commiss decis june relat proceed pursuant articl ec treati comp po michelin notifi document number french text authent text eea relev ec commiss european commun regard treati establish european commun regard council regul februari regul implement articl treati amend regul ec articl thereof regard commiss decis june open proceed case undertak concern opportun heard matter commiss object accord articl regul commiss regul ec decemb hear parti proceed articl ec treati consult advisori committe restrict practic domin posit fact undertak michelin group net turnov eur billion frf billion world market share tyre type combin competit japanes bridgeston group goodyear sumitomo allianc world leadership tyre field commun michelin largest tyremak market share approxim larg closest competitor goodyear sumitomo franc command posit market share estim total tyre combin procedur commiss open initi proceed michelin evid suggest firm abus domin posit french market replac tyre heavi vehicl impos dealer unfair busi condit base inter alia complex system fidel rebat aim ty dealer close number detail request inform michelin competitor tyre dealer import investig articl regul carri michelin premis franc june june commiss statement object michelin hear parti michelin interest parti bandag place decemb product tyre industri compris manufactur tube outer case carcass renew tread worn tyre case decis concern manufactur outer case renew tread worn tyre case understand tyre main distinct drawn type tyre distinct made sort tyre design type vehicl light tyre car tyre deliveri van light commerci vehicl heavi tyre truck buse tyre agricultur tractor road build earth move machineri aircraft type tyre cover wide rang qualiti tread size type tyre chosen depend foremost type vehicl fit purpos vehicl car tyre truck bu tyre interchang major differ structur demand part buyer car tyre part buyer truck tyre larg grow part car tyre distribut effect mainten servic centr car centr superstor cover small part truck tyre market truck tyre part distribut specialis dealer type tyre differ term unit price common dimens truck bu tyre price time higher car tyre substitut suppli truck bu tyre type michelin quot resourc emploi design produc truck bu tyre radic requir manufactur type tyre quot type machin tool specif workshop rubber compound requisit properti standard met tyre tyre market divid sector depend type consum target clear distinct drawn hand origin equip market replac market origin equip tyre sold tyre manufactur direct vehicl produc pass intermediari replac tyre hand sold final consum primarili larg number specialis commerci outlet truck tyre distribut specialis tyre dealer presenc middlemen obtain suppli manufactur wholesal offici import distinguish replac tyre market origin equip tyre market retread tyre truck bu tyre necessarili provid case sound condit tyre tread case repeat retread process retread carri tyre manufactur franc michelin largest retread commerci vehicl tyre firm specialis process retread system mould cure precur mould cure retread consist appli tread rubber tyre case hot cure dedic facil system replac tread call masteri tyre manufactur techniqu tool reason industri enterpris call elabor system collect case involv transport constraint due convey central point long process time mould cure retread account retread oper western europ gradual lose ground precur retread precur retread consist appli precur tread obtain supplier tyre case cold process system small workshop run specialis trader independ retread precur retread account retread oper western europ ow characterist techniqu emploi system gener aim bodi custom mould cure retread aim bodi custom made specialis dealer wholesal act intermediari vi vi final consum precur retread aim bodi custom consist princip directli final consum differ retread system product obtain perfectli substitut consum point view tyre dealer recours system note requir expens equip precur system mould cure retread prerog tyre manufactur practis medium size independ busi market studi retread mould cure precur distinct mention impact price competit europ firm system compet transport firm europ franc fit tyre retread tyre roughli equal proport figur vari consider countri finland retread tyre account tyre sold spain figur mere point view product characterist put spite progress made retread appreci differ remain tyre retread mind user distributor tyre tread renew reduc reliabl factor account haulier refus tyre tractor unit steer axl avoid long distanc transport carriag highli perish good manufactur includ michelin dealer recommend nowadai precaut observ reason retread tyre markedli cheaper tyre yield compar mileag properli retread tyre cost rule tyre sold quot line quot brand name stand comparison price wise expens tyre lower qualiti import part asia central eastern europ sold privat brand manufactur call distributor brand tyre gener retread enjoi amount growth earli industri crisi account small proport truck bu tyre sold french market total sale document found michelin premis manufactur