council direct ec decemb burden proof case discrimin base sex council european union regard agreement social polici annex protocol social polici annex treati establish european commun articl thereof regard propos commiss regard opinion econom social committe act accord procedur laid articl treati cooper european parliament basi protocol social polici annex treati member state except unit kingdom great britain northern ireland hereinaft call member state wish implement social charter conclud agreement social polici commun charter fundament social right worker recogn import combat form discrimin includ discrimin ground sex colour race opinion belief paragraph commun charter fundament social right worker equal treatment men women inter alia action intensifi ensur implement principl equal men women access employ remuner work condit social protect educ vocat train career develop accord articl agreement social polici commiss consult manag labour commun level direct commun action burden proof case discrimin base sex commiss commun action advis consult consult manag labour content propos contempl accord articl agreement opinion commiss round consult manag labour inform commiss initi process possibl lead agreement provid articl agreement accord articl agreement commun member state set object inter alia improv live work condit effect implement principl equal treatment men women contribut achiev aim principl equal treatment state articl treati council direct eec februari approxim law member state relat applic principl equal pai men women council direct eec februari implement principl equal treatment men women access employ vocat train promot work condit council direct eec octob introduct measur encourag improv safeti health work pregnant worker worker recent birth breastfeed contribut effect implement principl equal treatment men women direct work detriment aforement direct equal treatment femal worker cover direct likewis benefit adapt rule burden proof council direct ec june framework agreement parent leav conclud unic ceep etuc base principl equal treatment men women refer judici process court cover mechan mean disput submit examin decis independ bodi hand decis bind parti disput express court procedur mean procedur concili mediat appreci fact presum direct indirect discrimin matter nation judici compet bodi accord nation law practic member state introduc stage proceed rule evid favour plaintiff account specif featur member state legal system inter alia infer discrimin drawn respond fail produc evid satisfi court compet author breach principl equal treatment member state appli rule burden proof proceed court compet bodi investig fact case procedur refer plaintiff requir prove fact court compet bodi investig plaintiff depriv effect mean enforc principl equal treatment nation court effect introduc evid appar discrimin impos respond burden prove practic fact discriminatori court justic european commun held rule burden proof adapt prima faci case discrimin principl equal treatment appli effect burden proof shift back respond evid discrimin brought difficult prove discrimin indirect import defin indirect discrimin aim adequ adapt rule burden proof achiev satisfactorili member state accord principl subsidiar state articl treati proportion aim attain commun level direct confin minimum action requir purpos adopt direct articl aim aim direct ensur measur member state implement principl equal treatment made effect order enabl person wrong principl equal treatment appli right assert judici process recours compet bodi articl definit purpos direct principl equal treatment discrimin whatsoev base sex directli indirectli purpos principl equal treatment refer paragraph indirect discrimin exist appar neutral provis criterion practic disadvantag substanti higher proport member sex provis criterion practic justifi object factor unrel sex articl scope direct appli situat cover articl treati direct eec eec discrimin base sex concern eec ec civil administr procedur public privat sector mean redress nation law pursuant measur refer except court procedur voluntari natur provid nation law direct appli crimin procedur provid member state articl burden proof member state measur accord nation judici system ensur person wrong principl equal treatment appli establish court compet author fact presum direct indirect discrimin respond prove breach principl equal treatment direct prevent member state introduc rule evid favour plaintiff member state appli paragraph proceed court compet bodi investig fact case articl inform member state ensur measur pursuant direct provis forc brought attent person concern mean articl regress implement direct circumst suffici ground reduct gener level protect worker area appli prejudic member state respond situat introduc law regul administr provis differ forc notif direct provid minimum requir direct compli articl implement member state bring forc law regul administr provis compli direct januari immedi inform commiss thereof member state adopt measur refer direct accompani refer occas offici public method make refer laid member state member state commun commiss year entri forc direct inform commiss draw report european parliament council applic direct articl direct address member state brussel decemb council presid juncker oj andoj oj opinion european parliament april oj common posit council juli oj decis european parliament novemb oj oj oj oj oj