protocol convent long rang transboundari air pollut reduct sulphur emiss parti determin implement convent long rang transboundari air pollut concern emiss sulphur air pollut continu transport intern boundari expos part europ north america caus widespread damag natur resourc vital environment econom import forest soil water materi includ histor monument circumst harm effect human health resolv precautionari measur anticip prevent minimis emiss air pollut mitig advers effect convinc threat irrevers damag lack full scientif certainti reason postpon measur take account precautionari measur deal emiss air pollut cost effect mind measur control emiss sulphur air pollut contribut protect sensit arctic environ predomin sourc air pollut contribut acidif environ combust fossil fuel energi product main technolog process industri sector transport lead emiss sulphur nitrogen oxid pollut consciou cost effect region approach combat air pollut take account variat effect abat cost countri desir effect action control reduc sulphur emiss cognis sulphur control polici cost effect region level result heavi econom burden countri economi transit market economi bear mind measur reduc sulphur emiss constitut mean arbitrari unjustifi discrimin disguis restrict intern competit trade take consider exist scientif technic data emiss atmospher process effect environ sulphur oxid abat cost awar addit emiss sulphur emiss nitrogen oxid ammonia caus acidif environ note unit nation framework convent climat chang adopt york agreement establish nation polici measur combat climat chang expect lead reduct sulphur emiss affirm ensur environment sound sustain develop recognis continu scientif technic cooper elabor approach base critic load critic level includ effort assess air pollut effect environ materi human health underlin scientif technic knowledg develop develop account review adequaci oblig enter present protocol decid action acknowledg protocol reduct sulphur emiss transboundari flux cent adopt helsinki juli measur countri effect reduc sulphur emiss agre articl definit purpos present protocol convent mean convent long rang transboundari air pollut adopt geneva novemb emep mean cooper programm monitor evalu long rang transmiss air pollut europ execut bodi mean execut bodi convent constitut articl paragraph convent commiss mean unit nation econom commiss europ parti mean context requir parti present protocol geograph scope emep mean area defin articl paragraph protocol convent long rang transboundari air pollut long term financ cooper programm monitor evalu long rang transmiss air pollut europ emep adopt geneva septemb soma mean sulphur oxid manag area design annex iii condit laid articl paragraph critic load mean quantit estim exposur pollut signific harm effect sensit element environ occur present knowledg critic level mean concentr pollut atmospher direct advers effect receptor human be plant ecosystem materi occur present knowledg critic sulphur deposit mean quantit estim exposur oxidis sulphur compound take account effect base cation uptak base cation deposit signific harm effect sensit element environ occur present knowledg emiss mean discharg substanc atmospher sulphur emiss mean emiss sulphur compound express kilotonn sulphur dioxid kt atmospher origin anthropogen sourc exclud ship intern traffic territori water fuel mean solid liquid gaseou combust materi except domest refus toxic danger wast stationari combust sourc mean technic apparatu group technic apparatu locat common site discharg wast gase common stack fuel oxidis order heat gener major stationari combust sourc mean stationari combust sourc construct substanti modif authoris decemb thermal input oper rate capac mwth matter compet nation author decid modif substanti take account factor environment benefit modif major exist stationari combust sourc mean exist stationari combust sourc thermal input oper rate capac mwth ga oil mean petroleum product hs petroleum product reason distil limit fall categori middl distil intend fuel volum includ distil loss distil emiss limit mean permiss concentr sulphur compound express sulphur dioxid wast gase stationari combust sourc express term mass volum wast gase express mg nm assum oxygen content volum wast ga case liquid gaseou fuel case solid fuel emiss limit mean permiss total quantiti sulphur compound express sulphur dioxid discharg combust sourc group combust sourc locat common site defin geograph area express kilotonn year desulphuris rate mean ratio quantiti sulphur separ combust sourc site period quantiti sulphur contain fuel introduc combust sourc facil period sulphur budget mean matrix calcul contribut deposit oxidis sulphur compound receiv area origin