commiss decis februari relat proceed pursuant council regul eec case iv merced benz kässbohrer text eea relev german text authent ec commiss european commun regard treati establish european commun regard council regul eec decemb control concentr undertak merger regul articl thereof regard eea agreement articl thereof regard commiss decis octob initi proceed case regard opinion advisori committe concentr proceed concern propos acquisit karl kässbohrer fahrzeugwerk gmbh kässbohrer ulm merced benz ag merced benz stuttgart decis octob commiss order partial suspens concentr pursuant articl articl merger regul final decis decis octob commiss found notifi concentr rais doubt compat common market commiss initi proceed case pursuant articl merger regul initi examin advisori committe januari commiss januari statement pursuant articl merger regul order pursu clarif fact circumst januari hear place undertak involv merger parti evid present advisori committe discuss draft decis februari parti merced benz subsidiari daimler benz ag compani manufactur car truck buse vehicl compon kässbohrer famili own compani produc buse coach special commerci vehicl ii oper oper concentr mean articl merger regul merced benz acquir kässbohrer purchas share agreement parti oblig kässbohrer divest line busi relat bu busi divestitur place agreement line busi divest includ vehicl prepar ski slope tanker silo vehicl car transport kässbohrer end joint ventur iveco sold aabenraa karrosserifabrik bu factori volvo sold bilcon compani manag bui iii commun dimens aggreg worldwid turnov merced benz kässbohrer ecu billion daimler benz group ecu billion kässbohrer ecu billion figur financi year undertak achiev aggreg commun wide turnov ecu million undertak concern achiev third aggreg commun wide turnov member state concentr commun dimens mean articl merger regul iv compat common market relev product market buse typic design specif type travel servic citi buse design type travel peopl typic spend minut rate short time bu easi entri exit import tour coach hand design transport peopl long distanc peopl spend hour dai vehicl design tour coach emphas comfort storag space eas entri exit requir type transport servic buse heterogen product broadli speak market extrem low floor citi buse public transport servic urban area extrem luxuri metr doubl decker tour coach long distanc tourist travel larg number type exist citi buse partli low floor schedul servic interc buse design suburban short interc travel schedul servic interc buse region travel hereinaft refer interc buse multipurpos buse schedul servic shorter tourist travel singl deck tour coach travel long distanc list exhaust special type bu exist type buse size heterogen great demand divers bu oper demand bu design specif transport servic expect provid divers mean price rang type bu sold wide germani price rang dm standard citi interc bu dm expens tour coach notif parti defin relev market bu market support definit registr statist differenti bu type take account definit commiss previou case recit parti market exist citi buse coach includ interc buse proceed parti suggest interc buse defin separ commiss deriv partli tour coach partli citi buse consid part market tour coach part market schedul servic buse oper urban interc traffic parti main content singl relev market buse tonn licens weight accept demand side substitut low floor citi bu room larg number stand passeng doubl decker tour coach toilet video kitchen note exist extrem rang type bu basi design equip suit larg number purpos gener requir term technic specif equip determin ride travel comfort passeng increas length distanc bu primarili intend requir increas proport extent type bu intend tour schedul servic contrari view parti deduc gradual transit greater comfort luxuri equip result heterogen buse market buse consist singl relev market difficulti determin precis demarc market broad highli differenti product rang accept reason dispens market definit altogeth obviou lack substitut product commiss view decis french market market buse oper public transport tour coach distinguish commiss investig proceed focus german market shown suppli product german market concern market segment present distinguish constitut relev market basi function differ purpos buse intend market concept supplier segment distinguish demand side citi buse citi buse design public transport urban area tend low floor step door type bu facilit entri exit main custom municip local author interc buse interc buse design public transport rural district public interc travel buse luxuri equip technic point view part low floor buse higher power engin main custom region public bu oper privat compani oper schedul servic concessionari basi public custom custom citi buse tour coach tour coach aim leisur market long distanc tourist travel tour coach tend higher interc buse equip compar luxuri manner equip air condit toilet televis screen make buse suitabl long trip main custom privat oper leisur charter trip divis bu market segment gener reflect sale literatur supplier endors major bu manufactur survei commiss bu oper buyer divis market segment correspond classif ec regul uniform provis construct vehicl public transport ec econom commiss europ specifi class bu defin vehicl class mean citi bu vehicl class seat space stand passeng vehicl class ii mean inter urban bu coach vehicl class provis stand passeng gangwai vehicl class iii mean tour coach vehicl class provis stand passeng altern view put forward parti interc buse accord technic deriv alloc citi bu segment tour coach segment line demand side substitut demand german market concern interc buse deriv tour coach interchang tour coach proper meet requir state subsid buse schedul servic traffic refer made list criteria vehicl procur land north rhine westphalia specifi vehicl interc transport addit numer equip specif relat transport stand passeng doubl width door exce maximum floor height mm featur satisfi bu type includ tour coach segment strategi paper commiss merced benz divid market tour coach interc buse citi buse emphas differ basic condit individu segment note point made parti technic deriv interc buse import flexibl switch product bu market