tyre market main featur tyre market analys peculiar retread market examin detail attent paid market replac truck tyre franc market conduct object identifi larg tyre industri highli concentr global european level group michelin bridgeston goodyear continent sumitomo pirelli presenc numer countri control world tyre sale european sale world level manufactur michelin franc bridgeston japan account tyre sold constantli vy leadership goodyear unit state close market continent germani sumitomo dunlop japan pirelli itali market posit chang goodyear sumitomo merg propel entiti head field combin market share excess market share spread evenli world main player michelin bridgeston goodyear preponder presenc quot domest quot market western europ world leader rank slightli order tabl show level concentr european market higher world level michelin group clear european leader market share bigger continent goodyear place goodyear sumitomo allianc announc oper result entiti rank michelin combin market share percentag point lower michelin small western european produc vredestein netherland nokian finland trelleborg sweden marangoni itali competitor includ number south east asian central eastern european produc sell part output western europ volum sale signific compar major sale yokohama toyo account market tabl market share europ tyre combin gt tabl gt sourc economist intellig unit tabl central eastern european produc gt tabl gt sourc quot industri du caoutchouc dan union européenn quot blic octob structur suppli commun homogen vari consider member state michelin group market share vari wide europ spain itali netherland franc finland germani unit kingdom franc manufactur enjoi high reput michelin posit term market share type combin strong fact rest commun europ tyre manufactur plant michelin own nearest competitor franc compani product plant total plant michelin control term french product capac repres total pneumatiqu kléber control michelin remain plant own bridgeston fireston goodyear plant continent dunlop sumitomo plant produc truck tyre michelin own own dunlop horizont concentr accompani strong vertic integr tyre manufactur control distribut channel trend began unit kingdom back spread franc earli ten year cheap low qualiti tyre quot line quot brand start market tyre enjoi limit growth account fewer replac tyre origin line tyre made south east asian central eastern european compani recent year lead tyre manufactur move segment bui compani concern case michelin tauru stomil continent barum goodyear debica aim satisfi demand custom price decis factor bui tyre demand point view import part plai specialis dealer tyre distribut europ stress specialis distributor account sale replac tyre motor vehicl car dealer garag sale supermarket servic station domin specialis distributor mark case truck tyre sale road haulier domin overwhelmingli specialist trade provid personalis servic advic choic fit manag truck tyre involv numer technic consider increasingli manufactur directli concern distribut tyre notabl integr network franchis distribut channel greater brand promot potenti independ dealer fear distribut control competitor knock effect induc manufactur road replac tyre distribut gener speak highli fragment major differ market car tyre truck tyre quot car quot distribut highli diversifi effect auto servic centr car manufactur network tyre specialist case truck tyre hand specialis dealer independ part network distribut tyre replac tyre market auto servic centr supermarket absent market remain deliv direct public suppli contract owner larg fleet direct purchas truck garag dealer suppli form tyre mainten total tyre manag servic quot mileag quot contract manufactur independ haulier michelin intern document date state tyre specialist account replac sale remaind distribut direct sale user truck dealer mainten contract commiss estim french specialis dealer control sale outlet approxim belong integr network control tyre manufactur michelin own largest network french manufactur creat european network call quot euromast quot hold compani locat netherland outlet countri network control michelin hous sale medium euromast market compet brand michelin product network sale outlet franc distribut truck tyre part sumitomo dunlop control sale outlet directli quot vulco quot quot pneu hold quot bridgeston fireston quot gai quot quot métifiot quot quot maxi pneu quot name term market share import manufactur network greater control market replac truck tyre market share broken euromast vulco bridgeston fireston manufactur includ michelin recent year maintain closest contact distributor remain independ end network quot club quot develop form independ dealer manufactur grant specif advantag return numer commit consist part promot manufactur brand network call quot soft franchis quot franc outstand network form signatori quot convent bilatéral de coopérat professionnel assist techniqu quot bilater busi cooper servic assist agreement quot club de ami michelin quot michelin friend club member sale outlet michelin