commiss regul eec septemb determin commun method analysi wine commiss european commun regard treati establish european econom commun regard council regul eec march common organ market wine amend regul eec articl thereof articl regul eec prescrib adopt method analysi establish composit product articl regul rule check product subject treatment violat author oenolog pratic commun laid maximum level substanc presenc oenolog practic adopt tabl enabl analysi data compar good reason author member state determin maximum level articl regul eec analyt test includ assess characterist list annex regul qualiti wine psr question verif particular document product question call introduct uniform method analysi ensur accur compar inform obtain method compulsori commerci transact verif procedur view trade limit facil restrict number usual procedur admit enabl requisit factor determin rapidli reason accuraci gener recogn method develop intern convent unif method analysi apprais wine publish recueil de méthode international analys de vin compendium intern method analysi wine intern offic vine wine usefulli retain commun method analysi applic wine laid commiss regul eec scientif progress made replac method suitabl modifi introduc method approv aforesaid regul intern offic vine wine profus complex analys reassembl regul regul eec repeal order ensur compar result obtain appli analyt method refer articl regul eec step refer regard accuraci repeat reproduc result definit laid intern offic vine wine order recogn scientif advanc hand technic equip offici laboratori aim increas effici profit laboratori good reason autom analyt method appli condit import disput aris autom method replac refer method usual method result densiti measur autom method base principl frequenc oscil respect accuraci repeat reproduc good result obtain method list section annex present regul measur densiti specif graviti virtu articl regul eec autom method consid equival method list annex present regul procedur chapter point annex hereto analys total sulphur dioxid content wine grape must presum content mg result extract substanc compar method chapter point annex regul eec result higher total sulphur dioxid content product analys exce case grape juic maximum limit laid order avoid difficulti dispos grape juic prepar time entri forc regul time product process adapt result complet de sulphit grape must ferment arrest addit alcohol procedur abovement regul allow transit period measur provid regul accord opinion manag committe wine adopt regul articl commun method analysi wine make context commerci transact control oper establish composit product list articl regul eec check product subject treatment violat author oenolog practic set annex regul substanc refer method usual method prescrib result obtain refer method prevail articl purpos appli regul repeat absolut differ singl test result obtain ident test materi condit oper apparatu laboratori short interv time expect lie probabl reproduc absolut differ singl test result obtain ident test materi condit oper apparatu laboratori time expect lie probabl term singl test result obtain standard test method appli fulli singl sampl state probabl articl autom analyt method accept respons director laboratori condit accuraci repeat reproduc result equival result obtain analyt method list annex disput aris method list annex replac autom method autom method measur densiti base principl frequenc oscilli consid equival method list section annex present regul articl mention made water solut dilut wash purpos distil water deminer water equival puriti chemic analyt reagent qualiti articl regul eec repeal articl regul appli decemb articl regul enter forc dai public offici journal european commun appli effect octob regul bind entireti directli applic member state brussel septemb commissionrai mac sharrymemb commiss oj oj oj annex densiti specif graviti definit densiti mass unit volum wine express gram millilitr denot symbol specif graviti rel densiti ratio express decim number densiti volum wine densiti volum water temperatur denot symbol principl method densiti specif graviti measur test sampl pigmentari refer method hydrometri densimetri hydrostat balanc usual method note accur measur densiti correct effect sulphur dioxid formula swhere correct densityr observ densiti total quantiti sulphur dioxid gram litr preliminari treatment sampl wine appreci quantiti carbon dioxid remov stir ml wine litr flask filtrat reduc pressur cotton wool extens tube refer method apparatu normal laboratori equip pyrex pycnomet approxim ml capac remov ground glass joint thermomet calibr tenth degre figur thermomet standard figur pycnomet tare pycnomet side tube mm length mm maximum intern diamet end conic ground joint side tube cap reservoir stopper consist conic ground glass joint tube termin drawn section stopper serv expans chamber ground joint apparatu prepar great care tare bottl consist vessel volum ml pycnomet mass equal mass pycnomet fill liquid specif graviti sodium chlorid solut thermal insul contain fit bodi pycnomet twin pan balanc rang sensit mg ora singl pan balanc rang sensit mg calibr pycnomet calibr pycnomet involv determin quantiti tare empti pycnomet volum pycnomet mass water fill pycnomet method twin pan balanc place tare bottl left hand pan balanc clean dry pycnomet fit reservoir stopper hand pan add weight pan hold pycnomet record weight requir establish equilibrium gram carefulli fill pycnomet distil water ambient temperatur fit thermomet carefulli wipe pycnomet dry place thermal insul contain mix invert contain temperatur read thermomet constant accur adjust level upper rim side tube wipe side tube dry put reservoir stopper read temperatur carefulli possibl correct inaccuraci temperatur scale weigh water fill pycnomet tare record weight gram requir establish equilibrium calcul tare empti pycnomet tare empti pycnomet mass air contain pycnomet volum ft ft factor tabl temperatur ml mass water densiti water method singl pan balanc determin mass clean dry pycnomet mass pycnomet fill water procedur mass tare calcul tare empti pycnomet tare empti pycnomet mass air contain pycnomet volum ftwhere ft factor tabl temperatur volum ml mass water densiti water method measur method twin pan balanc fill pycnomet prepar test sampl procedur quot weight gram requir establish equilibrium mass liquid contain pycnomet quot appar densiti calcul densiti correct tabl accord natur liquid measur dry wine tabl ii natur concentr tabl iii sweet wine tabl iv specif graviti wine calcul divid densiti method singl pan balanc weigh tare bottl mass calcul dt mass empti pycnomet time measur dt weigh pycnomet fill prepar test sampl procedur mass att mass liquid contain pycnomet dt appar densiti calcul densiti liquid test dry wine natur concentr sweet wine specif graviti calcul divid densiti repeat densiti measurementsfor dry semi sweet wine sweet wine reproduc densiti measur dry semi sweet wine sweet wine usual method hydrometri apparatu hydromet hydromet conform iso standard dimens graduat cylindr bulb stem circular cross section minimum diamet mm dry wine graduat graduat mark mark separ mark mm measur densiti de alcohol wine sweet wine must set hydromet graduat hydromet graduat densiti mark mark separ mm mark hydromet graduat read top meniscu indic graduat densiti specif graviti read top meniscu carri graduat scale slip paper enclos bulb hydromet calibr govern depart calibr thermomet graduat minimum interv measur cylind mm intern diamet mm height held vertic support level screw procedur method measur pour ml test sampl prepar measur cylind introduc thermomet hydromet read temperatur minut mix sampl produc uniform temperatur remov thermomet read appar densiti hydromet minut appar densiti correct tabl applic dry wine tabl must tabl vi wine sugar tabl vii specif graviti obtain divid densiti densimetri hydrostat balanc apparatu hydrostat balanc maximum capac sensit mg ident pyrex glass float volum ml fix pan suspend thread diamet exceed mm float suspend hand pan capabl introduc measur cylind bear mark indic level measur cylind intern diamet mm larger float float capabl contain complet volum measur cylind locat mark surfac liquid measur penetr support thread temperatur liquid measur cylind measur thermomet graduat step singl pan hydrostat balanc procedur standard hydrostat balanc float air establish balanc place weight hand pan record mass ad weight fill measur cylind pure water mark read temperatur shake allow stand minut establish balanc place weight hand pan mass bep volum float factor tabl temperatur characterist float method measur hand float immers measur cylind fill wine mark temperatur wine read massp quot need establish balanc record appar densiti rt bythi densiti correct tabl ii iii iv float pyrex glass calcul densiti specif graviti refer method pycnometri twin pan balanc standard pycnomet weigh clean dry pycnomet tare pycnomet weigh pycnomet fill water tare pycnomet water att calcul mass air contain pycnomet characterist valu retain tare empti pycnomet gvolum cf mlmass water determin densiti specif graviti dry wine quot cr ml tabl ii enabl calcul rt relationship alcohol strength vol pycnometri singl pan balanc standard pycnomet weight clean dry pycnomet weight pycnomet fill water mass air contain pycnomet characterist valu retain tare empti pycnomet gvolum ft mlmass water gmass tare bottl determin densiti specif graviti dry wine dt dt cr ml tabl ii enabl calcul rt relationship alcohol strength vol tabl factor mass water contain pyrex pycnomet multipli order calcul pycnomet volum tabl ii temperatur correct densiti alcohol free dry wine measur pyrex glass pycnomet relat result tabl iii temperatur correct cto densiti natur must concentr must measur pyrex glass pycnomet relat result tabl iv temperatur correct densiti wine vol residu sugar measur pyrex glass pycnomet relat result tabl temperatur correct densiti dry wine alcohol free dry wine measur ordinari glass pycnomet hydromet relat result tabl vi temperatur correct cto densiti natur must concentr must measur pycnomet hydromet ordinari glass att relat result tabl vii temperatur correct cto densiti wine vol residu sugar measur hydromet pycnomet ordinari glass relat result evalu refractometri sugar concentr grape must concentr grape must rectifi concentr grape must principl method refract index express absolut percentag mass sucros tabl provid mean obtain sugar concentr gram litr gram kilogram grape must concentr grape must rectifi concentr grape must apparatu abbé refractomet refractomet fit scale give percentag mass sucros refract indic decim place refractomet equip thermomet scale extend arrang circul water enabl measur made temperatur oper instruct instrument strictli adher regard calibr light sourc prepar sampl concentr pass dry gauz fold discard drop filtrat carri determin filter product rectifi concentr depend concentr rectifi concentr solut obtain make rectifi concentr water weigh carri accur procedur bring sampl temperatur close place small test sampl lower prism refractomet take care prism press firmli test sampl cover glass surfac uniformli carri measur accord oper instruct instrument read percentag mass sucros read refract index decim place carri determin prepar sampl note temperatur calcul temperatur correct instrument graduat percentag mass sucros tabl obtain temperatur correct instrument graduat refract index find index measur tabl ii obtain column percentag mass sucros correct temperatur express concentr mean tabl sugar concentr concentr find percentag mass sucros tabl ii read row sugar concentr gram litr gram kilogram sugar concentr express term invert sugar decim place sugar concentr rectifi concentr find percentag mass sucros tabl iii read row sugar concentr gram litr gram kilogram sugar concentr express term invert sugar decim place measur made dilut rectifi concentr multipli result dilut factor refract index concentr rectifi concentr find percentag mass sucros tabl ii read row refract index index express decim place tabl correct made percentag mass sucros determin temperatur tabl ii tabl give sugar concentr concentr gram litr gram kilogram determin mean refractomet graduat percentag mass sucros refract index densiti tabl iii tabl give sugar concentr rectifi concentr gram litr gram kilogram determin mean refractomet graduat percentag mass sucros refract index densiti alcohol strength volum definit alcohol strength volum number litr ethanol contain litr wine volum measur temperatur express symbol vol note homologu ethanol ethanol ethanol homologu ethyl ester includ alcohol strength occur distil principl method distil wine made alkalin suspens calcium hydroxid measur alcohol strength distil refer method measur densiti distil pycnomet usual method measur alcohol strength distil hydromet measur alcohol strength distil densimetri hydrostat balanc measur alcohol strength distil refractometri note obtain alcohol strength densiti distil tabl ii iii appendix ii section annex calcul intern tabl alcohol strength publish intern legal metrolog organ recommend adopt oiv gener assembl tabl gener formula relat alcohol strength volum densiti alcohol water mixtur function temperatur method obtain distil apparatu distil apparatu consist round bottom litr flask ground glass joint rectifi column cm height apparatu prevent splash sourc heat pyrolysi extract matter prevent suitabl arrang condens termin drawn tube take distil bottom graduat receiv flask ml water steam distil apparatu consist steam gener steam pipe rectifi column condens type distil steam distil apparatu provid satisfi test distil ethanol water mixtur alcohol strength vol time success distil alcohol strength vol distil loss alcohol distil vol reagent suspens calcium hydroxid obtain carefulli pour litr water quicklim cao prepar sampl remov bulk carbon dioxid young sparkl wine stir ml wine ml flask procedur measur ml wine graduat flask record temperatur wine transfer wine distil flask introduc steam pipe steam distil apparatu rins graduat flask time success ml wash water ad flask steam pipe add ml calcium hydroxid piec inert porou materi pumic collect distil ml graduat flask measur wine collect volum quarter initi volum distil volum ml distil steam distil make ml distil water keep distil temperatur initi temperatur mix great care circular motion note case wine larg concentr ammonium ion distil redistil condit replac suspens calcium hydroxid sulphur acid dilut part vol vol refer method measur alcohol strength distil pycnomet apparatu standard pycnomet chapter densiti specif graviti annex chapter procedur measur appar densiti distil chapter densiti specif graviti annex chapter section densiti rt express result method calcul find alcohol strength tabl horizont line tabl temperatur express number immedi find smallest densiti greater rt tabular differ densiti calcul densiti temperatur line temperaturet find densiti immedi calcul differ densiti rand divid differ tabular differ densiti quotient decim part alcohol strength number part strength shown head column densiti locat calcul alcohol strength appendix chapter annex note temperatur correct incorpor comput program possibl carri automat repeat vol reproduc vol usual method hydrometri apparatu alcoholmet alcoholmet conform specif class class ii equip defin intern recommend alcoholmet alcohol hydromet ilmo intern legal metrolog organ thermomet graduat degre certifi degre measur cylind diamet mm height mm held vertic support level screw procedur pour distil measur cylind ensur cylind vertic insert thermomet alcoholmet read temperatur thermomet minut stir equilibr temperatur measur cylind thermomet alcoholmet distil remov thermomet read appar alcohol strength minut read magnifi glass correct appar strength measur effect temperatur tabl ii temperatur liquid differ ambient temperatur densimetri hydrostat balanc apparatu hydrostat balanc chapter densiti specif graviti procedur appar densiti distil measur chapter densiti specif graviti section express result find alcohol strength method tabl float pyrex glass tabl iii ordinari glass refractometri apparatu refractomet enabl refract indic measur rang depend type equip measur made suitabl instrument ambient temperatur instrument fit thermomet enabl temperatur determin tabl give temperatur correct provid instrument procedur refract index wine distil obtain measur procedur prescrib type instrument express result tabl iv find alcohol strength refract index note tabl iv alcohol strength refract indic pure alcohol water mixtur wine distil case wine distil take account presenc impur distil higher alcohol presenc methanol lower refract index alcohol strength calcul alcohol strength wine measur pycnomet twin pan balanc constant pycnomet determin calcul chapter densiti specif graviti section weigh pycnomet fill distillatenumer examplet tare pycnomet distil att quot correct quot quot mass distil appar densiti calcul alcohol strength refer tabl appar densiti water alcohol mixtur temperatur line tabl appar densiti smallest densiti greater observ densiti column vol densiti decim portion vol alcohol strength alcohol strength vol measur pycnomet singl pan balanc constant pycnomet determin calcul chapter densiti specif graviti section weigh pycnomet fill withdistil weight tare bottl time measur gram pycnomet fill distil gram variat buoyanc air dt mass distil lt appar densiti distil calcul alcohol strength refer tabl appar densiti water alcohol mixtur temperatur line tabl appar densiti smallest densiti greater observ densiti column vol densiti decim portion vol alcohol strength alcohol strength vol formula tabl alcohol strenght ethanol water mixtur calculatedth densiti kilogram metr cube kg ethanol water mixtur temperatur degre celsiu formula function alcohol strength weight express decim temperatur eipt numer coeffici formula