discuss bu market subdivid segment rigid boundari segment degre substitut adjac market segment demarc market fluid illustr survei product rang merced benz kässbohrer gt tabl gt gt tabl gt tabl show overlap citi bu interc bu segment low floor buse low floor interc buse differ low floor citi buse higher floor height power engin usabl citi transport low floor buse plai predomin role vdv verband deutscher verkehrsunternehmen citi buse purchas germani low floor buse import context low floor buse account purchas interc bu segment vdv expect proport rise futur anticip futur greater overlap citi interc bu segment similarli substanti overlap interc bu tour coach segment import point privat bu oper increasingli tend type bu schedul servic transport tour excurs product rang shown illustr bu supplier move accommod trend merced interc bu nu kässbohrer interc bu nr suit schedul servic oper bu type ul limit extend tour excurs multipurpos buse rh rl hr gener suitabl dual purpos multipurpos buse specif design dual meet averag comfort requir tour excurs transport time meet economi requir technic specif applic schedul servic oper gener alloc specif market segment buse increasingli differ purpos appli privat bu oper bundesverband deutscher omnibusunternehm ev bdo privat bu oper germani oper schedul servic transport tour excurs transport half privat bu compani survei commiss buse fleet schedul servic tour excurs dual purpos occur frequent small bu compani buse cover survei account fact consider suppli side substitut exist bu product case interc buse rightli stress parti deriv partli citi buse partli tour coach entri barrier interc bu market produc citi buse tour coach technic point view low gener type bu produc plant machin common compon provid supplier produc type bu switch product type bu difficult big produc volvo scania merced benz renault iveco full product rang contrast manufactur present market interc buse chang product interc buse difficult signific develop cost incur abovement demand side overlap individu market segment suppli side substitut justifi assumpt singl relev market buse explain consider substitut gap market fluid boundari segment flexibl suppli side competit posit supplier individu relev market rel assess impact merger market segment consid isol competit condit posit supplier market account relev geograph market western european bu produc strong home countri market share close unusu largest nation produc renault franc iveco itali spain leyland volvo unit kingdom volvo nordic countri germani hitherto compar balanc suppli structur domest supplier market share type bu demand differ extent individu member state public transport develop northern central europ southern europ longer tradit long distanc bu travel northern central europ interc bu segment involv standard buse largest germani benelux countri buse extent equip differ individu member state german bu oper tradition demand higher level equip custom european countri essenti enterpris activ european level price structur member state order determin busi strategi price comparison member state criterion defin relev geograph market price comparison made difficult differ equip buse special condit rebat common bu market hand bu trade bu merced benz kässbohrer appli uniform gross price western europ differ discount discount appli kässbohrer germani lower abroad list price differ distribut structur made clear hear difficult determin actual transact price make statist price comparison difficult market particip survei commiss price transpar member state case germani bu manufactur differ price countri belgium netherland franc germani due differ equip buse hitherto subject type approv member state varieti technic regul differ countri hand steer unit kingdom emerg roof exit belgium netherland inflamm seat cover brake standard franc rear emerg exist itali heat sweden technic requir limit extent scope parallel import facilit pursuit price polici countri parti counter refer regul enter forc germani januari ec type approv implement direct eec regul appli principl vehicl contrari parti state signific buse direct ec wide agre bu type direct ec bu type plan mandatori year transit period specif technic aspect buse harmon commun direct vehicl confirm parti competitor manufactur take account differ nation standard design model bu custom requir tend differ nation regul requir time plan cost type approv procedur repres major obstacl market entri differ technic regul eea regard suffici ground assum exist nation market explain featur citi bu interc bu tour coach market suggest present defin nation market citi bu market present nation commun public procur direct led european scale call tender public author start increas geograph scope market actual purchas behaviour public author distinctli nation sector chang nation charact market appli present interc bu tour coach market sign market open case tour coach market confirm competitor market show peculiar germani concern present justifi assumpt nation market detail germani member state bu market germani character presenc strong domest supplier merced benz kässbohrer man neoplan main domest supplier germani combin market share import import buse germani recent remain low citi interc buse concern share import shown moder increas recent year time low absolut level market share sale foreign buse tonn weight increas extrapol basi januari novemb tour coach market market share import buse germani citi buse interc buse larg increas due surg demand länder german unif sale decreas buse decreas amount decreas total market volum expect increas achiev foreign supplier establish foothold germani region true import account market volum background fact past year import germani annual increas substanti low level import germani hitherto link strong competit number effici german bu manufactur suppli broad product rang segment bu market recit german supplier biggest export european union bu product export emerg hear parti german associ privat public bu oper larg foreign manufactur recent time suppli product demand german custom competit structur market past ensur price perform ratio fulfil german custom hitherto incent german custom switch current prefer