account market replac truck tyre retread tyre market club network belong manufactur lesser import quot réseau bf partner quot reportedli member quot vulcopneu quot approxim member quot sempérit quot member recent set quot réseau pneu expert quot introduc franc continent counter entri en mass manufactur distribut market number independ dealer join forc manag act suffici set standardis chain capabl compet successfulli manufactur network quot club quot investig carri commiss reveal major group independ quot arc en ciel quot sale outlet franc group rainbow sign control truck tyre market bui associ quot seda point quot member reportedli control market pap member control mention entiti group quot trade associ quot group recognis michelin result member benefit vi vi market leader favour joint purchas term number region group develop dk sale outlet aym vayss breakdown form tyre distribut type combin french market integr network manufactur independ network independ bui associ independ approxim tyre distribut franc formal carri independ manufactur structur demand vari consider member state countri unit kingdom germani tyre distribut highli concentr fragment itali spain portug fact independ specialis dealer predomin countri chain integr network quot fast fit quot oil chang centr hitherto thin ground ow thing market consid small quick servic integr chain experienc strong growth point fact market share specialis dealer chain set grow growth benefit integr chain independ specialis retail threaten long term gradual exclus market truck tyre market figur gener speak regard commun analysi statist sourc show aggreg sale truck tyre type combin includ retread million unit tabl found michelin premis concern fairli repres good overview tabl truck tyre market commun sourc michelin document quot rapport sur le rechapag transmi vasdeboncoeur quot gt tabl gt million unit origin equip tyre account total million volum european replac tyre market approxim million sale retread market account approxim featur french replac truck tyre market figur illustr trend tabl number truck tyre sold franc tyre studi quot journal de automobil quot gt tabl gt period question total market truck tyre amount averag million tyre origin equip tyre replac tyre retread tyre replac market total averag million tyre sale break million tyre million retread tyre share retread tyre put averag specif characterist retread tyre market michelin estim truck tyre case retread western europ precur retread segment grow mould cure segment shrink franc mould cure share compar todai commun level structur suppli vari consider member state main player market bandag michelin oper countri albeit wai michelin mould cure system larg retread plant europ includ franc clermont ferrand avalon bandag hand set network franchise precur retread approxim case retread year estim michelin hold european market bandag franchis network control approxim market share competitor vari appreci countri countri franc michelin subsidiari pneu laurent specialis retread firmli entrench joint market share firm regularli exce bandag franchis network rank market hold user procur retread truck tyre number wai suppli case tyre specialist franchise industri retread recov retread quot custom quot retread case time bui retread tyre made case quot standard exchang quot retread bui retread tyre outright provid case franc unlik member state custom retread common practic manufactur estim account retread oper reason busi retread gener consid franc sale activ servic sale servic activ haulier calcul cost truck tyre basi purchas price mileag obtain residu case resold calcul cost truck bu tyre phase life account initi phase tyre phase quot recondit quot tyre price recondit tyre lower tyre retread reduc total cost kilometr tyre life practic consequ haulier wish case retread receiv back tyre bought opinion compet phase life case good condit continu belong gener entrust retread firm specif note matrix number stamp sidewal tyre enabl check tyre receiv back retread form tyre unknown defect demand retread tyre retread servic eman final analysi haulier specialis dealer distributor truck tyre case charg act intermediari retread haulier michelin commerci polici highlight aspect commerci polici pursu michelin franc inclus decemb commit submit michelin commiss put end abus natur polici analysi focu aspect polici consist gener price condit franc profession dealer quot condit générale de prix franc aux revendeur professionnel quot backbon michelin commerci polici conveni categori includ individu commerci cooper agreement quot convent de coopérat commercial quot simpli extens gener condit agreement optimum michelin truck tyre quot convent pour le rendement optimum de pneumatiqu poid lourd michelin quot quot pro agreement quot subscrib condit truck tyre dealer wish obtain rebat benefit agreement busi cooper assist servic quot convent de coopérat professionnel assist servic quot quot club de ami michelin quot michelin friend club reserv limit number dealer wish cooper close michelin gener price condit franc