valid temperatur numer coeffici formula tabl intern alcohol strength ctabl appar densiti ethanol water mixtur pyrex pycnometerdens correct air buoyanc tabl ii intern alcohol strength ctabl correct appli appar alcohol strength correct effect temperatureadd subtract appar alcohol strength ordinari glass alcoholmet correct tabl iii intern alcohol strength ctabl appar densiti ethanol water mixtur ordinari glass apparatusdens correct air buoyanc tabl iv tabl give refract indic pure ethanol water mixtur distil alcohol strength total dry extract total dry matter definit total dry extract total dry matter includ matter volatil physic condit physic condit matter form extract undergo alter test carri sugar free extract differ total dry extract total sugar reduc extract differ total dry extract total sugar excess potassium sulphat excess mannitol present chemic substanc ad wine residu extract sugar free extract fix acid express tartar acid extract express gram litr determin nearest principl method singl method measur densimet total dry extract calcul indirectli specif graviti wine specif graviti alcohol free wine dry extract express term quantiti sucros dissolv water made volum litr solut specif graviti alcohol free wine quantiti shown tabl method calcul specif graviti drof alcohol free wine calcul formula dr dv da dv specif graviti wine correct volatil acid da specif graviti water alcohol mixtur alcohol strength wine dr calcul densiti rv wine ra water alcohol mixtur alcohol strength formula dr rv ra coeffici approxim rv case express result tabl calcul total dry extract specif graviti drof alcohol free wine specif graviti total dry extract express decim place tabl calcul content total dry extract interpol tabl reduc sugar definit reduc sugar compris sugar exhibit keton aldehyd function determin reduc action alkalin solut copper salt principl method clarif refer method neutral remov alcohol wine pass ion exchang column anion exchang acet ion clarif neutral lead acet usual method wine treat reagent neutral lead acet zinc hexacyanoferr determin singl method clarifi wine react specif quantiti alkalin copper salt solut excess copper ion determin iodometr clarif sugar content liquid sugar determin lie dry wine dilut clarif sweet wine dilut clarif order bring sugar level limit prescrib tabl descriptionsugar content densitydilut must mistel gt gt sweet wine fortifi semi sweet wine dry wine lt lt dilut refer method reagent solut hydrochlor acid hcl solut sodium hydroxid naoh solut acet acid ch cooh solut sodium hydroxid naoh anion exchang resin dowex mesh equival resin prepar anion exchang resin column place small plug glass wool ml anion exchang resin bottom burett resin subject complet cycl regener pass altern solut hydrochlor acid sodium hydroxid rins ml distil water transfer resin beaker add ml solut acet acid stir minut refil burett resin pour ml acet acid solut column prefer stock resin store bottl fill acet acid solut wash column distil water effluent neutral regener resin pour ml sodium hydroxid solut resin remov acid pigment fix resin rins ml water pour ml acet acid solut wash column effluent neutral neutral lead acet solut approxim satur neutral lead acet pb ch coo hot water ml stir dissolv calcium carbon ca procedur dry wine place ml wine beaker diamet cm ml sodium hydroxid solut volum sodium hydroxid solut determin total acid ml wine evapor boil water bath stream hot air liquid reduc ml pour liquid anion exchang resin column acet form rate ml minut collect effluent ml volumetr flask wash vessel column time ml distil water time stir time add ml satur lead acet solut calcium carbon effluent shake time stand minut make mark water filter ml filtrat correspond ml wine must mistel sweet semi sweet wine dilut guidanc must mistel prepar solut liquid analys ml dilut sampl sweet wine fortifi densiti prepar solut liquid analys ml dilut sampl semi sweet wine densiti ml undilut wine abovement volum wine flow anion exchang column acet form rate ml minut collect effluent ml volumetr flask rins column water ml effluent obtain add calcium carbon ml satur lead acet solut effluent stir stand minut stir occasion make mark water filter case ml filtrat correspond ml mistel ml filtrat correspond ml sweet wine ml filtrat correspond ml semi sweet wine usual method clarif neutral lead acet reagent solut neutral lead acet approxim satur calcium carbon procedur dry wine place ml wine ml volumetr flask add ml solut sodium hydroxid volum solut sodium hydroxid determin total acid ml wine add stir ml satur lead acet solut calcium carbon shake time stand minut make mark water filter ml filtrat correspond ml wine must mistel sweet semi sweet wine ml volumetr flask place volum wine mistel dilut guidanc must mistel prepar solut liquid analys ml dilut sampl sweet wine fortifi densiti prepar solut liquid analys ml dilut sampl semi sweet wineshav densiti ml undilut wine add calcium carbon ml water ml satur lead acet solut stir leav stand minut stir occasion make mark water filter case ml filtrat correspond ml mistel ml filtrat correspond ml sweet wine ml filtrat correspond ml semi sweet wine clarif zinc hexacyanoferr clarif process white wine lightli colour sweet wine must reagent solut potassium hexacyanoferr potassium hexacyanoferr fe cn water ml solut ii zinc sulphat zinc sulphat zn water ml procedur ml volumetr flask place volum wine mistel dilut guidanc must mistel prepar solut liquid analys ml dilut sampl sweet wine fortifi densiti prepar solut liquid analys ml dilut sampl semi sweet wineshav densiti ml undilut wine dry wine ml undilut wine add ml solut potassium hexacyanoferr ml solut ii zinc sulphat mix make mark water wait minut filter case ml filtrat correspond ml mistel ml filtrat correspond ml sweet wine ml filtrat correspond ml semi sweet wine ml filtrat correspond ml dry wine determin sugar reagent alkalin copper salt solut copper sulphat pure cuso citric acid crystallin sodium carbon na water mldissolv copper sulphat ml water citric acid ml water sodium carbon ml hot water mix citric acid sodium carbon solut add copper sulphat solut make litr potassium iodid solut potassium iodid ki water mlstore colour glass bottl sulphur acid concentr sulphur acid ml water mladd acid slowli water cool make ml water starch solut mix starch ml water bring boil stir time boil minut add sodium chlorid nacl cool make litr water sodium thiosulph solutioninvert sugar solut check method determin place ml volumetr flask pure dry sucros water approxim ml concentr hydrochlor acid hcl ml mlheat flask water bath maintain temperatur solut reach flask solut minut flask cool natur minut immers cold water bath transfer solut litr volumetr flask make litr solut satisfactorili month neutral test sampl solut approxim acid sodium hydroxid solut procedur mix ml alkalin copper salt solut ml water ml clarifi solut ml conic flask volum sugar solut mg invert sugar add small piec pumic stone fit reflux condens flask bring mixtur boil minut mixtur boil minut cool flask immedi cold run water complet cool add ml potassium iodid solut ml sulphur acid ml starch solut titrat sodium thiosulph solut nbe number ml carri blank titrat ml sugar solut replac ml distil water number ml sodium thiosulph express result calcul quantiti sugar express invert sugar contain test sampl tabl function number ml sodium thiosulph sugar content wine express gram invert sugar litr decim place account dilut made clarif volum test sampl repeat xixi concentr invert sugar sampl reproduc xixi concentr invert sugar sampl sucros principl method ii qualit test thin layer chromatographi sucros separ sugar thin layer chromatographi plate coat cellulos develop agent urea hydrochlor acid ii test determin high perform liquid chromatographi sucros separ column alkylamin bond silica detect refractometri result quantifi refer extern standard analys condit note authent wine check method nmr deuterium detect enrich must rectifi concentr must wine test determin sucros chromatographi gaseou phase chapter point qualit test thin layer chromatographi equip chromatograh plate cover desir thick cellulos powder mn chromatographi tank micrometr syring micropipett oven regul reagent decolour charcoal mobil phase dichloromethan glacial acet acid ml ethanol methanol water develop agenturea hydrochlor acid ml ethanol ml refer solutionsglucos fructos sucros distil water ml procedur prepar sampl wine strongli colour decolour treat activ charcoal rectifi concentr must solut sugar concentr mass brix prepar chapter ph wine section dilut water quarter concentr make ml ml volumetr flask obtain chromatogram place parallel line cm bottom edg plate µl sampl µl standard place plate tank previous satur vapour mobil phase mobil phase migrat cm top plate remov plate dry current warm air repeat migrat time dry plate time sprai plate uniformli ml colour agent place oven approxim minut result saccharos fructos deep blue spot white background glucos intens green spot test determin high perform liquid chromatographi chromatograph condit guidanc equip high perform liquid chromatograph equip µl loop injector detector differenti refractomet interferomet refractomet alkylamin bond silica column length cm intern diamet mm guard column fill phase arrang insul guard column analyt column maintain temperatur record requir integr mobil phase flow rate ml min arrang membran filtrat µm reagent doubli distil water hplc qualiti acetonitril ch cn mobil phase acetonitril water previous subject membran filtrat µm mobil phase outgass standard solut aqueou sucros solut filter µm membran filter procedur prepar sampl wine must filter µm membran filter rectifi concentr must solut obtain dilut rectifi concentr chapter total acid section filter µm membran filter chromatograph determin inject turn chromatograph µl standard solut µm sampl prepar repeat inject order record chromatogram retent time sucros approxim minut calcul calcul averag result standard solut sampl wine must calcul concentr rectifi concentr must sucros concentr solut rectifi concentr sucros concentr kg rectifi concentr express result sucros concentr wine must rectifi concentr must express gram litr wine must gram kilogram rectifi concentr must place decim glucos fructos definit glucos fructos determin individu enzymat method sole aim calcul glucos fructos ratio principl method glucos fructos phosphoryl adenosin triphosph atp enzymat reaction catalys hexokinas hk produc glucos phosphat fructos phosphat glucos atp adp fructos atp adp glucos phosphat oxid glucon phosphat nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid phosphat nadp presenc enzym glucos phosphat dehydrogenas pdh quantiti reduc nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid phosphat nadph produc correspond glucos phosphat glucos nadp glucon phosphat nadph reduc nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid phosphat determin absorpt nm end reaction fructos phosphat convert glucos phosphat action phosphoglucos isomeras pgi glucos phosphat react nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid phosphat give glucon phosphat reduc nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid phosphat determin apparatu spectrophotomet enabl measur made nm wavelength absorpt nadph maximum absolut measur involv calibr plot standard made extinct coeffici nadph wavelength scale absorb valu obtain apparatu check spectrophotomet sourc discontinu spectrum enabl measur made nm nm glass cell optic path length cm singl cell pipett enzymat test solut ml reagent solut buffer solut triethanolamin ph mg dissolv triethanolamin hydrochlorid hcl mgso ml doubli distil water add ml sodium hydroxid naoh solut obtain ph make ml buffer solut week solut nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid phosphat solut dissolv mg disodium nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid phosphat ml doubli distil water solut week solut adenosin triphosph solut dissolv mg disodium adenosin triphosph mg sodium hydrogencarbon nahco ml doubli distil water solut week solut hexokinas glucos phosphat dehydrogenas mix ml hexokinas mg protein ml ml ml glucos phosphat dehydrogenas mg protein ml mixtur year solut phosphoglucos isomeras mg protein ml ml suspens undilut year note solut commerci procedur prepar sampl depend estim amount glucos fructos litr dilut sampl measur nmmeasur nmdilut waterdilut factor fup determin spectrophotomet adjust nm wavelength make measur air cell optic path water refer temperatur cell cm optic path place refer cell sampl cellsolut ml ml solut ml ml solut ml ml sampl measur ml doubli distil water ml mix minut read absorb solut start reaction ad solut ml ml mix wait minut read absorb check reaction stop minut add immedi solut ml ml mix read absorb minut check reaction stop minut calcul differ absorb glucos fructos refer sampl cell calcul differ absorb refer cell dar sampl cell da obtain glucos dag da darfor fructos daf da dar note time need complet enzym activ vari batch guidanc recommend determin batch express result calcul gener formula calcul concentr volum test solut ml volum sampl ml molecular mass substanc determinedd optic path cell cm absorpt coeffici nadph nm mm cm ml determin glucosev ml determin fructosev mlm glucos dag fructos daf sampl dilut prepar multipli result dilut factor note measur made nm express obtain measur nm mmole cm glucos dag fructos daf measur nm mmole cm glucos dag fructos daf repeat xi reproduc xi xi concentr glucos fructos detect enrich grape must concentr grape must rectifi concentr grape must wine applic nuclear magnet reson deuterium snif nmr rmn fin definit deuterium contain sugar water grape redistribut ferment molecul ii iii iv wine ch ch ch chd iich ch od hod iii iv addit exogen sugar sugar dry ferment effect distribut deuterium compar figur paramet natur control wine region enrich exogen sugar lead variat paramet wine ii qwr natur enrich beet sugar cane sugar maiz sugar isotop ratio molecul ii isotop ratio molecul ii qw isotop ratio water wine ii express rel distribut deuterium molecul ii measur directli intens signal thenr hii character veget speci synthes sugar lesser extent geograph locat place harvest type water photosynthesi ii repres climatolog place product grape type rainwat weather condit lesser extent sugar concentr origin qw repres climatolog place product sugar content origin principl paramet defin ii determin nuclear magnet reson deuterium ethanol extract wine ferment product concentr rectifi concentr obtain condit supplement determin isotop ratio water extract wine qw determin ratio ethanol pend creation commun data bank proce case wine control sampl region accompani natur control sampl origin geograph place vintag seri sampl case must concentr must rectifi concentr must seri control sampl made natur must origin geograph place vintag check product prepar territori pend establish commun data bank member state transit basi nation data bank prepar sampl analysi extract ethanol water wine note method ethanol extract long total alcohol wine recov distil ma vol apparatu reagent apparatu extract ethanol figur compris electr heat mantl voltag regul litr round bottom flask ground glass neck joint cadiot column rotat band move part teflon ml conic flask ground glass neck joint ml bottl plastic stopper reagent determin water karl fischer method merck procedur determin alcohol strength wine tv nearest vol extract ethanol introduc homogen sampl ml wine alcohol strength tv flask distil apparatu constant reflux ratio place ml ground conic flask calibr receiv distil collect boil liquid approxim ml temperatur exce discontinu collect minut temperatur return recomm collect distil repeat oper temperatur discontinu collect oper close circuit remain constant complet distil last approxim hour procedur enabl total alcohol wine recov distil strength ma vol strength nmr condit section establish ethanol collect weigh homogen ml sampl residu ml flask repres water wine isotop ratio determin requir note spectromet fit mm probe cf section homogen test sampl ml wine suffici determin alcohol strength alcohol extract water content determin karl fischer method sampl ml alcohol mass figur distil apparatu extract ethanol strength mass alcohol ferment must concentr must rectifi concentr must apparatu reagent tartar aciddifco bacto yeast nitrogen base amino acidsact dry yeast saccharomyc cerevisa isotop ratio yeast reactiv prior minut minimum amount lukewarm distil water isotop ratio similar isotop ratio fresh direct ferment vessel capac litr fit devic airtight condens alcohol vapour loss ethanol ferment toler rate convers ferment sugar ethanol greater procedur must fresh mustsplac litr concentr ferment sugar previous determin ferment vessel add dry yeast reactiv insert devic airtight ferment proce sugar determin alcohol strength ferment product calcul rate convers sugar alcohol ferment liquid centrifug distil extract ethanol must ferment prevent addit sulphur dioxided sulphit quantiti slightli excess litr litr bubbl nitrogen water bath reflux total sulphur dioxid content mg care concentr evapor water effect cool place litr de sulphit ferment vessel continu fresh note potassium metabisulphit sulphit ml sulphur acid ml gram metabisulphit litr ad de sulphit concentr must place ml concentr amount sugar approxim ferment vessel top litr ml water normal water suppli isotop ratio natur sampl add dry yeast difco bacto yeast nitrogen base amino acid homogen proce rectifi concentr must proce top litr ml water normal water suppli isotop ratio dissolv tartar acid note retain ml sampl sulphur dioxid treat concentr rectifi concentr view extract water determin isotop ratio wq extract water contain simpli carri azotrop distil toluen prepar alcohol sampl nmr measur reagent tetramethyl urea tmu sampl standard tmu monitor isotop ratio sampl suppli director