german supplier compon establish custom supplier relationship intang market entri barrier tend creat nation market barrier tangibl entri barrier discuss depth analysi barrier place framework competit assess point iii evalu entri barrier crucial analysi effect merger competit structur germani eea tangibl market entri barrier import demand side criterion purchas bu exist servic repair network oper relev manufactur german bu manufactur mention network larg foreign supplier commerci vehicl manufactur volvo renault scania iveco servic network lorri extend includ buse major financi invest point iii integr foreign manufactur wish enter german market exist servic network compon supplier bear small addit cost requir establish network contract garag commiss investig bui back price condit buse trade buse switch cost cost train tool spare part stock made chang supplier mention entri barrier foreign supplier recit seq element repres cost factor commiss investig accord limit import supplier custom intang market entri barrier tangibl entri barrier discuss repres financi measur cost overcom invest market entri intend addit intang barrier bu market interc buse tour coach establish custom supplier relationship brand loyalti intang barrier base sole econom technic consider past made market entri foreign supplier difficult recit seq similar barrier exist member state franc unit kingdom itali establish custom supplier relationship evid case privat buyer primarili small medium size enterpris person relationship import public buyer custom categori hitherto prefer german make german coach sector partli imag factor effect ec public procur direct german bu oper fall scope ec direct coordin procur procedur water energi transport telecommun sector council direct eec eec march oblig invit tender eea wide basi date direct eec transpos german law regul award public contract februari direct eec transpos german law direct appli award entiti public author public undertak privat undertak oper basi special exclus right grant compet author member state privat bu oper grant author oper network concess award contract suppli buse public invit tender issu contract ecu purchas volum ecu period notic insert offici journal european commun year public procur direct appli case citi interc buse entri forc nation regul award public contract public buyer germani requir offer foreign supplier account award contract grow number public buyer bought limit number foreign buse trend confirm hear verband der öffentlichen verkehrsunternehmen associ public transport compani vdv exampl cite recit suggest public procur direct start impact forese futur statutori condit futur shift procur procedur open supplier creat assum time basi exist prefer german supplier low level import interc buse separ german market wider market austria merger smaller impact bu sector austria germani combin market share entiti citi buse exce interc buse merced benz present austria kässbohrer share tour coach market combin market share compar germani number factor austria regard separ geograph market germani tour coach concern import buse germani high sale servic network bu manufactur compar german servic network equip buse demand austrian custom differ significantli german custom question germani austria abovement reason regard singl market left open competit assess merger confin german market relev geograph market germani austria point conclus geograph market relev geograph market citi buse confin germani low level import purchas behaviour hitherto public oper citi buse interc bu tour coach market open eea context market character number barrier entri regard signific signific foreign supplier custom supplier relationship brand loyalti regard import present time segment hand factor slow open german market present percept shift part german custom german produc increas import commiss take view condit competit germani eea countri true sign market intern tour coach chang time german market present nation charact appear term present tangibl intang barrier entri base competit assess propos merger german market evalu effect open german market examin effect merger point competit assess background abovement differ citi buse interc buse tour coach object term condit competit hitherto exist germani competit assess base initi sector germani relev product market adjac competit interact overlap refer market account carri competit analysi bu market competit strength bu manufactur assess accur posit produc total market simultan account european bu market total number buse sold eea approxim germani franc unit kingdom itali spain countri line european market volum buse constant past year largest segment citi buse tour coach interc buse mention interc buse larger share member state germani account number buse sold germani declin mention approxim buse term volum market growth year contrast previou year show albeit slight declin partli due atyp larg increas demand germani year east german bu oper renew bu fleet wake german unif longer term expect demand stabil show signific growth view confirm bu manufactur consult commiss market growth bu sector reflect term volum buse complex capit good technic point view term equip undergo constant develop market displai inconsider dynam volum remain constant increas safeti environment requir plai role connect import competit term qualiti greater industri character overcapac capac figur difficult estim commiss inform overcapac amount individu instanc product flexibl hous product limit larg proport standard compon sourc capac construct superstructur equip instal depend primarili number employe final market transpar term volum registr figur publicli addit high degre price transpar buse type equip relationship custom countri integr independ produc van hool neoplan kässbohrer bova build complet buse purchas compon notabl engin integr produc integr produc merced benz volvo renault iveco fiat man daf time truck produc make rate kei compon hous final sector character presenc smaller produc act bodi builder reli integr produc mechan part chassi engin gearbox bodi builder consid competitor integr produc depend princip compon buse driven brand chassi supplier merger merced benz