emiss area articl basic oblig parti control reduc sulphur emiss order protect human health environ advers effect acidifi effect ensur entail excess cost deposit oxidis sulphur compound long term exce critic load sulphur annex critic sulphur deposit accord present scientif knowledg step parti minimum reduc maintain annual sulphur emiss accord time level annex ii addit parti total land area greater million squar kilometr commit paragraph nation sulphur emiss ceil greater lesser emiss oblig helsinki protocol reduct sulphur emiss transboundari flux annex ii annual sulphur emiss contribut acidif area jurisdict parti origin area jurisdict list soma annex iii present document effect signatur access present protocol intent act accord paragraph minimum reduc maintain annual sulphur emiss area list accord time level annex ii parti make effect measur reduct sulphur emiss circumst exist sourc includ inter alia measur increas energi effici measur increas renew energi measur reduc sulphur content fuel encourag fuel low sulphur content includ combin high sulphur low sulphur sulphur free fuel measur appli control technolog entail excess cost guidanc annex iv parti parti subject unit state canada air qualiti agreement minimum appli emiss limit valu stringent annex major stationari combust sourc juli appli entail excess cost emiss limit valu stringent annex major exist stationari combust sourc thermal input mwth take account remain lifetim plant calcul date entri forc present protocol appli equival emiss limit provis provid achiev sulphur emiss ceil annex ii subsequ approach critic load annex juli appli emiss limit valu emiss limit major exist stationari combust sourc thermal input mwth annex guidanc year date entri forc present protocol appli nation standard sulphur content ga oil stringent annex case suppli ga oil ensur state extend time period subparagraph period year case declar deposit instrument ratif accept approv access intent extend time period parti addit appli econom instrument encourag adopt cost effect approach reduct sulphur emiss parti protocol session execut bodi accord rule condit execut bodi elabor adopt decid parti jointli implement oblig set annex ii rule condit ensur fulfil oblig set paragraph promot achiev environment object set paragraph parti subject outcom review provid articl year complet review commenc negoti oblig reduc emiss articl exchang technolog parti consist nation law regul practic facilit exchang technolog techniqu includ increas energi effici renew energi process low sulphur fuel reduc sulphur emiss promot commerci exchang technolog direct industri contact cooper includ joint ventur exchang inform experi provis technic assist promot activ paragraph parti creat favour condit facilit contact cooper organis individu privat public sector capabl provid technolog design engin servic equip financ parti month date entri forc present protocol commenc consider procedur creat favour condit exchang technolog reduc sulphur emiss articl nation strategi polici programm measur inform parti order implement oblig articl adopt nation strategi polici programm month present protocol enter forc appli nation measur control reduc sulphur emiss parti collect maintain inform actual level sulphur emiss ambient concentr deposit oxidis sulphur acidifi compound take account parti geograph scope emep work plan emep effect deposit oxidis sulphur acidifi compound articl report parti report execut secretari commiss execut bodi period basi determin execut bodi inform implement nation strategi polici programm measur refer articl paragraph level nation annual sulphur emiss accord guidelin adopt execut bodi emiss data relev sourc categori implement oblig enter present protocol conform decis format content adopt parti session execut bodi term decis review identifi addit element format content inform includ report parti geograph scope emep report execut secretari commiss emep period basi determin steer bodi emep approv parti session execut bodi inform level sulphur emiss tempor spatial resolut steer bodi emep good time annual session execut bodi emep provid inform ambient concentr deposit oxidis sulphur compound calcul sulphur budget parti area geograph scope emep make similar inform request execut bodi execut bodi accord articl paragraph convent arrang prepar inform effect deposit oxidis sulphur acidifi compound parti session execut bodi arrang prepar regular interv revis inform calcul internation optimis alloc emiss reduct state geograph scope emep integr assess model view reduc purpos articl paragraph present protocol differ actual deposit oxidis sulphur compound critic load valu articl research develop monitor parti encourag research develop