commiss decis april relat proceed pursuant articl treati iv europ asia trade agreement notifi document number danish german english french text authent text eea relev ec commiss european commun regard treati establish european commun regard council regul eec decemb lai detail rule applic articl und treati maritim transport amend act access austria finland sweden articl thereof regard commiss decis april initi proceed case undertak concern opportun make view object rais commiss present comment accord articl regul eec commiss regul eec decemb commun complaint applic hear provid council regul eec lai detail rule applic articl treati maritim transport amend act access austria finland sweden consult advisori committe restrict practic domin posit field maritim transport summari decis commiss consid parti europ asia trade agreement eata infring articl treati relat agreement capac exchang inform examin applic individu exempt fact applic septemb accord articl regul eec commiss notifi request exempt articl treati europ asia trade agreement eata schedul maritim transport servic carriag containeris cargo north europ east septemb commiss inform eata parti termin agreement effect septemb ship line parti eata cgm orient sa cgm hapag lloyd ag hapag lloyd kawasaki kisen kaisha line møller maersk line maersk malaysian intern ship corpor bhd misc mitsui line mol nedlloyd lijnen bv nedlloyd neptun orient line nol nippon yusen kabushiki kaisha nyk orient oversea contain line oocl amp contain line amp ocl cho yang ship cho yang deutsch seereederei rostock gmbh dsr evergreen marin corp taiwan evergreen hanjin ship hanjin hyundai merchant marin hyundai senat lini gmbh senat yangm marin transport corp yangm summari applic publish offici journal european commun april commiss state consid prima faci agreement fell prohibit articl posit applic articl commiss inform eata parti june doubt condit articl satisfi commiss receiv complaint eata number parti includ british shipper council bsc european shipper council esc french conseil nation de usag de transport cnut japan shipper council jsc eata parti opportun comment complaint ii notifi agreement parti eata parti ship line number member eastern freight confer fefc remaind independ ship line oper trade recit hyundai parti eata march commiss inform juli east asiat compani eacben contain line left eata effect june ship line longer oper vessel trade question vessel oper maintain trade maersk cgm left north europ east trade ceas parti eata ii summari agreement gener provis articl eata provid purpos agreement establish capac manag programm order achiev quot optimum capac deepsea vessel own oper control eata parti improv revenu level consist reason rate return invest servic provid maintain viabil servic futur quot recit eata quot improv revenu quot brought remedi quot consist depress freight rate quot refer recit eata purpos eata bring increas freight rate servic oper eata parti north europ east wai object achiev alloc parti quot maximum allow capac quot maximum amount capac parti allow offer market carriag good articl alloc made respect area area gener articl made parti articl agreement includ provis calcul revis alloc quot maximum allow capac quot parti calcul eastbound slot vessel declar parti articl practis calcul total absenc eata reduc percentag maximum divid period account month parti exceed maximum allow capac period account potenti liabl pai quot capac charg quot calcul refer number teu exceed alloc period question articl unus portion maximum allow capac period account carri forward transfer articl administr provis agreement administ gener polici committe market review committe secretariat articl gener polici committe made repres parti determin size alloc maximum allow capac basi recommend made market review committe articl decid amount capac charg impos reason line carri maximum allow capac measur give effect object agreement exchang inform market condit size penalti payment failur provid inform articl market review committe made repres parti articl function market condit report gener polici committe suppli secretariat declar made parti fleet capac monthli lift cargo load articl agreement provid parti suppli secretariat data report document ensur complianc agreement articl practic eata parti provid declar individu capac vessel biannual advanc parti suppli eata secretariat month detail vessel ii date suez canal entri iii maximum declar capac teu iv total actual fill slot teu scope cargo teu lift vi percentag utilis vii forecast capac vessel month viii estim monthli total month secretariat suppli detail previou month actual lift forecast month lift eata parti particip exchang inform form incept number eata parti continu exchang inform juli cgm ceas provid relev inform effect octob secretariat task monitor complianc agreement articl agreement director gener staff fefc serv secretari secretariat eata durat agreement parti eata unanim agre articl agreement appli schedul intern maritim transport servic containeris good northern europ asia suez canal purpos notifi agreement descript quot asia quot exclud pakistan sri lanka india bangladesh purpos peopl republ china articl westbound trade directli concern notifi arrang eata parti acknowledg effect capac freight rate experienc direct result reorganis eastbound servic reduc frequenc size number call vessel articl agreement state agreement prevent limit preclud right parti set rate independ provis consid light comment market structur recit parti withdraw agreement give dai notic articl notwithstand withdraw parti remain bound observ maximum allow capac period month ceas oper maintain vessel ocean common carrier articl failur compli oblig observ maximum allow capac potenti result forfeitur financi guarante financi penalti articl parti requir receiv unanim approv exist parti articl payment respect earli withdraw exceed maximum allow capac failur provid inform paid fund distribut equal parti end year articl administr expens incur connect eata paid parti agreement equal share articl eata indefinit durat termin parti structur problem parti consid exist northern europ east trade resolv last basi iii implement agreement novemb parti agre limit amount capac offer suppli period januari march calcul basi slide scale smaller line term smaller capac rout question reduc amount offer market smaller proport bigger line reduct set initi level capac offer eastbound parti eata march parti agre limit amount capac parti eata offer suppli northern europ east eastbound trade increas percentag reduct period april june calcul refer slide scale eata parti claim amount aggreg maximum reduct aggreg reduct slide scale maintain quarter maximum aggreg reduct reduc octob fourth quarter basi slide scale octob reduc full detail reduct slide scale annex ii reduct impos octob date abandon agreement quarter eata parti carri cargo permit maximum alloc iv capac utilis agreement liner ship quot capac manag programm quot agreement parti agre proport space vessel carriag good trade proport set part forecast excess suppli demand parti agre space cargo fall geograph scope agreement quot scope cargo quot cargo origin tranship vessel programm quot scope cargo quot decis express quot utilis quot describ agreement space scope cargo exampl capac manag programm tran atlant agreement taa tran pacif stabilis agreement eata agreement oper main world trade lane case made confer member trade import confer carrier parti tran pacif stabilis agreement oper capac utilis programm indefinit supend period parti oper capac trade asia unit state extent capac agre set vari drewri equival artifici withdraw eqival annual capac panamax contain vessel teu parti tran pacif stabilis agreement appli feder maritim commiss restor capac utilis programm feder maritim commiss launch detail investig approv forthcom march applic withdrawn parti tran atlant agreement implement capac utilis agreement august septemb agreement space scope cargo practic westbound capac withdrawn sale octob commiss adopt decis ec prohibit tran atlant agreement europ east trade member fefc market share agreement set maximum share trade member confer consortium oper confer carri agreement capac eata parti share fefc north europ east trade fallen approxim market share agreement termin princip reason quot parti longer suffici critic mass ne fe trade regul reserv capac contribut stabilis trade quot drewri estim effect eata full year meant utilis teu capac equival teu vessel basi dai round voyag time vessel expect undertak round voyag annum drewri estim fix cost round trip teu vessel europ east trade equival usd million tabl total fix cost month period involv oper capac eata parti agre region usd million tabl estim annual fix cost gt tabl gt relev product market relev product market purpos eata schedul maritim transport servic transport containeris cargo north europ east includ hand port belgium denmark finland northern franc germani iceland ireland netherland norwai sweden unit