profession dealer gener price condit franc profession dealer laid profession dealer thing condit sale price larg part michelin tyre intend replac market car van forklift truck earthmov agricultur light plant tyre retread condit provid price system compris firstli quot list quot price quot invoic scale quot net price invoic rebat highli complex set rebat case paid dai februari year financi year concern entri forc french law juli prohibit sell loss michelin decid overhaul commerci polici moment bulk rebat payment made end februari year refer period shown invoic system exist inclus establish examin turn system rebat gener michelin gener condit provid complex system rebat cover account year begin januari end decemb part paid dai februari calendar year financi year question dealer paid retread tyre bought michelin price quot michelin offici quot invoic scale quot case amount paid quot dai end account month quot hand amount rebat obtain receiv end februari year month date relev transact rebat rebat provid gener condit divid categori quantiti rebat rebat qualiti dealer servic user quot servic bonu quot rebat depend increas tyre sale quot progress bonu quot addit dealer exceed financi year row michelin turnov threshold allow negoti quot commerci cooper agreement quot quot individu agreement quot entitl rebat quantiti rebat size quantiti rebat depend turnov achiev dealer michelin product account year tyre type combin heavi plant tyre retread condit compris quot grid quot show percentag deduct list price entir turnov achiev rebat percentag rang turnov frf turnov frf million quot heavi plant tyre quot quot retread quot categori grid rebat rang case retread turnov frf purchas exceed frf million gener condit provid condit advanc quantiti rebat payabl septemb decemb current financi year provision quot truck earthmov forklift light plant quot turnov achiev respect period servic bonu servic bonu addit incent propos michelin specialis dealer quot improv equip sale servic quot realiti degre cooper servic offer michelin fulli account rate fix qualifi bonu minimum annual turnov achiev michelin product year amount rang frf frf frf fall frf size bonu fix begin year annual agreement dealer document entitl quot servic bonu quot depend complianc commit enter dealer number area commit correspond number point exceed threshold point gave entitl bonu percentag turnov achiev michelin franc tyre type combin percentag rang commit compli dealer grew appreci number item point award term content criteria concern servic render custom knowledg product criteria enabl size bonu increas includ staff train possess machineri vehicl qualiti facil criteria benefit michelin mention product servic commit consist quot suppli custom michelin product quot quot obtain suppli product give entitl depend type dimens concern point point point quot commit chang consist obtain suppli product proport region share laid product give entitl region share point equal share point higher share point onward commit form quot posit contribut michelin product knowledg promot product point advertis point sale point quot market inform commit consist provid michelin quot supplier quot plan product annual point quarterli point largest amount inform behaviour type product mileag obtain michelin demand head quot statist sale broken product knowledg local market quot onward dealer provid relev inform statist sale forecast broken product point technic data product perform data quot stock number point unquantifi inform point dealer consult confirm ask provid sale statist show michelin compar competitor retread dealer earn point roadsid assist vehicl truck point knowledg sort case point mean sort michelin case view retread regroov earn point onward earn point promot regroov point systemat michelin case retread michelin systemat carri retread michelin tyre michelin insist rebat depend increas tyre sale quot progress bonu quot categori includ bonus progress bonu rate bonu appli truck tyre discuss progress bonu intend reward dealer agre begin year undertak write exce quot minimum base fix common agreement depend past perform futur prospect quot manag exce base propos year negoti dealer calcul bonu michelin formula gt refer graphic gt formula quot quot truck tyre turnov quot quot actual number tyre sold year quot quot quot base quot commit bui term number tyre quot quot rate increas gradual depend dealer bui commit term number tyre bonus obtain mechan calcul chang substanti recent year bonu rang commit bui tyre commit bui tyre separ step minimum bonu rate increas number step reduc minimum rate increas number step reduc tyre amount base exceed tyre amount base exceed tyre amount base exceed amount base exceed amount limit base mechan calcul bonu chang substanti step importantli amount base exceed equal greater base singl bonu rate appli entir turnov achiev tyre amount base exceed progress lower base aggreg turnov respect truck tyre progress equal greater base tyre amount base exceed progress lower base aggreg turnov respect truck tyre progress equal