kässbohrer step gener restructur take place european bu industri big truck bu manufactur take smaller supplier oper integr manufactur bodi builder volvo acquir drögmöller germani steyr austria aabenraa denmark scania bought danish bu manufactur dab silkeborg earli renault french manufactur heuliez volvo scania consider increas abil offer complet buse singl sourc restructur process contribut ration european bu industri eea germani term sale volum largest market total buse sold germani market quantit term price level supplier confirm attract market undertak volvo renault confirm commiss strateg interest increas presenc german market basi combin market share merced benz kässbohrer european econom area eea share market buse weight tonn volvo largest supplier gain compar previou year merced benz kässbohrer lost renault man group neoplan iveco scania result merger merced benz kässbohrer strengthen posit germani eea countri main impact merger germani kässbohrer achiev turnov franc austria germani narrow suppli side structur number major domest produc larger countri franc unit kingdom itali ii competit structur german bu market germani market shape presenc integr integr produc market character strong competit german supplier evidenc mark fluctuat market share past year total bu market germani market share merced benz level increas decreas merced benz achiev increas kässbohrer increas declin market share man high increas declin neoplan steadi increas similar market share segment market share merced benz citi buse declin interc buse tour coach increas detail graph show market share annex ia id germani high price market high demand custom qualiti compon equip price level result competit control price perform ratio commiss investig show supplier germani signific price lee german supplier rais price consider context surg demand due german unif accept price decreas year tour coach segment merced benz kässbohrer lead supplier achiev price cover cost manufactur face price consciou buyer bu market segment privat bu oper price sensit buyer consist rate high level scale supplier survei commiss man ernst auwärter ikaru bova likewis figur daf commiss investig purchas behaviour year show custom prepar switch supplier recit price conscious demand side reflect increas product cheap multipurpos bu type kei competit paramet price qualiti flexibl take account custom wish provis good advic custom reliabl servic strength area integr produc kässbohrer neoplan hitherto competit time high demand german custom overcapac industri increas cost led worsen profit situat bu industri germani integr manufactur strong resourc surviv situat easili integr supplier kässbohrer problem show iii effect merger bu sector germani competit structur german market perform german bu industri contribut past fact easili surmount tangibl entri barrier low import germani basic competit hitherto ensur price perform ratio meet demand german custom reason switch foreign supplier larg extent import intang barrier brand loyalti custom supplier relationship light explain factor contribut fact germani time defin separ geograph market increas level concentr propos merger price perform ratio german supplier deterior signific extent suppos intang market entri barrier quickli lose import custom behav commerci reason manner expect switch foreign supplier signific extent price perform ratio deterior expect commerci reason behaviour justifi present case view high cost competit pressur german bu oper special import case room manoeuvr merced benz kässbohrer restrict potenti competit foreign supplier constraint impos actual competit german supplier explain potenti competit combin exist actual competit suffici guarante effect competit german market merger tangibl entri barrier easili overcom intang barrier expect lose import market characterist demand structur market share cite calcul unit count basi deriv offici registr figur parti calcul normal industri market share basi difficult calcul reliabl data commiss show market share estim base market extent lead slightli higher figur merced benz man parti demand citi buse eea amount buse year germani biggest market eea vehicl merced benz kässbohrer account citi buse sold eea kässbohrer sell citi buse germani franc market share kässbohrer eea approxim german market citi buse demand side character estim larg larg municip bu compani addit larg number privat bu oper concess present market case interc buse market volum eea year buse germani biggest singl market moment interc buse regist germani parti approxim interc buse sold germani franc largest market volum interc buse sold buyer interc buse includ public privat compani germani region bu compani deutsch bahn ag largest oper interc bu schedul servic region bu compani averag fleet buse partli rent privat compani account estim year number interc buse bought germani import part public buyer municip local author oper schedul servic larg conurb addit signific proport privat german bu oper activ interc schedul servic transport inform provid bundesverband deutscher omnibusunternehm ev bdo privat bu oper averag buse small medium size enterpris privat german bu oper fleet buse buse market tour coach similar market interc buse number fundament differ tour coach market heterogen highli segment market wide rang product oper privat bu oper travel agenc demand structur competit effect deriv competit privat bu oper mean transport examin greater detail recit tour coach market germani dynam interc bu market market entri barrier hitherto exist import explain posit entiti case citi buse compani combin market share germani merced benz kässbohrer largest competitor germani man market share market share neoplan approxim foreign supplier account total tabl annex ii addit market share result merger signific increas merced benz qualit term import overlap citi bu activ compani appear limit kässbohrer suppli low floor buse strict sens recent evid posit foreign competitor germani strengthen renault volvo main foreign manufactur fairli small market share recent success number tender germani slight increas market share merced benz kässbohrer fact market share margin stronger man assum german citi bu market creation