale volum japanes compani want compani account firm sewon propos appoint account firm examin compani agre continu discuss meet sewon sale alloc quantiti discuss japanes compani refer base sewon actual sale volum sewon claim account firm audit result ajinomoto kyowa sale result sewon agre sell meet pari occas offici fefana amino acid work parti meet place pari lysin produc met unoffici grand hotel particip discuss analys sale figur report ajinomoto relat target sale figur establish tokyo meet decemb ajinomoto state sewon exceed proportion quantiti annual total bui compani exceed quantiti end year sewon state agre condit independ audit sale figur produc adm ajinomoto kyowa claim account firm produc accept sewon insist adm warn sewon reduc sale pressur price particip discuss price region relat europ particip agre minimum price dem kg start year particip expect price hold time met follow end begin june adm set sale target target price intern meet held st loui european sale organis disciplin stai target price dem kg june occas offici fefana meet düsseldorf adm ingredi eurolysin kyowa europ cheil met unoffici eurolysin comment current european market situat includ price countri countri particip note price drop dem kg agre price dem kg june eurolysin met sewon europ eurolysin gave explan düsseldorf meet june sewon note actual market price drop announc price increas eurolysin announc price increas secur order big custom price conclud actual price increas particip exchang view market situat countri juli invit eurolysin prepar fake fefana agenda adm ingredi eurolysin sewon europ cheil met hyatt regenc hotel particip agre price kg end year germani dem franc frf belgium bef netherland nlg unit kingdom gbp spain portug esp minimum itali itl austria at agre coordin attitud client difficult approach individu supplier discuss cargo enter europ dem impact weak dollar meet august sapporo meet held hiroshima princ hotel sapporo particip repres ajinomoto eurolysin adm kyowa sewon cheil eurolysin invit lysin produc fake fefana quot task forc meet quot particip discuss analys sale figur report ajinomoto relat target sale figur establish tokyo meet decemb sewon sale alloc quantiti discuss ajinomoto understood sewon quota limit basi alloc sewon repli sale volum alloc intent negoti sale quantiti quantiti sewon demand expect compani meet discontinu consult purpos meet resum adm threaten particip price war predict sewon sever damag oversea market korean market kyowa remind maintain high price base cooper mutual effort kyowa ask sewon instig price war sewon respond cooper compani product quantiti cooper price conclud sewon futur statu observ particip quota alloc scheme decid leav question top manag meet particip discuss actual futur price strategi market develop region relat europ particip decid increas price due german mark appreci compar dollar follow septemb adm ingredi eurolysin sewon europ cheil met hotel frankfurt hof frankfurt particip review result sapporo meet august adm ingredi eurolysin cheil express concern sewon sale quantiti claim particip discuss analys sale figur relat agre sale quota adm ingredi propos total sale quantiti europ reduc eurolysin support propos demand europ larg due cheap avail soybean meal cheil sewon europ disagre propos basi european market particip final decid lysin price kg unit kingdom gbp spain dem countri dem level octob adm met ajinomoto season hotel chicago particip discuss problem face sewon insist expand lysin plant capac ajinomoto inform adm sewon stop submit sale volum figur meet octob zurich meet held dolder grand hotel zurich particip repres ajinomoto eurolysin adm kyowa sewon cheil deviat initi agenda ajinomoto ask sewon begin meet volum polici announc sapporo meet august chang sale target sewon answer polici chang sale target ajinomoto made quantiti alloc propos accept particip sewon sewon claim agre propos prioriti market share sewon inform particip budget price usd kg particip sewon persist implement increas increas sale adm threaten increas sale korean market year year sewon persist rais worldwid sale adm forc standard price lysin usd kg order forc sewon back negoti tabl adm refer fact sewon financi weakest compani impli target kyowa suggest bui sewon insist capac directli inquir largest sharehold compani sewon propos discuss price quantiti negoti particip reject ground price negoti meaningless quantiti agreement meet dissolv adm left meet follow novemb ajinomoto met sewon seoul order clarifi situat zurich meet octob prepar meet sewon plant built chines market intend increas capac propos zurich accept level invest agre sewon continu cooper price competitor agre sewon maintain product continu send monthli sale report year point ajinomoto receiv august septemb report ajinomoto report result meet adm kyowa cheil decemb occas offici fefana meet amsterdam adm ingredi eurolysin kyowa europ cheil met unoffici exchang inform price quantiti suggest reason lower price europ usa european price dem kg justifi particip agre set dem kg offer price dem minimum price agre minimis suppli exist price dem decemb adm ingredi eurolysin met sewon europ frankfurt purpos meet explain sewon price discuss place amsterdam meet decemb particip compar actual sale januari septemb expect sale end decemb alloc quantiti europ sewon europ state basic price decreas want maintain agre price agre price render meaningless due fact eurolysin sell quantiti advanc price lower agre price situat continu sewon sell price agre price level line market condit model case sewon europ suggest produc stop sell week spain resum sell agre price reach market eurolysin adm ingredi inform sewon europ announc agre price dai decemb ajinomoto sewon met order continu discuss start novemb seoul ajinomoto state year lysin produc maintain commun happi achiev price warn sewon compani start price war suffer loss urg sewon find point agre sewon state polici achiev market share sell sewon reduc sale ajinomoto propos sale volum sewon purchas extra quantiti sewon order sell ajinomoto brand sewon reject propos insist sale promis price ajinomoto level meet januari atlanta januari repres ajinomoto eurolysin adm kyowa sewon cheil met atlanta particip compar alloc product quota actual sale figur realis year conclud differ alloc quota actual sale compani excess price level maintain particip resolv alloc sale quota basi estim market size particip sewon request higher market share agre maintain market share alloc ajinomoto adm kyowa sewon cheil particip includ sewon agre continu report monthli sale result ajinomoto regard price particip agre inter alia increas european price dem kg dem kg except minimum price dem kg follow januari european repres amino acid produc met appar order review price quarter kyowa inform result phone march occas offici fefana meet basl adm ingredi eurolysin sewon europ cheil met unoffici hilton hotel purpos meet price adjust quarter weaken dollar stronger german mark particip expect continu price weaken due trader activ import product usa price usd kg take account particip agre price kg unit kingdom gbp spain dem itali itl franc frf european market dem discuss sewon adm suppli custom unit kingdom meet april hong kong meet held regent hotel hong kong particip includ repres ajinomoto eurolysin adm kyowa sewon cheil particip compar alloc product quota januari march actual sale figur realis period sewon increas sale volum share strong protest compani sewon reconfirm target volum unalter ajinomoto kyowa urg sewon reduc sale volum market price suffer sewon point market price fallen increas sale volum particip discuss sale price region region europ particip agre decreas previous agre price dem kg meet januari dem kg plan discuss price meet peopl charg sale europ particip note europ premix compani resold lysin caus price drop ajinomoto request trader activ export product origin import region block request sewon stop sewon distributor canada sell region canada final agre kyowa host meet cayman island schedul juli follow april adm ingredi eurolysin kyowa europ sewon europ cheil met sofitel hotel brussel particip compar sale volum europ includ africa middl east quarter sewon sale volum estim compani ask submit actual data particip complain sewon sale volum increas particip review price discuss place hong kong meet april enter detail price discuss europ decid minimum dem kg european price set price currenc price appli deliveri april late june price dem announc particip agre explan buyer agre includ contract claus favour treatment meet european repres schedul utrecht appar occas offici fefana task forc meet environment pollut adm ingredi eurolysin kyowa europ sewon europ cheil met particip exchang detail inform price quantiti appli produc european countri european price valid mondai meet set dem kg particip set price european currenc particip agre firmli respect level idea divid custom produc put forward june fbi search offic adm ajinomoto heartland lysin sewon america place commiss procedur juli immedi public commiss notic imposit reduct fine cartel case lenienc notic ajinomoto offer commiss basi notic full cooper establish exist cartel lysin market effect eea submit evid respect continu supplement inform june commiss carri investig order decis european subsidiari adm offic kyowa europ adm issu press releas investig place subsidiari immedi investig adm kyowa sewon europ european sale offic cheil inform commiss telephon commiss open proceed articl ec treati articl eea agreement dai investig premis kyowa willing cooper commiss discuss commiss term refer cooper kyowa submit busi record subsequ repres gave oral chronolog meet contact lysin produc continu supplement inform juli commiss address request inform accord articl regul adm adm ingredi sewon sewon europ cheil behaviour amino acid market busi record cartel meet identifi request receiv request inform sewon willing cooper commiss provid minut meet lysin produc sewon provid detail meet commiss made request continu supplement inform cheil