gener scienc research develop commun bureau refer rue de la loi brussel procedur mm diamet nmr probe previous weigh bottl collect ml alcohol obtain weigh nearest mg ma ml sampl intern standard tmu weigh nearest mg mst homogen shake mm diamet nmr probe ml alcohol ml tmu suffici depend type spectromet probe cf section add suffici quantiti hexafluorobenzen field frequenc stabil substanc lock spectromet mm probe mm probe µl µl µl µl prepar water sampl nmr measur purpos determin isotop ratio reagent tetramethyl urea tmu procedur place ml water obtain note tare flask weigh nearest mg place ml intern standard tmu weigh nearest mg st homogen shake note laboratori mass spectromet determin isotop ratio measur carri instrument reduc load nmr spectromet standard ratio trv seri wine examin record nmr spectra alcohol water determin isotop paramet apparatu nmr spectromet fit specif deuterium probe tune characterist frequenc vo field bo bo vo mhz bo vo mhz proton decoupl channel field frequenc stabil channel lock fluorin frequenc resolut measur spectrum transform exponenti multipl lb figur express half width methyl methylen signal ethanol methyl signal tmu hz sensit measur exponenti multipli factor lb equal figur greater equal methyl signal ethanol alcohol strength vol ma condit confid interv measur signal height calcul probabl side test repetit spectrum automat sampl changer possibl data process softwar mm mm sampl tube spectromet perform standard spectromet check standard carri customari standard homogen sensit manufactur specif check valid standard standard ethanol design letter isotop concentr accur standard carri mean alcohol cane sugar maiz wine spirit beet alcohol sampl suppli commun bureau refer procedur determin isotop valu alcohol denot cmea vmea bmea compar standard valu denot superscript cst bst vst figur nmr spectrum ethanol wine intern standard tmu tetramethylurea figur spectrum ethanol condit figur exponenti multipl lb standard deviat repeat obtain averag repetit spectrum ratio ppm ii averag valu obtain isotop paramet ii standard deviat repeat paramet standard alcohol commun bureau refer carri check condit obtain nmr spectra place sampl alcohol prepar water sampl prepar mm mm tube introduc probe condit obtain nmr spectra constant probe temperatur acquisit time hz spectral width memori ppm mhz ppm mhz puls adjust acquisit time order dwell time parabol detect fix offset od chd refer signal ethanol hod tmu refer signal water determin decoupl offset proton spectrum measur decoupl coil tube good decoupl obtain locat middl frequenc interv exist ch ch group wide band decoupl mode spectrum carri number accumul ns suffici obtain signal nois ratio repeat set ns accumul ne time valu ns depend type spectromet probe cf section exampl choic spectromet mm probe mm probe tn ns tn ns express result ethanol spectra nmr spectrum ethanol figur determin mst ma td st isotop ratio intern standard tmu bottl suppli commun bureau refer peak height peak area precis suppos peak width half height ident reason approxim applic figur water isotop ratio water determin nmr water tmu mixtur relationship st st isotop ratio intern standard tmu bottl suppli commun bureau refer isotop paramet calcul averag determin confid interv option softwar snif nmr suitabl spectromet comput enabl calcul carri line note standard spectromet systemat differ averag valu obtain characterist isotop standard alcohol valu commun bureau refer standard deviat correct appli obtain true sampl interpol made take valu standard sampl straddl sampl ixmea measur ixcorr correct give ixcorr ibst ixmea ibmea standard sampl suppli standard commun bureau refer ivst ppm ibst ppmstandard sampl measur laboratori ivmea ppm ibmea ppmsuspect uncorrect sampl ixmea ppma ixcorr ppm calcul interpret result compar rx obtain ratio suspect sampl ratio obtain control wine rx differ standard deviat averag obtain control wine adulter assum addit beet sugar cane sugar maiz glucos wine rx higher rt beet sugar assum ad rx rt cane sugar maiz sugar assum ad note xi wqx increas xi beet sugar assum ad xi suspect sampl lower averag obtain control sampl standard deviat cane sugar maiz sugar assum ad ix greater standard deviat calcul enrich express vol ethanol addit beet sugar ib isotop ratio locat beet alcohol ib tv alcohol strength analys wine addit cane sugar maiz sugar ic isotop ratio locat cane sugar maiz sugar ic tv alcohol strength analys wine must concentr must rectifi concentr mast valu isotop paramet alcohol extract ferment product obtain concentr rectifi concentr examin instruct interpret result compar alcohol extract ferment product must enrich vol express volum alcohol ad ferment product know dilut carri prior ferment concentr must rectifi concentr must assum sugar yield vol alcohol calcul amount sugar mass ad litr concentr rectifi concentr addit mixtur beet sugar cane sugar maiz glucos isotop ratio chang type sugar ad ii higher wq addit confirm determin ratio ethanol mass spectrometri case ratio higher ash content definit ash content defin product remain ignit residu left evapor wine ignit carri cation exclud ammonium cation convert carbon anhydr inorgan salt principl method wine extract ignit temperatur complet combust oxid organ materi achiev apparatu boil water bath balanc sensit mg hot plate infra red evapor temperatur control electr muffl furnac desicc flat bottom platinum dish mm diamet mm height procedur pipett ml wine previous tare platinum dish origin weight po evapor boil water bath heat residu hot plate infra red evapor carbon begin fume produc place dish electr muffl furnac maintain minut carbon remov dish furnac add ml distil water evapor water bath infra red evapor heat residu minut combust oxid carbon particl complet repeat oper wash carbon particl evapor water ignit wine high sugar content advantag add drop pure veget oil extract ash prevent excess foam cool desicc dish weigh weight ash sampl ml po express result method calcul weight ash gram litr decim place express alkalin ash definit alkalin ash defin sum cation ammonium ion combin organ acid wine principl method ash dissolv excess amount hot standard acid solut excess determin titrat methyl orang indic reagent apparatu sulphur acid solut sodium hydroxid solut naoh methyl orang solut distil water boil water bath procedur add ml sulphur acid solut ash ml wine contain platinum dish place dish boil water bath minut break agit residu glass rod speed dissolut add drop methyl orang solut titrat excess sulphur acid sodium hydroxid colour indic yellow express result method calcul alkalin ash express milliequival litr decim place ml volum sodium hydroxid chlorid principl chlorid determin directli wine potentiometri ag agcl electrod apparatu ph mv meter graduat interv mv magnet stirrer ag accl electrod satur solut nitrat potassium electrolyt microburett graduat ml chronomet reagent standard chlorid solut potassium chlorid kcl max br dri leav desicc dai dilut distil water made litr ml solut mg cl silver nitrat titrat solut analyt grade silver nitrat agno dilut alcohol solut made litr ml solut correspond mg cl nitric acid puriti ml procedur ml standard chlorid solut measur ml cylindr vessel magnet stirrer dilut distil water approxim ml acidifi ml nitric acid immers electrod titrat ad silver nitrat titrat solut microburett moder stir begin ad ml ml read millivolt valu add ml fraction ml final continu addit fraction ml total ml ad addit wait approxim second read millivolt transfer valu obtain graph paper millilitr titrat solut determin potenti equival point basi singular point curv obtain ml standard chlorid solut measur ml cylindr vessel ml distil water ml nitric acid immers electrod titr whilst stir potenti equival point obtain determin repeat good degre agreement result obtain check carri seri measur chlorid sampl ml wine analysi measur ml cylindr vessel add ml distil water ml nitric acid titrat procedur describedin express result calcul repres number millilitr silver nitrat titrat solut chlorid content test liquid express milligram cl litr express milliequival litr express milligram sodium chlorid litr repeat mg cl litrer meg litrer mg nacl litr reproduc mg cl litrer meg litrer mg nacl litr note precis determin refer complet titrat curv obtain determin test liquid silver nitrat solut measur ml wine analys ml cylindr vessel add ml distil water ml nitric acid titrat silver nitrat solut ad ml time record potenti millivolt deriv titrat approxim volum silver nitrat solut requir recomm determin condit begin ad ml titrat solut time volum ad ml volum determin add ml time continu add solut approxim locat equival point symmetr manner ad ml ml time end point measur exact volum silver nitrat consum obtain draw curv determin equival point calcul volum titrat solut equival point volum titrat solut largest potenti chang vi constant volum increment titrat solut ml dd el differ potenti largest potenti chang dd differ potenti largest potenti chang volum agno titrat solution potenti mvdiffer esecond differ dd end point titrat ml largest potenti chang mv occur interv volum silver nitrat titrat solut consum measur chlorid test sampl sulphat principl refer method precipit barium sulphat weigh barium phosphat precipit condit elimin wash precipit hydrochlor acid case must wine rich sulphur dioxid prior de sulphit boil airtight vessel recommend quick test method wine classifi categori call limit method base precipit barium sulphat barium ion titrant refer method reagent solut hydrochlor acid barium chlorid solut bacl procedur gener procedur measur ml analysi sampl ml centrifug tube add ml hydrochlor acid ml barium chlorid solut stir glass stirrer rins stirrer distil water leav stand minut centrifug minut carefulli decant supernat liquid wash barium sulphat precipit add ml hydrochlor acid place precipit suspens centrifug minut carefulli decant supernat liquid repeat wash procedur condit ml distil water time quantit transfer precipit rins distil water tare platinum capsul place water bath fulli evapor dri precipit calcin time briefli flame white residu obtain leav cool desicc weigh mass milligram barium sulphat obtain special procedur sulphit wine high sulphur dioxid content elimin sulphur dioxid measur ml water ml pure hydrochlor acid ml ml conic flask equip drop funnel outlet tube boil solut remov air introduc ml wine drop funnel continu boil volum liquid flask reduc ml quantit transfer cool ml volumetr flask make mark water determin sulphat ml sampl express result calcul sulphat content express milligram litr potassium sulphat sulphat content must wine express milligram litr potassium sulphat decim point repeat mg mg labout mg mg reproduc mg mg labout mg mg quick test method reagent barium chlorid titrat solut barium chlorid bacl ml hydrochlor acid ml dissolv water obtain litr solut ml solut precipit quantiti sulphat ion equival mg potassium sulphat sulphur acid ml solut procedur measur ml must wine test tube add ml ml ml barium chlorid solut shake bring boil leav stand hour liquid tube decant filter divid part part add drop dilut sulphur acid solut drop barium chlorid solut examin tube note liquid clear cloudi interpret observ tabl winebarium chloridefilt wine dilut sulphur acidbarium chlorid solutionfirst test ml ml cloudyclear clear cloudi test cloudyclear clear cloudi test cloudyclear clear cloudi total acid definit total acid wine sum titrat acid titrat ph standard alkalin solut carbon dioxid includ total acid principl method potentiometr titrat titrat bromothymol blue indic comparison end point colour standard reagent buffer solut ph monopotassium phosphat kh po sodium hydroxid naoh solut ml water ml altern readi made buffer solut commerci sodium hydroxid naoh solut bromothymol blue indic solut bromothymol blue br neutral ethanol vol mldissolv add water free ml sodium hydroxid solut suffici produc blue green colour ph ml approxim water ml apparatu water vacuum pump ml vacuum flask potentiomet scale graduat ph valu electrod glass electrod distil water calomel satur potassium chlorid electrod satur potassium chlorid solut combin electrod frequent distil water measur cylind ml wine ml rectifi concentr procedur prepar sampl wine elimin carbon dioxid place ml wine vacuum flask appli vacuum flask water pump minut whilst shake continu rectifi concentr must introduc accur weigh rectifi concentr make mark ml water homogen potentiometr titrat calibr ph meter ph meter calibr manufactur instruct ph buffer solut method measur measur cylind introduc volum sampl prepar equal ml case wine ml case rectifi concentr add ml distil water add sodium hydroxid solut burett ph equal sodium hydroxid ad slowli solut stir continu ml volum naoh ad titrat indic bromothymol blue preliminari test end point colour determin measur cylind place ml boil distil water ml bromothymol blue solut volum prepar equal ml case wine ml case rectifi concentr add sodium hydroxid solut colour blue green add ml ph buffer solut measur measur cylind place ml boil distil water ml bromothymol blue solut volum sampl prepar equal ml case wine ml case rectifi concentr add sodium hydroxid solut colour obtain preliminari test ml volum sodium hydroxid ad express result method calcul wine total acid express milliequival litr record decim placeth total acid express gram tartar acid litr record decim place rectifi concentr must total acid express milliequival kilogram rectifi concentr total acid express milliequival kilogram total sugar byp concentr total sugar record decim place repeat titrat indic meq litrer tartar acid litrefor white rosé red wine reproduc titrat indic white rosé wine meq litrer tartar acid litr red wine meq litrer tartar acid litr volatil acid definit volatil acid form acid acet seri present wine free state combin salt principl method titrat volatil acid separ wine steam distil titrat distil carbon dioxid remov wine acid free combin sulphur dioxid distil condit deduct acid distil acid sorbic acid ad wine deduct note part salicyl acid countri stabil wine analysi present distil determin deduct acid method determin section chapter reagent crystallin tartar acid sodium hydroxid solut naoh phenolphthalein solut vol neutral alcohol hydrochlor acid ml dilut iodin solut crystallin potassium iodid ki starch solut mix starch ml water bring boil stir continu boil minut add sodium chlorid cool make litr satur solut sodium borat na apparatu steam distil apparatu consist steam gener steam free carbon dioxid flask steam pipe distil column condens equip pass test place ml boil water flask collect ml distil add ml sodium hydroxid solut drop phenolphthalein solut pink colour stabl second steam free carbon dioxid place ml acet acid solut flask collect ml distil titrat sodium hydroxid solut volum ml acet acid entrain steam place ml lactic acid solut flask collect ml distil titrat acid sodium hydroxid solut volum sodium hydroxid solut ad equal ml lactic acid distil apparatu procedur pass test satisfactorili fulfil requir offici intern apparatu procedur water pump vacuum flask procedur prepar sampl elimin carbon dioxid place ml wine vacuum flask appli vacuum flask water pump minut shake continu steam distil place ml wine freed carbon dioxid flask add tartar acid collect ml distil titrat titrat sodium hydroxid solut drop phenolphthalein indic ml volum sodium hydroxid add drop dilut hydrochlor acid ml starch solut crystal potassium iodid titrat free sulphur dioxid iodin solut quot ml volum add satur sodium borat solut pink color reappear titrat combin sulphur dioxid iodin solut quot ml volum express result method calcul volatil acid express milliequival litr decim place quot volatil acid express gram acet acid litr decim place quot repeat meq litrer acet acid litr reproduc meq litrer acet acid litr wine sorbic acid present sorbic acid steam distil distil volum ml acid deduct volatil acid know mg sorbic acid correspond acid milliequival acet acid know concentr sorbic acid mg determin method determin salicyl acid entrain distil volatil acid principl determin volatil acid correct sulphur dioxid presenc salicyl acid acidif violet colour appear iron iii salt ad determin salicyl acid entrain distil volatil acid carri distil volum determin volatil acid carri distil salicyl acid determin compar colorimetr method deduct acid volatil acid distil reagent hydrochlor acid hcl sodium thiosulph na solut solut iron iii ammonium sulphat fe nh solut sodium salicyl solut sodium salicyl nac procedur identif salicyl acid volatil acid distil immedi determin volatil acid correct free combin sulphur dioxid introduc conic flask ml hydrochlor acid ml sodium thiosulph solut ml iron iii ammonium sulphat solut salicyl acid present violet color appear determin salicyl acid conic flask volum distil refer mark empti rins flask subject test sampl ml wine steam distil collect distil conic flask refer mark add ml pure hydrochlor acid ml iron iii ammonium sulphat solut content conic flask turn violet conic flask ident carri refer mark introduc distil water level distil add ml pure hydrochlor acid ml iron iii ammonium sulphat solut burett run sodium salicyl solut violet color obtain intens conic flask wine distil quot ml volum solut ad burett correct volatil acid subtract volum ml volum ml sodium hydroxid solut titrat acid distil determin volatil acid fix acid principl fix acid calcul differ total acid volatil acid express result fix acid express milliequival litr gram tartar acid litr tartar acid principl method refer method tartar acid precipit form calcium tartrat determin gravimetr determin complet volumetr procedur comparison condit precipit ph total volum concentr precipit ion precipit calcium tartrat complet calcium tartrat remain solut mesotartar acid ad wine precipit calcium tartrat incomplet hydrolys usual method tartar acid separ ion exchang column determin colorimetr eluat measur