kingdom hand port hong kong japan north korea south korea malaysia philippin singapor taiwan parti number substitut wai transport good northern europ east provid specialis vessel carri larg volum homogen product move gener cargo sector ii provid ship bulk specialis sector carri number contain iii air air sea combin good requir faster shipment iv fourth substitut possibl transport good tran siberian railwai possibl offer carrier oper westbound north europ serv east rail land bridg unit state transship west coast port pacif servic europ east coast west coast east vi final parti servic mediterranean black sea repres signific sourc competit oper north europ east trade reason set consid form part market market schedul maritim transport servic transport containeris cargo north europ east tetra pak case court justic european commun state stabil demand product relev criterion defin relev market fact product margin extent interchang preclud conclus product belong separ product market commiss take view vast major categori good user containeris liner ship form maritim transport includ convent break bulk liner transport offer reason altern containeris transport servic rout fall relev geograph market case servic constitut market effect margin competit mean transport categori good limit situat aris liner ship compani identifi shipper good differenti price structur liner ship offer lower price shipper necessarili affect price gener schedul servic firstli schedul maritim transport liner servic constitut separ market tramp servic natur relationship shipper hand ship line depend provid liner servic tramp servic liner servic provid basi oper quot common carrier quot transport servic provid offer carri good brought carriag hand tramp servic suppli basi ad hoc individu negoti contract charter viabl containeris good provid shipper suffici larg cargo combin shipper trip charter bulk specialis servic rule give frequenc regular depend servic requir shipper provid door door servic requir ii bulk servic clear bulk commod containeris advent containeris late good travel bulk descript present case order determin competit condit relev market effect substitut carriag contain carriag bulk last substitut contain bulk vast major case cargo containeris time degre containeris maritim market involv member state high matur market northern europ northern europ east market process chang containeris complet containeris cargo left capabl containeris type cargo regularli containeris transport containeris cargo reason shipper accustom ship smaller frequent quantiti accustom fact cargo load contain easier ship onward port deliveri ultim consigne multimod transport degre containeris increas shipper containeris cargo turn containeris servic shipper accustom ship contain revert containeris ship exampl substitut uncommon drewri make cautiou estim containeris share world gener cargo trade risen drewri forecast year percentag rise transform bulk ship containeris reflect chang natur good ship essenti raw materi manufactur commod inher characterist containeris liner ship characterist includ smaller frequent shipment typic case contain ship lead reduc inventori cost containeris good suffer damag pilferag containeris good easier ship multimod reason commod made transform bulk contain possibl rout rout basi differ natur servic provid transform period shipper highli revert bulk ship context import commod travel mean essenti question determin demand substitut choic mode made basi characterist mode fact steel product travel bulk contain show mode substitut account divers natur steel product deliveri requir custom true product parti claim substitut bulk contain extent reefer contain refriger contain substitut bulk reefer servic reason bulk reefer servic substitut reefer contain servic advantag offer liner contain servic smaller volum speed transfer mode transport wider varieti product travel reefer contain travel bulk reefer cargo product includ fur leather pharmaceut electron good steadi temperatur abil control ripen soft fruit basi except circumst substitut occur break bulk contain transport demonstr last substitut contain bulk vast major case suppli side parti argu break neo break carrier readili convert vessel enter relev market reason regard potenti competitor principl vessel carri contain effect potenti competit oper fulli containeris vessel materi condit fulfil shown supplier servic econom compet parti term custom regard carriag fulli containeris vessel function interchang carriag fulli containeris vessel cumul test fulfil essenti note characterist perform fulli containeris vessel significantli fulli containeris vessel quot crystal clear implicit terminolog cellular containership capac effici product cellular space carri unitis containeris cargo greater signific suppli demand balanc concern slot cellular vessel provid contain carri capac year slot cellular vessel cellular ship spend time port possess higher sea speed oper regular line schedul ro ro achiev product cellular vessel semi containership con bulker consider effici ground speed cargo handl time port estim rel product ratio cellular cellular capac quot perform characterist milit suppli side convers number technic characterist addit expenditur requir carri contain vessel specif built contain vessel cost sens chain fit purchas dynamar bv ship consult cost ecu slot variabl sens cost labour higher stow contain contain vessel contain vessel account addit port cost involv carri contain vessel due slower tow time consequenti longer period spent port reason potenti capac fulli containeris vessel parti assert fact oper vessel possess fleet contain oper fulli containeris vessel typic parti contain vessel slot oper oper breakbulk servic contain signific import quot global box inventori seldom year morebeen suffici permit nomin containership capac cellular fleet quot situat compound fact oper fulli containeris vessel gener possess landsid facilitit oper full containeris vessel custom concern commiss accept vast major custom parti regard carriag bulk neo bulk vessel substitut carriag fulli containeris vessel differ custom concernd absenc schedul weekli sail fact case fulli containeris vessel port termin berth fulli containeris vessel consequenti ineffici multimod transport oper iii air transport servic air transport servic combin sea air transport servic good requir faster transport time high permit higher transport cost incur shipper concern reduc transport cost minimum incur addit expens air transport servic good deliv faster carri sea good suffici high bear higher transport cost case correct sea transport servic substitut air transport servic note vast major good carri eastbound northern europ east scope eata consid eata parti low iv land transport servic parti point notif tran siberian railwai effici substitut form transport present period econom polit instabl commonwealth independ state understood volum carri tran siberian railwai decreas consider collaps soviet union event understood singl teu vessel carri equival train load approxim km length tran pacif servic parti furnish evid transship port rail land bridg account materi quantiti good carri north europ east vi mediterranean black sea servic parti argu servic mediterranean black sea repres signific sourc competit oper north europ east trade parti fail give singl cargo switch applic exempt repli statement object drewri consid quot turn mediterranean europ east ship save week averag week round voyag time increas vessel product forese futur infrastructur limit southern port eurpean rail system quot vi market structur eata relev market share parti agreement relev time recit structur market signific eata parti member fefc parti eata hyundai parti east trade tariff charg surcharg agreement fettcsa membership eata parti agreement set tabl tabl market structur gt tabl gt eastern freight confer fefc fefc associ ship line oper liner ship servic rout europ east fefc offer ship servic enter contract shipper custom regul number condit includ tariff basi member line offer servic fefc member line central bodi publish decis commun relev organis includ shipper council order term block exempt liner confer member fefc oblig articl regul eec oper uniform common freight rate recit member fefc market share traffic northern europ east word relev market principl move northern europ east uniform common rate decid ship line constitut major membership eata ii east trade tariff charg surcharg agreement fettsca fettcsa agreement date march major ship line europ east trade hyundai includ member fefc confer line oper trade eata secretari fettcsa emerg result discuss ship line forerunn eata european stabilis agreement esa fettcsa envisag discuss parti purpos calcul set charg surcharg sea freight inland freight mean establish applic uniform rule structur condit govern applic transport tariff ii establish applic inclus rate condit organis execut success supplementari maritim transport oper fettcsa provid parti exchang