monitor cooper relat intern harmonis method establish critic load critic level elabor procedur harmonis improv monitor techniqu system model transport concentr deposit sulphur compound strategi reduct sulphur emiss base critic load critic level technic develop improv integr assess model calcul internation optimis alloc emiss reduct take account equit distribut abat cost understand wider effect sulphur emiss human health environ acidif materi includ histor cultur monument take account relationship sulphur oxid nitrogen oxid ammonia volatil organ compound tropospher ozon emiss abat technolog technolog techniqu enhanc energi effici energi conserv renew energi econom evalu benefit environ human health result reduct sulphur emiss articl complianc implement committe establish review implement present protocol complianc parti oblig report parti session execut bodi make recommend consid consider report recommend implement committe parti take account circumst matter accord convent practic decid call action bring full complianc present protocol includ measur assist parti complianc protocol object protocol parti session execut bodi entri forc present protocol adopt decis set structur function implement committe procedur review complianc applic complianc procedur prejudic provis articl present protocol articl review parti session execut bodi parti session execut bodi pursuant articl paragraph convent review inform suppli parti emep data effect deposit sulphur acidifi compound report implement committe refer articl paragraph present protocol parti session execut bodi review oblig set present protocol includ oblig relat calcul internation optimis alloc emiss reduct refer articl paragraph ii adequaci oblig progress made achiev object present protocol review account scientif inform acidif includ assess critic load technolog develop chang econom condit fulfil oblig emiss level context review parti oblig sulphur emiss ceil annex ii hereto conform calcul internation optimis alloc emiss reduct parti requir reduc differ deposit sulphur critic sulphur deposit geograph scope emep make effort undertak revis oblig procedur method time review parti session execut bodi review complet articl settlement disput event disput parti interpret applic present protocol parti concern seek settlement disput negoti peac mean choic parti disput inform execut bodi disput ratifi accept approv acced present protocol time parti region econom integr organis declar written instrument submit depositari respect disput interpret applic protocol recognis mean disput settlement compulsori ipso facto agreement relat parti accept oblig submiss disput intern court justic arbitr accord procedur adopt parti session execut bodi practic annex arbitr parti region econom integr organis make declar effect relat arbitr accord procedur refer subparagraph declar made paragraph remain forc expir accord term month written notic revoc deposit depositari declar notic revoc expiri declar affect proceed pend intern court justic arbitr tribun parti disput agre case parti disput accept mean disput settlement paragraph month notif parti disput exist parti concern settl disput mean mention paragraph disput submit request parti disput concili purpos paragraph concili commiss creat commiss compos equal number member appoint parti concern parti concili share interest group share interest chairman chosen jointli member appoint commiss render recommendatori award parti good faith articl annex annex present protocol form integr part protocol annex iv recommendatori charact articl amend adjust parti propos amend present protocol parti convent propos adjust annex ii present protocol add emiss level sulphur emiss ceil percentag emiss reduct propos amend adjust submit write execut secretari commiss commun parti parti discuss propos amend adjust session execut bodi provid propos circul execut secretari parti dai advanc amend present protocol annex ii iii adopt consensu parti present session execut bodi enter forc parti accept dai date third parti deposit depositari instrument accept thereof amend enter forc parti dai date parti deposit instrument accept thereof amend annex present protocol annex refer paragraph adopt consensu parti present session execut bodi expiri dai date commun execut secretari commiss amend annex effect parti submit depositari notif accord provis paragraph provid parti submit notif parti unabl approv amend annex annex refer paragraph notifi depositari write dai date commun adopt depositari delai notifi parti notif receiv parti time substitut accept previou notif receiv parti time substitut accept previou notif deposit instrument accept depositari amend annex effect parti adjust annex ii adopt