repli complet accur record meet identifi commiss request interview member staff particip meet order obtain detail account discuss cheil provid detail meet commiss made request adm adm ingredi respond commiss request time limit fix provid request inform commiss regist letter octob remind compani receiv part inform request letter commiss expressli state delai repli request inform hinder conduct case eventu octob adm ingredi answer commiss request relat lysin submit inform amino acid adm answer octob commiss initi proceed present case adopt statement object compani decis address parti submit written observ respons commiss object oral hear place march august commiss issu supplementari statement object lysin investig usa june year secret investig fbi search offic adm ajinomoto heartland lysin sewon america august octob parti charg author engag conspiraci suppress elimin competit fix price alloc sale volum lysin defend sign plea agreement pai fine adm paid record fine usd million usd million includ citric acid conspiraci ajinomoto kyowa agre plea agreement pai fine usd million cheil agre pai usd million sewon govern prosecut sewon subsidiari sewon america novemb presid adm bioproduct divis serv undertak relev period began work fbi agre follow direct fbi agent presid adm bioproduct divis serv year prison term theft usd million adm juli judg sentenc vice chairman adm execut prison pai fine role conspiraci subject present proceed lysin investig canada canadian author announc adm plead guilti particip price fix market share conspiraci fine cad million fine impos ajinomoto cad million fine impos sewon cad cheil prosecut canada conspiraci period cheil sell lysin canada kyowa grant immun ii assess jurisdict proceed concern agreement conclud insid eea compani establish insid region establish case law court justic court instanc european commun produc establish eea region sell directli purchas establish eea region engag price competit order win order custom constitut competit common market produc agre price alloc sale volum put coordin effect eea region take part agreement object effect restrict competit common market mean articl ec treati articl eea agreement judgment join case ahlström articl ec treati articl eea agreement commiss consid compani concern decis infring articl ec treati articl eea agreement eea agreement fix lysin price control suppli alloc sale volum exchang inform sale volum order monitor sale volum alloc agre articl ec treati articl eea agreement undertak compani concern decis undertak mean articl ec treati articl eea agreement agreement case law court justic order agreement mean articl ec treati articl eea agreement suffici undertak question express joint intent conduct market specif judgment case acf chemiefarma join case heintz van landewyck attend undertak meet involv anti competit activ suffic establish particip activ absenc proof capabl establish contrari judgment case montedip thyssen price agreement juli ajinomoto kyowa sewon agre rais worldwid lysin price paragraph septemb ajinomoto kyowa sewon fix inter alia european price dem kg paragraph half decemb ajinomoto kyowa sewon set european price dem kg paragraph februari ajinomoto kyowa sewon fix price europ dem kg paragraph march ajinomoto kyowa sewon agre maintain lysin price europ dem kg paragraph juli ajinomoto kyowa sewon fix price europ dem kg paragraph ajinomoto kyowa sewon continu discuss lysin price ajinomoto kyowa agre march follow adm price maintain market share paragraph meet appar end march sewon europ report march headquart korea ajinomoto kyowa sewon agre maintain european price dem kg paragraph end april begin ajinomoto kyowa sewon confirm price agreement reach end march paragraph june adm ajinomoto kyowa fix worldwid lysin price level intend maintain end year particip agre european lysin price higher north american price usd lb octob usd lb end year appar fix dem kg dem kg mention meet octob agreement condit agreement adm sale quantiti adm request paragraph ajinomoto kyowa sewon accept adm sale quantiti request meet juli august adm satisfi mention meet novemb ajinomoto sewon cheil sewon adher price agreement august paragraph octob lysin produc fix price dem kg paragraph novemb adm ajinomoto sewon cheil agre set lysin price europ dem kg paragraph price fix prepar ajinomoto kyowa discuss octob kyowa involv agreement paragraph june adm inform kyowa stop decreas lysin price standard price usd lb basi price asian produc june set european price dem kg paragraph june lysin produc confirm price agreement step increas price envisag paragraph octob appar due flood mississippi river destroi soybean crop produc set european price dem kg paragraph meet decemb price confirm paragraph march produc fix european lysin price dem kg paragraph lysin produc fix baselin lysin price europ dem kg paragraph adm ajinomoto kyowa cheil confirm agreement june paragraph june ajinomoto inform sewon agreement confirm juli adm ajinomoto sewon cheil agre price dem kg end paragraph lysin produc confirm agreement august paragraph septemb adm ajinomoto sewon cheil fix lysin price dem dem kg europ paragraph novemb sewon confirm price paragraph decemb adm ajinomoto kyowa cheil set minimum offer price dem kg europ paragraph decemb sewon agre set price level paragraph januari produc agre european target price dem kg except minimum price dem kg paragraph march adm ajinomoto sewon cheil set european price dem kg paragraph produc confirm price april paragraph april lysin produc set european minimum price dem kg target price dem kg paragraph lysin produc confirm minimum price paragraph conclud juli ajinomoto kyowa sewon repeatedli express joint intent appli sale price eea conclud agreement mean articl ec treati articl eea agreement adm parti price agreement incumb lysin produc june cheil august commiss reason june fbi search place undertak concern decis conclud price agreement adm suggest review document commiss demonstr commenc date adm involv infring correspond meet attend adm ajinomoto eurolysin kyowa repres mexico citi june support commiss conclus opinion agreement reach involv adm cartel time regard agreement price adm observ agreement mexico citi meet condit agreement volum alloc view final agreement reach decemb meet tokyo argument note agreement conclud condit quot agreement quot mean articl ec treati articl eea agreement adm agreement price discuss mexico meet condit produc agreement volum alloc fall categori agreement uncondit june mexico ajinomoto eurolysin kyowa agre volum alloc request adm adm confirm agreement alloc juli sewon agre august time cheil agre restrain sale mention meet novemb ajinomoto sewon condit price agreement june uncondit met agreement quantiti minut meet februari march ajinomoto kyowa sewon agre sell worldwid quantiti paragraph agreement particip europ sewon quantiti ajinomoto kyowa sewon agre home market principl local produc sell region local produc europ ajinomoto eurolysin commiss reach conclus basi fact kyowa ajinomoto insist principl meet februari june sewon submit principl paragraph june adm ajinomoto kyowa agre propos worldwid lysin sale quantiti coordin paragraph juli korean lysin produc adher idea coordin sale adm paragraph juli ajinomoto kyowa propos korean produc sale alloc plan provid quota favour adm paragraph juli adm agre quota paragraph confirm meet septemb paragraph meet august clear sewon adher agreement adm quota paragraph sewon confirm agreement meet novemb paragraph meet sewon agre limit sale europ cheil agre individu sale quantiti alloc agre plan coordin sale quantiti restrain sale mention meet novemb ajinomoto sewon paragraph negoti agreement individu sale volum alloc start januari parti continu effort summer year reach agreement comprehens individu sale alloc octob lysin produc agre reduc suppli order prevent price declin europ reduct envisag paragraph meet octob ajinomoto adm reach agreement comprehens individu sale volum alloc lysin produc produc alloc basic quota equal sale expect sale increas kyowa sewon cheil supplementari quota adm ajinomoto share equal remain worldwid lysin sale increas paragraph kyowa sewon adher agreement decemb paragraph march adm ajinomoto kyowa sewon confirm agreement sale alloc volum cheil adher agreement paragraph sewon confirm agreement novemb paragraph januari adm ajinomoto kyowa cheil agre maintain market share alloc paragraph sewon particip sale volum alloc conclud februari ajinomoto kyowa sewon repeatedli express joint intent control suppli lysin alloc sale volum eea conclud agreement mean articl ec treati articl eea agreement adm parti agreement quantiti juli moment half event novemb cheil agre plan coordin sale quantiti meet juli restrain sale mention meet novemb ajinomoto sewon moment cheil consent adopt plan compris constitu element agreement sale quantiti parti agreement lysin produc cheil agre commiss conclus durat involv sale volum agreement suggest disagr compani volum produc cheil state occas suggest agre volum alloc honolulu meet march face minut settl agre volum cheil emphasis gave token indic put consider pressur adm ajinomoto cheil stress time accept intern decis expand cheil state agre volum alloc march knew practic compli cheil claim statement sale volum made repres march acknowledg gener econom principl capac lead reduct price argu acknowledg gener econom natur amount agreement limit sale volum mean articl ec treati commiss find cheil behaviour constitut restrict agreement mean articl ec treati articl eea agreement alter establish undertak genuin intent implement intent express regard manifestli anti competit object event occas intent express cheil particip take action publicli distanc occur gave impress particip intent parti act conform judgment case hercul notion quot agreement quot object natur actual motiv hidden intent underlai behaviour adopt particip irrelev judgment case usin gustav boël cheil argument express intent sale volum acknowledg gener econom principl commiss note clear object meet question