view inform matter scope agreement administr agreement data european shipper council esc conseil nation de usag de transport cnut accept fettcsa secretariat charg addit ocean freight surcharg amount total transport cost shipper actual freight rate japan shipper council jsc comment charg surcharg higher expens constitut part line revenu agreement competitor discuss manner price set element includ price effect freedom set price amount attempt fix price level method calcul price parti fettcsa termin agreement adopt statement object commiss iii combin effect fefc fettcsa eata express purpos eata parti increas freight rate recit decis member fefc parti eata system price fix practis fefc fact import member fefc parti eata ensur member fefc oper geograph scope eata benefit rate increas parti eata combin fefc agreement fefc independ ship compani eata fettsca signific effect price competit member fefc charg common uniform rate compet price confer ship line eata fettcsa caus price rais coordin manner direct effect eata ou freight rate eata parti possibl freight rate independ parti eata increas result oper agreement possibl amount normal legitim commerci behaviour part eata ship line aris fact independ line account fefc tariff set price fefc tariff rais result oper eata eata fettcsa contain provis appoint director gener staff fefc secretari secretariat respect agreement ident materi respect role administ agreement reinforc strong link increas exchang inform confer member confer member vii market share eata estim suppli commiss applic exempt relat period eata effect eata parti market share eastbound liner traffic north europ east leav market nomin unaffect agreement figur includ allow traffic carri tran siberian railwi reason recit commiss tran siberian railwai form part market unimport quantiti approxim carri manner consid adjust figur appli eata exclud tran siberian railwai tabl volum market share containeris cargo liner vessel eastbound northern europ east gt tabl gt eata parti estim compar figur eata parti market share tabl viii freight rate eata confer agreement recit direct mechan agre implement freight rate increas freight rate increas announc eastbound manag agreement ema oper arm fefc set fefc rate eastbound servic implement eata usd teu feu april usd teu feu juli novemb reduct amount capac suppli market reduc announc ema increas rate usd teu feu effect januari drewri averag eastbound freight rate europ east trade increas shown tabl tabl europ east averag freight rate gt tabl gt june member line asia westbound rate agreement awra oper arm fefc cover westbound trade europ west mediterranean announc agre appli quot rate restor quot usd teu feu effect juli rate restor context understood agreement reduc level discount board increas confer tariff rate gener rate increas gri attempt rais actual price publish rate eata secretari eata parti discuss meet pari march propos extend eata give parti author discuss rate propos lead decis member consid merit pursu matter ix capac utilis capac utilis north europ east eastbound trade affect fact deadweightlimit reduc ship carri capac capac utilis repres practic purpos full vessel affect fact season variat demand consider greater fourth quarter calendar year quater factor volum revenu lower eastbound trade westbound trade degre capac utilis freight rate direct fact demand significantli higher end calendar year mean degre utilis capac inevit earli part year line suffici capac meet demand year tendenc lower revenu eastbound trade reinforc fact good ship eastbound north europ east lower good carri direct gener sensit transport cost factor explain appar low eastbound revenu line oper quot similar capac quot vessel word line seek ensur vessel string vessel similar size consequ capac string vessel govern regular speed servic desir line fact vessel size determin highest level demand anticip vessel string capac put place meet demand novemb place januari demand slacken factor affect capac utilis eastbound north europ east trade signific amount reposit contain take place reposit empti contain part word region result imbal trade flow full contain carri westbound japan eastbound japan result excess carri back empti figur suppli commiss eata parti contain carri eastbound eata parti includ scope cargo empti figur commiss understand relev time westbound capac exceed eastbound capac consider degre brought result reorganis servic meet imbal eastbound westbound demand achiev offer eastbound round world servic smaller fewer vessel westbound round world servic tabl set capac utilis figur averag eata parti year period tabl eata parti capac utilis gt tabl gt cumul figur period januari august show eastbound capac utilis exclud empti contain show period eata parti averag utilis level scope cargo account figur increas capac utilis august exclud empti contain econom advis eata parti written quot gener observ convers ship oper induc author round voyag break load factor vari quot increas eastbound westbound capac year preced implement eata close match theincreas demand tabl take basi amount capac offer volum cargo carri eata parti eastbound westbound order make comparison subsequ year base figur convert tabl increas capac measur increas demand gt tabl gt tabl demonst year capac eastbound increas rate demand capac westbound grown similar rate growth demand deduc tabl argument eata parti eastbound capac grown excess eastbound demand substanti commiss understand demand eastbound leg advanc expect fourth quarter result capac utilis programm eata quot temporarili quot suspend recit reintroduc assert eata parti structur natur alleg overcapac eastbound northern europ east servic recit unsubstanti event relev assert consid recit assert overcapac time structur natur contradict argument put forward parti applic individu exempt show overcapac structur natur parti demonstr lifetim effici eata parti argu precis opposit quot allow present degre overcapac capac grow substanti year period quot quot take year view maritim transport industri meet substanti demand addit capac level replac high build price quot light comment commiss reason doubt consid parti assert exist structur problem overcapac northern europ east trade demonstr found final drewri suppli demand balanc north europ east trade look period tabl north europ east suppli demand balanc gt tabl gt figur demand tabl exclud militari traffic relai transship cargo move main trade port empti contain underestim actual vessel utilis figur capac calcul deduct eata cap slot reduct due deadweight limit tabl demonstr continu eastbound westbound growth demand demonstr illustr tabl period eata oper increas suppli easili outstrip demand problem overcapac deduc caus introduct capac exist overcapac time implement eata tabl north europ east suppli demand balanc eastbound million teu gt pic file quot en ep quot gt sourc eata conclus drawn obviou reason capac freez appli eastbound servic export northern europ reason capac freez tabl confirm conclus tabl capac utilis gt tabl gt tabl respond argument eata parti empti contain includ figur demand ground produc revenu merit argument indisput fact empti contain reduc amount space vessel full contain tabl calcul amount capac subtract total capac number empti contain carri notion stabil liner ship confer bring stabil trade affect fix uniform tariff serv refer point market price set remain unchang longer period time set individu line reduct price fluctuat expect competit market benefit shipper reduc uncertainli futur trade condit rate stabil envisag regul eec consequenti effect assur shipper reliabl servic liner servic natur regular sens evenli spread timet reliabl servic reason qualiti shipper good harm price irrespect dai line chosen carri cargo reliabl suppli transport servic mainten time schedul servic provid shipper guarante servic suit reason custom member liner ship confer consid obtain fair share benefit aris restrict competit brought liner ship confer provid remain subject effect competit agreement member liner ship confer rate charg benefit group exempt eata parti reli thesi liner ship market market good servic exempt normal rule competit appli market argu quot competit equilibrium exist liner ship quot quot competit equilibrium exist attempt attain competit polici vain quot eata parti notion stabil amount assur ship line trade guarante suffici capit owner tempt invest capit main argument liner ship industri consider fix avoid cost exist reserv capac rise short run price competit level close margin cost result withdraw capac oper move vessel profit trade bankrupt theori lead shortag capac larg increas price draw innew capac oper market capac increas adequ level reserv capac reach level provis reliabl servic cycl begin potenti larg fluctuat price capac form market failur market inher unstabl order break cycl strict price disciplin prevent line offer servic level advoc thesi regard low quot destruct price competit quot view recognis regul eec grant exempt price