consensu parti present session execut bodi effect parti present protocol dai date execut secretari commiss notifi parti write adopt adjust articl signatur present protocol open signatur oslo june june inclus unit nation headquart york decemb state member commiss state consult statu commiss pursuant paragraph econom social council resolut iv march region econom integr organis constitut sovereign state member commiss compet respect negoti conclus applic intern agreement matter cover protocol provid state organis concern parti convent list annex ii matter compet region econom integr organis behalf exercis right fulfil respons present protocol attribut member state case member state organis entitl exercis right individu articl ratif accept approv access present protocol subject ratif accept approv signatori present protocol open access decemb state organis meet requir articl paragraph articl depositari instrument ratif accept approv access deposit secretari gener unit nation perform function depositari articl entri forc present protocol enter forc dai date instrument ratif accept approv access deposit depositari state organis refer articl paragraph ratifi accept approv present protocol acced thereto deposit instrument ratif accept approv access protocol enter forc dai date deposit parti instrument ratif accept approv access articl withdraw time year date present protocol forc respect parti parti withdraw give written notif depositari withdraw effect dai date receipt depositari date notif withdraw articl authent text origin present protocol english french russian text equal authent deposit secretari gener unit nation wit whereof undersign duli authoris thereto sign present protocol oslo thirteenth dai june thousand hundr nineti annex critic sulphur deposit percentil centigram sulphur squar metr year gt refer graphic gt annex ii sulphur emiss ceil percentag emiss reduct sulphur emiss ceil list tabl give oblig refer paragraph articl present protocol emiss level percentag emiss reduct list inform purpos gt tabl gt annex iii design sulphur oxid manag area soma soma list purpos present protocol south east canada soma area million km includ territori provinc princ edward island nova scotia brunswick territori provinc quebec south straight line havr st pierr north coast gulf saint lawrenc point quebec ontario boundari intersect jame bai coastlin territori provinc ontario south straight line point ontario quebec boundari intersect jame bai coastlin nipigon river north shore lake superior annex iv control technolog sulphur emiss stationari sourc introduct aim annex provid guidanc identifi sulphur control option technolog give effect oblig present protocol annex base inform gener option reduct sulphur emiss emiss control technolog perform cost contain offici document execut bodi subsidiari bodi reduct measur list consid basi oper experi year case establish econom feasibl technolog continu expand experi low emiss measur technolog plant retrofit exist plant necessit regular review annex annex list number measur technolog span wide rang cost effici consid exhaust statement control option choic control measur technolog case depend number factor includ current legisl regulatori provis control technolog requir primari energi pattern industri infrastructur econom circumst specif plant condit annex address control oxidis sulphur emiss consid sum sulphur dioxid sulphur trioxid express share sulphur emit sulphur oxid sulphur compound combust process sourc small compar sulphur emiss combust measur technolog plan sulphur sourc emit compon nitrogen oxid nx particul heavi metal volatil organ compound voc worthwhil conjunct pollut specif control option order maximis abat effect minimis impact environ avoid transfer air pollut problem media wast water solid wast ii major stationari sourc sulphur emiss fossil fuel combust process main sourc anthropogen sulphur emiss stationari sourc addit combust process contribut consider emiss major stationari sourc categori base emep corinair includ public power cogener district heat plant boiler stationari combust turbin intern combust engin ii commerci institut residenti combust plant commerci boiler domest heater iii industri combust plant process combust boiler process heater process metallurg oper roast sinter coke oven plant process titanium dioxid tio pulp product iv combust process sulphur acid product specif organ synthesi process treatment metal surfac extract process distribut fossil fuel vi wast treatment dispos thermal treatment municip industri wast data ec region total sulphur emiss origin combust process industri combust product process oil refineri power plant sector countri major singl contributor sulphur