red colour produc reaction vanad acid eluat lactic malic acid interfer refer method gravimetr method reagent calcium acet solut calcium litr calcium carbon caco gacet acid glacial ch cooh ml mlwater litr calcium tartrat crystal cac place ml tartar acid solut ml beaker add ml ammonium tartrat solut ml calcium acet solut calcium litr stand hour precipit collect precipit sinter glass crucibl poros wash time ml distil water dry constant weight oven quantiti reagent mg crystal calcium tartrat obtain store stopper bottl precipit solut ph tartar acid mg ammonium hydroxid solut ml ml calcium acet solut calcium litr ml water ml dissolv tartar acid add ammonium hydroxid make ml add ml calcium acet solut make litr adjust ph acet acid calcium tartrat slightli solubl solut add mg calcium tartrat litr stir hour filter procedur wine ad mesotartar acid place ml precipit solut ml wine ml beaker mix initi precipit rub side vessel tip glass rod leav precipit hour overnight filter liquid precipit weigh sinter glass crucibl poros fit clean vacuum flask rins vessel precipit place filtrat ensur precipit transfer dry constant weight oven weigh weight crystal calcium tartrat cac obtain wine mesotartar acid ad analys wine mesotartar acid suspect ad proce hydrolys acid place ml wine ml glacial acet acid ch cooh ml ml conic flask place reflux condens top flask boil minut cool transfer solut conic flask ml beaker rins flask ml water time continu mesotartar acid calcul includ tartar acid final result express result molecul calcium tartrat correspond half molecul tartar acid wine quantiti tartar acid litr wine express milliequival equal quot decim place quantiti tartar acid litr wine express gram tartar acid equal quot decim place quantiti tartar acid litr wine express gram potassium acid tartrat equal quot decim place compar volumetr analysi reagent hydrochlor acid hcl ml edta solut edta ethylenediaminetetraacet acid disodium salt na gdistil water ml sodium hydroxid solut sodium hydroxid naoh gdistil water ml complexometr indic hydroxi hydroxi sulpho naphthylazo naphthoic acid ganhydr sodium sulphat na procedur weigh replac sinter glass crucibl precipit calcium tartrat vacuum flask dissolv precipit ml dilut hydrochlor acid wash sinter glass crucibl ml distil water add ml sodium hydroxid solut mg indic titrat edta number ml express result quantiti tartar acid litr wine express milliequival equal quot decim place quantiti tartar acid litr wine express gram tartar acid equal quot decim place quantiti tartar acid litr wine express gram potassium acid tartrat equal quot decim place usual method reagent preliminari treatment wine acet acid ch cooh ml dilut strongli basic ion exchang resin anion exchang resin merck mesh basic strength iii acet form prepar suspens ion exchang resin ml acet acid leav contact hour ion exchang resin acet acid determin acet acid ch cooh ml dilut sodium sulphat solut ml dissolv anhydr sodium sulphat na distil water make ml distil water determin tartar acid sodium acet solut ch na dissolv anhydr sodium acet ch coona distil water make ml vanad reagent dissolv ammonium metavanad nh vo ml sodium hydroxid solut transfer solut ml volumetr flask add ml sodium acet solut make ml distil water solut solut solut period acid solut introduc sodium period naio ml sulphur acid ml volumetr flask make ml distil water glycerol solut place glycerol ml volumetr flask make ml distil water sodium sulphat solut ml tartar acid solut introduc tartar acid ml sodium hydroxid solut ml volumetr flask make ml sodium sulphat solut sodium hydroxid solut naoh apparatu glass column mm intern diamet approxim mm long fit drain tap spectrophotomet enabl absorb measur made wavelength nm cell mm optic path procedur prepar ion exchang column place glass wool plug glass column drain tap soak plug distil water pour column ml suspens ion exchang resin ac tate form settl place plug glass wool top resin prevent disturb subsequ wash ion exchang resin oper separ organ acid tap open acet acid solut flow column approxim mm upper glass wool plug add ml acet acid solut liquid drain level previou oper repeat wash oper time wash close tap pour ml wine ion exchang resin flow drop time averag rate drop stop flow ion exchang resin add ml acet acid solut column drain rate previous subsequ wash time ml water time wash close tap liquid level upper glass wool plug elut acid absorb ion exchang resin sodium sulphat solut collect eluat ml graduat flask calibr mark determin tartar acid wine ad mesotartar acid place ml eluat conic flask flask determin flask tartar acid destroi period acid blank experi introduc flaska ml ml ml glycerol introduc flask ml ml period acid solut wait minut add ml glycerol destroi excess period acid wait minut stir pipett ml vanad reagent flask immedi flask immedi start timer pour content flask spectrophotomet cell second record absorb nm liquid flask determin respect liquid blank solut high level tartar acid give absorb top standard dilut sodium sulphat measur wine mesotartar acid ad analys wine mesotartar acid suspect ad proce hydrolys acid refer method cool content conic flask pour top ion exchang column rins water ml continu mesotartar acid includ tartar acid final result plot calibr curv pipett ml tartar acid solut graduat ml flask make ml sodium sulphat solut concentr solut correspond wine eluat tartar acid introduc conic flask ml solut continu wine eluat graph absorb solut function tartar acid concentr straight line curv slightli inward origin draw part curv carefulli determin solut accur concentr express result absorb measur eluat found calibr curv tartar acid concentr wine gram litr result express decim place citric acid principl method citric acid convert oxaloacet acet reaction catalys citrat lyas cl citrat oxaloacet acet presenc malat dehydrogenas mdh lactat dehydrogenas ldh oxaloacet decarboxyl deriv pyruv reduc malat lactat reduc nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid nadh oxaloacet nadh malat nad pyruv nadh lactat nad amount nadh oxid nad reaction proport amount citrat present oxid nadh measur result decreas absorb wavelength nm reagent buffer solut ph glycylglycin ph zn dissolv glycylglycin approxim ml doubli distil water adjust ph approxim ml sodium hydroxid solut add ml zinc chlorid zncl mg ml solut make ml doubli distil water reduc nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid nadh solut approxim dissolv mg nadh mg nahco ml doubli distil water malat dehydrogenas lactat dehydrogenas solut mdh ldh mg mdh ml mg ldh ml mix ml mdh mg mdh ml ml ammonium sulphat solut ml ldh mg ml suspens remain stabl year citrat lyas cl mg protein ml dissolv mg lyophilis ml ic cold water solut remain stabl week week frozen recommend prior determin enzym activ check polyvinylpolypyrrolidon pvpp note reagent commerci apparatu spectrophotomet permit measur made nm wavelength absorpt nadh maximum fail spectrophotomet discontinu spectrum sourc permit measur made nm nm absolut absorb measur involv calibr curv standard made consider extinct coeffici nadh wavelength scale spectral absorb apparatu check glass cell optic path length cm singl cell micropipett pipet volum rang ml prepar sampl citrat determin carri directli wine preliminari remov pigment colour dilut provid citric acid content mg dilut wine citrat concentr li mg µg citrat test sampl red wine rich phenol compound preliminari treatment pvpp recommend form suspens pvpp water stand minut filter flute filter place ml wine ml conic flask add moist pvpp remov filter spatula shake minut filter procedur spectrophotomet adjust wavelength nm determin absorb cm cell air absorb refer standard cell optic path place cm cell refer cell ml sampl cell ml solut solut sampl measur doubli distil water solut mix minut read absorb solut refer sampl cell add solut ml ml mix wait reaction complet minut read absorb solut refer sampl cell calcul absorb differ refer sampl cell dar da final calcul differ differ da da dar note time need complet enzym activ vari batch guidanc recommend determin batch express result citric acid concentr milligram litr nearest number method calcul gener formula calcul concentr mg volum test solut ml ml volum sampl ml ml molecular mass substanc determin anhydr citric acid optic path cell cm cm absorpt coeffici nadh nm mmol cm thatc da sampl dilut prepar multipli result dilut factor note nm da mol cm nm da mol cm repeat citric acid concentr mg mg citric acid concentr greater mg mg reproduc citric acid concentr mg mg citric acid concentr greater mg mg lactic acid principl method total lactic acid lactat lactat oxid nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid nad pyruv reaction catalys lactat dehydrogenas ldh lactat dehydrogenas ldh equilibrium reaction li strongli favour lactat remov pyruv reaction mixtur displac equilibrium format pyruv presenc glutam pyruv transform alanin reaction catalys glutam pyruv transaminas gpt lactat nad pyruv nadh lactat nad pyruv nadh pyruv glutam alanin ketoglutar amount nadh form measur increas absorb wavelength nm proport quantiti lactat origin present note lactic acid determin independ reaction lactic acid similarli determin reaction usual method lactic acid separ passag ion exchang resin column oxid ethan determin colorimetri react sodium nitroprussid piperidin refer method reagent buffer solut ph glycylglycin mol glutam mol dissolv glycylglycin glutam acid approxim ml doubli distil water adjust ph millilitr sodium hydroxid make ml doubli distil water solut remain stabl week nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid nad solut approxim dissolv mg nad ml doubli distil water solut remain stabl week glutam pyruv transaminas gpt suspens mg ml suspens remain stabl year lactat dehydrogenas ldh suspens mg ml suspens remain stabl year lactat dehydrogenas ldh suspens mg ml suspens remain stabl year recommend prior determin enzym activ check note reagent commerci apparatu spectrophotomet permit measur made nm wavelength absorpt nadh maximum fail spectrophotomet discontinu spectrum sourc permit measur made nm absolut absorb measur involv calibr curv standard made consider extinct coeffici nadh wavelength scale spectral absorb apparatu check glass cell optic path length cm singl cell micropipett pipet sampl volum rang ml prepar sampl preliminari note part glasswar contact reaction mixtur touch finger introduc lactic acid give erron result lactat determin carri directli wine prior remov pigment colour dilut provid lactic acid concentr mg lactic acid concentr li mg dilut doubli distil water dilut doubli distil water dilut doubli distil water procedur determin total lactic acid buffer solut temperatur proceed measur spectrophotomet adjust wavelength nm determin absorb cell optic path cm air absorb refer standard cell optic path water standard place cell cm optic path refer cell ml sampl cell ml solut solut doubli distil water suspens sampl measur mix glass stirrer rod synthet materi flatten end minut measur absorb solut refer sampl cell add ml solut ml solut homogen wait reaction complet minut measur absorb solut refer sampl cell calcul differ absorb solut refer sampl cell dar da final calcul differ differ da da dar determin lactic acid lactic acid determin lactic acid lactic acid carri independ appli procedur total lactic acid determin continu add ml solut homogen wait reaction complet minut measur absorb solut refer sampl cell add ml solut homogen wait reaction complet minut measur absorb solut refer sampl cell calcul differ lactic acid lactic acid absorb solut refer sampl cell dar da final calcul differ differ da da dar note time need complet enzym activ vari batch guidanc recommend determin batch determin lactic acid incub time reduc minut express result lactic acid concentr gram litr decim place method calcul gener formula calcul concentr wherev volum test solut ml ml lactic acid ml lactic acid total lactic acid volum sampl ml ml molecular mass substanc determin dl lactic acid optic path cell cm cm absorpt coeffici nadh nm mmol cm total lactic acid lactic acid da sampl dilut prepar multipli result dilut factor note measur nm da mol cm measur nm da mol cm lactic acid da sampl dilut prepar multipli result dilut factor note measur nm da mol cm measur nm da mol cm repeat xi xi lactic acid concentr sampl reproduc xi xi lactic acid concentr sampl usual method preliminari treatment wine refer chapter tartar acid usual method section determin lactic acid solut cerium iv sulphat sulphur acid keep solut cool dissolv cerium iv sulphat ce ml accur measur solut sulphur acid make ml distil water solut sodium hydroxid naoh sodium acet solut litr prepar dry sodium acet ch coona sulphur acid sodium nitroprussid solut na feno cn dark stopper bottl solut longer hour solut piperidin solut lactic acid ml lactic acid dilut ml water solut heat evapor dish boil water bath hour top volum occasion distil water cool make litr titrat lactic acid ml solut sodium hydroxid solut adjust solut lactic acid sodium hydroxid solut naoh apparatu glass column mm intern diamet approxim mm long fit drain tap regul flow constant temperatur water bath spectrophotomet enabl absorb measur made wavelength nm cell cm optic path procedur prepar ion exchang column chapter tartar acid usual method section separ organ acid chapter tartar acid usual method section determin lactic acid place ml eluat ml glass test tube fit ground glass stopper add ml cerium sulphat solut stir place tube constant temperatur water bath minut time immers bath remov glass stopper second compens rise pressur due heat insert stopper seal tube tightli avoid lose ethan acetaldehyd form remov tube bath cool run water bring temperatur add ml sodium hydroxid solut mix filter ml filtrat pour ml stopper flask homogen mixtur ml sodium acet solut ml sulphur acid add ml sodium nitroprussid solut mix add ml piperidin solut mix rapidli introduc solut immedi spectrophotomet cell colour produc vari green violet measur nm respect air cell optic path increas rapidli decreas follow variat absorb choos maximum definit eluat rich lactic acid absorb high dilut eluat sodium sulphat solut proce measur dilut solut plot calibr curv pipett ml lactic acid solut ml titrat sodium hydroxid solut ml graduat flask make mark sodium sulphat solut ml solut introduc ml graduat flask make refer mark sodium sulphat solut ml result solut determin absorb procedur eluat concentr solut correspond wine eluat lactic acid graph absorb solut function lactic acid concentr straight line express result absorb measur eluat found calibr curv lactic acid concentr wine gram litr result express decim place note wine mg sulphur dioxid ethanalsulphon acid content includ lactic acid case result correct amount addit oper ml eluat mix stopper test tube ml sodium acet ml ml made ml distil water determin lactic acid add ml sodium nitroprussid ml piperidin mix measur absorb condit determin lactic acid locat absorb calibr curv obtain appar valueb lactic acid gram litr due ethanalsulphon acid appar concentr lactic acid wine gram litr real concentr lactic acid malic acid principl method malic acid malat oxid nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid nad oxaloacet reaction catalys malat dehydrogenas mdh equilibrium reaction li strongli favour malat remov oxaloacet reaction mixtur displac equilibrium format oxaloacet presenc glutam oxaloacet transform aspart reaction catalys glutam oxaloacet transaminas malat nad oxaloacet nadh oxaloacet glutam aspart ketoglutar amount nadh form measur increas absorb wavelength nm proport quantiti malat origin present reagent buffer solut ph glycylglycin glutam dissolv glycylglycin glutam acid approxim ml doubli distil water adjust ph ml sodium hydroxid make ml doubli distil water solut remain stabl week nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid nad solut approxim dissolv mg nad ml doubli distil water solut remain stabl week glutam oxaloacet transaminas suspens mg ml suspens remain stabl year malat dehydrogenas mdh solut mg ml solut remain stabl year note reagent commerci apparatu spectrophotomet permit measur made nm wavelength absorpt nadh maximum fail spectrophotomet discontinu spectrum sourc permit measur made nm absolut measur absorb involv calibr curv standard made consider extinct coeffici nadh wavelength scale spectral absorb apparatu check glass cell optic path length cm singl cell micropipett pipet sampl volum rang ml prepar sampl malat determin carri directli wine prior remov pigment colour dilut provid malic acid concen tration mg measur mg dilut wine doubli distil water malat concentr li mg amount malat test sampl li µg malat concentr wine mg volum test sampl increas ml case volum water ad reduc total volum cell equal procedur spectrophotomet adjust wavelength nm determin absorb cell optic path cm air absorb refer standard cell optic path water standard place cell cm optic path refer cell ml sampl cell ml solut solut doubli distil water suspens sampl measur mix minut measur absorb solut refer sampl cell add solut ml ml mix wait reaction complet minut measur absorb solut refer sampl cell calcul differ absorb solut refer sampl cell darand da final calcul differ differ da da dar note time need complet enzym activ vari batch guidanc recommend determin batch express result malic acid concentr gram litr decim place method calcul gener formula calcul concentr wherev volum test solut ml ml volum sampl ml ml molecular mass substanc determin malic acid optic path cell cm cm absorpt coeffici nadh nm mol cm malat da sampl dilut prepar multipli result dilut factor note measur nm da measur nm da repeat xi xii malic acid concentr sampl reproduc xi xi malic acid concentr sampl malic acid enzymat method test combin approxim determin principl presenc malat dehydrogenas decarboxyl mdh malic acid malat oxid nicotinamid adenin dinucleotid nad