fix activ liner confer simpl price fix suffici addit measur capac utilis agreement order limit volum good line allow transport elimin temptat line transport addit good price close margin cost measur give confer power rais price supra competit price draw hitherto potenti competitor market analysi instanc argument made competit case cartel member seek draw distinct quot fair quot quot destruct quot competit fact factor reli support thesi equilibrium liner ship market peculiar liner ship exist reserv capac common capit intens industri larg sunk cost margin variabl cost product low circumst incent lower price order increas turnov mean increas volum argument put forward thesi inher instabl base controversi theori pirrong sjostrom davi sought appli sea transport core theori theori contest market hypothes applic theoret model presenc fix avoid cost imposs adjust capac accord demand suicid conduct shipown set price unrealist comment surpris work economist appli heterodox theoret model accept analyst sea transport core theori theori contest market core theori mainten adequ reserv capac order provid regular reliabl servic spite demand fluctuat lead shipown forget raison être reserv capac remain unus except increas demand constant price season demand decid lower price order fill reserv capac attract addit custom commerci strategi aim maximis ship decis lower rate lead shipown enter price war lead low price level close short run margin cost transport addit contain cargo shipown quickli adapt capac demand cycl excess swing price servic qualiti begin constitut inher instabl industri question core theori theori applic clear event hypothes underli core theori applic liner ship industri concept reserv capac correspond problem indivis factor product regular transport servic point view individu ship line capac cost ship common cost cargo carri alloc individu consign includ calcul freight rate charg floor direct handl cost view capac cost alloc made complic price discrimin commod result commod pai time servic jansson schneerson point gener problem part load transport market passeng freight part load small singl contain acargo liner problem indivis aris lead conclus capac cost includ margin cost extent problem clear mean minimis neg effect profit exist understood liner ship industri definit reason price margin gener achiev principl quot yield manag quot fix air fare todai main ship line principl margin price order avoid pollut normal rate sale margin drewri report point price level margin variabl cost vicinti usd foot contain depend equip own leas rate record time analysi drewri report show absurd idea put forward propon destruct competit theori occasion rate margin shipment level approach margin variabl cost contamin rate ship line busi realis imposs make profit oper offer rate averag lower averag total cost hypothesi capac fluctuat essenti applic core theori inconsist exist larg sunk invest part ship line invest contain ship servic port termin facil sale administr structur build satisfactori custom base realis withour loss line suddenli decid withdraw rout withdraw rout take place time difficulti line expect sell asset low hand price collaps line signal sunk cost ship estim residu invest recov case invest larg line interest withdraw market price start slide potenti competitor expect vigor reaction line market event chang competit structur trade exist signific sunk cost limit risk hit run entri predict core theori thirdli core theori suggest withdraw capac result diminut servic qualiti frequenc capac price rise draw competitor market hypothesi reflect view servic capac oper line market rigidli defin flexibl adapt demand hypothesi correspond incorrect view stabil servic stabil transport mean protect exist servic requir protect competit consid destruct hypothesi correspond circumst main liner rout reason commiss accept core theori applic studi liner ship industri addit fact core theori provid satisfactori theoret framework observ specialist theori propos specif solut dr pirrong state quot form institut rectifi empti core problem includ monopoli long term contract vertic integr quot commerci strategi base differenti servic qualiti client conclus individu servic contract make resolv problem quot inher instabl quot industri commerci strategi ship line conclud core theori applic justif cartel shipown repli theori contest market order argu exist potenti competit guarante effici servic competit price threat sudden entri competitor subject line present market constraint effici applic theori liner ship disput economist addit exist signific sunk cost limit profit entri market beobserv condit applic theori contest market entri withdraw threat potenti competit suffici contest theori poteni competit exert real competit pressur high price suppli side ineffici aris attract entrant hope profit ineffici jankowski point larg number incid entri exit market unprofit result failur suggest lack contest market studi dr davi argu liner trade europ canada contest precis number entri observ investig profit movement conclus dr davi contest market question ad incid entri withdraw observ dr davi concern redeploy ship line present neighbour trade analysi redeploy order determin fact hit run entri concept mobil flexibl posit ship accept specialist shipown observ dr davi entri exit europ canada trade support idea flexibl redeploy ship real contest market quot analys entri exit made basi servic creation extinct compani movement vessel firm trade give rise exit entri servic influenc competit environ trade alter number compani involv wider market environ tabl show turnov compani suppli liner servic canadian trade problem aris compani canada rest world exit canada impli death movement canadian rout exit list tabl caus complet bankruptci compani involv remaind brought servic movement case merger abbott al similarli firm canadian trade period newli establish exist foreign corpor redeploi tonnag respons perceiv profit opportun quot tarporlei lectur professor gilman criticis idea contest idea inher instabl main world rout term quot empir evid relat loss individu case criticis idea low sunk cost basic argument question industri structur control relationship market mainstream trade consist larg market atlant pacif europ east rout avail capac entri level sunk cost relat exit depend condit rout equilibrium capac simpli instant total replac incumb market ship began move rate extent depend demand elast process quickli stop complet absenc barrier entri exit market contest extent total replac larg scale entri newbuild imposs replac ship europ east rout cost excess usd billion decis build full capac come stream year optimist view ship price escal potenti entrant obtain ship price paid incumb attempt build scale set train major disequilibrium world ship industri concentr global ownership larg containership affect possibl entri theworld fleet domin larg carrier oper mainstream rout basic count incumb trend decad concentr expect continu year entri big leagu limit pool potenti entrant small turn exit opportun limit redeploy vessel depend market condit sector target mainstream rout tonnag strong opportun redeploi vessel rout suffer effect world recess opportun limit point extent market affect common set influenc easi exit moder number vessel market condit strong difficult exit market weak rel eas exit larg scale redeploy imposs surplu capac involv lai clear analysi number implicit assumpt structur perform set relat market idea singl market small rel size industri global set market oper profit ownership structur divers provid pool potenti entrant circumst capac suffici replac incumb quickli easili found equal easili reabsorb incumb retali individu liner market mainstream sector larg rel global industri size easili envisag low level sunk cost modest incurs back current realiti incurs moder scale market eas exit result feroci competit transport capac perish commod physic mobil asset directli relat econom mobil case includ transport industri guarante low level sunk cost case output transport asset happili stai place manufactur compani singl locat diversifi strategi enabl cover rang world market switch output deploy fix capit market eas move inch quot analysi contest underst distinct mobil vessel contest market maritim compani offer multimod transport servic make shore invest area manag market asset consider mobil vessel event sunk cost reloc termin manag market function consider econom analysi liner transport complex area studi present discuss lead conclus arrang ship line rate confer capac consortia cartel restrict competit combin rate fix capac manag analys sole simplist basi core theori contest market theori ii destruct competit shipown distinguish type destruct competit type exist industri characterist includ margin cost averag cost excess unus capac presenc sunk cost type exist situat competit equilibrium core contest market theori forego discuss shown condit requir type destruct competit met inter alia