control sale volum commiss understand lysin produc cheil made statement conduct lysin market commiss reason june fbi search place undertak concern decis conclud agreement sale quantiti agreement exchang inform sale quantiti decemb adm ajinomoto kyowa sewon agre januari compani make monthli report sale shipment region ajinomoto latest dai end month allow feedback month paragraph cheil adher agreement march paragraph adm ajinomoto kyowa cheil implement agreement quantiti inform system june sewon stop produc sale figur begin meet april continu particip meet inform figur report produc june circumst sewon remain particip agreement exchang inform conclud begin undertak concern decis joint intent exchang inform sale quantiti eea order monitor agreement sale quantiti alloc parti agreement mean articl ec treati articl eea agreement commiss reason june fbi search place undertak concern decis continu agreement exchang inform sale quantiti object agreement articl ec treati articl eea agreement expressli mention restrict competit agreement fix sell price limit control product share market eea present case object compani concern regul lysin market coordin behaviour ensur agre price sale quota initi success agreement price sale quantiti question object restrict competit mean articl ec treati articl eea agreement inform exchang system note inform undertak agreement receiv subsequ receiv capabl appreci influenc conduct avail inform undertak knew close surveil competitor react conduct competitor basi consider recent accur data mean inform exchang system appreci reduc decis make independ particip produc substitut practic cooper normal risk competit event exchang firm specif inform adjunct anti competit practic present case caught prohibit articl ec treati articl eea agreement integr part practic establish case law account concret effect agreement order conclud prohibit articl ec treati implic articl eea agreement appar case object restrict competit judgment case sandoz effect trade member state commun eea countri agreement question appreci effect trade member state commun eea countri lysin market characteris trade member state eea produc lysin eurolysin product plant franc itali lysin purchas eea countri import countri eea eea countri lysin produc countri initi import virtual trade eea import agro industri sector control cartel produc suppli lysin eea collus behaviour adopt lysin produc distort pattern trade region effect price level quantiti applic articl ec treati articl eea agreement cartel limit part member sale involv transfer good member state order articl appli show individu conduct particip oppos cartel affect trade member state judgment case ici implic eea countri articl ec treati articl eea agreement agreement subject decis place secreci notifi commiss exempt applic articl ec treati articl eea agreement event type conduct adopt undertak question meet condit laid articl ec treati articl eea agreement singl continu infring present case undertak concern decis vari composit particip conclud time anti competit agreement type behaviour separ combin singl agreement constitut principl infring articl ec treati articl eea agreement seri anti competit agreement conclud context singl common plan regul price suppli lysin market undertak concern particip framework manifest agreement object restrict competit particip undertak lysin market commiss consid artifici divid individu action separ infring clear action undertaken context common plan pursu anti competit purpos case law court justic court instanc articl ec treati articl eea agreement infring separ act seri connect act judgment case anic case rhône poulenc commiss conclud present case action particip constitut singl continu infring ajinomoto kyowa sewon commit infring june cheil begin adm june commiss reason infring continu june fbi search place hand infring end date meet agreement mean articl ec treati articl eea agreement reach parti intent continu conspiraci juli cayman island agre meet april hong kong ajinomoto claim period cartel oper systemat fashion particip exchang sale volum inform ostens agre target price sale level ajinomoto state period began januari last half year ajinomoto alleg competitor conduct meet prior time reach agreement target price time time adher agreement short live price war lysin price driven cost place eurolysin financi peril occur halv cheil stress attend meet decemb march commiss accept argument infring ajinomoto cheil particip continu whilst clear extent depth cooper lysin produc chang time term number firm particip scope agreement conclud commiss view incumb cartel member time collus subscrib ident common plan regul price suppli lysin market commiss consid adm entri pre exist cartel constitut end cartel begin adm entri led extens pre exist cartel embrac produc lysin brought structur approach oper cartel paragraph possibl adm unawar time market entri ongo cartel competitor concept particip creation cartel affect commiss find durat collus durat infring determin object basi period decemb march cheil particip meet meet decemb tokyo meet prepar sale volum alloc final discuss agre lysin produc meet march honolulu cheil absenc meet decemb tokyo end particip infring commit date contrari attend meet march honolulu prove cheil continu illeg behaviour fact parti solv problem occur time time agreement reach agreement link singl continu infring articl ec treati articl eea agreement undertak concern decis respons total infring period particip judgment case anic limit period pursuant articl council regul eec power commiss impos fine penalti infring articl ec treati articl eea agreement subject limit period year time begin run dai infring commit case continu repeat infring time begin run dai infring ceas present case continu infring ceas june june commiss carri investig premis particip cartel pursuant articl regul eec action interrupt limit period present proceed commiss entitl impos fine infring undertak present decis address fine impos pursuant articl regul complianc articl ec treati articl eea agreement enforc mean fine pursuant articl regul commiss decis impos fine undertak infring competit rule intention neglig infring competit rule intention neglig fact present parti particip cartel intent conclud agreement fix price share market exchang inform octob particip cartel met pari discuss price exchang inform enabl evalu made impact price agreement made earlier meet august purpos conclud price dem kg particip cartel awar illeg conduct decemb submiss monthli sale figur adm told quot watch telephon care quot cartel member precaut disguis fact met purpos meet organis meet cover offici fefana meet meet pari parti adopt practic attend offici industri meet person obtain hotel suit secretli notifi secretli meet discuss price sale volum offici meet met fake fefana meet meet august sapporo commiss conclud addresse present decis commit infring intention amount fine fix amount fine commiss methodolog explain guidelin januari method set fine impos pursuant articl regul articl ecsc treati guidelin fine basic amount basic amount determin graviti durat infring criteria refer articl regul graviti assess graviti present infring commiss take account natur actual impact market measur size relev geograph market natur infring natur horizont restrict price cartel market share quota infring present infring concern price quota cartel similar infring found commiss decis polypropylen pvc cartonboard substanc upheld judgment octob april juli commiss consid present infring natur adm oppos conclus adm argu present infring jeopardis proper function singl market requir commiss guidelin fine defin paragraph indent quot infring quot adm contend partit nation market adm view commiss document show present case european price subject convers agreement consid unifi term tran europ basi similarli volum alloc europ countri countri quot stai home quot basi volum alloc discuss part worldwid aggreg adm suggest volum inform share occur volum broken region europewid level level individu member state commiss reject read guidelin fine definit quot infring quot guidelin clear price cartel market share quota natur jeopardis proper function singl market relat quot practic quot qualif establish order conclud infring categori price cartel market share quota view incompat common market distinct price share volum agre competitor oper geograph area agreement base geograph separ quot stai home quot basi actual impact infring lysin market eea commiss consid infring commit undertak practic period cover decis lysin produc world effect rais price higher restrict sale quantiti actual impact lysin market eea evid commiss possess clear march adm market entri effect place signific downward pressur price result summer lysin price lower comparison price begin price initi compani concern half led month substanti recoveri lysin price europ bring back price begin juli similar scenario unfold adm decreas price period april june price immedi recov agreement june price agreement conclud mississippi flood summer destroi usa soybean crop allow parti maintain european price level dem kg begin agre price level begin worldwid lysin product capac doubl demand risen whilst establish compani concern fulli implement agreement clear adm disciplin execut price decis novemb adm announc dem kg agre septemb year price announc decemb exceed dem target price agre month half announc price substanti higher agre minimum price march septemb adm announc price agre minimum price announc price serv refer point individu negoti transact price custom good adm attitud price agreement intern meet held st loui end begin june european sale organis disciplin stai target price dem agre lysin produc year relat quota inform commiss possess conclus relat compani actual sale quantiti quota agreement end worldwid market share attain produc ident share alloc gt tabl gt statement made compani repres indirectli price quota agreement serv purpos meet ajinomoto novemb seoul cheil consid lysin price increas substanti