oxaloacet oxaloacet form reaction split pyruv carbon acid malat nad mdh pyruv nadh quantiti nadh form proport concentr malic acid measur wavelength nm test combin bottl ca ml solut consist hepe buffer hydroxyethyl piperzeinethan sulphon acid ph stabil bottl ca mg nad lyophilis bottl mdh lyophilis ca prepar solut content bottl undilut bring solut dissolv content bottl ml redistil water bring solut dissolv content bottl ml redistil water bring solut stabil solut content bottl stabl year store solut stabl week store month store solut stabl dai store apparatu spectrophotomet enabl measur nm wavelength absorpt nadh nadph maximum spectrophotomet discontinu spectrum sourc enabl measur made nm glass cuvett cm prefer dispos cuvett micropipett suitabl pipet volum ml prepar sampl amount malic acid cuvett mg sampl solut dilut yield malic acid concentr absorb differenc lt sampl volum increas ml volum water ad reduc obtain ident final volum cuvett sampl blank procedur temperatur final volum ml read air cuvett light path water blank pipett cuvettesblanksamplesolut ml mlsolut ml mlredistil water ml mlsampl solut mlmix read absorb solut approxim minut start reaction addit ofsolut ml mlmix complet reaction approxim minut read absorb solut calcul absorb differ blank sampl subtract absorb differ blank ab absorb differ sampl ab express result concentr malic acid decim place calcul gener formula calcul concentr equat final volum ml sampl volum ml molecular weight substanc assayedd light path cm absorpt coeffici nadh athg nm mmol cm hg nm mmol cm hg nm mmol cm malic acid dilut made prepar sampl result multipli dilut factor reproduc xixi concentr malic acid reproduc xi xi concentr malic acid total malic acid principl malic acid separ mean anion exchang column determin colorimetr eluent measur yellow color form chromotrop acid presenc concentr sulphur acid correct interf substanc made subtract absorb obtain sulphur chromotrop acid malic acid react acid concentr absorb obtain strength acid apparatu glass column approxim mm length mm intern diamet fit drain tap glass column approxim mm length mm intern diamet fit drain tap thermostat control water bath spectrophotomet set measur absorb nm mm cell reagent strongli basic ion exchang resin merck iii sodium hydroxid acet acid acet acid sodium sulphat solut concentr sulphur acid sulphur acid chromotrop acid prepar fresh solut determin dissolv mg sodium chromotrop na ml distil water dl malic acid solut dissolv malic acid sodium sulphat solut make ml sodium sulphat solut procedur prepar ion exchang resin place plug cotton wool impregn distil water bottom column mm tap pour suspens anion exchang resin glass column level liquid mm top resin rins ml distil water wash column sodium hydroxid solut drain mm top resin repeat wash sodium hydroxid leav hour wash column ml distil water refil column acet acid drain mm top column repeat wash acet acid leav hour ion exchang resin acet acid subsequ analys prepar ion exchang column place plug cotton wool bottom column mm tap pour suspens ion exchang resin prepar height cm open tap acet acid solut drain mm top resin wash ml portion acet acid separ dl malic acid pour column prepar ml wine drain drop time averag rate drop stop flow mm top resin wash column ml acet acid ml distil water drain rate previous stop flow mm top resin elut acid absorb exchang resin sodium sulphat solut collect eluat ml volumetr flask column regener procedur desrib determin malic acid label wide neck ml tube fit ground glass stopper tube add ml eluent ml chromotrop acid add ml sulphur acid refer tube ml sulphur acid tube sampl stopper shake homogen take care wet glass stopper immers tube boil water bath minut cool tube dark minut immedi measur absorb rel control nm mm cell plot calibr curv pipett ml aliquot ml volumetr flask make mark sodium sulphat solut solut correspond eluat obtain wine malic acid continu graph absorb solut function malic acid concentr repres straight line pass origin intens colour produc depend larg extent strength sulphur acid check calibr curv point seri read check concentr sulphur acid chang express result concentr eluent found calibr graph extrapol measur absorb give malic acid concentr result express decim place repeat content lt content gt reproduc sorbic acid principl method determin ultraviolet absorpt spectrophotometri sorbic acid tran tran hexadieno acid extract steam distil determin wine distil ultraviolet absorpt spectrophotometri substanc interfer ultraviolet remov evapor dryness lightli alkali calcium hydroxid thin layer chromatographi confirm level mg mg determin ga chromatographi sorbic acid extract ethyl ether determin ga chromatographi intern standard identif trace thin layer chromatographi sorbic acid extract ethyl ether separ thin layer chromatographi concentr evalu semi quantit determin ultraviolet absorpt spectrophotometri reagent crystallin tartar acid calcium hydroxid ca solut approxim refer sorbic acid solut mg dissolv mg sorbic acid approxim ml sodium hydroxid solut pour ml volumetr flask make mark water dissolv mg potassium sorbat ko water make ml water apparatu steam distil apparatu chapter volatil acid water bath spectrophotomet enabl absorb measur made wavelength nm quartz cell cm optic path procedur distil place flask steam distil apparatu ml wine add tartar acid collect ml distil prepar calibr curv prepar dilut refer solut dilut refer solut mg sorbic acid litr measur absorb spectro photomet nm distil water blank plot curv show variat absorb function concentr variat linear determin place ml distil evapor dish mm diamet add ml calcium hydroxid solut evapor dryness water bath dissolv residu ml distil water transfer complet ml volumetr flask make mark rins water measur absorb nm spectrophotomet blank consist solut obtain dilut ml calcium hydroxid solut ml water plot measur absorb calibr curv find concentr cof sorbic acid solut note method loss due evapor neglect absorb measur treat distil dilut distil water express result calcul sorbic acid concentr wine express mg litr concentr sorbic acid solut analys spectrophotometri express mg litr determin ga chromatographi reagent ethyl ether distil intern refer solut solut undecano acid vol ethanol strength aqueou solut sulphur acid ml dilut apparatu ga chromatograph fit flame ioniz detector stainless steel column inch previous treat dimethyldichlorosilan pack stationari phase consist mixtur diethyleneglycol succin phosphor acid deg po mixtur diethyleneglycol adip phosphor acid dega po bond gaschrom mesh treatment column dmdc pass column solut dmdc toluen immedi wash methanol nitrogen wash hexan nitrogen readi pack oper condit oven temperatur temperatur injector detector carrier ga nitrogen flow rate ml min microsyring µl capac graduat µl note type column give good separ capillari column ffap work method procedur prepar sampl analys glass test tube approxim ml capac fit ground glass stopper introduc ml wine add ml intern refer solut ml dilut sulphur acid mix solut repeatedli turn tube add content ml ethyl ether extract sorbic acid organ phase shake tube minut leav settl prepar refer solut select wine chromatogram ether extract show peak elut sorbic acid overload wine sorbic acid concentr mg litr treat ml sampl prepar procedur chromatographi microsyring inject chromatograph turn µl ether extract phase obtain µl ether extract phase obtain record respect chromatogram check ident respect retent time sorbic acid intern standard measur height area record peak express result calcul concentr sorbic acid analys wine express mg litr whereh height sorbic acid peak refer solutionh height sorbic acid peak sampl analysisi height intern standard peak refer solutioni height intern standard peak sampl analysi note sorbic acid concentr determin measur area respect peak identif trace sorbic acid thin layer chromatographi reagent ethyl ether aqueou sulphur acid solut ml dilut refer solut sorbic acid approxim vol ethanol water mixtur mg litr mobil phase hexan pentan acet acid ch cooh ml apparatu precoat cm plate thin layer chromatographi coat polyamid gel mm thick addit fluoresc indic cell thin layer chromatographi micropipett microsyring deliv volum µl µl ultraviolet lamp nm procedur prepar sampl analys glass test tube approxim ml capac fit ground glass stopper place ml wine add ml dilut sulphur acid ml ethyl ether mix repeatedli turn tube leav settl prepar dilut refer solut prepar dilut refer solut solut mg sorbic acid litr chromatographi microsyring micropipett deposit µl ether extract phase obtain µl dilut refer solut point cm lower edg plate cm place mobil phase chromatograph tank height cm atmospher tank satur solvent vapour place plate tank chromatogram develop cm develop time approxim minut dry plate current cool air examin chromatogram nm ultraviolet lamp spot indic presenc sorbic acid dark violet yellow fluoresc background plate express result comparison intens spot produc sampl analys refer solut enabl semi quantit assess made sorbic acid concentr mg litr concentr mg litr determin deposit µl sampl solut analys concentr mg litr determin deposit µl solut analys measur microsyring ascorb acid principl method method propos enabl ascorb acid dehydroascorb acid present wine must determin refer method fluorimetri ascorb acid oxid activ carbon dehydroascorb acid form fluoresc compound react orthophenylenediamin opda control test presenc boric acid enabl spuriou fluoresc determin format boric acid dehydroascorb acid complex fluorimetr determin deduc usual method colorimetri ascorb acid oxid iodin dehydroascorb acid precipit dinitrophenylhydrazin produc bi dinitrophenylhydrazon separ thin layer chromatographi dissolut acet acid medium red colour deriv determin spectrophotometri nm refer method fluorimetr method reagent orthophenylenediamin dihydrochlorid solut cl ml prepar sodium acet trihydr solut ch coona litr mix solut boric acid sodium acet dissolv boric acid bo ml sodium acet solut solut prepar glacial acet acid solut ch cooh ml dilut ph refer solut ascorb acid litr dissolv mg ascorb acid previous dehydr desicc protect light ml acet acid solut pure analyt grade activ carbon litr conic flask place activ carbon add ml hydrochlor acid hcl solut ml bring boil filter sinter glass filter poros collect carbon treat litr conic flask add litr water shake filter sinter glass filter poros repeat oper time place residu oven control hour overnight apparatu fluorimet spectrofluorimet equip lamp give continu spectrum minimum power optimum excit emiss wavelength test determin depend equip guid excit wavelength approxim nm emiss wavelength approxim nm cell cm path length sinter glass filter poros test tube diamet approxim mm stir rod test tube procedur prepar sampl wine volum wine dilut ml graduat flask acet acid solut order obtain solut ascorb acid concentr mg litr homogen content flask stir add activ carbon stand minut stir occasion filter ordinari filter paper discard millilitr filtrat ml graduat flask introduc ml filtrat ml mix solut boric acid sodium acet solut sampl blank ml sodium acet solut sampl stand minut stir occasion make ml distil water ml content flask add ml orthophenylenediamin solut stir leav reaction proce minut solut darken make spectrofluorimetr measur prepar calibr curv ml graduat flask place ml refer ascorb acid solut make ml acet acid solut homogen stir refer solut prepar mg ml add activ carbon flask stand minut stir occasion filter ordinari filter paper discard millilitr introduc ml filtrat collect ml graduat flask seri repeat oper obtain seri graduat flask flask seri blank test add ml mix solut boric acid sodium acet flask seri add ml sodium acet solut stand minut stir occasion make ml distil water ml content flask add ml orthophenylenediamin solut stir leav reaction proce minut solut darken make spectrofluorimetr measur fluorimetr determin solut contribut calibr curv solut determin set scale measur control test sampl measur intens fluoresc solut calibr rang solut determin plot calibr curv straight line pass origin line find rel determin deduc concentr ascorb acid dehydroascorb acid solut analys express result concentr ascorb acid dehydroascorb acid wine milligram litr fi dilut factor usual method colorimetr method reagent metaphosphor acid solut metaphosphor acid hpo previous crush mortar wash rapidli immers distil water stir dissolv wash acid distil water shake ml graduat flask make refer mark result solut concentr approxim metaphosphor acid metaphosphor acid solut prepar dilut distil water solut metaphosphor acid solut prepar dilut distil water solut polyamid suspens make suspens polyamid chromatographi ml distil water stand hour quantiti prepar determin thiourea nh cs iodin solut dinitrophenylhydrazin solut make suspens dinitrophenylhydrazin ml glacial acet acid ml add ml sulphur acid ml dinitrophenylhydrazin dissolv stir ethyl acet addit glacial acet acid chloroform chcl aqueou starch solut mobil phase ethyl acet volchloroform volglaci acet acid vol leav solvent mixtur undisturb hour glacial acet acid ch cooh ml ascorb acid solut ml metaphosphor acid solut apparatu laboratori centrifug ml centrifug tube ground glass stopper cool waterbath temperatur thermostat control waterbath temperatur thermostat control precoat plate thin layer chromatographi cm coat silica gel thick mm chromatographi tank micropipett capabl deliv ml volum spectrophotomet capabl make absorb measur nm equip cell cm optic path procedur oxid ascorb acid dehydroascorb acid place ml wine ml volumetr flask add ml polyamid suspens make mark metaphosphor acid solut stand hour shake frequent interv filter flute filter collect ml filtrat centrifug tube add ml iodin solut homogen shake stopper centrifug tube minut reduc excess iodin addit approxim mg thiourea format extract bi dinitrophenylhydrazon deriv diketogulon acid place tube waterbath temperatur maintain add ml dinitrophenylhydrazin solut mix content carefulli avoid wet glass stopper seal tube complet place waterbath approxim hour overnight introduc ml ethyl acet centrifug tube close tube ground glass stopper shake vigor second centrifug minut centrifug forc pipett ml ethyl acet extract conic flask ground glass stopper remov stopper add ml ethyl acet centrifug tube shake second centrifug minut speed pipett ml ethyl acet extract conic flask ml extract mix separ bi dinitrophenylhydrazon chromatographi carri hour extract appli ml ethyl acet extract start line situat cm edg plate leav margin cm side plate place mobil phase chromatographi tank depth cm atmospher satur solvent vapour introduc plate allow solvent run top edg plate dry plate hour ventil hood hold plate vertic posit sheet glaze paper spatula scrape angl direct run red colour zone characterist dinitrophenylhydrazon transfer powder product obtain loss conic flask fit ground glass stopper add ml acet acid stand minut stir frequent filter flute filter paper directli spectrophotometr cell filtrat obtain perfectli clear measur absorb solut nm acet acid refer cell provid measur prepar calibr curv place ml ascorb acid solut ml volumetr flask make mark metaphosphor acid solut solut obtain concentr mg ascorb acid litr treat solut procedur plot calibr curv straight line pass origin express result concentr ascorb acid dehydroascorb acid wine express milligram litr calcul find absorb measur straight calibr curv determin concentr ascorb acid dehydroascorb acid solut analys note concentr ascorb acid dehydroascorb acid higher mg litr reduc volum test sampl ml wine multipli result obtain dilut factor ph principl differ potenti electrod immers liquid test measur electrod potenti function ph liquid fix potenti constitut refer electrod apparatu ph meter scale calibr ph unit enabl measur made ph unit electrod glass electrod distil water calomel satur potassium chlorid refer electrod satur solut potassium chlorid combin electrod distil water reagent buffer solut satur solut potassium hydrogen tartrat potassium hydrogen tartrat litr ko solut month ad thymol ml ph cph cph solut potassium hydrogen phthalat potassium hydrogen phthalat ko litr maximum keep period month ph cph cph cph solut monopotassium phosphat kh po gdipotassium phosphat hpo gwater ml maximum keep period month ph cph cph cph note commer refer buffer solut procedur prepar sampl analysi wine wine directli rectifi concentr dilut rectifi concentr water produc concentr total sugar brix percentag concentr total sugar rectifi concentr weigh mass ofand make water water conduct microsiemen cm zero apparatu zero carri measur made instruct provid apparatu calibr ph meter calibr ph meter buffer solut ph buffer solut ph check calibr scale determin dip electrod sampl analys temperatur close read ph directli scale carri determin sampl final result arithmet determin express result ph wine brix solut rectifi concentr quot decim place sulphur dioxid definit free sulphur dioxid defin sulphur dioxid present wine form hso equilibrium form function ph temperatur hso repres molecular sulphur dioxid total sulphur dioxid defin total form sulphur dioxid present wine free state combin constitu free total sulphur dioxid principl method refer method wine must sulphur dioxid carri current air nitrogen fix oxid bubbl dilut neutral hydrogen peroxid solut sulphur acid form determin titrat standard solut sodium hydroxid free sulphur dioxid purg wine entrain low temperatur total sulphur dioxid purg wine entrain high temperatur approxim rectifi concentr must total sulphur dioxid extract previous dilut rectifi concentr entrain high temperatur approxim rapid method determin wine must free sulphur dioxid determin direct iodometr titrat combin sulphur dioxid subsequ determin iodometr titrat alkalin hydrolysi ad free sulphur dioxid total sulphur dioxid refer method apparatu apparatu conform diagram shown regard condens dimens millimetr intern diamet concentr