greater base dealer manag achiev sale equal quot base quot receiv bonu worth tyre bought understand fulli bonu oper aspect brought fore kei featur bonu kei element discuss annual commit fix quot base quot amount exceed determin maximum amount remuner payabl dealer interest base set lowest level achiev easili michelin interest hand set highest level maximis incent effect bonus agre begin year light dealer situat result compani chang hand year sale merger commit null void bonus renegoti light situat end decemb downward index base place decid unilater michelin vari type product calcul reduct factor appli work year base except circumst bonu paid base reach tyre short suppli result suppli dry dealer member friend club specif condit grant signatori quot commerci cooper agreement quot dealer achiev michelin franc product turnov exceed maximum amount refer tabl provid michelin quantiti rebat frf million frf million sign commerci cooper agreement commonli quot individu agreement quot michelin onward purchas truck earthmov light plant tyre sign individu agreement quot car van quot agreement quot industri product quot agreement agreement replac gener condit supplement michelin major dealer sign type agreement industri product agreement main commit enter sign agreement provid technic inform sale servic michelin product launch michelin product submit monthli quarterli purchas sale forecast michelin obtain regular suppli michelin product benefit receiv return neglig extens tabl quantiti rebat potenti result differ turnov specif favour system calcul progress bonu specif scale appli bonu sandwich threshold ceil dealer gener obtain progress bonu threshold annual turnov truck earthmov light plant simpli achiev base maximum exceed base ceil commit purchas tyre grant entitl bonu rang minimum base reach maximum exceed commit purchas tyre made earn return exceed base onward addit bonu support industri product turnov achiev michelin truck forklift earthmov light plant tyre obtain truck base reach addit credit dai worth payment part end year bonu work dai januari year dai februari rebat system michelin made substanti busi condit dealer elimin abus practic hitherto characteris behaviour made reason case introduc commiss open investig lie partli amend french legisl prohibit sell loss partli extens restructur michelin group end rebat system separ busi condit laid product categori car van truck earthmov plant forklift agricultur tractor wheeler condit categori dealer entitl virtu volum purchas tyre truck earthmov plant categori sign individu commerci agreement gener condit truck tyre sector retread tyre treat differ truck tyre main concern disappear quantiti rebat servic bonu progress bonu appear categori quot invoic rebat quot quot achiev target bonu quot quot end year rebat quot quot multiproduct rebat quot invoic rebat invoic rebat grant basi number truck earthmov light plant tyre purchas previou year averag previou year averag previou year depend favour dealer scale tabl gt tabl gt dealer wish obtain larger invoic rebat due scale sign target contract drawn agreement michelin account quot dealer potenti forecast market trend quot invoic rebat obtain correspond tranch commit enter dealer fell quot target quot realist underestim michelin propos dealer choic previou year perform averag previou year perform factor quot forecast market growth quot growth set irrespect region exception choic made dealer bui capac advers affect arriv competitor area loss good custom exception current year target equal previou year perform dealer purchas year entitl larger rebat qualifi year benefit end year correct paid end februari year cover differ lastli point case dealer invoic rebat set turnov sign target contract case rebat fix refer annual target achiev target bonu dealer sign target contract obtain bonu net annual invoic turnov paid end februari target reach bonu set end year rebat depend invoic rebat origin grant net invoic turnov rebat paid end februari scale tabl gt tabl gt gt tabl gt quot multiproduct rebat quot dealer turnov achiev tyre type combin account total turnov achiev signific sale categori car van motorcycl scooter truck agricultur tractor entitl end year rebat invoic turnov achiev product except heavi plant retread product scale rang ii retread truck tyre system simpl compris rebat invoic rebat retread product end year quantiti rebat depend total net turnov achiev retread van truck earthmov agricultur tractor light heavi plant increas progress frf frf total net turnov achiev retread step grid rang bottom scale top rebat abolish commerci agreement dealer sign individu agreement benefit similar condit extens scale depend quantiti purchas truck tyre invoic rebat end year rebat increas tabl gt tabl gt gt tabl gt gt tabl gt retread tyre invoic rebat increas end year rebat increas addit dealer sign agreement entitl end year rebat base invoic scale sold retread tyre sold pro agreement agreement optimum michelin truck tyre intend dealer purchas truck tyre michelin franc agreement optimum michelin truck