emiss countri industri sector includ refineri import emitt emiss refineri ec region small impact sulphur emiss sourc larg due sulphur oil product typic sulphur intak present crude remain product recov element sulphur emit refineri stack iii gener option reduct sulphur emiss combust gener option reduct sulphur emiss energi manag measur energi save ration energi improv energi effici process oper cogener demand side manag result reduct sulphur emiss energi mix gener sulphur emiss reduc increas proport combust energi sourc hydro nuclear wind energi mix environment impact consid ii technolog option fuel switch emiss combust directli relat sulphur content fuel fuel switch high low sulphur coal liquid fuel coal ga lead lower sulphur emiss restrict avail low sulphur fuel adapt exist combust system fuel ec countri coal oil combust plant replac ga fire combust plant dual fuel plant facilit fuel switch fuel clean clean natur ga state art technolog wide appli oper reason clean process ga acid refineri ga coke oven ga bioga state art technolog desulphuris liquid fuel light middl fraction state art technolog desulphurisaton heavi fraction technic feasibl crude properti mind desulphuris atmospher residu bottom product atmospher crude distil unit product low sulphur fuel oil commonli practis process low sulphur crude prefer hydro crack full convers technolog matur combin high sulphur retent improv yield light product number full convers refineri limit refineri typic recov sulphur intak convert residu light product market product type refineri energi consumpt invest cost increas typic sulphur content refineri product tabl gt tabl gt current technolog clean hard coal remov approxim inorgan sulphur depend coal properti organ sulphur effect technolog develop involv higher specif invest cost effici sulphur remov coal clean limit compar flue ga desulphuris countri specif optimis potenti combin fuel clean flue ga clean advanc combust technolog combust technolog improv thermal effici reduc sulphur emiss includ fluidis bed combust fbc bubbl bfbc circul cfbc pressuris pfbc integr gasif combin cycl igcc combin cycl ga turbin ccgt stationari combust turbin integr combust system exist convent power plant increas effici lead signific reduct emiss major alter exist furnac system fluidis bed combust combust technolog burn hard coal brown coal burn solid fuel petroleum coke low grade fuel wast peat wood emiss addition reduc integr combust control system due addit lime limeston bed materi total instal capac fbc reach approxim mwth plant includ mwth capac rang greater mwth product process problem respect dispos develop requir igcc process includ coal gasif combin cycl power gener ga steam turbin gasifi coal burnt combust chamber ga turbin sulphur emiss control achiev state art technolog raw ga clean facil upstream ga turbin technolog exist heavi oil residu bitumen emuls instal capac present mwel plant combin cycl ga turbin power station natur ga fuel energi effici approxim plan process combust modif combust modif compar measur nox emiss control exist combust organ inorgan bound sulphur complet oxidis percentag depend fuel properti combust technolog retain ash annex dry addit process convent boiler consid process modif due inject agent combust unit experi shown appli process thermal capac lower ca ratio high sulphur remov low problem utilis product consid solut appli intermedi measur smaller unit tabl tabl emiss sulphur oxid obtain applic technolog option fossil fuell boiler gt tabl gt gt tabl gt flue ga desulphuris fgd process process aim remov form sulphur oxid refer secondari measur state art technolog flue ga treatment process base remov sulphur wet dry semi dry catalyt chemic process achiev effici programm sulphur emiss reduct energi manag measur list combin technolog option identifi ii consid case option reduc sulphur emiss result reduct emiss nox pollut public power cogener district heat plant flue ga treatment process includ lime limeston wet scrub lw sprai dry absorpt sda wellman lord process wl ammonia scrub combin nox sox remov process activ carbon process ac combin catalyt nox sox remov power gener sector lw sda cover instal fgd capac flue ga desulphuris process electron beam dry scrub ebd mark pass pilot stage tabl show effici abovement secondari measur base practic experi gather larg number implement plant implement capac capac rang mention compar characterist sulphur abat technolog local plant specif influenc lead exclus technolog tabl includ usual invest cost rang sulphur abat technolog list section ii appli technolog individu case note invest cost emiss reduct measur depend thing technolog requir control system plant size extent requir reduct