tube form condens mm ga feed tube bubbler end small sphere cm diamet mm diamet hole largest horizont circumfer altern tube end frit glass plate produc larg number small bubbl ensur good contact liquid gaseou phase ga flow apparatu approxim litr hour bottl diagram intend restrict pressur reduct produc water pump cm water regul vacuum correct flowmet semi capillari tube instal bubbler bottl microburett reagent phosphor acid po ml hydrogen peroxid solut litr volum indic reagent methyl red mgmethylen blue mgalcohol vol ml sodium hydroxid solut naoh procedur determin free sulphur dioxid wine full stopper bottl dai determin place ml hydrogen peroxid solut drop indic reagent bubbler neutral hydrogen peroxid solut sodium hydroxid solut connect bubbler apparatu introduc ml sampl ml phosphor acid flask entrain apparatu connect flask apparatu bubbl air nitrogen minut free sulphur dioxid carri oxid sulphur acid remov bubbler apparatu titrat acid form sodium hydroxid solut ml volum express result liber sulphur dioxid express mg nearest number calcul free sulphur dioxid milligram litr determin total sulphur dioxid rectifi concentr must solut obtain dilut sampl analys chapter total acid section introduc ml solut ml phosphor acid ml flask entrain apparatu connect flask apparatu wine must estim concentr sampl greater mg total litr place ml sampl ml phosphor acid ml flask entrain apparatu connect flask apparatu decemb latest analys sulphur dioxid content grape juic ml solut phosphor acid estim concentr sampl greater mg total litr place ml sampl ml phosphor acid ml flask entrain apparatu connect flask apparatu place ml hydrogen peroxid solut bubbler neutral bring wine flask boil small flame cm height directli touch bottom flask put flask metal plate disc hole approxim mm diamet avoid overh substanc extract wine deposit wall flask maintain boil pass current air nitrogen minut total sulphur dioxid carri oxid determin sulphur acid form titrat sodium hydroxid solut ml volum express result must wine total sulphur dioxid express mg rectifi concentr total sulphur dioxid express mg kg total sugar calcul wine total sulphur dioxid milligram litr sampl low sulphur dioxid ml test sampl sampl ml test sampl nfor rectifi concentr must total sulphur dioxid milligram kilogram total sugar ml prepar test sampl percentag concentr total sugar repeat ml test sampl lt mg mg ml test sampl gt mg mg reproduc ml test sampl lt mg mg ml test sampl gt mg mg rapid method determin reagent edta complexon iii disodium salt ethen diamin tetra acet acid na sodium hydroxid solut naoh sulphur acid ml starch solut mix starch ml water bring boil stir continu boil minut add sodium chlorid nacl make litr cool iodin solut apparatu ml conic flask burett ml pipett procedur free sulphur dioxid place ml conic flask ml wine ml starch solut mg edta complexon iii ml titrat immedi iodin blue color persist second ml volum iodin sulphur dioxid add ml sodium hydroxid solut shake mixtur stand minut add vigor stir oper content small beaker ml sulphur acid titrat immedi iodin volum ml add ml sodium hydroxid solut shake stand minut dilut ml ic cold water add vigor stir oper content test tube ml sulphur acid previous titrat free sulphur dioxid immedi iodin volum quot ml express result calcul free sulphur dioxid milligram litr total sulphur dioxid milligram litr quot note red wine low concentr worth iodin dilut replac coeffici formula red wine illumin beam yellow light ordinari electr light bulb shine solut potassium chromat sodium vapour lamp determin carri dark room transpar wine observ opaqu end point reach quantiti sulphur dioxid close exce legal limit total sulphur dioxid determin refer method determin free sulphur dioxid requir carri analysi sampl anaerob condit dai analysi carri determin substanc oxid iodin acid medium quantiti iodin evalu accur determin achiev free sulphur dioxid combin excess ethanol propan carri iodin titrat add ml ethanol solut ml propan solut ml wine ml conic flask put stopper flask leav stand minut add ml sulphur acid suffici iodin starch chang colour ml volum iodin subtract free sulphur dioxid quot total sulphur dioxid gener small ml iodin ascorb acid ad wine higher approxim measur amount substanc ml iodin oxid mg ascorb acid determin detect easili presenc residu ascorb acid amount greater mg wine ad molecular sulphur dioxid principl method percentag molecular sulphur dioxid free sulphur dioxid calcul function ph alcohol strength temperatur temperatur alcohol strength hso wherei ionic strength coeffici vari temperatur alcohol strength kt thermodynam dissoci constant valu pktare tabl alcohol strength temperatur km mix dissoci constant take ionic strength tabl valu pkm temperatur alcohol strength molecular sulphur dioxid content calcul express tabl valu ph temperatur alcohol strength calcul knowledg ph wine alcohol strength percentag molecular sulphur dioxid tabl temperatur molecular sulphur dioxid content mg cwhere free sulphur dioxid content mg tabl valu thermodynam dissoci constant pkt tabl valu mix dissoci constant pkm tabl molecular sulphur dioxid percentag free sulphur dioxid tabl continu sodium principl method refer method atom absorpt spectrophotometri sodium determin directli wine atom absorpt spectrophotometri addit ioniz suppress agent caesium chlorid prevent ioniz sodium usual method flame photometri sodium determin directli dilut wine flame photometri refer method reagent solut sodium litr standard commerci solut sodium litr solut prepar dissolv anhydr sodium chlorid nacl distil water make volum litr solut polyethylen bottl matrix model solut citric acid gsucros gglycerol ganhydr calcium chlorid cacl mganhydr magnesium chlorid mgcl mgabsolut alcohol mlde ioniz water ml caesium chlorid solut caesium dissolv caesium chlorid cscl ml distil water apparatu atom absorpt spectrophotomet equip air acetylen burner sodium hollow cathod lamp procedur prepar sampl pipett ml wine ml volumetr flask add ml caesium chlorid solut make mark distil water calibr place ml matrix solut set ml volumetr flask add ml sodium solut previous dilut add ml caesium chlorid solut flask make ml distil water standard solut prepar mg sodium litr caesium litr solut polyethylen bottl determin set wavelength nm absorb scale matrix solut caesium litr aspir dilut wine directli burner spectrophotomet success standard solut read absorb repeat measur express result method calcul plot graph give absorb function sodium concentr standard solut record absorb obtain dilut wine graph determin sodium concentr milligram litr sodium concentr milligram litr wine express nearest number repeat xi mg xi concentr sodium sampl mg reproduc ximg xi concentr sodium sampl mg usual method reagent refer solut mg sodium litr absolut alcohol mlcitric acid mgsucros mgglycerol mgpotassium hydrogen tartrat ko mganhydr calcium chlorid cacl mganhydr magnesium chlorid mgcl mgdry sodium chlorid nacl mgwater litr dilut solut absolut alcohol mlcitric acid mgsucros mgglycerol mgpotassium hydrogen tartrat ko mganhydr calcium chlorid cacl mganhydr magnesium chlorid mgcl mgwater litr prepar solut dissolv potassium hydrogen tartrat approxim ml hot distil water mix solut ml distil water chemic dissolv make litr preserv solut polyethylen bottl ad drop allyl isothiocyan apparatu flame photomet suppli air butan mixtur procedur calibr place ml refer solut ml volumetr flask make ml dilut solut solut mg sodium litr obtain determin make measur nm carri adjust transmiss distil water success aspir standard solut directli burner photomet wine dilut distil water note read percentag transmiss wine dilut dilut dilut solut express result method calcul plot graph show variat percentag transmiss sodium concentr standard solut record transmiss obtain sampl dilut wine graph determin sodium concentr sodium concentr mg sodium litr fi dilut factor repeat mg liqueur wine mg liqueur wine reproduc xi mg xi sodium concentr sampl mg potassium principl method refer method potassium determin directli dilut wine atom absorpt spectrophotometri addit ioniz suppress agent caesium chlorid prevent ioniz potassium usual method potassium determin directli dilut wine flame photometri refer method reagent solut potassium litr standard commerci solut potassium litr solut prepar dissolv potassium hydrogen tartrat ko distil water make volum litr matrix model solut citric acid gsucros gglycerol ganhydr calcium chlorid cacl mganhydr magnesium chlorid mgcl mgabsolut alcohol mlwater ml caesium chlorid solut caesium dissolv caesium chlorid cscl ml distil water apparatu atom absorpt spectrophotomet equip air acetylen burner potassium hollow cathod lamp procedur prepar sampl pipett ml wine previous dilut ml volumetr flask add ml caesium chlorid solut make mark distil water calibr introduc ml matrix solut set ml volumetr flask add ml potassium solut previous dilut add ml caesium chlorid solut flask make ml distil water standard solut prepar mg potassium litr caesium litr solut polyethylen bottl determin set wavelength nm absorb scale matrix solut caesium litr aspir dilut wine directli burner spectrophotomet success standard solut read absorb repeat measur express result method calcul plot graph give variat absorb function potassium concentr standard solut record absorb obtain sampl dilut wine graph determin potassium concentr cin milligram litr potassium concentr express milligram litr wine nearest number dilut factor repeat mg reproduc mg wai express result milliequival litr mg potassium hydrogen tartrat litr usual method flame photometri reagent refer solut mg potassium litr absolut alcohol mlcitric acid mgsucros mgglycerol mgsodium chlorid nacl mganhydr calcium chlorid cacl mganhydr magnesium chlorid mgcl mgdry potassium hydrogen tartrat ko mgwater ml dissolv potassium hydrogen tartrat ml hot distil water mix solut ml distil water chemic dissolv make litr dilut solut absolut alcohol mlcitric acid mgsucros mgglycerol mgsodium chlorid nacl mganhydr calcium chlorid cacl mganhydr magnesium chlorid mgcl mgtartar acid mgwater ml preserv solut polyethylen bottl ad drop allyl isothiocyan apparatu flame photomet suppli air butan mixtur procedur calibr place ml refer solut set ml volumetr flask make ml dilut solut solut mg potassium litr obtain determin make measur nm carri adjust transmiss distil water success aspir standard solut directli burner photomet wine dilut distil water note read wine dilut dilut dilut solut express result method calcul plot graph variat percentag transmiss function potassium concentr standard solut record transmiss obtain sampl dilut wine graph determin potassium concentr potassium concentr mg potassium litr nearest number dilut factor repeat mg reproduc mg wai express result milliequival litr mg potassium hydrogen tartrat litr magnesium principl method magnesium determin directli wine suitabl dilut atom absorpt spectrophotometri reagent concentr standard solut magnesium litr standard commerci magnesium solut solut prepar dissolv magnesium chlorid mgcl distil water make litr dilut standard solut mg magnesium litr note standard magnesium solut polyethylen bottl apparatu atom absorpt spectrophotomet fit air acetylen burner magnesium hollow cathod lamp procedur prepar sampl dilut wine distil water calibr place ml dilut standard magnesium solut set ml volumetr flask make ml distil water standard solut prepar mg magnesium litr solut polyethylen bottl determin set wavelength nm absorb scale distil water aspir dilut wine directli burner spectrophotomet success standard solut read absorb repeat measur express result method calcul plot graph variat absorb function magnesium concentr standard solut record absorb obtain dilut sampl wine graph determin magnesium concentr milligram litr magnesium concentr milligram litr wine nearest number repeat mg reproduc mg calcium principl method calcium determin directli wine suitabl dilut atom absorpt spectrophotometri addit ioniz suppress agent reagent standard solut calcium litr standard commerci calcium solut solut prepar dissolv calcium carbon caco quantiti hcl suffici dissolv complet make litr distil water dilut standard solut mg calcium litr note standard calcium solut polyethylen bottl lanthanum chlorid solut lanthanum litr dissolv lanthanum chlorid lacl distil water add ml hcl dilut make ml apparatu atom absorpt spectrophotomet fit air acetylen burner calcium hollow cathod lamp procedur prepar sampl place ml wine ml lanthanum chlorid solut ml volumetr flask make mark distil water wine dilut lanthanum litr note sweet wine concentr lanthanum litr suffici provid dilut bring sugar content litr wine higher concentr sugar lanthanum concentr increas litr calibr place ml dilut standard calcium solut set ml volumetr flask add flask ml lanthanum chlorid solut make ml distil water solut prepar mg calcium litr lanthanum litr solut polyethylen bottl determin set wavelength nm absorb scale solut lanthanum litr aspir dilut wine directli burner spectrophotomet success standard solut read absorb repeat measur express result method calcul plot graph give variat absorb function calcium concentr standard solut record absorb obtain sampl dilut wine graph determin calcium concentr calcium concentr milligram litr wine nearest number repeat concentr lt mg mg concentr gt mg mg reproduc xi xi concentr sampl mg iron principl method refer method suitabl dilut wine remov alcohol iron determin directli atom absorpt spectrophotometri usual method digest hydrogen peroxid solut total iron fe iii state reduc fe ii state determin color produc orthophenanthrolin refer method reagent concentr standard iron solut fe iii litr standard commerci solut solut prepar dissolv ferric ammonium sulphat fenh distil water slightli acidifi hydrochlor acid make litr dilut standard iron solut mg iron litr apparatu rotari evapor thermostat control waterbath atom absorpt spectrophotomet equip air acetylen burner iron hollow cathod lamp procedur prepar sampl remov alcohol wine reduc volum sampl half origin volum rotari evapor make origin volum distil water dilut prior determin calibr place ml solut mg iron litr set ml volumetr flask make ml distil water solut prepar mg iron litr solut polyethylen bottl determin set wavelength nm absorb scale distil water aspir dilut sampl directli burner spectrophotomet success standard solut read absorb repeat measur express result method calcul plot graph give variat absorb function iron concentr standard solut record absorb obtain dilut wine sampl graph determin iron concentr iron concentr milligram litr wine decim place dilut factor usual method reagent hydrogen peroxid solut iron free hydrochlor acid iron free ammonium hydroxid ml pumic stone grain treat boil hydrochlor acid dilut wash distil water hydroquinon solut acidifi ml concentr sulphur acid mg ml solut solut yellow bottl refriger discard slightest sign darken sodium sulphit solut na prepar neutral anhydr sodium sulphit orthophenanthrolin solut vol alcohol ammonium acet solut ch coonh fe iii solut iron litr commerci solut prefer altern mg fe iii solut prepar dissolv ferric ammonium sulphat fenh ml hydrochlor acid make volum litr hydrochlor acid dilut standard iron solut milligram iron litr apparatu kjeldahl flask ml spectrophotomet enabl measur made wavelength nm procedur digest wine sugar content introduc ml wine ml hydrogen peroxid solut grain pumic ml kjeldahl flask concentr mixtur volum ml cool add residu take care wet wall flask suffici ammonium hydroxid make liquid alkalin precipit hydroxid cool add hydrochlor acid alkalin liquid suffici quantiti dissolv precipit hydroxid transfer solut obtain ml volumetr flask rins kjeldahl flask hydrochlor acid add rins volumetr flask make volum ml must wine sugar content sugar content mg ml wine sampl treat ml hydrogen peroxid solut proce sugar content sampl wine dilut possibl treat blank experi carri blank experi distil water volum hydrogen peroxid solut digest procedur determin introduc ml hydrochlor acid solut produc digest procedur ml hydrochlor acid solut blank experi separ ml volumetr flask add ml hydroquinon solut ml sulphit solut ml orthophenanthrolin solut flask stand minut time fe iii reduc fe ii add ml ammonium acet solut make ml distil water shake volumetr flask solut origin blank experi set absorb scale nm measur absorb solut determin wavelength calibr place ml mg iron litr solut set ml volumetr flask add ml distil water carri procedur measur absorb prepar standard solut microgram iron express result method calcul plot graph give variat absorb function iron concentr standard solut record absorb obtain solut examin calcul iron concentr ml hydrochlor acid sampl produc digest procedur ml wine sampl analys iron concentr milligram litr wine decim place wine dilut iron concentr milligram litr wine decim place dilut factor copper principl method method base atom absorpt spectrophotometri apparatu platinum dish atom absorpt spectrophotomet copper hollow cathod lamp ga suppli air acetylen nitrou oxid acetylen reagent metal copper nitric acid hno concentr ml dilut nitric acid solut copper standard commerci copper solut solut prepar weigh metal copper transfer loss ml volumetr flask add dilut nitric acid suffici quantiti dissolv metal add ml concentr nitric acid make mark doubli distil water solut copper mg introduc ml solut prepar ml volumetr flask make mark doubli distil water procedur prepar sampl determin copper requir prepar suitabl dilut solut doubli distil water calibr pipett ml solut mg copper litr ml volumetr flask make volum doubli distil water solut obtain mg copper litr measur absorb nm set doubli distil water measur directli absorb success standard solut prepar carri duplic express result method calcul plot graph give variat absorb function copper concentr standard solut measur absorb sampl read concentr mg calibr curv dilut factor concentr copper