tyre introduc enabl dealer obtain rebat end dealer enter number oblig sign michelin truck progress bonu commit current year present michelin custom retread standard exchang retread michelin truck tyre reach legal tread wear limit return truck case consid retread michelin dealer receiv frf depend type tyre concern case regroov reus dealer receiv addit frf dealer earn maximum rebat frf percentag term consider bandag michelin put level similar servic bonu progress bonu light price invoic dealer michelin retread tyre final import bonu highlight fact account truck tyre rebat sourc michelin presenc supplementari condit set agreement respect scope maximum bonu earn depend dealer perform term michelin tyre number truck tyre bought michelin previou year maximum number pro bonus limit number truck tyre bought previou year amount bonus grant longer limit number tyre bought previou year number tyre dealer undertaken bui current year target contract bonu calcul sale outlet dealer correct made end year bonu paid form credit dealer purchas michelin truck tyre deduct month bill pro agreement abolish replac claus gener condit entitl quot retread qualiti servic quot basi dealer earn bonus case michelin retread commit ceil bilater busi cooper servic assist agreement michelin friend club return sign bilater busi cooper servic assist agreement enter numer commit dealer obtain addit financi benefit michelin bodi signatori form trade michelin friend club club creat group sale outlet earli end april tyre specialist repres sale outlet upward retread truck tyre market parti agreement import agreement michelin franc due fact club member distribut franc tyre integr network brand combin michelin truck tyre featur club rational factor make club backbon state mind profession mutual trust michelin club michelin volum quot temperatur quot michelin prepar lend support includ financi support club member perform profession return member quot plai game quot cooper michelin involv thing guarante manufactur level term michelin volum quot temperatur quot market share michelin contribut michelin particip dealer financi effort notabl contribut invest train make financi contribut amount annual michelin servic turnov contribut link servic turnov condit attain specif target agre custom begin year dealer assert target fix term purchas commit sum involv substanti account total turnov dealer belong club gross profit margin current result tax quarter profit dealer belong club michelin grant benefit harder quantifi import neglig transfer area prioriti access train cours fact cours michelin train centr provid club member offer contract busi activ matter prioriti specialist subcontract fleet tyre busi breakdown chain transmiss data market trend exclus distribut bf goodrich car tyre packag help ensur dealer comfort club member averag profit higher averag profit specialis dealer member commit quid pro quo demand michelin return admiss club consider michelin overse specialist busi commun year balanc sheet profit loss account breakdown incom expenditur statist turnov servic provid forward estim spend financ plan transmit dealer michelin ident direct indirect sharehold compani inform event affect control compani own busi premis strateg plan basi inform michelin carri individu financi analys club member hold meet propos solut problem encount enabl michelin produc statist tabl incorpor consolid balanc sheet club member permit michelin carri analysi sale outlet number area staff qualif compet qualiti servic sale promot sale facil analysi make work annual progress commit area step propos agre jointli carri commit depend annual payment bonu proportion turnov respect servic promot michelin brand product displai sale outlet advertis materi provid includ neon sign pole flag standard product inform part advertis campaign quot divert custom demand michelin product michelin reserv monitor complianc claus quot commit appear word word origin agreement formal abolish fact claus core agreement amount unwritten undertak remain faith michelin product quot temperatur quot term car tyre truck tyre rang concern michelin make access club condit complianc dealer michelin quot temperatur quot intern document club state connect custom partnership market share michelin condit lever busi negoti numer document found investig carri suffici stock michelin product meet custom demand immedi commun michelin sale statist forecast tyre type tyre type brand trend michelin market share retread truck earthmov van case carri michelin franc oblig contain initi version date subsequ version date remov respect van michelin failur carri commit penalis claus abolish effect octob mention made case dealer wish deal activ compet retread complain threaten exclus club plai activ part programm aim enhanc sale outlet increas truck tyre sale improv knowledg farm issu vocat train scheme plai part truck breakdown chain servic render haulier abil event specialist fail fulfil commit michelin cancel agreement compens event specialist return michelin manual document copi entrust