success februari ajinomoto kyowa sewon cheil note european price maintain ajinomoto sewon restrict sale volum april adm eurolysin agre price europ price agreement conclud mexico june place fulli implement region ajinomoto kyowa sewon met ajinomoto refer quot good result quot cooper adm entri market januari lysin produc conclud differ alloc quota actual sale compani excess price level maintain ajinomoto adm kyowa sewon disagre commiss conclus infring actual impact lysin market eea ajinomoto claim impact lysin conspiraci signific synthet lysin account lysin consum feed industri year commun ajinomoto suggest main sourc lysin amino acid protein concentr veget anim origin soybean meal fishmeal skim milk sourc amino acid industri product ferment lysin chemic process methionin synthet amino acid ident amino acid found feed protein ajinomoto view synthet amino acid compulsori synthet lysin ingredi lysin rich product soybean meal fishmeal result cost synthet lysin high comparison altern lysin rich feedstuff elimin ajinomoto state feedmil view natur synthet lysin substitut maintain feedstuff produc comput optimis feed formula cost formul techniqu input data feedstuff current price success substitut made feedstuff cheapest formula found suppli nutrit requir lysin treat analys ingredi price threshold ingredi formula call quot shadow price quot ajinomoto hold volatil price movement ingredi main driver synthet lysin market price fluctuat contend histor virtual lysin price ajinomoto consid notwithstand exist price fix agreement scope cartel member control lysin price artifici ajinomoto appar curv synthet lysin market price shadow price compar price relat agricultur fisheri commod natur lysin ajinomoto suggest lower ceil price cereal europ result substanti increas quot spread quot time lead signific increas lysin price ordinari market mechan commiss agre technic synthet lysin substitut natur lysin vice versa natur lysin exist pure form natur lysin substitut synthet lysin necessarili involv addit substanc includ protein amino acid natur lysin compound result excess amount protein diet formula necessit addit essenti amino acid commiss accept price soybean meal corn upper limit price decis parti ceil low soybean meal substitut synthet lysin forc synthet lysin price long price soybean meal remain high significantli higher cash corn price parti maximis profit rais sell price high demand condit parti set price perceiv level lysin price elast demand dr connor purdu univers analys situat usa conclus quot lysin price usd pound elast demand perceiv price higher usd usd elast rang compani form cartel face demand product elast econom formula predict cartel optim price usd usd fact sell price largest seller usd usd rang month core collus period octob juli quot adm contend period identifi commiss adm particip infring lysin price determin part factor quot collus quot adm submit econom studi order put forward evid capabl show infring actual anti competit impact eea market lysin studi adm suggest event relev period lysin industri understood competitor analys oper interact oligopoli market structur adm consid oligopoli characteris cournot argu price charg firm cournot game distinguish lower price obtain rival firm industri effect behav collus studi adm rationalis observ behaviour compat econom theori adm subdivid period investig adm argu prior meet decemb tokyo impact perform lysin market characteris pro competit adm suggest order solv output problem obtain firm specif inform competitor adm view exchang firm specif inform contrast common inform demand competitor made achiev lysin market cooper cournot equilibirum adm suggest end obtain satisfact capac plant growth adm admit period attract collud industri member particip cartel typic quot cheater quot order show behaviour period except meet actual impact lysin market adm submit simul simpl cournot model industri data adm conclud actual price charg market greater quot cartel quot cournot price price expect collus identifi adm effect rule possibl actual price outcom adm implement cartel agreement adm rule possibl price result cheat cartel agreement adm view meet competitor commun statist insignific determin european lysin price small degre period limit durat adm claim meet decemb tokyo march hawaii statist signific posit effect rais lysin price final adm note number player industri increas entri adm base result game theoret studi cartel stabil economist reinhard selten conclus adm draw posit outsid attract number competitor increas player selten model suggest probabl cartel stabil small base fact competitor adm studi suggest border case case competitor quot complet inform quot demand cost paramet quot perfectli quot inform past action organis system inform share current output price studi suggest explain hand adm agre price quantiti hand simultan cheat agre quantiti secretli increas current market share studi conclud explicit attempt collud meet decemb adm part player behav competit extent secretli commiss consid find parti eloqu impact cartel inconceiv parti repeatedli agre meet locat world fix price share market long period impact lysin market likelihood adm observ behaviour explain pro competit small due fact develop cooper busi strategi compani requir year experi observ move countermov industri adm enter industri base action histori due fact cartel exist prior adm entri ajinomoto kyowa sewon basi tacitli price cooper overt price fix outcom tacit form cooper absenc long period busi interact conclus adm studi sensit assumpt made final elast demand cost structur adm competitor studi mention footnot assumpt adm studi contradict assumpt margin cost elast demand lysin studi model oligopoli behaviour simul lysin industri fact assumpt adm studi contest disqualifi adm studi suffici proof rebut commiss find question collus behaviour actual impact market adm studi commiss consid abil sustain collus industri depend mechan result game theori model adm compani cartel stabl player numer commiss decis exampl paragraph shown contrast industri firm ensur effect competit commiss conclud adm studi mechan applic game theoret model case conclus industri sustain cartel depend fact case case fact establish parti enabl commiss state parti conclud price market share agreement long period impact lysin market alleg pro competit inform exchang period scrutini identifi adm commiss note polici conclus drawn game theoret econom literatur distinct industri firm specif inform depend assumpt made author adm studi note quot inform share relat cost product distinct made cost common cost privat distinct lead opposit polici conclus uncertainti common evolut industri wide cost cost fuel share inform equilibrium cournot strategi quot commiss reject notion exchang inform parti consid pro competit basi adm studi kyowa hold period adm entri lysin market shortli late june collus effort plainli effect market price constant declin kyowa assert price agreement allegedli reach june price war develop end last middl sewon claim consist undercut agre target price actual impact infring european market substanti reduc sewon submit price agreement effect agreement volum refer meet octob zurich larg produc declar agreement quantiti negoti price meaningless kyowa sewon argument conclus commiss recognis collus lysin produc period actual impact price fix signific period period parti quot price war quot provid indic price condit normal competit commiss find entir durat infring commit undertak concern present decis price volum agreement exist parallel paragraph commiss note threat lower price mean adm strateg influenc fellow cartel member futur action paragraph volum ajinomoto note main period cartel oper lysin market europ grew substanti eurolysin oper full capac time except adm parti concern decis make point oper full capac difficult discern real market impact infring event hypothesi case argument conclus find actual impact market invest decis increas capac delai chang basi collus stock manag geograph alloc volum influenc volum agreement event period quot price war quot quot price peac quot parti concern decis necessarili link volum put market strateg game plai cartel particip paragraph conclus commiss consid parti concern present decis rebut find actual impact infring lysin market eea respect commiss refer judgment case anic court justic held presum undertak collud continu oper market account result collus determin market behaviour undertak concern instanc put forward evid capabl show infring actual impact decis make particip market evid produc size relev geograph market undertak concern decis oper period cover present proceed part eea part eea influenc collus competit condit suppli side demand side market synthet lysin similar eea commiss consid relev geograph market eea wide commiss conclus graviti take account natur behaviour scrutini actual impact lysin market eea wide commiss consid undertak concern present decis commit infring articl ec treati articl eea agreement satisfi condit paragraph indent commiss guidelin fine defin infring adm ajinomoto oppos conclus fact support conclus infring case lesser graviti typic cartel justifi conclus conduct characteris quot quot quot quot infring undertak refer commiss greek ferri decis commiss regard infring case commiss note greek ferri decis reason serious infring manifold commiss accept parti appli full specif price agreement engag period infring price competit discount greek govern period infring encourag undertak fare increas inflat rate fare lowest level common market maritim transport member state final infring produc effect limit part common market adriat sea rout rout greec itali account market small compar market commun commiss consid circumst account greek ferri decis differ substanti present case extent relev geograph market present case eea compar greek ferri decis adriat sea rout limit collus price case exclud similar assess graviti infring commiss conclud undertak concern present decis commit infring differenti treatment categori