strengthen domin posit result merger interc bu market combin post merger market share merced benz kässbohrer eea amount figur primarili reflect high market share compani germani germani merced benz kässbohrer total market interc buse man neoplan tabl annex ii limit market share addit place import interc bu market franc itali franc kässbohrer merced benz itali kässbohrer merced benz posit merg compani merced benz kässbohrer german tour coach market strong interc bu market basi market volum buse sold germani merced benz kässbohrer merger combin market share largest competitor neoplan man market increas introduct model market share foreign manufactur amount tabl annex ii differ market share parti competitor neoplan smaller case interc buse austria merced benz kässbohrer combin market share market compris germani austria market share remain market share austria divid volvo includ steyr man neoplan result merger merced benz kässbohrer unquestion achiev high combin market share germani market interc buse tour coach account total interc buse sold germani total tour coach sold account fact assum competitor market share subject shrinkag effect shrinkag expect result multipl sourc strategi pursu german buyer parti produc figur show german bu oper make fleet survei conduct commiss approxim bu oper buse make precondit appli calcul figur relev bu oper buse make bu make amount multipl sourc strategi instanc individu bu oper buse make bu commiss investig shown great major larger bu compani buse make bu fleet pursu multipl sourc strategi appli public undertak larg fleet buse shrinkag effect anticip extent case interc buse small oper purchas buse frequent interv occas pursu deliber multipl sourc strategi oper potenti switch supplier threat current supplier order obtain price concess shrinkag effect partial counteract merced benz kässbohrer plan retent brand parti argu hear custom group overlap consider contrari commiss origin assumpt bu oper oper merced benz buse setra buse manufactur kässbohrer oper switch supplier merger avoid depend merced benz kässbohrer brand imag bu model similarli posit parti point experi shown precis situat merger produc signific shrinkag effect effect unit kingdom acquisit british leyland volvo high market share justifi assumpt domin posit rate domin posit assum structur factor detect forese futur alter condit competit justifi rel view signific market share merg compani preced commiss decis alcatel telettra decis april iv mannesmann hoesch decis novemb iv structur factor abil actual competitor constrain action entiti expect signific increas potenti competit power competitor possibl quick market entri bui power import custom present case market share merg compani relativ fact expect substanti actual potenti competit explain section propos merger merced benz kässbohrer achiev synergi effect appli research develop product administr kässbohrer futur benefit size merced benz joint purchas advantag compon standard limit merced benz kässbohrer larg extent common compon appli standard custom sensit labour intens area design equip parti point varieti type greatest case smaller manufactur van hool neoplan sale servic merg compani achiev limit synergi logist pursu brand strategi market presuppos separ sale servic lastli competitor question expect synergi effect offset exist cost disadvantag merced benz comparison competitor inform parti hear cost disadvantag substanti amount bu dm compar neoplan dm compar ikaru tour coach market merced benz achiev advantag acquisit kässbohrer kässbohrer good brand imag merced benz compar weaker posit area merced benz data merger lead extens product rang doubl decker tripl axl buse kässbohrer product flexibl recogn potenti develop bu type view varieti type equip tour coach explain import synergi effect achiev merger limit addit potenti effect merger size entiti merced benz kässbohrer consid merced benz lead european bu produc world market press produc buse worldwid volvo largest produc produc merced benz buse produc brazil chassi form buse sold exclus south america fact remain merced benz entiti worldwid sale network facilit trade hand buse fact merced benz largest truck manufactur germani eea coupl financi strength daimler benz group stand entiti good stead year merced benz financ loss make bu busi profit earn activ total amount dm billion year mention competitor simpli deduc notion oper result explain merced benz balanc sheet polici disput merced benz contest posit merced benz kässbohrer actual competit germani man neoplan actual competitor share total bu market interc bu sector man neoplan tour coach sector neoplan stronger compar man man german produc machineri commerci vehicl annual sale ecu billion ecu billion earn germani motor vehicl sale worth ecu billion ecu million buse man competitor oper integr manufactur independ engin supplier cash strong posit citi bu market launch tour coach market neoplan small famili own bu manufactur sale ecu million integr bui compon integr manufactur merced benz compani flexibl produc low cost compar kässbohrer neoplan low firm product ratio lower employ cost merced benz kässbohrer strength advantag compet major manufactur tour coach market market competitor bu tailor made true interc bu market neoplan import competitor man man neoplan expect profit fact purchas interc buse tour coach fleet buse oper vehicl made supplier compani expect benefit reduc market share merced benz kässbohrer foreign competitor enter german market tour coach segment true bova dutch bu produc past year sell buse annual product germani export success achiev salesmen small firm bova set preced cross border market entri drögmöller small german produc tour coach top end market recent acquir volvo austrian produc steyr volvo enter german market supplier complet buse past suppli chassi germani austria man neoplan volvo enter market acquir domest manufactur steyr steyr concentr schedul servic bu market volvo begun offer steyr interc buse sale german market vertic relationship commiss investig reveal vast major german bu oper prefer german engin merced benz man engin kässbohrer neoplan integr produc obtain engin merced benz kässbohrer obtain engin merced benz