agreement initi version agreement date earli dealer requir pai back michelin year equal instal sum receiv financi assist onward oblig ambigu dealer lose quot entitl consider provid articl quot ii legal assess relev market product market produc dealer consult request inform commiss unanim confirm market tyre truck buse distinct market tyre type vehicl confirm differ origin equip market replac market aspect analys detail paragraph question aris market replac tyre truck form relev market exclud retread tyre retread includ tyre singl relev market replac tyre case signific competit relationship type tyre decis eec case iv nederlandsch banden industri michelin hereinaft quot nbim decis quot commiss defin relev market market replac tyre truck buse court subsequ confirm commiss conclus tyre market subject competit retread extent suffici significantli alter competit condit michelin domin posit market analysi valid confirm michelin investig repli request inform commiss nbim decis confin tyre market commiss court justic opportun deliv opinion relev retread market case ident argument put forward support definit relev market market tyre clear retread market likewis subject competit tyre extent alter competit condit preval market tyre retread constitut distinct relev market main reason conclus mark differ price retread tyre reflect signific differ product vast major tyre market price retread averag unit price equival price case differ result featur custom retread widespread practic fact carcass includ invoic servic fact highlight wai market oper shown respect structur suppli demand product ident suppli side produc tyre gener distinct retread michelin compani strong posit market segment demand side custom tyre manufactur specialis dealer custom retread transport firm specialis dealer intermediari vast major case retread prolong tyre origin owner retread act skill servic provid necessarili link tyre sale sector involv dealer usual essenti importantli retread market constitut secondari quot sale quot servic market relat market tyre tyre constitut valid substitut retread retread perform precis order prolong life tyre postpon purchas real competit retread purchas tyre fact franc transport firm recours custom retread purchas retread tyre previous own show extent retread market complementari distinct tyre market true main featur truck tyre market unlik purchas passeng car categori transport firm systemat account cost price kilometr retread part strategi reduc cost price tyre practic rule possibl effect competit retread purchas tyre stage life case lastli analysi specif characterist final consum show tyre retread substitut haulier systemat avoid fit retread tyre front tractor unit steer tyre truck carri danger good practic aris strict secur consider specialis dealer recognis retread reliabl agre high qualiti retread reduc risk virtual desir spread time approach avoid incid journei delai deliveri situat prevail chang significantli likewis retread dealer retread tyre retread form real altern tyre complementari carri busi activ depend regular suppli tyre inadequ replac suppli retread retread secondari product compar origin equip tyre replac tyre constitut essenti quot raw materi quot retread lead conclus market replac truck tyre truck retread distinct decis examin michelin domin posit refer market geograph market relev geograph market compris area undertak concern involv suppli demand product servic condit competit suffici homogen distinguish neighbour area condit competit appreci area market replac tyre nbim decis commiss conclud market replac tyre truck nation market assess account limit extent parallel import organis sale subsidiari nation line fact michelin account nation purchas calcul rebat analysi deem correct court justic judgment case nederlandsch banden industri michelin commiss hereinaft quot nbim judgment quot paragraph quot practic dealer establish netherland obtain suppli supplier oper netherland commiss view competit face michelin nv netherland market level object condit competit alik trader quot michelin assert market intern support argument cite fact quot structur competit replac tyre market worldwid main player compet world scale quot michelin stress group reorganis european product line tou standard european legisl exist quot intern natur tyre market confirm recent year larg scale import tyre asia eastern europ quot unquestion intensif trade decad made examin geograph dimens competit relev product market examin commiss consid argument put forward michelin competit condit homogen european level condit french market appreci prevail market commun argument largest intern tyre produc compet numer countri european union mean suppos relev geograph market world market situat perfectli compat exist condit competit appreci relev countri situat tyre industri time court justic found dutch replac tyre market nation market matter case assess real capac dealer obtain suppli nation territori similar differ suppli structur purchas nation subsidiari limit extent parallel import enquiri request