infring propos scale fine make appli differenti treatment undertak commiss note present case consider dispar size undertak commit infring order account effect capac undertak concern signific damag lysin market eea ensur amount fine suffici deterr effect commiss consid larger basic fine impos ajinomoto adm kyowa cheil sewon consider dispar size divid parti group size account determin start point fine graviti infring comparison made basi total turnov year infring worldwid turnov basi comparison rel size undertak enabl commiss assess real resourc import undertak concern market affect illeg behaviour gt tabl gt commiss set basic amount fine determin graviti ajinomoto adm eur million kyowa cheil sewon eur million view adm deterr respect european competit rule claim suffer signific sanction includ penal sanction execut suffici deter infring usa europ world adm refer expressli crimin fine impos view address quot fix price alloc sale volum lysin offer sale custom unit state quot adm underlin octob plead guilti feder court crimin charg conspiraci restrain trade lysin sale usa paid fine usd million adm paid crimin fine canadian author cad million respect conduct fine paid mexican author crimin fine adm put forward settl consolid civil class action law suit adm paid addit settlement damag direct indirect lysin purchas resolv individu feder state class action claim adm paid settl deriv sharehold action brought base substanti part behaviour subject lysin crimin action civil litig usa adm suggest juli adm board director approv compani corpor code conduct complianc polici stress adm commit highest ethic standard busi conduct polici state adm demand strict adher letter spirit law applic conduct busi demand high standard integr ethic conduct personnel polici make clear adm board director audit committe assur code properli administ adm juli adm board director name complianc offic authoris addit staff expand compani complianc effort januari adm distribut formal ec competit law complianc guid detail manner adm employe conduct respect anti trust law applic commun import compli law guid direct manag employe level respons compani posit involv materi decis make contact competitor materi contact custom supplier function potenti anti trust impact commun ajinomoto request commiss assess appropri fine europ account fact subject fine usa canada punish acknowledg misde commiss present case fine impos usa adm ajinomoto undertak present decis address bear fine impos infring european competit rule possibl undertak oblig pai damag civil action relev payment damag civil law action object recoup damag caus cartel individu compani consum compar public law sanction illeg behaviour commiss note inform provid author usa canada crimin fine impos author undertak concern decis account anti competit effect collus scrutini decis produc area jurisdict final crimin fine impos individu event account present proceed address natur person commiss welcom adm initi set complianc polici present case initi late prevent tool dispens commiss duti sanction infring competit rule adm commit past durat present case undertak concern commit infring medium durat year start amount fine determin graviti paragraph increas year adm cheil ajinomoto kyowa sewon basic amount commiss set basic amount fine adm eur million ajinomoto eur million kyowa eur million cheil eur million sewon eur million adm ajinomoto kyowa opinion present case commiss fix amount fine follow methodolog explain guidelin fine suggest set fine refer fix basic amount categori infring complementari refer turnov affect infring result illeg fine limit regul exceed assert previou commun practic consid refer turnov vital constitu commiss calcul set proportion legitim fine undertak question maintain commiss radic alter basic method set fine warn impos heavier fine base methodolog offend termin illeg activ methodolog publish moot consult level adm refer paragraph judgment case parker pen court instanc state commiss account fact turnov account product infring relat low comparison turnov result parker total sale reduc commiss fine adm opinion court made clear fine set regard compani commun turnov good infring relat consid disproportion reason commiss note outset recours method provid guidelin fine case decis predat guidelin equal question commiss follow method guidelin lai case decis public account fix fine turnov product question commiss agre past frequent determin fine base rate repres percentag sale relev commun market constraint commiss discret fix fine pursuant articl regul legal threshold provis refer inter alia total turnov undertak concern rest assess present case accord guidelin fine commiss due account econom import activ concern infring conclus graviti kyowa submit view cooper commiss present case fair due process requir fine impos commiss calcul basi regul preced practic commiss applic time kyowa enter cooper commiss relev factual consider kyowa put forward constitut circumst cooper includ behaviour commiss staff discuss basi cooper kyowa suggest meet commiss staff occur juli august recognis amount fine matter commiss decid methodolog commiss determin potenti fine discuss kyowa inform commiss tradit approach base fine enterpris turnov common market product involv investig year illeg conduct investig warrant approach kyowa stress substanc discuss commiss staff summaris letter commiss august kyowa underlin letter unequivoc set base kyowa proceed cooper expect base fine calcul accord exist tradit commiss approach commiss view substanc kyowa discuss commiss staff term cooper evidenc kyowa letter august read conjunct letter commiss respons kyowa letter address kyowa august true commiss disput past frequent determin fine base rate repres percentag sale relev commun market letter august commiss expressli state quot evid number element determin import fine durat graviti infring benefit parti gener infring quot commiss view term refer cooper commiss set lenienc notic meet kyowa commiss staff kyowa potenti cooper commiss investig place juli commiss staff charg investig made quot specif refer quot lenienc notic lenienc notic set condit enterpris cooper commiss investig cartel exempt fine grant reduct fine impos notic expressli state cooper enterpris factor commiss take account fix amount fine procedur lenienc notic explain enterpris wish advantag favour treatment set notic contact commiss director gener competit specifi adopt decis commiss determin fine commiss awar lenienc notic creat legitim expect enterpris reli disclos exist cartel commiss expect concern imposit reduct fine provid condit set notic met basic amount fine clear legimit expect view amount fine commiss impos end proceed aris lenienc notic exclud outset enterpris wish advantag favour treatment set notic directli indirectli determin term explain notic specif undertak contact commiss staff hand recognis imposs commiss staff commit commiss fine hand impos commiss term cooper declar expect fine relat commiss staff make statement commit commiss discret imposit fine aggrav circumst role leader infring commiss consid adm ajinomoto leader infring alleg base consider entri adm market lysin ajinomoto establish lysin price asian produc agre follow meet septemb prime mover ensur asian produc agre cooper adm framework global cartel octob ajinomoto proxi adm local european conspiraci meet talk adm novemb ajinomoto adm envisag econom sanction sewon dai earlier ajinomoto threaten sewon anti dump action europ octob ajinomoto agre adm asian produc agre alloc scheme novemb april ajinomoto kyowa persuad sewon agre sale quantiti alloc ajinomoto man organis secretariat quantiti monitor system entri lysin market june adm price lysin forc lysin produc conclud agreement purpos restrict competit lysin market adm repeat behaviour half order forc lysin produc conclud quantiti agreement adm warn sewon reduc sale pressur price august adm threaten lysin produc price war predict sewon sever damag oversea market korean market adm ajinomoto drive forc global cartel meet april decatur continu tokyo octob irvin involv top manag undertak illustr lead role adm ajinomoto plai infring adm ajinomoto contest commiss find role plai infring adm suggest ajinomoto kyowa sewon oper cartel year prior market entri adm submit long stand natur cartel prior appear scene highlight plausibl thought achiev leadership posit long stand arrang immedi entri market price strategi adm hold commiss alleg engag price cut forc quantiti agreement unsupport incorrect adm contend price strategi consist price need achiev target market share year context plan view incumb produc strategi low price fact option attempt establish entri lysin market adm claim constant price war period infring reflect implement cartel leadership role event novemb august adm note adm repres present mr whitacr novemb adm offici work fbi adm claim mr whitacr action exagger role infring adm put forward motiv person object deflect adm fbi investig crimin act expand adm potenti culpabl futur crimin proceed addit adm descript novemb convers beli suggest adm ajinomoto collabor punish miwon adm stress made clear intend ship korea suggest sanction miwon made ajinomoto adm independ commerci decis make shipment meet sewon adm underlin repres note price reduc volum increas sentenc simpli statement natur outcom suppli demand final point meet octob ajinomoto adm emphasis undertak produc agre sale alloc scheme suggest evid show ajinomoto undertak task commiss accept mere pre exist cartel exclud adm plai begin involv lead role collus shown adm behaviour meet june mexico adm immedi lead futur structur cartel refer experi citric acid collus commiss put question adm awar normal condit competit volum target reach fierc price competit clear inform commiss possess adm choic realis volum target collus price meet decemb ajinomoto kyowa temporarili low price adm demonstr competitor loss oper bear absenc agreement volum price statement outcom suppli demand case substanti price cut constitut threat lysin produc