total sale buse eea attempt kässbohrer sell buse scania engin success compani neoplan merced benz engin requir remaind met man khd deutz compani experienc difficulti occas past engin citi buse suppli engin merced benz technic standpoint evid foreign engin inferior born success foreign truck supplier volvo scania germani prefer engin german origin base individu attitud factor trust experi strong privat custom coach oper respons survei carri commiss oper gave german engin averag mark scale integr foreign bu manufactur free merced benz man khd deutz engin vehicl suppli privat public oper bova show foreign manufactur succe german engin product bova equip buse german market daf engin buse french market merced benz engin integr foreign bu manufactur volvo renault iveco posit offer custom complet bu price attract price consciou bu oper recit seq competitor volvo qualiti engin high merced benz engin good reason point vehicl servic network place dispos oper purchas buse success compani renault volvo tender contract public transport undertak show foreign engin accept public oper proceed merced benz state write prepar suppli european bu manufactur produc engin integr manufactur part engin manufactur group merced benz engin buse sold eea condit suppli compar suppli bu market discriminatori price discount deliveri period warranti mainten text statement annex potenti competit potenti competit foreign bu supplier german market decis import suffici competit control freedom manoeuvr merced benz merger potenti competit embrac expect increas current import german market strengthen market posit foreign supplier present german market import supplier enter market potenti competit foreign supplier restrict freedom manoeuvr entiti foreign supplier increasingli make compet offer bu buyer individu case import potenti competit determin number actual import extent foreign supplier activ canvass buyer germani recit seq detail term market size germani import bu market western europ commiss establish major foreign competitor strateg interest enter market small number import german market past due abovement intang barrier market entri fact foreign supplier product properli tailor german market low floor buse develop germani repres clear technic advanc part german bu manufactur interc bu tour coach market supplier volvo primarili chassi manufactur experienc difficulti unlik scandinavia spain german market insist main suppli complet buse problem foreign supplier lack product rang suit german market larg overcom bdo repres privat bu oper vdv repres public transport undertak confirm foreign buse nowadai competit german market vdv hold true shortli low floor buse share german bu market account import increas steadili result market share small born mind present level reach space year number fundament factor justifi expect initi success achiev competit foreign supplier german market increas consider year ahead addit abovement import german market major factor citi interc bu market public procur direct transpos german law led chang condit competit cost pressur public transport undertak stem stretch state local author financ reduct subsidi public suburban transport tour coach market essenti factor competit pressur privat bu compani lead lower fare chang purchas behaviour import attach custom supplier relationship brand loyalti ask react price increas tradit supplier bu oper survei commiss repli chang supplier limit market research term repli expressli underlin hear vdv bdo factor point segment german bu market gradual open foreign competit forese futur aa barrier market entri custom supplier relationship custom supplier relationship tend long term person natur build relationship greatest barrier entri german bu market potenti supplier overcom barrier invest time monei canvass custom bu supplier bu busi relationship busi unlik consum good sphere purchas tend show price sensit procter amp gambl vp schickendanz ii commiss decis june iv nestlé perrier decis juli iv purchas industri capit good base purchas decis cost benefit analysi instanc industri purchas base purchas decis sole price ration factor case buse capit good repres major cost factor bu oper oper cost includ depreci exclud driver relat employ cost account rule oper total oper cost privat interc bu oper compet bu oper rout privat public interc bu oper past price sensit pure tour coach oper germani schedul bu servic subsid govern factor import futur end grant local author transport financ law reduc public bu oper work cost pressur budgetari contraint press report cost emploi driver public sector north rhine westphalia higher privat sector public oper anxiou privat part undertak flag individu rout decreas passeng figur compar railwai airlin privat motor car lead worsen econom posit bu industri number coach trip fell bear develop bdo growth tourism sector germani basic pass bu bdo state hear interest parti led bu industri fall price segment coach tour market overcapac caus increas price competit bu oper mean make save equip sphere sign oper equip requir stringent foreign buse simpler adequ equip enjoi improv market prospect oper survei purchas price procur criterion market access low price strategi enjoi limit success price plai promin role futur favour compani neoplan suppli cheaper buse kässbohrer smaller flexibl manufactur belgium netherland bova den oudsten van hool commiss enquiri reveal foreign buse bought increas number account lower purchas price brand loyalti market tendenc similar impact brand loyalti shown bu oper consider brand loyalti part privat small medium size bu oper extent part public transport undertak born mind context state fleet size buse bu oper brand fleet doubt fleet size buse bu oper follow clear strategi multipl sourc advantag depend supplier fleet size consid import custom advantag homogen fleet respect servic spare part state recit region bu compani deutsch bahn ag averag fleet size buse bu compani municip partli organ transport associ achiev compar size privat area fleet buse plai signific role privat bu oper belong categori compani total privat bu fleet exist multipl sourc strategi consider part demand relativ import brand loyalti market entri barrier true