presenc sunk cost absenc profit hit run entri type destruct competit professor yarrow econom advis eata parti accept requir measur applic rule competit part quot economist special competit polici includ regard outcom suffici argument exempt price agreement gener provis competit law central reason firm suffer protract account loss custom benefit firm suffer econom effici price lower averag cost circumst excess capac quot imposs distinguish situat quot destruct competit quot normal competit theori inher instabl disregard characterist run counter possibl redeploi ship main world rout professor gilman suppli adapt consider fluctuat demand order avoid prolong overcapac find balanc suppli demand dr reitz sum situat feder trade commiss report quot ocean liner market fail exhibit high market specif sunk cost oppos firm specif sunk invest kei condit destruct competit evid support proposit ship market unsustain natur monopoli vulner ineffici small scale entri empir studi industri perform suffici level sophist gener insight issu illustr approach evan heckman ship mobil asset circumst transfer profit geograph market respons fluctuat demand fmc report note carrier region market easili alter port call pattern respons chang market condit fmc report carrier shipper negoti long term contract minimis risk uncertain demand suppli condit theori core stress avoid cost sunk cost differ import case ship mobil asset long term contract ocean carrier latitud decid oper ship latitud suggest carrier oper ship rout burden excess capac make destruct competit quot achiev balanc suppli demand oper market ensur interest transport user account determin servic level maintain rate stabil cartel agreement make suppli transport servic rigid interest user efficienti servic stabil rate endang benathan walter gave conclus studi cooper liner ship industri quot pool practis ship industri gener regard anticompetit form cartel organis find consist view competit price concern flexibl quota regim revenu pool give greater stabil cartel fuller continu exploit profit opportun cartel avoid disrupt crise rigid quota system hand cartel permit case ship cartel maritim countri pool permit alloc traffic cartel expans effici low cost firm cartel promot contract ineffici inim technic progress liner trade simpl quota system quot adapt suppli servic rate demand prevent cartel agreement stabilis agreement involv freez capac imposit artifici rate disciplin stabil effici servic interest user endang circumst offer capac market reduc artifici partial freez capac lead larg rate increas maintainc artif rate level encourag elimin effici servic excess capac capac excess reason reserv order provid servic correspond user relat quot stabilis agreement quot includ freez part capac drewri report made remark quot optim utilis synonym low profit provid rate reason level cost contain structur inevit tonnag open competit trade produc demand gap ratio accept level profit gap nearer form trade organis confer stabilis agreement regul capac rate market manipul reason level demand gap ratio quot main risk restrict cartel agreement competit transport limit competit servic qualiti line present trade drawn race oper ship larger larger capac averch johnson effect problem monopoli induc wast consid scherer ross quot price fix agreement tacit oligopolist collus monopoli price stimul wast accumul excess capac main mechan offer ampl reserv capac kind price rivalri advantag travel patronis airlin flight seat moment industri buyer favour supplier meet demand unusu tight grai market cartel sale quota alloc proport capac crude oil prorat system earli invest excess capac higher quota encourag excess capac carri strengthen credibl monopolist group entri deterr fourth monopolist price cushion surviv capac secularli declin industri reason relationship monopoli power propens linear ocean ship cartel perfect monopoli control control entri invest schedul prone costli excess capac overtonnag losser open cartel serv rout quot illustr phenomenon drewri report manner histori tran atlant trade quot confer line oper dai schedul servic frequenc match lead independ leav smaller oper lower qualiti schedul half separ servic oper dai interv major advanc qualiti servic gener provid suggest increasingli difficult frequent servic secur accept market quot increas capac logic accompani declin rate continu increas rate make increas product cost suppli move point equilibrium user pai race servic qualiti rate higher cycl continu point market forc resist return commerci realiti trade abrupt adjust rate carrier leav market affect suppli capac cycl sourc instabl market problem inher instabl empti core simpli consequ disturb normal market condit result misus market power held ship line cartel solut put forward regul eec bring stabil recognisedbi regul rate stabil intend deal problem brought liner ship oper result uneconom invest decis xi complaint british shipper council bsc wrote commiss april express concern eata creat condit enabl eata parti elimin effect competit market bsc stress concern impact eata combin impact tran atlant agreement harm european export major export market unit state east bsc stress object eata maintain control price capac arrang market fulfil condit articel treati agreement interest user provid servic econom benefit consum bsc urg commiss reject eata applic exempt french conseil nation de usag de transport cnut wrote commiss april state view eata fulfil condit articl reason purpos eata achiev stabil restrict competit confer member independ eata aim bring last reduct capac utilis capac meant shipper continu meet cost capac user benefit eata face rate increas harm abil export european shipper council esc wrote commiss april express concern eata esc state view case eata condit articl satisfi stress fact parti eata member fefc major signific result rate increas put effect fefc eata parti member fefc parti vessel oper common carrier japan shipper council jsc wrote commiss express concern eata lessen competit expens shipper consum reason jsc view capac control agreement parti market share recit decis lead excess price rise jsc express concern decreas eastbound capac lead result decreas westbound capac jsc state japanes shipper subject strict loyalti contract bind confer carrier exclus unabl independ ship line restrict westbound capac affect acut legal analysi xii articl restrict competit reason set commiss consid provis eata relat capac utilis exchang inform fell scope articl treati agreement relat utilis capac recit decis exchang inform conclud parti eata respect maritim transport activ agreement undertak mean articl treati purpos eata reduc price competit parti eata artifici limit liner ship capac made shipper wish good transport north europ east eata parti acknowledg effect eata quot arrest rate declin averag freight revenu quot eata object effect prevent restrict distort competit allow limit control product mean articl allow member eata restrict substanti competit capac vi vi limit volum offer market relationship suppli price eata effect price high market share parti eata recit decis meant prevent restrict distort competit appreci restrict effect eata reinforc provis financi sanction line carri greater volum cargo allow term eata recit decis eata consid light comment made market structur recit decis eata consid take account restrict competit result fefc purpos fefc maintain increas tariff level higher result fettsca whilst forc month eata secretariat suppli eata parti market review committe made repres individu line inform maximum declar capac teu ii total actual fill slot teu monthli basi iii scope cargo teu lift iv percentag utilis forecast capac vessel month vi estim monthli total month eata parti particip exchang inform incept number eata parti continu exchang inform juli inform exchang aggreg state eata parti relat month year eata parti learn exact detail princip competitor actual lift scope scope cargo capac level capac utilis forecast scope cargo capac suppli inform ensur complianc decis capac utilis administr procedur case eata parti claim confidenti vi vi complain parti respect individu level capac capac utilis clear reason custom access inform commerci sensit natur potenti effect price inform commerci sensit vi vi custom commerci sensit vi vi competitor sensit natur inform confirm anticompetit context exchang place ii effect trade member state eata parti argu applic individu exempt quot wholli improb quot eata appreci effect trade commun countri cover relev trade insignific increas freight rate comparison deliv price countri concern good carri eata parti quot axiomat effect trade member state hand state effect trade member state purpos articl disregard present purpos quot conclud eata fell wholli scope articl case law court justic test effect trade member state met forese suffici degre probabl basi set object factor law fact agreement concert practic question influenc direct indirect actual potenti pattern trade good servic