timescal plan mainten cycl tabl board rang invest cost invest cost retrofit gener exce plant iv control techniqu sector control techniqu list section ii valid power plant sector sector industri year oper experi acquir case power plant sector applic sulphur abat technolog industri sector depend process specif limit relev sector import contributor sulphur emiss reduct measur present tabl gt tabl gt sector list tabl process integr measur includ raw materi combin sector specif flue ga treatment achiev effect reduct sulphur emiss report exampl kraft pulp mill sulphur emiss kg sulphur tonn pulp ad air dri achiev sulphit pulp mill kg sulphur tonn pulp ad achiev case roast sulphid remov effici unit report depend process iron sinter plant fgd unit capac achiev clean ga mg sox nm coke oven achiev mg sox nm sulphur acid plant achiev convers rate larger advanc clau plant achiev sulphur recoveri product side effect effort reduc sulphur emiss stationari sourc increas countri ec region quantiti product increas option lead usabl product select option lead increas thermal effici minimis wast dispos issu select product usabl recycl product gypsum ammonia salt sulphur acid sulphur factor market condit qualiti standard account utilis fbc sda product improv investig dispos site dispos criteria limit dispos countri side effect prevent implement technolog method consid sulphur abat option energi requir ga treatment process corros attack due format sulphur acid reaction sulphur oxid water vapour increas water wast water treatment reagent requir solid wast dispos vi monitor report measur carri nation strategi polici abat air pollut includ legisl regulatori provis econom incent disincent technolog requir technolog gener standard set emiss sourc plant size oper mode combust technolog fuel type exist plant altern approach set target reduct total sulphur emiss group sourc choic action reach target bubbl concept effort limit sulphur emiss level set nation framework legisl control perman monitor report system report supervis author monitor system continu continu measur method qualiti requir vari measur carri qualifi institut measur monitor system end certif system provid assur framework modern autom monitor system process control equip report creat problem collect data state art techniqu data report compet author differ case case obtain compar data set prescrib regul harmonis harmonis desir qualiti assur measur monitor system account compar data avoid discrep inconsist kei issu paramet includ defin definit standard express ppmv mg nm gj kg kg tonn product unit calcul specif term ga temperatur humid pressur oxygen content heat input definit period standard averag express hour month year definit failur time emerg regul pass monitor system shut instal definit method back fill data miss lost result equip failur definit paramet set measur depend type industri process inform differ involv locat measur point system qualiti control measur ensur option integr energi structur polici parti implement statu effici cost sector consid high sulphur content fuel remov effici adapt scope process specif avail process liquid applic high sulphur fuel emiss mg stp dry oxygen solid fuel oxygen liquid fuel convers factor depend fuel properti specif fuel ga volum thermal effici boiler convers factor kwhel thermal effici hard coal brown coal heavi oil specif invest cost relat small sampl instal specif invest cost includ denitrif process control sulphur sodium ratio requir remov sulphur form neutral salt sulphur free sodium make annex emiss sulphur content limit valu gt tabl gt gt tabl gt guidanc plant multi fuel fire unit involv simultan type fuel compet author set emiss limit valu take account emiss limit valu column ii relev individu fuel rate thermal input deliv fuel refineri relev specif characterist plant refineri combin limit circumst exce mg nm limit valu appli plant plant product combust direct heat dry treatment object materi reheat furnac furnac heat treatment post combust plant technic apparatu design purifi wast gase combust oper independ combust plant facil regener catalyt crack catalyst facil convers hydrogen sulphid sulphur reactor chemic industri coke batteri furnac cowper wast inciner plant power diesel petrol ga engin ga turbin irrespect fuel case parti due high sulphur content indigen solid liquid fuel meet emiss limit valu set column ii appli desulphuris rate set column iii maximum limit mg nm prefer mg nm parti report applic implement committe calendar year made separ plant instal take technic econom factor account wast gase judgement compet author discharg common stack combin form plant regard singl unit mg nm defin temperatur pressur kpa correct water vapour content