present milligram litr quot decim place note select solut establish calibr curv dilut sampl sensit apparatu concentr copper present sampl proce low copper concentr expect sampl analys place ml sampl platinum dish evapor waterbath syrupi add ml concentr nitric acid drop drop cover bottom dish complet carefulli ash residu electr hotplat low flame place dish muffl furnac set leav hour cool moisten ash ml concentr nitric acid crush glass rod mixtur evapor ash place dish muffl furnac minut repeat treatment nitric acid time dissolv ash ad ml concentr nitric acid ml doubli distil water dish transfer ml flask wash dish time ml doubli distil water time final make volum doubli distil water cadmium principl cadmium determin directli wine flame atom absorpt spectrophotometri apparatu glasswar wash prior concentr nitric acid heat rins doubl distil water atom absorpt spectrophotomet equip graphit oven background correct multipotentiomet cadmium hollow cathod lamp µl micropipett special tip atom absorpt measur reagent water doubl distil borosil glass apparatu water similar puriti reagent recogn analyt reagent grade free cadmium phosphor acid ml phosphor acid solut obtain dilut ml phosphor acid water ml solut di sodium salt ethylen diamin tetra acet acid edta ph buffer solut dissolv ammonium chlorid millilitr water ml volumetr flask add ml ammonium hydroxid solut ml dilut make ml water eriochrom black solid solut sodium chlorid cadmium sulphat cdso titr cadmium sulphat verifi method weigh mg cadmium sulphat sampl cylindr vessel water shake dissolv add ml ph buffer solut approxim mg eriochrom black titrat edta solut indic begin turn blue volum edta ad equal ml volum slightli correct weigh test portion cadmium sulphat prepar refer solut cadmium refer solut litr standard commerci grade solut solut obtain dissolv cadmium sulphat water make litr solut borosil glass bottl ground glass stopper procedur prepar sampl dilut wine phosphor acid solut prepar calibr rang solut cadmium refer solut prepar success dilut titr µg cadmium litr determin program oven guidanc dry secondsminer secondsatom secondsnitrogen flow flush ga litr minut note end procedur increas temperatur clean oven atom absorpt measur select wavelength nm set absorb scale doubl distil water micropipett introduc oven µl portion solut calibr rang sampl solut analys record absorb measur calcul absorb result portion express result method calcul draw absorb variat curv function concentr cadmium solut calibr rang variat linear enter absorb sampl solut calibr curv deriv cadmium concentr cadmium concentr express microgram litr wine equal silver principl method method base atom absorpt spectrophotometri ash sampl apparatu platinum dish waterbath thermostat control furnac control atom absorpt spectrophotomet silver hollow cathod lamp ga suppli air acetylen reagent silver nitrat agno nitric acid hno concentr ml dilut nitric acid solut silver standard commerci silver solut solut prepar dissolv silver nitrat dilut nitric acid make volum ml dilut nitric acid solut silver mg ml solut prepar dilut ml dilut nitric acid procedur prepar sampl place ml sampl platinum dish evapor dryness boil waterbath ash furnac moisten white ash ml concentr nitric acid evapor boil waterbath repeat addit ml nitric acid evapor time add ml dilut nitric acid heat slightli dissolv calibr pipett ml solut mg silver litr set ml volumetr flask make mark dilut nitric acid solut obtain mg silver litr set wavelength nm set doubli distil water measur absorb directli success standard solut prepar carri duplic express result method calcul plot graph give variat absorb function silver concentr standard solut measur absorb sampl read concentr mg calibr curv concentr silver wine milligram litr quot decim place note select concentr solut prepar calibr curv volum sampl final volum liquid sensit apparatu method calcul plot graph give variat absorb function silver concentr standard solut zinc principl method remov alcohol zinc determin directli wine atom absorpt spectrophotometri reagent water borosil glass apparatu doubli distil equival degre puriti standard solut zinc litr commerci standard zinc solut solut prepar dissolv zinc sulphat znso water make volum litr dilut standard solut mg zinc litr apparatu rotari evapor thermostat control waterbath atom absorpt spectrophotomet equip air acetylen burner zinc hollow cathod lamp procedur prepar sampl remov alcohol ml wine reduc volum sampl half origin volum rotari evapor make origin volum ml doubli distil water calibr place ml solut mg zinc litr set ml volumetr flask make mark doubli distil water solut prepar mg zinc litr determin set wavelength nm absorb scale doubli distil water aspir wine directli burner spectrophotomet success standard solut read absorb repeat measur express result method calcul plot graph give variat absorb function zinc concentr standard solut record absorb obtain dilut wine sampl graph determin zinc concentr decim place lead principl lead determin directli wine flame atom absorpt spectrophotometri apparatu glasswar wash prior concentr nitric acid heat rins doubl distil water atom absorpt spectrophotomet equip graphit oven specif absorpt correct multipotentiomet lead hollow cathod lamp µl micropipett special tip atom absorpt measur reagent reagent recogn analyt reagent grade free lead water doubli distil borosil glass apparatu water similar puriti phosphor acid ml phosphor acid solut obtain dilut ml phosphor acid water ml nitric acid ml lead solut litr standard commerci grade solut solut obtain dissolv lead ii nitrat pb nitric acid dilut made litr solut borosil glass bottl ground glass stopper procedur prepar sampl dilut wine phospor acid solut depend presum lead concentr prepar calibr rang solut lead refer solut prepar success solut titr µg lead litr dilut doubl distil water determin program oven guidanc dry secondsminer second atom secondsnitrogen flow flush ga litr minut note end procedur increas temperatur cleans oven measur select wavelength nm set absorb scale doubli distil water micropipett introduc program oven µl portion solut calibr rang sampl solut analys record absorb measur calcul absorb result portion express result method calcul draw absorb variat curv function concentr lead calibr rang variat linear carri absorb sampl solut calibr curv deriv lead concentr lead concentr express microgram litr wine equal fwhere dilut factor fluorid principl fluorid content wine ad buffer solut determin solid membran select electrod measur potenti proportion logarithm activ fluorid ion medium analys accord equat eo log af where potenti ion select electrod measur refer electrod medium analys eo standard potenti sensor slope ion select electrod nernst factor theoret slope equal mv af activ fluorid ion solut analys apparatu fluorid ion select crystal membran electrod refer electrod calomel ag agcl millivoltmet ph meter extend scale millivolt accur mv magnet stirrer insul plate protect analysi solut heat motor stir vessel cover plastic polythen equival materi plastic beaker capac ml plastic bottl polythen equival materi precis pipett pipett graduat microlitr equival pipett reagent stock fluorid solut standard commerci qualiti solut solut prepar dissolv sodium fluorid dri hour distil water make litr distil water solut plastic bottl standard fluorid solut concentr prepar dilut stock solut distil water plastic bottl solut fluorid content mg prepar advanc buffer solut ph tran dicmiaocyclohexan tetra acet acid cdta ad water ml add solut sodium chlorid trisodium citrat ml distil water cdta dissolv ad approxim ml sodium hydroxid solut lastli add ml acet acid ml bring ph sodium hydroxid solut ml leav cool make litr distil water procedur preliminari comment care ensur solut remain temperatur measur deviat modif mv direct method place defin volum wine plastic beaker equal volum buffer solut solut stir moder manner indic stabl stabil reach potenti vari mv minut read potenti mv addit method stir continu add volum standard fluorid solut analysi medium precis pipett indic stabl read potenti mv concentr standard solut ad select doubl trebl fluorid concentr analysi medium volum analysi medium remain practic constant increas volum condit simplifi calcul approxim concentr analysi medium read calibr line drawn semi logarithm scale standard fluorid solut titr mg note approxim concentr analysi medium li concentr rang standard solut dilut sampl approxim fluorid content analysi medium ml volum mg concentr increas mg deliveri pipett add ml standard solut mg ml standard solut mg calcul fluorid content analysi medium express mg obtain appli formula cf fluorid concentr analysi medium mg ca concentr fluorid ad mg analysi medium va vo initi volum analysi medium overload ml va volum overload solut ml de differ potenti obtain mv slope electrod analysi solut va close vo simplifi formula appli obtain multipli dilut factor aris addit buffer solut carbon dioxid principl method refer method wine pressur pa volum wine sampl cool mix suffici quantiti sodium hydroxid give ph titrat carri acid solut presenc carbon anhydras carbon dioxid content calcul volum acid need chang ph bicarbon form carbon acid blank titrat carri condit decarbon wine order account volum sodium hydroxid solut wine acid sparkl semi sparkl wine sampl wine analys cool freez point remov quantiti blank decarbon remaind bottl made alkalin fix carbon dioxid form na titrat carri acid solut presenc carbon anhydras carbon dioxid content calcul volum acid solut need chang ph bicarbon form carbon acid blank titrat carri condit decarbon wine order account volum sodium hydroxid wine acid usual method sparkl semi sparkl wine manometr method excess pressur carbon dioxid measur directli bottl aphromet refer method wine pressur pa apparatu magnet stirrer ph meter reagent sodium hydroxid solut naoh sulphur acid solut carbon anhydras solut procedur cool wine sampl approxim ml pipett sampl place ml sodium hydroxid solut ml beaker add drop aqueou solut carbon anhydras introduc ml wine pipett cool place beaker magnet stirrer set ph electrod stir moder liquid reach room temperatur titrat slowli sulphur acid solut ph reach note burett read continu titrat sulphur acid ph reach nml volum ph remov approxim ml wine sampl agit vacuum minut flask heat waterbath carri procedur ml decarbon wine ml volum express result ml titrat sodium hydroxid solut correspond mg quantiti gram litr wine formula quot decim place note wine lt addit carbon anhydras catalys hydrat unnecessari sparkl semi sparkl wine apparatu magnet stirrer ph meter reagent sodium hydroxid naoh sulphur acid solut carbon anhydras solut procedur mark level wine bottl cool freez begin bottl warm slightli shake ic crystal disappear remov stopper rapidli place ml wine measur cylind blank titrat exact volum remov ml determin read cylind return room temperatur immedi blank sampl remov add ml sodium hydroxid solut bottl capac ml wait wine reach room temperatur place ml boil distil water drop carbon anhydras solut ml beaker add ml wine made alkalin place beaker magnet stirrer set electrod magnet rod stir moder titrat sulphur acid solut slowli ph reach note burett read continu titrat slowli sulphur acid ph reach ml volum ph remov ml wine side blank titrat agit vacuum minut flask heat waterbath remov ml decarbon wine add ml boil distil water add drop sodium hydroxid solut bring ph follow procedur ml volum sulphur acid ad express result ml sulphur acid correspond mg empti bottl wine made alkalin determin ml initi volum wine make mark water ml quantiti gram litr wine formula result quot decim place express result excess pressur paph express pascal formula content wine alcohol strength wine sugar content wine patm atmospher pressur express pascal usual method sparkl semi sparkl wine apparatu aphromet apparatu enabl excess pressur bottl sparkl semi sparkl wine call aphromet take form bottl stopper metal top cap cork plastic stopper figur graduat pascal pa practic pa kilopasc kpa unit fall class class manomet precis read relat full scale read express percentag kpa manomet class mean maximum pressur kpa read kpa class instrument recommend accur measur aphromet check regularli year procedur measur carri bottl temperatur stabil hour pierc cap cork stopper bottl shaken vigor pressur constant order read figur aphromet capsfigur aphromet cork stopper express result excess pressur paph express pascal pa kilopasc kpa quot form consist precis manomet pa kpa pa kpa class manomet full scale read kpa temperatur mesur carri correct made multipli measur pressur coefficientgiven tabl relat result relationship pressur quantiti carbon dioxid contain semi sparkl wine excess pressur paph absolut pressur pab calcul formula pab patm paph patm atmospher pressur express bar quantiti carbon dioxid contain wine relationship litr litr wine pab gram litr wine pab wherea alcohol strength wine sugar content wine gram litr tabl iratio excess pressur paph sparkl semi sparkl wine excess pressur papht temperatur cyanid deriv principl method rapid test method test wine treat potassium hexacyanoferr ii test absenc iron iii hexacyanoferr ii suspens deposit test absenc format iron iii hexacyanoferr ii addit iron iii salt acidifi wine test presenc iron precipit addit acidifi wine mixtur alkali hexacyanoferr ii hexacyanoferr iii usual method argentometr determin total hydrocyan acid liber acid hydrolysi separ distil rapid test method check wine treat potassium hexacyanoferr ii apparatu piec equip centrifug produc centrifug forc filter apparatu membran filter pore diamet µm reagent hydrochlor acid dilut obtain dilut iron free hydrochlor acid hc ml iron iii ammonium sulphat fe nh solut potassium hexacyanoferr ii fe cn potassium hexacyanoferr iii fe cn solut prepar procedur test trace iron iii hexacyanoferr ii suspens shake sampl place ml wine ml conic centrifug tube add ml dilut hydrochlor acid centrifug minut filter membran filter pore diamet µm deposit obtain centrifug filter complet free blue particl test trace hexacyanoferr ii ion solut add supernat liquid filtrat test drop iron iii ammonium sulphat solut stir stand hour centrifug minut filter membran filter pore diamter µm deposit centrifug filter complet free blue particl iron iii hexacynoferr ii test presenc iron ion wine place ml wine ml hydrochlor acid drop potassium hexacyanoferr ii solut drop potassium hexacyanoferr iii solut test tube blue color blue precipit minut centrifug filter membran filter pore diamet µm rins ml water blue deposit observ centrifug tube membran filter usual method apparatu distil apparatu consist ml round bottom flask join tube ground glass joint upper end vertic held condens mm long lower end condens attach adapt drawn portion conduct distil bottom ml flask immers complet ic water boil electr water bath thermostat control reagent sulphur acid dilut add ml sulphur acid ml great care suffici water produc litr solut crystallin copper ii chlorid cucl phenol red solut dissolv phenol red ml sodium hydroxid solut make solut ml potassium iodid solut dissolv potassium iodid ki suffici water obtain litr solut silver nitrat solut add ml concentr nitric acid hno ml ml silver nitrat solut agno make litr water sodium hydroxid solut iron free procedur introduc ml filter wine unfilt state determin hydrocyan acid contain blue turbid requir add approxim mg copper ii chlorid ml dilut sulphur acid place ml sodium hydroxid solut receiv flask distil ml flask full transfer distil ml beaker place boil waterbath acceler evapor direct fairli strong current cold air produc blower surfac alkalin liquid volum reduc ml minut ensur volum reduc ml filter cool solut collect filtrat cylindr tube mm diamet mm length transfer solut directli tube wash beaker possibl filter ml water add tube place glass tube black base beam white light fall side liquid perfectli clear add drop phenol red solut aid observ end point drop potassium iodid solut titrat silver nitrat solut slight persist turbid observ volum titrant obtain result addit prepar similar tube blank test ml sodium hydroxid solut drop phenol red solut drop potassium iodid solut suffici water obtain ident volum add suffici silver nitrat solut obtain turbid volum express result ml silver nitrat solut correspond µg hydrocyan acid hcn total hydrocyan acid contain litr wine mg result quot decim place regard signific result greater ml ifn greater ml repeat procedur silver nitrat solut allyl isothiocyan principl method allyl isothiocyan present wine collect distil identifi ga chromatographi reagent ethanol absolut standard solut solut allyl isothiocyan absolut alcohol mg allyl isothiocyan litr freez mixtur consist ethanol dry ic temperatur apparatu distil apparatu shown figur overleaf stream nitrogen pass continu apparatu heat mantl thermostat control flowmet ga chromatograph fit flame spectrophotomet detector equip select filter sulphur compound wavelength nm suitabl detector stainless steel chromatograph column intern diamet mm length fill carbowax chromosorb whp mesh microsyring µl procedur put litr wine distil flask introduc millilitr ethanol collect tube porou part ga dispers rod complet immers cool tube extern freez mixtur connect flask collect tube begin flush apparatu nitrogen rate litr hour heat wine heat mantl distil collect ml distil stabil chromatograph recommend condit injector temperatur column temperatur helium carrier ga flow rate ml minut microsyring introduc volum standard solut peak allyl isothiocyan easili identifi ga chromatogram similarli introduc aliquot distil chromatograph check retent time peak obtain correspond peak allyl isothiocyan condit compound natur present wine produc interf peak chromatogram sampl solut apparatu distil current nitrogen chromat properti wine must definit chromat properti wine defin luminos chromat luminos repres transmitt vari invers colour intens