merced benz kässbohrer merger state recit custom previous separ compani follow multipl sourc strategi signific extent chang supplier strong prefer nation brand commiss state renault volvo decis loc cit recit year ago begin weaken notic commiss survei purchas behaviour attitud foreign buse germani bdo point purchas behaviour privat bu oper base person relationship busi consider price economi oper tendenc expect mark result increas competit oper brand loyalti weaker fleet polici privat bu oper increasingli determin short servic live regular adapt fleet account equip level demand market sale servic network function distribut servic network vital bu manufactur german manufactur merced benz kässbohrer man dens network case merced benz servic buse take place workshop truck commerci vehicl case kässbohrer servic repair carri contract garag kässbohrer sale point sale repres man servic workshop contract garag integr bu manufactur wish enter market bear cost network initi period fulli util network vehicl manufactur commiss establish distribut servic cost insurmount barrier entri foreign bu supplier foreign manufactur estim cost set servic centr dm dm basi centr supplier estim need cover german market total cost approxim dm million supplier maintain workshop work contract garag incur special cost method provid bova handl distribut germani sale repres servic contract garag daf garag truck bova state spare part deliv germani hour part bova german distribut oper run partnership den oudsten integr manufactur volvo scania renault iveco posit buse servic centr primarili intend truck parti volvo centr renault iveco appli buse truck common mechan compon subject wear tear engin buse specif servic requir separ invest equip servic point staff train expenditur involv gener regard small capabl manufactur refer custom integr manufactur van hool turn servic point integr manufactur mechan compon wuppert show bu manufactur case ikaru design larg consum case wuppertal stadtwerk contract garag bulk custom workshop carri routin mainten small repair true bu oper fleet buse proceed merced benz declar prepared put end exclus claus kässbohrer sale repres contract garag carri distribut servic foreign bu manufactur german subsidiari statement reproduc full annex switch cost make bu oper bu compani spend amount monei train tool stock spare part purchas buse seek number make run low hand manufactur prepar bear part cost switch order attract custom make custom supplier bear part addit cost cost signific comparison total cost bu deter small oper fleet size buse upward run make time refer model calcul german consult firm dekra merced benz estim cost switch averag dm base purchas tour coach cost dm million total life cycl cost averag tour coach bui back price condit purchas bui bu trade price expect competitor bu oper state trade price higher origin supplier bui back bu mean bu oper secur price bu trade bu compet make larg market hand buse bu oper prefer sell buse seek term purchas lastli public bu compani run vehicl longer privat oper high hand price merced benz kässbohrer vehicl constitut barrier entri german market foreign supplier offer lower price accept merced benz bu part payment bu make smaller gain effect offset sell bu hand market technic specif standard gener recommend citi interc buse issu associ german transport compani verband deutscher verkehrsunternehmen vd recommend intend serv guid vdv member smaller oper tender procedur public procur direct recommend larg oper deutsch bahn ag produc measur standard german citi interc bu market recommend discrimin foreign manufactur compar german includ foreign manufactur adjust standard model bb public procur past purchas polici german public bu oper govern procur code vol verdingungsordnung für leistungen ausgenommen bauleistungen requir includ german supplier tender procedur commun direct procur procedur util council direct eec transpos german law effect march reach size contract award public bu oper privat concessionair put tender commun recit bring bulk citi interc bu purchas scope commun wide tender requir major step open german market segment public procur direct fulli transpos german law public purchas clearer foreign supplier substanti improv chanc comprehens statist commiss establish evid util direct impact year implement germani consider increas number commun wide tender buse germani compar previou year gt tabl gt commiss figur particip foreign supplier german tender procedur place european wide tender gt tabl gt figur show particip foreign suppli public sector competit increas substanti proport case tender submit led award contract consider commiss complet data show buse contract involv exampl cite vdv clear foreign supplier secur substanti contract renault buse dresden saarbrücken ikaru buse wuppert van hool buse duisburg den oudsten buse frankfurt gener point made competit pressur exert domest supplier award contract foreign supplier mere exist tender parti claim time foreign tender submit case public procur basi figur set estim unrealist figur set permit conclus year applic util direct consider impact suppos presenc foreign supplier observ todai gradual grow futur german market larg foreign product suit german market factor stronger pressur cost oper provid schedul servic local author tight financi situat grant purchas buse fallen result reform financ local author transport schedul servic oper futur consciou price offer foreign supplier offer kind put pressur domest supplier hear vdv repres cite rapid transit system award contract foreign supplier public transport oper exert power downward pressur price case rapid transit system unlik buse long time foreign product fulli suit german market vdv strongli opinion similar develop expect case buse futur fulli competit product foreign supplier conclus reason accept addit share parti interc bu tour coach segment high share total bu market transact lead creation domin posit merg undertak freedom manoeuvr limit competit exist main competitor domest manufactur increas present market share expens merced benz combin share inevit undergo shrinkag freedom manoeuvr restrict potenti competit offer foreign supplier futur expand fairli limit posit