member state make find inter state trade affect present time condit effect trade deem fulfil establish intra commun trade affect potenti affect signific degre eata capabl affect trade member state emphasis relev market directli affect relat provis transport intermediari servic export good countri establish arrang share market set price includ target price alloc quota firm member state effect inter state trade agreement addit affect structur competit commun establish form privat regul run counter treati object elimin custom duti quantit restrict import export measur equival effect effect inter state trade establish agreement effect partit nation market common market eata parti make argument repli statement object annex paragraph regul eec appli inland transport servic offer eata parti concern good physic pass member state argument wrong confus legal question factual question reduct competit undertak countri affect trade member state commiss consid eata capabl appreci affect trade member state wai eata involv ship line oper member state restrict competit line respect servic offer price charg restrict capac restrict servic offer put place purpos reduc price competit elimin diminut price servic competit compani reduc significantli advantag accru effici affect turn normal pattern loss gain market share expect absenc eata restrict competit shipown oper member state influenc alter trade flow transport servic commun absenc eata normal pattern competit behaviour effici compani enjoi increas market share influenc competit port member state artifici extend diminish catchment area market share ship line oper port ship line oper effici port unabl pass custom cost save result improv made port effici effect eata normal plai competit forc chang capac port caus deflect trade point europ port northern europ port port capabl affect trade member state effect suppli maritim transport servic preced paragraph consequenti effect suppli servic ancillari suppli maritim transport servic servic includ servic freight forward port servic land transport servic stevedor servic effect servic princip brought alter flow transport servic member state commiss consid eata affect trade member state relat suppli maritim transport servic suppli servic ancillari suppli maritim transport servic limit capac offer parti eata eastbound direct intend maintain increas freight rate eata reduc restrain increas flow traffic europ east affect trade member state aros part fact product export form northern europ east sensit increas freight rate partfrom high market share eata parti reduc avail compet transport servic good export member state countri absenc eata result increas transport price sold member state member state competit posit intra commun export sell good member state affect restrict transport servic indirect effect trade good member state effect notic member state eata parti high market share held cartel agreement fix price semi finish product eau de vie export constitut raw materi product export commun affect trade finish good member state commiss consid agreement eata intend affect price transport servic export good likewis affect trade good member state line judgment court justic commerci solvent case point express articl treati requir demonstr effect trade member state quot intend defin sphere applic commun rule relat nation law interpret limit field applic prohibit industri commerci activ suppli member state quot commiss consid eata indirect effect trade good member state effect good export member state countri iii conclus relat articl agreement relat utilis capac exchang inform parti eata respect maritim transport activ agreement restrict competit mean articl treati xiii articl articl regul eec articl regul eec grant exempt prohibit articl treati member liner confer respect fix uniform common freight rate agre condit respect provis schedul maritim transport servic grant exempt limit number activ carri member liner confer addit fix price condit carriag maritim transport servic decis tran atlant agreement commiss explain regul capac mean articl regul eec understood quot capac adjust facilit organis confer member sail call order improv regular reliabl frequenc servic port serv ii capac adjust account season short term fluctuat demand quot commiss ad quot capac regul exempt articl consist temporari short term adjust amount physic capac withdraw vessel reduct frequenc servic meet season reduct demand articl exempt capac utilis agreement effect rais level price involv improv servic offer quot group exempt confer allow oper common uniform tariff engag number restrict competit includ regul carri capac offer member confer eata constitut agreement arrang framework parti eata oper uniform common rate eata liner confer mean articl regul eec block exempt contain articl regul eec applic appli liner confer defin articl ii condit grant individu exempt condit exempt fulfil respect agreement undertak decis associ undertak concert practic commiss fulli account fact fundament principl commun law laid treati member state commun act accord principl open market economi free competit favour effici alloc resourc complianc principl set articl treati notwithstand abandon eata commun interest agreement fulfil condit individu exempt reason parti eata continu argu condit exempt fulfil benefit increas legal certainti aris formal commiss decis practic question larg number addresse commiss decis past relat find infring commun competit law regul eec parti notifi agreement arrang grant exempt commiss liner ship compani benefit increas legal certainti aris formal commiss decis practic question thirdli nation court author benefit clear statement commiss posit event parti seek obtain redress nation law harm suffer result practic question final view practic commiss increas penalti impos case recidivist infring commun competit law import formal decis adopt case purpos futur enforc action court instanc rule quot overlook exempt articl treati sought incumb applic undertak prove satisfi condit laid set applic form posit condit recal ow cumul natur condit requir commiss entitl time definit adopt decis find condit satisfi quot light commiss find condit articl fulfil strictli examin condit fulfil commiss undertaken exercis interest provid greater legal clariti order address argument rais eata parti high market share automat rule possibl grant individu exempt burden demonstr condit articl satisfi import consider case eata eata parti combin market share recit year immedi preced applic exempt parti argu eata maintain structur industri trade question result acquisit consider capac mid coupl subsequ declin demand larg degre structur capac declin freight rate revers sever competit result alleg imbal suppli demand result failur contract industri medium long term world trade expand absorb current capac larg amount capac order industri contract time match current demand current price unabl expand rapidli necesssari meet anticip demand problem undercapac consequenti effect freight rate parti confer system provid benefit shipper longer provid trade price stabil eata provid trade price stabil help maintain viabl industri continu invest make smoother adjust cost profil face mid offer adequ effici schedul maritim transport servic parti argu eata directli control rate perman reduct capac reduc westbound capac affect fdw fix dai weekli rtw round world servic restrict eastbound capac simpli lead transfer market share independ ship line parti claim arrang includ price oper servic qualiti elimin competit spite fact cover substanti part trade improv product distribut promot technic econom progress condit articl eata parti argu quot healthi industri respond half activ invest programm meet anticip capac order allow acceler rate scrap order accommod technolog requir impoveris industri risk advers inclin make exist capit stock quot eata parti argu applic counter effect overcapac low rate return eata enabl continu invest capac contain technolog advanc edi electron data interchang success oper eata enabl parti order tonnag largest effici varieti repli statement object parti alter argument base stabil notion destruct price competit argu destruct price competit need prevent order parti make suffici return capit contempl make invest north europ east trade reason commiss accept parti argument stabil destruct price competit set recit invest concern true industri ship monei invest potenti increas price revenu artifici increas price fix arrang fact compani make profit necessarili lead invest kind invest attempt resolv substant problem overcapac structur temporari eata allow shipown maintain capac northern europ east trade level higher meet demand parti produc evid eata ensur long term level capac adjust meet level demand temporari freez capac encourag remov older capac real last basi princip bring increas freight rate temporarili reduc suppli capac market commiss consid approach address long term structur problem industri parti alleg exist applic