relat sewon reluct submit volum reduct commiss find adm engag price cut forc quantiti agreement coher adm primari goal achiev market share question mr whitacr action attribut adm commiss note mr whitacr presid adm bioproduct divis report directli adm vice chairman adm vice chairman connect fbi equal involv conspiraci adm lysin cartel activ start mr whitacr commit work fbi demonstr meet june octob clear mr whitacr act adm compani polici lysin ajinomoto claim period prior mid meet agreement adm began initi discuss european market ajinomoto sewon kyowa ajinomoto hold meet ajinomoto kyowa sewon place end begin altern tokyo korea compani turn host meet ajinomoto contend lysin price agre septemb asian produc impos produc price discuss produc telephon prior meet tent agreement reach ajinomoto alleg forc sewon enthusiast agre propos arrang ajinomoto alleg initi discuss adm forc produc particip cartel contrari ajinomoto assert frequent express posit kyowa sewon cheil orsan ajinomoto joint ventur partner eurolysin adm vice versa ajinomoto claim adm affect conduct incumb produc effect entri market incumb produc awar adm intent enter lysin market earli date realis adm huge capac build meant intend carv signific share market ajinomoto underlin adm approach incumb produc inform plan regard review chronolog event prior immedi adm entri european lysin market demonstr ajinomoto opinion extent incumb produc influenc adm capac build aggress stanc assum effect control ajinomoto suggest market entri adm sole leader infring propos structur main work price fix volum alloc initi ajinomoto maintain time adm began full product activ orchestr cartel proceed adm forc manufactur discuss price volum charg low price threaten demand met ajinomoto suggest adm propos structur main work price fix volum alloc initi copi citric acid cartel adm particip ajinomoto contest commiss assert octob proxi adm local european conspiraci meet put forward realiti simpli adm direct conduit report adm futur meet ajinomoto opinion imposs coerc sewon produc agre propos alleg threat anti dump action ajinomoto maintain parti interest issu anti dump ajinomoto orsan ajinomoto partner eurolysin ajinomoto eurolysin time effect manag orsan owner la farg coppé ajinomoto control eurolysin repres meet novemb appoint orsan ajinomoto suggest adm ship lysin korea event encourag part occur novemb idea econom sanction sewon attribut ajinomoto contest novemb april persuad sewon agre sale quantiti alloc claim fact quot persuad quot forc sewon agre adm demand sign leadership role plai octob ajinomoto contend simpli persuad produc compli adm demand ajinomoto suggest realiti adm plan devis meet adm vice chairman ajinomoto admit intermediari adm produc leader ajinomoto state role man cartel secretariat impos adm ajinomoto claim evid appar adm suggest idea ajinomoto hold fact assum respons administr task evid leader refer commiss decis cement commiss note fact undertak plai differ role pursuit common object natur cartel ajinomoto alleg reason eurolysin invit produc fefana meet eurolysin chairmanship fefana amino acid work parti ajinomoto argu kyowa act coordin unlik korean produc larg manufactur worldwid coverag interest lysin activ region ajinomoto largest market posit particip cartel adm asian corpor ajinomoto find surpris request act coordin ajinomoto put forward sewon kyowa frequent initi cartel discuss ajinomoto suggest produc plai equal role respond threat pose adm ajinomoto suggest earli stage discuss adm compani lead kyowa instrument ajinomoto suggest leader kyowa class novemb sought persuad sewon accept adm demand sewon role infring ajinomoto stress undertak activ particip price fix period particip volum alloc disagre volum alloc ajinomoto assert victim conspiraci realiti sewon cartel benefit free ride volum agreement produc ajinomoto claim period prior mid initi discuss european market sewon kyowa commiss note ajinomoto eurolysin time market leader eea choic accept reject initi accept collus lead coordin confirm inform commiss possess meet septemb relat task ajinomoto assum framework conspiraci intermediari hand adm hand kyowa sewon cheil orsan organis fake fefana meet man cartel secretariat commiss consid irrelev task offer ajinomoto particip seiz ajinomoto initi decis point conclus ajinomoto leader infring undertak exercis function ajinomoto repeat attempt bring sewon comprehens volum agreement clear adm lesser degre kyowa time time particip action similar action initi action demonstr activ role plai ajinomoto infring contribut assess leader stress role plai kyowa undoubtedli activ cartel member substanti role plai adm ajinomoto relat frequenc import cartel oper final point fact adm plai lead role infring excus ajinomoto behaviour undertak power cartel member ambit leader world lysin market reason adm ajinomoto basic amount fine increas regard adm eur million regard ajinomoto eur million attenu circumst exclus passiv role infring sewon cheil claim plai exclus passiv role infring sewon submit forc particip infring mean threat larg lysin produc ajinomoto adm kyowa hold obstruct conduct undertaken great risk prevent produc reach consensu regard collus price sewon maintain posit openli oppos demand larg produc order forc cooper sewon produc continu threaten sewon measur endang exist regard volum alloc sewon state threat intimid larg produc resist alloc agre larg produc obstruct activ fear retaliatori measur larg produc sewon avoid open conflict produc result time gave impress cooper issu volum alloc sewon state open confront larg produc unavoid meet pari sewon reveal major increas product capac caus substanti retaliatori threat larg produc eventu collaps entir conspiraci cheil suggest small produc entrant market invari adopt low profil attend meet compani maintain initi call meet led discuss meet cheil claim fact princip reason attend meet gain insight lysin industri commiss reject sewon argument part cheil argument entireti commiss note cartel purpos determin fine categori member leader activ member passiv member present case adm ajinomoto leader role cartel member commiss opinion substanc instanc kyowa lead role fall categori activ member frequenc particip meet long period behaviour meet activ part discuss fact sewon cheil call question commiss find point put forward justif activ particip collus threat sewon thought target cheil gather inform justifi infring european competit rule sewon inform compet author includ commiss illeg behaviour competitor order put end cheil effort found legal mean gather inform grant insight lysin industri oper lysin busi competit produc commiss consid begin relat sale quantiti sewon chang behaviour activ passiv member infring sewon parti agreement quantiti sewon remain particip agreement exchang inform ceas begin inform produc sale quantiti circumst commiss find increas sewon fine account durat reduc implement practic offend agreement adm ajinomoto sewon cheil suggest practic implement offend agreement price agreement adm state except conclud tokyo meet decemb meet hawaii march actual european transact price charg time price agreement refer present decis lower agre adm contend produc awar implement agre term adm opinion list price instruct commiss refer present decis contrast analysi transact data compar price state agre actual adm price level adm contend transact analysi accur reflect adm price list price sewon claim consist undercut agre target price cheil state price lowest market case lower price charg compani ajinomoto suggest appar data refer present decis cartel member agre price stress cartel member achiev averag monthli price agreement quantiti adm state substanti exceed alloc year relentless increas product capac product attest reduct restraint product suppli lysin sewon assert increas worldwid sale approxim tonn approxim tonn made full product sale capac time cheil claim accept product capac honolulu meet march time indic intern decis expand capac agreement exchang inform adm note behav strateg ly dissembl exchang inform lysin produc common inform variabl price custom sale propos market alloc quota relev period cheil claim submit data sale volum data continu incorrect underst actual sale cheil stress fact suppli mislead inform compani cheil maintain report total sale europ real sale volum amount commiss note implement agreement target price agre case necessarili requir price eventu appli market agreement implement parti fix price order move direct target agre inform commiss possess clear present case price agreement parti fix price accord agreement expect implement price agreement parti agreement charg custom singl price custom varieti rebat result actual transact price fact actual transact price exist relat compani custom custom compani prove price agreement implement compani intern price instruct discov commiss case adm reliabl proof implement price agreement regard implement agreement quantiti clear cartel member consid quantiti alloc minimum quantiti long parti sell quantiti alloc agreement respect inform commiss possess case implement agreement exchang inform commiss view agreement implement parti submit data agre question data correct degre incorrect data submit error intention relev context event appear data submit cartel member accept compar produc data total market principl agreement restrict competit implement cartel member determin conduct market joint intent express case repeat agreement conclud long period commiss opinion presum agreement implement parti repeatedli agre meet locat worldwid fix price share market long period time circumst undertak concern bear full burden proof show practic implement offend agreement commiss find argument put forward parti rebut proof commiss base conclus presumpt termin infring public author interven guidelin fine commiss reduc basic amount fine offend termin infring commiss interven carri check present case commiss carri investig june time undertak concern present decis end infring commiss consid undertak end infring initi