wine thechromat repres domin wavelength character tint puriti colour convent reason conveni chromat properti red rosé wine colour intens tint keep procedur adopt usual method principl method refer method spectrophotometr method make determin tristimulu valu chromat coordin specif colour laid intern commiss illumin cie usual method applic red rosé wine spectrophotometr method chromat properti express convent colour intensityi sum absorb wavelength af nm radiat travers cm optic path sampl tint express ratio absorb nm nm refer method apparatu spectrophotomet enabl measur made nm glass cell pair optic path equal cm procedur prepar sampl cloudi wine clarifi centrifug bulk carbon dioxid young sparkl wine remov shake vacuum measur optic path glass cell chosen measur absorb li guidanc choic optic path cell cm optic path white wine cm rosé wine cm cm red wine spectrophotometr measur made distil water cell optic path refer liquid establish absorb scale wavelength nm absorb wine measur decim place optic path calcul tabl valu absorb optic path cm obtain transmitt calcul tristimulu valu express decim fraction express calcul chromat coordin express result rel luminos yexpress percentag complet dark colourless liquid chromat express domin wavelength puriti determin quantiti make chromat diagram bound spectral locu figur point plot diagram repres white light sourc coordin standard sourc xo yo repres daylight averag bright domin wavelengthplot point coordin chromat diagram triangl aob draw straight line join extend cut spectral locu point correspond domin wavelength insid triangl aob draw straight line extend intersect spectral locu point wavelength colour complementari wine wavelength denot letter purityif point triangl aob puriti percentag ratio point insid triangl aob puriti percentag ratio point straight line oc cut line purpl line ab puriti directli chromat diagram valu figur result colour wine complet defin luminos chromat express domin wavelength puriti analysi report optic path measur made usual method apparatu spectrophotomet enabl measur made nm glass cell pair optic path equal cm preliminari prepar sampl cloudi wine clarifi centrifug bulk carbon dioxid young sparkl wine remov shake vacuum procedur optic path glass cell chosen measur absorb li spectrophotometr measur made distil water cell optic path refer liquid establish absorb scale wavelength nm express result calcul calcul absorb wavelength optic path cm divid measur absorb cm colour intens convent express quot decim place tint ni convent express quot decim place tabl transform absorb transmitt method usefind decim figur absorb vertic column call row find decim figur absorb top horizont row call column read figur box intersect row column calcul transmitt divid figur absorb li li note figur top hand corner box enabl decim figur absorb account interpol absorb transmitt express nearest figur chromat diagram includ colour spectrum figur chromat diagram unadulter red bright red wine red brown brick red wine figur chromat diagram unadulter red bright red wine red brown brick red wine figur chromat diagram unadulter red bright red wine purpl wine figur chromat diagram unadulter red bright red wine purpl wine figur chromat diagram red brown brick red wine purpl wine rectifi concentr must principl method absorb rectifi concentr measur nm thick cm dilut bring sugar concentr brix apparatu spectrophotomet enabl measur made nm glass cell optic path cm membran filter pore diamet µm procedur prepar sampl solut sugar concentr brix prepar chapter ph section filter membran filter pore diamet µm determin absorb absorb scale wavelength nm cell optic path cm distil water measur absorb wavelength solut sugar brix prepar cell optic path cm express result absorb nm rectifi concentr solut sugar brix quot decim place folin ciocalteu index definit folin ciocalteu index result obtain applic method principl method phenol compound contain wine oxid folin ciocalteu reagent reagent form mixtur phosphotungst acid pw phosphomolybd acid pmo oxid phenol reduc mixtur blue oxid tungsten molybdenum mo blue color produc maximum absorpt region nm proport total quantiti phenol compound origin present reagent analyt reagent qualiti water distil water equival puriti folin ciocalteu reagent reagent commerci form readi prepar dissolv sodium tungstat na wo sodium molybd na moo ml distil water add ml phosphor acid ml ml concentr hydrochlor acid ml bring boil boil hour reflux condit add lithium sulphat li drop bromin boil minut cool make litr distil water anhydr sodium carbon na made solut apparatu normal laboratori apparatu ml volumetr flask spectrophotomet capabl oper nm procedur red wine introduc ml volumetr flask strictli order ml wine previous dilut ml distil water ml folin ciocalteu reagent ml sodium carbon solut make ml distil water stir homogen wait minut reaction stabil determin absorb nm path length cm respect blank prepar distil water place wine absorb dilut made white wine carri procedur ml undilut wine rectifi concentr prepar sampl solut sugar concentr brix prepar chapter ph section measur proce case red wine ml sampl prepar measur absorb respect control prepar ml invert sugar solut express result method calcul result express form index obtain multipli absorb red wine dilut factor dilut white wine rectifi concentr must multipli repeat differ result determin carri simultan quickli analyst greater good repeat result achiev scrupul clean apparatu volumetr flask spectrophotomet cell special method analysi rectifi concentr grape total cation principl method test sampl treat strongli acid cation exchang cation exchang total cation express differ total acid effluent test sampl apparatu glass column intern diamet mm length approxim mm fit drain tap ph meter scale graduat ph unit electrod glass electrod distil water calomel satur potassium chlorid refer electrod satur solut potassium chlorid combin electrod distil water reagent strongli acid cation exchang resin form pre swollen soak water overnight sodium hydroxid solut paper ph indic procedur prepar sampl solut obtain dilut rectifi concentr chapter total acid section prepar ion exchang column introduc column approxim ml pre swollen ion exchang form rins column distil water acid remov paper indic monitor ion exchang pass ml rectifi concentr solut prepar column rate drop collect effluent beaker rins column ml distil water titrat acid effluent includ rins water sodium hydroxid solut ph alkalin solut ad slowli solut continu shaken letn ml volum sodium hydroxid solut express result total cation express milliequival kilogram total sugar decim place calcul acid effluent express milliequival kilogram rectifi concentr total acid rectifi concentr milliequival kilogram total acid section total cation milliequival kilogram total sugar percentag concentr total sugar conduct principl method electr conduct column liquid defin parallel platinum electrod end measur incorpor arm wheatston bridg conduct vari temperatur express apparatu conduct meter enabl measur conduct made rang microsiemen cm µs cm waterbath bring temperatur sampl analys approxim reagent deminer water specif conduct µs cm refer solut potassium chlorid dissolv potassium chlorid kcl previous dri constant mass temperatur deminer water make litr deminer water solut conduct µs cm month procedur prepar sampl analys solut total sugar concentr brix chapter ph section determin conduct bring sampl analys immers waterbath maintain temperatur rins conduct cell solut examin measur conduct express result µs cm express result result express microsiemen cm µs cm nearest number brix solut rectifi concentr calcul apparatu provid mean control temperatur correct measur conduct tabl temperatur add correct temperatur subtract correct tabl correct made conduct temperatur µs cm conductivitytemperatur subtract correct add correct hydroxymethylfurfur hmf principl method colorimetr method aldehyd deriv furan main hydroxymethylfurfur react barbitur acid paratoluidin give red compound determin colorimetri nm high perform liquid chromatographi hplc separ column revers phase chromatographi determin nm colorimetr method apparatu spectrophotomet make measur nm glass cell optic path cm reagent barbitur acid solut dissolv mg barbitur acid distil water heat slightli waterbath make ml distil water solut week paratoluidin solut place paratoluidin ch nh ml volumetr flask add ml isopropanol ch ch ch ml glacial acet acid ch cooh ml make ml isopropanol solut renew daili ethan acetaldehyd ch cho aqueou solut prepar hydroxymethylfurfur aqueou solut prepar success dilut mg dilut solut freshli prepar procedur prepar sampl solut obtain dilut rectifi concentr chapter total acid section carri determin ml solut colorimetr determin ml flask fit ground glass stopper place ml sampl prepar place flask ml paratoluidin solut mix add ml distil water flask control ml barbitur acid flask shake homogen transfer content flask spectrophotomet cell optic path cm absorb scale content flask wavelength nm follow variat absorb content flask record maximum reach minut sampl hydroxymethylfurfur concentr mg dilut analysi prepar calibr curv place ml hydroxymethylfurfur solut mg set ml flask treat graph repres variat absorb hydroxymethylfurfur concentr mg straight line pass origin express result hydroxymethylfurfur concentr rectifi concentr must express milligram kilogram total sugar method calcul hydroxymethylfurfur concentr mg sampl analys concentr calibr curv absorb measur sampl hydroxymethylfurfur concentr milligram kilogram total sugar wherep percentag concentr total sugar rectifi concentr high perform liquid chromatographi apparatu high perform liquid chromatograph equip loop injector µl spectrophotomet detector make measur nm column octadecyl bond silica bondapak corasil water ass record possibl integr flow rate mobil phase ml minut membran filtrat apparatu pore diamet µm reagent doubli distil water methanol ch distil hplc qualiti acet acid ch cooh ml mobil phase water methanol acet acid previous filter membran filter µm mobil phase prepar daili outgass befor refer solut hydroxymethylfurfur mg ml volumetr flask place mg hydroxymethylfurfur accur weigh make mark methanol dilut solut methanol filter membran filter µm brown glass bottl refriger solut month procedur prepar sampl solut obtain dilut rectifi concentr chapter total acid section filter µm membran filter chromatograph determin inject µl sampl prepar µl refer hydroxymethylfurfur solut chromatograph record chromatogram retent time hydroxymethylfurfur approxim minut express result hydroxymethylfurfur concentr rectifi concentr must express milligram kilogram total sugar method calcul hydroxymethylfurfur concentr solut rectifi concentr mg hydroxymethylfurfur concentr milligram kilogram total sugar percentag concentr total sugar rectifi concentr heavi metal principl method rapid method evalu heavi metal heavi metal reveal suitabl dilut rectifi concentr color produc format sulphid assess comparison standard lead solut maximum admiss concentr ii determin lead content atom absorpt spectrophotometri chelat lead ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbam extract methylisobutylketon absorb measur nm lead content determin addit amount lead set refer solut rapid method evalu heavi metal reagent dilut hydrochlor acid hydrochlor acid hcl ml make ml water dilut hydrochlor acid hydrochlor acid hcl ml make ml water dilut ammonia ammonia nh ml make ml water ph buffer solut dissolv ammonium acet ch coonh ml water add ml dilut hydrochlor acid adjust ph dilut hydrochlor acid dilut ammonia make ml water thioacetamid solut sn glycerol solut cd thioacetamid reagent ml thioacetamid solut add ml mixtur ml water ml sodium hydroxid solut ml glycerol heat waterbath second prepar solut lead prepar lead solut dissolv lead nitrat pb water make ml water time dilut solut water part order obtain solut procedur dissolv test sampl rectifi concentr ml water add ml ph buffer solut mix add ml thioacetamid reagent mix prepar control condit ml lead solut minut brown color rectifi concentr solut intens control calcul condit procedur control sampl correspond maximum admiss heavi metal concentr express lead mg kg rectifi concentr determin lead content atom absorpt spectrophotometri apparatu atom absorpt spectrophotomet equip air acetylen burner lead hollow cathod lamp reagent dilut acet acid glacial acet acid ml make ml water solut ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbam methylisobutylketon ch chch coch solut lead dilut lead solut procedur prepar solut examin dissolv rectifi concentr mixtur equal volum dilut acet acid water make ml mixtur add ml ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbam solut ml methylisobutylketon shake second protect bright light leav layer separ methylisobutylketon layer prepar refer solut prepar refer solut addit rectifi concentr ml solut lead treat solut examin control prepar control proceed condit addit rectifi concentr determin set wavelength nm atom methylisobutylketon control sampl flame absorb scale oper respect solvent extract determin absorb solut examin refer solut express result express lead content milligram kilogram rectifi concentr decim place calcul plot curv give variat absorb function lead concentr ad refer solut concentr solut examin extrapol straight line join point cut neg part concentr axi distanc point intersect origin lead concentr solut examin chemic determin ethanol method determin alcohol strength low alcohol liquid must concentr must rectifi concentr must principl method simpl distil liquid oxid ethanol distil potassium dichrom titrat excess dichrom iron ii solut apparatu distil apparatu chapter alcohol strength volum section reagent potassium dichrom solut dissolv potassium dichrom cr suffici quantiti water make litr solut millilitr solut oxid mg alcohol iron ii ammonium sulphat solut dissolv iron ii ammonium sulphat feso nh suffici quantiti water make litr solut add ml concentr sulphur acid ml solut correspond half volum dichrom solut prepar subsequ oxid slowli potassium permangan solut dissolv potassium permangan kmno suffici quantiti water make litr solut dilut sulphur acid time stir continu add ml sulphur acid ml ml water ferrou orthophenanthrolin reagent dissolv ferrou sulphat feso ml water add orthophenanthrolin monohydr heat dissolut bright red solut procedur distil place rectifi concentr ml water distil flask collect distil ml volumetr flask make mark water oxid flask ground glass stopper widen neck enabl neck rins loss flask place ml titrant potassium dichrom solut ml dilut sulphur acid shake add ml distil stopper flask shake wait minut shake occasion measur flask carri titrat iron ii ammonium sulphat solut respect potassium dichrom solut place ident flask quantiti reagent replac ml distil ml distil water control flask titrat add drop orthophenanthrolin reagent content measur flask titrat excess dichrom ad iron ii ammonium sulphat solut stop ad ferrou solut mixtur green blue brown judg end point precis chang colour mixtur back brown green blue potassium permangan solut subtract tenth volum solut volum iron ii solut ad differ ml proce control flask ml differ express result ethanol express gram kilogram sugar quot decim place method calcul ml ferrou solut reduc ml dichrom solut oxid mg pure ethanol millilitr iron ii solut reduc power ml iron ii solut reduc power asethanol concentr kg rectifi concentr ethanol concentr kg total sugar percentag concentr total sugar meso inositol scyllo inositol sucros principl ga chromatographi silyl deriv reagent intern standard xylitol aqueou solut spatula tip sodium azid ad bi trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamid bstfa nosi trimethylchlorosilan clsi pyridin meso inositol apparatu ga chromatograph equip capillari column fuse silica coat ov film thick µm length intern diamet mm oper condit carrier ga hydrogen helium carrier ga flow rate ml minut injector detector temperatur program temperatur minut minut constant temperatur minut splitter ratio integr microsyring µl micropipett µl ml flask teflon stopper oven method oper accur weigh sampl rectifi concentr ml flask µl standard solut xylitol ad water ad capac mix µl solut flask dri gentl stream air µl absolut ethyl alcohol ad facilit evapor residu carefulli dissolv µl pyridin µl bi trimethylsilyl trifluoroacetamid µl trimethylchlorosilan ad flask close teflon stopper heat hour draw µl clear fluid inject heat hollow needl accord state splitter ratio calcul result solut prepar glucos fructos meso inositol sucros solut weigh procedur result meso inositol sucros respect xylitol calcul chromatogram case scyllo inositol commerci retent time ly peak anomer form glucos peak meso inositol diagram overleaf result meso inositol express result meso inositol scyllo inositol express milligram kilogram sugar sucros express gram kilogram chromatogram gaseou phase meso inositol scyllo inositol sucros pycnomet equival characterist numer section chapter numer section chapter sugar concentr express term invert sugar sugar concentr express term invert sugar alcohol strength weight carri calcul specif graviti densiti wine measur correct effect volatil acid formula dv orrv volatil acid express milliequival litr valu pend creation commun data bank valu valu pend creation commun data bank valu trade name norit pascal pa bar pa bar account gase present amount small effect excess pressur wine liqueur wine give distil clear filtrat case distil ml distil flask made ml distil water distil alkalin discard ml distil cool content flask acidifi approxim ml dilut sulphur acid resum distil collect distil ml sodium hydroxid solut distil approxim ml liquid clear addit option analyst easier observ appear turbid pink solut colourless equal ml volum water ml obtain discern end point volum small dilut avoid main oper distanc direct