exempt encourag introduct technolog restrict competit result eata stifl introduct reduc competit advantag accru situat aris fact diminut elimin price competit purpos eata prevent ship line pass cost save result technolog custom equal fact effici line benefit effici increas market share result mean effici line invest technolog final evid servic oper eata parti period eata oper impov agreement part parti capac exchang inform parti argu sole purpos agreement exchang inform enabl put effect capac utilis agreement put forward reason agreement contribut improv technic econom progress improv product distribut maritim transport servic capac utilis agreement effect infer agreement exchang inform reason commiss consid capac utilis agreement exchang inform eata parti contribut improv technic econom progress improv product distribut maritim transport servic question consum receiv fair share result benefit eata parti state quot capac manag agreement eata provid support exist structur tend upward effect rate provid adequ return capit quot parti consid increas rate result oper eata benefit shipper carrier involv make smoother adjust futur cost profil continu invest provid adequ effici schedul maritim transport servic paragraph applic individu exempt eata parti claim quot increas ocean freight rate result eata insignific comparison deliv price countri concern good carri quot repli statement object parti focus stabil argu benefit shipper deriv stabil suffici condit articl fulfil discuss recit purpos capac manag programm alter alleg imbal suppli demand eastbound leg trade question eata parti increas collect individu freight rate benefit shipown shipper short term purpos eata rais price freight rate demonstr increas announc effect april juli januari recit increas directli contrari interest shipper oblig reflect sell price marg benefit advantag term frequenc regular reliabl servic eata prevent part exist capac cargo fall geograph scope eata elimin action reduc transport cost made client carri burden unutilis capac proport fix oper cost capit labour energi insur variabl cost high true capit cost eata parti signific element cost capac manag programm withdrew capac market full year equival half teu vessel sail empti recit fix cost oper amount capac signific direct effect artifici reduct capac utilis oppos perman reduct capac share fix oper cost smaller number contain eata effect reduc fix oper cost reduct capac benefit shipper cost transportwa reduc capac withdrawn northern europ east trade progress withdraw vessel oper present commiss receiv complaint object eata bodi repres signific number consum maritim transport servic receiv indic shipper eata benefit evid condit north europ east trade prior implement eata shipper danger access reliabl servic regul eec recognis benefit agreement eata capac utilis agreement exchang inform purpos increas freight rate increas servic qualiti regard allow consum reason share benefit commiss consid eata fair share benefit brought pass consum indispens restrict competit parti argu applic exempt eata loosest restrict cooper arrang made deal prevail condit overcapac low rate claim combin overcapac depress freight rate lead uneconom rate return constitut quot threat futur financi viabil stabil schedul liner servic northern europ asia quot paragraph applic exempt eata parti argu eata provid stabil envisag regul eec appear market power fefc longer suffici regul capac confer structur restrict member confer result loss market share confer member eata parti argu eata consider restrict competiton tradit liner confer eata parti argu confer fix price regul capac fulfil condit articl treati agreement eata regul capac necessarili fulfil condit exempt commiss consid eata consid context market oper cosid question indispens end commiss signific fact major parti eata member fefc parti fettsca cumul effect restrict competit aris agreement explain effect eata determin consider extent structur market oper combin type restrict agreement restrict suppli aris eata restrict price aris fefc effect highli restrict competit assert eata restrict tradit liner confer untru context eata oper conclus reach combin effect eata fefc fettsca event note commiss accept agreement confer confer ship line trade necessarili restrict competit confer agreement aris fact flexibl kind arrang confer agreement intend extend market power confer member make ship line oper common uniform rate parti group extens liner confer agreement contain articl regul eec grant basi confer subject toreal potenti effect competit stabil envisag regul capabl exist condit effect competit commiss accept exist competit preclud kind stabil kind stabil exist absenc effect competit group exempt liner confer agreement fulfil condit articl treati stabil envisag regul eec assur shipper reliabl servic reliabl servic regular sens evenli spread timet reasons qualiti shipper good harm price irrespect dai line chosen carri cargo confer bring stabil trade affect fix uniform tariff serv refer point market commiss notic irish club rule case state discuss repres parti agreement question commiss inform repres quot irish club rule exempt basi stabilis effect aknowledg suffici condit regul eec liner confer agreement type produc stabilis effect refer eighth recit regul eec result princip cooper ship compani freight rate lead adopt common tariff featur absent case issu quot commiss consid schedul reliabl maritim transport servic continu provid exist eata argument entir trade cartelis order avoid loss market share confer member confer line emphasis consum choic plai fundament role ensur market oper effic extent eata intend depriv shipper choic member confer independ carrier conclud object prevent effici divis market share confer member confer line result free plai suppli demand eata indispens regard purpos eata interest consum fulfil condit articl event eata parti demonstr relev time overcapac exist trade cover eata problem eata parti alleg exist exist restrict competit eata entail indispens meet unproven problem overcapac exist recit caus shipown consider loss alleg prove qualiti servic threaten capac agreement confer confer member limit suppli servic consid indispens achiev object stabil mean regul eec agreement oper combin direct price fix agreement case eata commiss consid restrict competit aris capac utilis agreement exchang inform fulfil condit articl elimin competit substanti part servic question parti claim eata includ price oper servic qualiti elimin competit spite fact cover substanti part trade assert fail recognis utilis capac eata intend effect price reduc suppli transport servic market view combin price restrict fefc light high market share parti eata clear regul eec extern competit confer essenti factor grant group exempt concern agreement eata enabl member confer extend market power engag anticompetit behaviour common ship line member confer gener intend elimin competit substanti part servic provid market question present case intent eata parti fact capac utilis programm put effect short period time fact condit articl treati event fulfil lead conclus commiss adopt formal posit fourth condit articl final eata parti argu quot clear liner confer compris member eata qualifi block exempt regul eec eata parti conclud agreement extens cooper parti satisfi fourth condit articl quot commiss accept argument flaw tantamount argu absenc market share limit group exempt liner confer effect disappli fourth condit articl treati reason interpret regul ignor articl regul eec expressli place oblig commiss withdraw benefit group exempt circumst effect competit absent iii conclus applic articl examin full econom context light restrict competit eata parti engag commiss find eata meet condit exempt set articl treati xiv conclus eata fell scope prohibit contain articl treati agreement undertak affect trade member state object effect prevent restrict distort competit common market satisfi condit articl durat infringemnt septemb cgm ceas particip infring effect octob adopt decis articl agreement member europ asia trade agreement eata relat utilis capac exchang inform constitut infring articl treati cgm sa hapag lloyd contain lini gmbh kawasaki kisen kaisha møller maersk line malaysian intern ship corpor bhd mitsui line neptun orient line nippon yusen kaisha orient oversea contain line amp nedlloyd contain line limit cho yang ship dsr senat lini gmbh evergreen marin corp taiwan hanjin ship hyundai merchant marin yangm marin transport corp articl applic declar articl treati inapplic eata refus articl undertak refer articl requir abstain similar agreement practic futur object capabl similar effect infring refer articl articl decis address undertak list annex brussel april commiss karel van miert member commiss oj oj regul repeal replac commiss regul ec oj commiss regul ec oj cgm sa legal successor cgm orient sa dsr senat lini gmbh legal successor deutsch seereederei rostock gmbh senat lini gmbh cgm purchas compagni maritim affret