commiss interven end infring caus intervent author termin infring constitut attenu circumst set fine undertak termin infring author interven usa fbi search offic adm ajinomoto sewon june commiss reason undertak concern present decis continu infring date reason basic amount fine decreas regard adm eur million regard ajinomoto eur million regard kyowa eur million regard cheil eur million regard sewon eur million attenu circumst adm submit detriment impact particip infring outweigh posit effect entri market continu increas product respect adm argu prior entri incumb produc oper polici high price restrict output adm claim contrast made clear lysin commod adm consid entri product sale synthet lysin europ result net benefit custom estim total benefit year half approxim usd million usd million adm justifi collus lysin competitor offens defens factor defens point view adm claim real threat retali lysin produc cartel exist market entri offens factor adm maintain lysin market data sort aggreg generalis form simpli readili adm manag adm add equal mechan place assist discern effort grow demand lysin adm suggest engag cartel enabl find inform commiss agre reason adm put forward order justifi illeg behaviour constitut attenu circumst view determin level fine commiss consid clear benefit european economi greater adm compet lysin produc european economi european consum suffer import loss occur adm market entri subsequ behaviour market realis normal condit competit paragraph assess actual impact infring lysin market eea clear adm illeg behaviour substanti neg impact lysin market eea offens defens factor adm justifi collus lysin competitor commiss note outset adm claim submit proof awar exist asian european cartel argument adm defend retali incumb lysin produc join cartel reject event join cartel adm privat enforc competit rule denounc illeg behaviour competitor competit author final point regard inform gather clear behaviour principl prohibit pursuant articl ec treati articl eea agreement declar compat common market condit set articl ec treati articl eea agreement met case doubt inform collect legal mean commiss view practic occur undertak concern oper market inform adm ajinomoto stress contribut significantli develop european agricultur industri creat employ europ gener revenu europ export lysin request posit contribut european economi account favour commiss assess fine present case commiss reject suggest commerci benefit industri commerci activ offset neg effect infring competit rule kyowa suggest cartel period set present decis eea enjoi small profit year suffer substanti loss year kyowa claim eea lysin busi suffer net loss period kyowa request commiss account fact commiss gener loss occur period infring competit rule constitut attenu circumst fix fine event commiss reason form basi loss order assess relev kyowa reason applic commiss lenienc notic address present decis cooper commiss stage investig relat period cover investig infring purpos receiv favour treatment set commiss lenienc notic order meet legitim expect undertak concern imposit reduct fine basi cooper commiss examin section parti concern satisfi condit set notic preliminari remark adm june search offic fbi fulli cooper author indirectli author state usa agreement cooper anti trust matter adm claim favour treatment lenienc notic adm alleg adm ingredi respons octob commiss formal request inform juli pursuant articl regul cooper commiss establish fact relat present proceed adm claim receiv statement object present case provid commiss inform document materi contribut establish relat period market entri full extent infring lysin produc conclud behaviour reward reduct fine lenienc notic final adm alleg satisfi condit lenienc notic abil adm claim prepar suppli commiss inform prepar futur divulg relev inform adm note person knowledg particip meet commun cartel posit provid adm inform permit cooper commiss adm provid commiss copi document adm provid author consid provis document practic provid worthwhil assist commiss access individu involv adm argu inequit prejudic compani satisfi condit lenienc notic abil adm opinion relev criterion compani prepar divulg full extent relev inform adm cooper author lysin investig commiss note inform provid author usa investig limit anti competit effect collus scrutini present decis produc area jurisdict usa event obviou author compet find infring european competit rule commiss admit intervent author caus end collus effect eea clear fine impos commiss applic european competit rule reduc cooper undertak concern decis commiss adm ingredi respons commiss request inform commiss agre submiss inform qualifi reduct fine lenienc notic addresse formal request inform pursuant articl regul adm ingredi oblig suppli inform cooper provid undertak concern initi clear lenienc notic cooper voluntari exercis investigatori power commiss relat inform adm submit commiss behaviour lysin produc market entri take posit inform provid adm commiss point differ quot whistl blow quot quot incrimin quot provis inform cartel inform particip fact inform subject fine dealt lenienc notic principl appli equal cartel member provid inform period fine impos benefit lenienc notic aris favour enterpris particip cartel deter inform commiss exist cartel risk incur fine present case risk adm fine period involv collus parti commiss welcom public interest inform exist cartel includ parti involv collus possibl commiss reward inform section request inform juli commiss requir adm submit busi record relat number meet amino acid produc respons request adm ingredi repli octob offic europ request locat request inform request assist parent compani repli octob adm ingredi enclos copi document relat travel arrang offici note document locat respons commiss question relat meet present proceed adm admit provid commiss copi document provid author suggest consid provis document practic provid worthwhil assist commiss commiss view adm refus cooper commiss carri investig present case commiss conclus basi adm suppli inform possess meet competitor list commiss request inform juli pursuant articl regul commiss consid adm cooper commiss inquiri benefit section lenienc notic imposit fine substanti reduct amount ajinomoto suggest meet condit imposit fine laid section lenienc notic natur cooper commiss qualifi full lenienc commiss acknowledg ajinomoto inform commiss cartel scrutini decis commiss undertaken investig order decis paragraph commiss acknowledg time suffici inform establish exist alleg cartel commiss note ajinomoto approach commiss juli lysin cartel receiv extens press coverag usa commiss confirm letter address ajinomoto august august ajinomoto provid document cooper depart justic inform public crimin anti trust charg lysin investig inter alia ajinomoto ajinomoto cartel member adduc evid cartel exist commiss consid evid relat period refer decis suffici establish exist cartel adm market entri ajinomoto put end involv illeg activ juli time disclos cartel commiss reason commiss view ajinomoto cooper part fulfil condit imposit fine substanti reduct amount pursuant section lenienc notic commiss consid ajinomoto neglig provid relev inform document evid time start cooper commiss cartel oper adm market entri june june adm join cartel commiss find occas ajinomoto conclud agreement lysin price quantiti competitor ajinomoto offici particip event emploi ajinomoto mr mimoto mr ikeda retir januari deliv statement form part ajinomoto defenc commiss proceed commiss reason ajinomoto possess obtain possess inform cartel exist relat period adm market entri commiss awar immedi author execut search warrant ajinomoto offic heartland lysin june ajinomoto tokyo legal depart instruct remain document cartel store europ japan destroi ajinomoto admit destroi document document store europ reason commiss consid ajinomoto cooper complet commiss accept doubt question earli agreement part singl continu infring question inform provid commiss basi cooper case doubt ajinomoto point inform question order guidanc commiss relev present investig compani determin scope subject commiss investig final commiss shown paragraph ajinomoto leader infring commiss opinion ajinomoto plai determin role illeg activ exclud applic section lenienc notic present case leader infring argu relat leader equal context leader plai determin role infring provid incent leader infring forward adduc decis evid cartel exist word lenienc notic clear commiss balanc commun interest grant favour treatment offend cooper commun interest deter futur offend fine undertak commit infring balanc disturb lenienc cartel member plai determin role infring commiss conclud ajinomoto cooper meet condit laid point section lenienc notic ajinomoto consid fine case notwithstand cooper advers affect relianc futur lenienc notic view substanti differ cooper offer prior initi investig ajinomoto suggest result cooper offer view lenienc notic commiss initi investig differ cooper prior initi investig insubstanti natur incent parti volunt inform commiss earli stage significantli reduc commiss acknowledg ajinomoto cooper instrument establish kei evid infring relat period adm market entri commiss ajinomoto legitim expect imposit fine infring european competit rule obviou ajinomoto reli fals expect commiss investig parallel lysin investig usa author concentr collus adm particip principl european competit rule competit rule establish part world serv similar purpos undertak awar fact intern cartel case investig public author subject extent commiss procedur base exclus applic european law sewon cartel member adduc complet decis evid infring found commiss present case document provid sewon constitut submit ajinomoto period adm market entri main sourc evid commiss prepar present decis sewon put end involv illeg activ time start cooper commiss compel enterpris part cartel act instig plai determin role illeg activ time sewon start cooper commiss suffici inform establish exist cartel adm market entri inform suppli ajinomoto sewon disclos collus