provid suffici measur competit control gradual expans competit render level competit privat travel pressur cost schedul servic german bu oper choic foreign competit curb german market past suffici foreign product meet requir german market expect intang barrier entri exist past aros close custom supplier relat brand loyalti lose signific rapidli tangibl barrier entri difficulti establish extend sale servic network overcom entrant prepar make invest size german market pose major problem foreign supplier make entri german market strateg object fact safe assumpt basi commiss inquiri gradual growth competit foreign supplier expect facilit citi interc bu transport direct procur procedur util consider impact germani year applic conclud german market open commun wide competit futur level competit exist offer suffici guarante merger merced benz posit act independ competitor custom substanti extent oligopolist domin assum suppli structur germani merger lead creation strengthen oligopoli lead supplier merced benz kässbohrer man citi bu market supplier neoplan interc bu tour coach market commiss take view present suffici evid warrant assumpt merced benz man combin market share citi buse question duopolist suppli structur left open merger kässbohrer lead increment merced benz insignific effect structur market constitut creation strengthen duopoli point kässbohrer produc citi bu volum market low floor need make competit hitherto intens competit german market interc buse tour coach reason suspect oligopolist domin present merger lead strongli increas degre concentr market interc buse produc merced benz kässbohrer man neoplan tour coach indic increas degre concentr result oligopolist situat market posit competitor resourc interest product heterogen expect man neoplan intensifi competit effort hope secur custom tempt merger hold econom link neoplan merced benz explain econom import engin finish bu limit altern open neoplan bui engin supplier potenti competit foreign supplier integr integr suffici reduc freedom manoeuvr group lead supplier assess commiss inquiri lead conclus merger give merced benz kässbohrer freedom manoeuvr escap adequ competit control merger lead joint domin relev bu market lead german supplier market citi buse merger strengthen posit merced benz kässbohrer insignific extent market interc buse tour coach merced benz kässbohrer larg market share market share event remain level exist competit german supplier potenti competit foreign supplier ensur merced benz kässbohrer posit act independ competitor custom substanti extent reason expect merger creat strengthen domin posit germani austria conclus accept propos transact creat strengthen domin posit result effect competit significantli imped substanti part common market pursuant articl merger regul articl eea agreement transact declar compat common market adopt decis articl notifi concentr merced benz ag karl kässbohrer fahrzeugwerk gmbh declar compat common market oper eea agreement articl decis address merced benz ag stuttgart brussel februari commiss karel van miert member commiss oj corrigendum oj renault volvo iv decis novemb point renault heuliez iv decis june point publish version decis inform hereinaft omit pursuant provis articl regul eec disclosur busi secret oj point oj point recent agreement conclud futur suppli detail busi secret oj oj price meant sens price perform ratio purchas price cost spare part economi depreci import factor case capit good buse germani public privat bu oper elig local author transport financ law grant worth purchas price provid bu third time schedul servic period year exact percentag differ land standard equip handrail doubl door rout indic panel met annex ia comparison market share germani januari novemb gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt year annex ib comparison market share germani citi buse gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt year annex ic comparison market share germani interc buse gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt year annex id comparison market share germani tour coach gt start graphic gt gt end graphic gt year annex ii gt tabl gt annex iii gt tabl gt annex iv gt tabl gt annex merced benz board decemb commiss european commun rue de la loi brussel belgium case iv merced benz kässbohrer dear sir event decis compat accord articl regul eec provid commiss undertak acquisit karl kässbohrer fahrzeugwerk gmbh merced benz requir send distributor servic station germani letter attach annex mean merced benz ensur foreign bu competitor includ german subsidiari establish long term contractu relat german distribut servic partner kässbohrer merced benz suppli restrict basi european bu produc engag engin product legal group compani link engin produc merced benz engin buse sold european econom area condit suppli discriminatori compar suppli intern bu oper valid price price discount deliveri time warranti mainten contractu condit bu manufactur neutral competit disadvantag encount engin bu suppli european econom aera undertak give rise unforeseen distort competit merced benz examin undertak agreement commiss faithfulli merced benz compani sign dr gottschalk sign zimmer annex letter karl kässbohrer fahrzeugwerk distributor germani distribut agreement dear sir distribut agreement entitl act compani competitor merced benz group approv regard posit conclus european commiss brussel merger control procedur case merced benz ag karl kässbohrer fahrzeugwerk gmbh inform futur entitl act group foreign bu competitor includ german subsidiari distribut basi represent dealer contract custom servic basi servic station contract chang condit govern cooper request inform step addit assum activ competitor impair organ perform effici respect product faithfulli annex letter karl kässbohrer fahrzeugwerk servic station germani servic station contract dear sir regard posit conclus european commiss brussel merger control procedur case merced benz ag karl kässbohrer fahrzeugwerk gmbh confirm object futur act foreign bu competitor includ german subsidiari occasion basi comprehens servic station servic contract chang condit govern cooper assum impair organ perform effici respect product faithfulli