nedlloyd lijnen bv amp contain limit merg form amp onedlloyd hapag lloyd ag transfer containeris liner ship activ hapag lloyd contain lini gmbh hanjin acquir control dsr senat oj quot parti oper schedul intern maritim transport servic north europ asia econom trade environ eastbound north europ asian trade result combin overcapac consist depress freight rate econom imbal recit led consist uneconom rate return invest parti econom imbal consequ recit continu deterior lead threat futur financi viabil stabil schedul liner servic north europ asia quot teu feu industri standard abbrevi quot foot equival unit foot equival unit quot refer size contain scope cargo cargo lift port geograph scope eata paragraph applic exempt comment japan shipper council recit decis applic exempt paragraph member apl evergreen hanjin hapag lloyd hyundai maersk mitsui osk nedlloyd nol nyk oocl amp ocl sea land yangm drewri global contain market london oj repli statement object paragraph drewri global contain market drewri global contain market case tetra pak intern commiss ecr paragraph definit quot tramp vessel servic quot articl regul eec emphasis freeli negoti natur tramp servic freight rate note contain gener measur feet feet feet vessel slot size match cargo larger width length dimens slot ineffici manner onewai substitut restrict ship soft drink substitut bottl water necessarili case bottl water substitut soft drink commiss decis eec case iv nestlé perrier oj drewri global contain market pp mat jansson presid unicool cool carrier quot reefer contain capac deploi limit neg impact demand specialis reefer small quot fairplai juli drewri global contain market pp drewri global contain market drewri global contain market eacben parti agreement dsr senat yangm member fefc hyundai member fefc fefc includ europ japan japan europ freight confer hong kong europ freight confer philippin europ confer sabah brunei sarawak freight confer articl regul eec letter eata secretari commiss date octob letter cnut commiss date septemb letter fettcsa secretariat commiss date octob quot gener accept fefc tariff europ asia trade act industri refer point independ compet aggress fefc offer rate set discount fefc tariff quot fefc repli statement object case iv dsvk fefc march case led commiss decis ec oj drewri global contain market letter fettsca secretariat commiss date octob refer note drewri contain market profit london decemb figur suppli quot american shipper quot nyk publish august edit westbound capac million teu time exceed eastbound capac million teu analysi cost suppli condit liner ship industri davi journal industri econom june applic individu exempt paragraph commiss propos council regul lai detail rule applic articl treati maritim transport oj accompani memorandum final repli statement object paragraph exampl put forward eata parti shortag capac aris withdraw vessel trade judgement case spo commiss ecr ii paragraph court instanc european commun consid distinct made normal destruct competit appeal reject manifestli inadmiss order court justic case ecr dr pirrong core theori liner ship market journal law econom footnot competit contest liner ship industri jankowski quot develop liner ship confer quot intern journal transport econom octob jansson schneerson book liner ship econom report feder trade commiss quot analysi maritim industri effect ship act quot novemb analysi depart justic quot analysi impact ship act quot march lectur professor gilman tarporlei februari propon theori empti core argu competit equilibrium sustain coalit consum produc actual potenti made deviat propos equilibrium form agreement theori outcom firm excess capac wehr market clear firm oper output level exce minimum averag cost potenti produc incent opportunist behaviour coalit consist exist firm potenti entrant group consum opportunist behaviour aris firm elimin excess capac potenti entrant lure custom exist firm offer price excess averag cost circumst firm exit industri engag price competit signific period time lead price level consist recoveri cost market constantli unstabl firm continu enter leav market respons exist price condit jansson schneerson footnot chapter quot ccommon cost indivis quot articl quot sea land comput war quot containeris intern august articl quot market share isn quot american shipper juli drewri quot strategi profit quot global contain ship london articl american shipper state relat atlant contain line quot compani develop contribut model work equip flow model serv cargo accept guidelin result sale staff awar dai busi prospect quot quot liner industri structur futur outlook quot industri bank japan quarterli survei iv quot fundament shift profit manag system ship rout manag cargo unit profit cargo unit yield net contribut contain voyag introduct unit manag result contain mean ship past quot footnot pp gilman lectur cite footnot footnot jankowski quot note comment competit contest liner ship industri quot journal transport economist polici jankowski quot develop liner ship confer quot cite footnot gilman lectur cite footnot footnot inter alia feder trade commiss report cite footnot jansson schneerson cite footnot chapter articl quot sea land comput war quot cite footnot footnot revenu pool cartel econom ocean freight rate bennathan walter praeger footnot scherer und ross industri market structur econom perform houghtlin mifflin footnot jansson schneerson cite footnot chapter annex arrang subject oblig ship line contain articl regul eec repli statement object paragraph applic individu exempt paragraph applic individu exempt paragraph join case consten grundig ecr case höfner elser macrotron ecr paragraph case bpb industri british gypsum commiss ecr ii paragraph join case compagni maritim belg transport commiss ecr ii paragraph commiss decis eec case iv polypropylen oj paragraph commiss decis eec case iv french west african shipown committe oj paragraph sixth recit regul eec compagn maritim belg transport case cite footnot paragraph case bnic aubert ecr paragraph similarli court rule articl join case van der kooi commiss dutch natur ga price ecr paragraph subsidis price natur ga dutch glasshous crop produc affect trade member state import energi cost sell price market share export firm receiv state aid join case istituto chemioterapico italiana commerci solvent commiss ecr eata parti argu repli statement object annex paragraph jurisprud court justic articl relev present proceed articl commiss view test effect trade member state ident purpos articl articl clear paragraph quot principl discuss court commerci solvent applic articl articl quot prohibit articl interpret appli light articl treati activ commun includ institut system ensur competit common market distort articl treati commun task promot commun harmoni develop econom activ prohibit abus domin posit market affect trade member state articl cover abus directli prejudic consum abus indirectli prejudic impair effect competit structur envisag articl treati commun author consequ conduct complain competit structur common market distinguish product intend sale market intend export undertak domin posit common market abus posit competit common market elim matter conduct relat export trade common market establish elimin repercuss competit structur common market quot tran atlant agreement commiss decis ec octob oj recit case publish associ commiss ecr ii paragraph eata parti confusingli alleg overcapac structur cyclic applic individu exempt paragraph applic individu exempt paragraph interim report multimod group paragraph publish march offic offici public european commun isbn applic individu exempt paragraph footnot repli statement object paragraph decis tran atlant agreement cite footnot recit seq notic pursuant articl council regul eec case iv irish club rule oj point repli statement object paragraph annex cgm sa quai galliéni suresn cedex pari hapag lloyd contain lini gmbh rosenstrass hamburg kawasaki kisen kaisha hibiya central build nishi shinbashi chome minato ku tokyo japan møller maersk line esplanaden dk copenhagen malaysian intern ship corpor bhd floor wisma misc jalan conlai po box kuala lumpur malaysia mitsui line toranomon chome minato ku tokyo japan neptun orient line alexandra road nol build singapor republ singapor nippon yusen kaisha yusen build marunouchi chome chiyoda ku tokyo japan orient oversea contain line st floor harbour centr harbour road wanchai hong kong amp nedlloyd contain line limit beagl hous braham street london ep unit kingdom cho yang ship cheong ahm build seosomun dong chung ku seoul republ korea evergreen marin corp taiwan evergreen build sec minsheng road taipei taiwan republ china hanjin ship yoido dong youngdeungpo ku seoul republ korea hyundai merchant marin mukyo hyundai build mukyo dong chung ku seoul republ korea dsr senat lini gmbh martinistraß bremen yangm marin transport corp ming de st road chidu keelung taipei taiwan republ china annex ii eata capac limit gt tabl gt slide scale gt tabl gt