commiss undertaken investig order decis premis adm kyowa final substanti part inform sewon submit commiss constitut sewon respons commiss formal request inform juli pursuant articl regul sewon cooper commiss complet voluntari commiss conclud sewon cooper meet condit laid point section lenienc notic kyowa cheil adduc evid cartel exist evid kyowa cheil submit commiss decis establish exist cartel insuffici establish relat period exist cartel part inform cheil submit commiss consist cheil respons commiss formal request inform juli pursuant articl regul cheil cooper commiss essenc voluntari commiss conclud kyowa cooper meet condit laid point cheil cooper meet condit laid point section lenienc notic adm attitud commiss investig present case meet condit laid section lenienc notic substanti reduct fine undertak concern present decis meet condit laid point section lenienc notic qualifi substanti reduct fine pursuant section lenienc notic signific reduct fine cooper commiss statement object commiss adopt statement object octob ajinomoto kyowa sewon cheil provid commiss inform document evid enabl commiss establish exist infring present case take account extent qualiti cooper commiss investig commiss grant ajinomoto sewon pursuant section lenienc notic highest reduct fine impos cooper commiss kyowa cheil commiss consid reduct reduct fine reward kyowa materi contribut establish number meet contact parti part infring cooper commiss receiv statement object receiv commiss statement object octob adm inform commiss substanti contest fact purpos proceed note decis contest fact purpos investig intend deem admiss fact statement interest purpos adm claim qualifi signific reduct fine commiss impos present case statement kind put forward adm leav open question fact commiss base alleg accur intend lead insecur legal effect decis unassail legal effect commiss decis depend behaviour parti proceed lead adopt decis commiss decis definit nation court signific inform basi inform nation court gener decid conduct issu compat european competit rule commiss consid adm qualifi reduct amount fine adjust sewon suggest commiss account specif econom context oper mean unabl pai substanti fine sewon ask commiss adjust amount fine impos sewon state due sever last econom crisi south korea financi situat deterior extent real abil pai fine greatli reduc order surviv crisi sewon acceler restructur process start merger sale unprofit busi merger daesang industri miwon form daesang corpor novemb sale worldwid lysin busi basf part sewon attempt improv financi situat commiss consid account determin fine undertak loss make financi situat tantamount confer unjustifi competit advantag undertak adapt condit market maintain fine level appear commiss give sewon possibl propos accept period payment fine condit demonstr inabl pai liabil infring settl law fact subsidiari separ legal person suffici exclud possibl conduct imput parent compani subsidiari independ decid conduct market carri materi respect instruct parent compani present case commiss consid adm ajinomoto kyowa sewon posit exert decis influenc european subsidiari commerci polici adm ingredi eurolysin kyowa europ sewon europ wholli own subsidiari respect parent compani necessarili polici laid bodi determin parent compani polici observ parent compani european subsidiari plai activ role cartel meet event parti submit evid support assert name subsidiari carri busi lysin market autonom legal entiti determin commerci polici larg circumst commiss entitl attribut parent compani conduct subsidiari prohibit undertak inter alia enter agreement particip concert practic affect trade member state object effect prevent restrict distort competit common market articl ec treati articl eea agreement aim econom unit consist unitari organis person tangibl intang element pursu specif econom aim long term basi contribut commiss infring kind refer provis adm ingredi eurolysin kyowa europ sewon europ part econom unit commit infring found present decis held liabl septemb eurolysin joint control ajinomoto orsan ajinomoto increas interest final acquir share orsan ajinomoto liabl behaviour eurolysin entir period cover present decis sewon commiss note dispos entir lysin busi half parti commit infring continu exist legal person econom activ lysin carri carri legal entiti remain liabl infring commit relev econom sector amount fine impos present proceed conclus fine impos pursuant articl regul gt tabl gt adopt decis articl archer daniel midland compani european subsidiari archer daniel midland ingredi limit ajinomoto compani incorpor european subsidiari eurolysin sa kyowa hakko kogyo compani limit european subsidiari kyowa hakko europ gmbh daesang corpor european subsidiari sewon europ gmbh cheil jedang corpor infring articl ec treati articl eea agreement particip agreement price sale volum exchang individu inform sale volum synthet lysin cover eea durat infring case archer daniel midland compani archer daniel midland ingredi limit june june case ajinomoto compani incorpor eurolysin sa juli june case kyowa hakko kogyo compani limit kyowa hakko europ gmbh juli june case daesang corpor sewon europ gmbh juli june case cheil jedang corpor august june articl fine impos undertak refer articl respect infring found gt tabl gt articl fine paid undertak name articl month date notif decis account account european commiss banco bilbao vizcaya argentaria bbva sa avenu de art brussel code swift bbvabebb expiri period interest automat payabl interest rate appli european central bank main refinanc oper work dai month decis adopt percentag point articl decis address archer daniel midland compani fari parkwai decatur illinoi usa archer daniel midland ingredi limit church motorwai erith da dl unit kingdom ajinomoto compani incorpor kyobashi itchom chuo ku tokyo japan eurolysin sa rue de courcel pari cedex kyowa hakko kogyo compani limit ohtemachi chiyoda ku tokyo japan kyowa hakko europ gmbh immermannstraß düsseldorf daesang corpor daesang build shinsul dong dongdaemoon ku seoul korea sewon europ gmbh mergenthaleralle eschborn cheil jedang corpor standbrook hous floor suit bond street london tb unit kingdom decis enforc pursuant articl ec treati brussel june commiss mario monti member commiss oj oj oj oj oj ecr ecr paragraph ecr paragraph ecr ii paragraph ecr ii paragraph judgment case buchmann ecr ii paragraph ecr ii paragraph ecr ii paragraph case buchmann loc cit paragraph ecr ecr ii paragraph publish ecr paragraph case ecr ii paragraph loc cit paragraph oj oj oj oj oj ecr ii ecr ii join case seq pvc ecr ii publish ecr judgment case cascad ecr ii paragraph quot lysin product trade effect intern price fix quot dr john connor staff paper septemb purdu univers market structur seller larg affect market price volum act problem firm solv individu quot game quot invest capac produc produc order maximis profit output respect capac rival demand product collect outcom firm uncoordin effort solv respect output problem determin market price lysin buyer demand satisfi sum output suppli rival firm call cournot equilibrium output price price amount competit price market lowest price sustain consist uncoordin profit maximis cournot model express price margin cost herfindahl hirshman index industri price elast adm actual figur margin cost estim base multipl regress model adm cost variabl input lysin product distribut figur price elast report john connor quot cost anim feed manufactur alleg price fix conspiraci lysin manufactur quot respons frederick warren boulton prepar litig reinhard selten quot simpl model imperfect competit quot intern journal game theori pp reprint selten quot model strateg ration quot kluwer academ publish pp loui phlip competit polici game theoret perspect cambridg univers press chapter loc cit paragraph oj commiss decis octob british sugar oj paragraph greek ferri decis judgment case pvc loc cit paragraph ecr ii case thyssen loc cit paragraph page kyowa written repli februari commiss statement object octob oj paragraph case cascad loc cit paragraph notic cooper nation court commiss appli articl eec treati oj case thyssen loc cit paragraph judgment case stora ecr ii paragraph judgment case mo och domsjö ecr ii paragraph judgment case rheinzink ecr paragraph case pvc loc cit paragraph outlin fact subject proceed undertak associ concern archer daniel midland compani ajinomoto compani incorpor kyowa hakko kogyo compani daesang corpor cheil jedang corpor fefana product market lysin suppli side product distribut demand side market inform factor influenc determin lysin price averag monthli lysin price annual lysin sale descript event asian european cartel begin meet februari meet march tokyo meet juli tokyo follow global cartel background meet june mexico follow meet octob pari follow meet june vancouv follow meet octob pari follow meet decemb tokyo follow meet march honolulu follow meet pari follow meet august sapporo follow meet octob zurich follow meet januari atlanta follow meet april hong kong follow commiss procedur lysin investig usa lysin investig canada ii assess jurisdict articl ec treati articl eea agreement articl ec treati articl eea agreement undertak agreement price agreement agreement quantiti agreement exchang inform sale quantiti object agreement effect trade member state commun eea countri articl ec treati articl eea agreement singl continu infring limit period fine impos pursuant articl regul infring competit rule intention neglig amount fine basic amount graviti natur infring actual impact infring lysin market eea size relev geograph market commiss conclus graviti differenti treatment durat basic amount aggrav circumst role leader infring attenu circumst exclus passiv role infring implement practic offend agreement termin infring public author interven attenu circumst applic commiss notic juli imposit reduct fine cartel case preliminari remark imposit fine substanti reduct amount substanti reduct fine signific reduct fine adjust liabil infring amount fine impos present proceed