inform commiss found larg manufactur organis distribut sale tyre nation line situat chang nbim decis michelin acknowledg quot carri busi nation replac market commerci independ compani establish accord applic nation law quot manufactur confirm nation dealer obtain suppli exclus nation trade subsidiari michelin confirm obtain suppli sourc nation subsidiari quot dealer regular suppli gener michelin compani establish countri quot note nbim judgment court found mere fact dealer obtain suppli systemat nation subsidiari gave rise conclus market nation basi observ quot commerci polici subsidiari group compet european world level gener adapt specif condit exist nation market quot court conclud quot commiss view competit face michelin nv netherland market quot situat chang valid franc todai data collect show parallel import extrem limit major price differenti nation market commun largest tyre import vandenban state press articl suppli michelin quot busi tyre passeng car truck tyre cover manufactur remain account breakdown servic loyal custom quot reason econom dealer theoret obtain suppli foreign michelin subsidiari econom interest pai list price purchas account michelin calcul rebat histor franc wholes distribut system conduc parallel import underdevelop virtual exist market truck tyre mark differ suppli retail quot sell quot countri ow absenc wholes dealer direct contact manufactur franc itali countri wholesal distribut strong netherland germani technic technic factor decis dealer absolut requir regular secur suppli rang condit guarante recours parallel import situat surpris resel tyre haulier technic busi requir dealer possess technic knowledg follow close number guidelin issu manufactur tyre gener case michelin tyre regroov retread make sens dealer obtain suppli exclus nation subsidiari manufactur time provid document advic fit monitor tyre true dealer make import purchas sporad small quantiti purchas complement nation suppli circumst substitut point touchston definit geograph market commiss decis eec case iv napier brown british sugar limit extent parallel import larg scale purchas nation subsidiari evid geograph market confin french territori mean nbim judgment differ structur suppli member state major price differ factor point exist separ nation market relev market confin franc differ structur suppli note connect market share larg manufactur vari consider countri countri tabl market share michelin tabl michelin share market replac truck tyre western europ gt tabl gt sourc michelin nation variat compat theori european market characteris homogen competit differ depend long firm establish market nation tradit affect consum behaviour exist phenomena confirm support hypothesi market replac tyre truck buse commun divid nation line appreci price differ major differ tyre price refer period countri sold support hypothesi relev geograph market nation michelin provid seri tabl highlight signific price differ commun compar price member state tyre highest sale popular dimens michelin xza obtain tabl tabl gt tabl gt frf exchang rate date question sourc michelin tabl show compar french market list invoic price lower significantli higher remark product differ high case differ narrow signific compar french market list price lower higher differ countri highest lowest price tyre case refer list price deduct invoic rebat obtain tabl show signific differ remain tabl gt tabl gt frf exchang rate date question sourc michelin lastli comparison net price charg michelin deduct maximum rebat figur tabl gt tabl gt frf exchang rate date question sourc michelin price regularli significantli higher refer countri price tyre lower signific variat evid figur treat caution extrem difficult draw precis comparison fact currenc fluctuat blur interpret price list correspond price paid rebat vari specif circumst dealer connect essenti note quot post invoic quot rebat proportion higher franc countri netherland germani unit kingdom fact figur account maximum post invoic rebat larg theoret case franc dealer benefit full effect underestim french price relat countri factor strong indic exist nation market replac tyre franc number object rais michelin extent intra commun tyre flow evid market commun wide michelin argu repli statement object quot total number replac truck tyre sold french market manufactur franc quot flow michelin reflect organis product european scale rule exist nation market sale condit case determin size market flow michelin flow tyre manufactur plant includ michelin plant larg degre market parallel import hand limit haulier easili purchas tyre abroad michelin fact manufactur distributor relationship nation scale final custom haulag fleet easili break free compartmentalis bui directli specialis dealer countri lowest price scenario correspond realiti logist difficulti strategi time pressur haulier truck fleet obtain suppli abroad manag tyre fleet requir technic knowledg strict monitor rule kind practic born mind transport firm larg fleet tyre manag highli technic matter involv assess extent tyre worn time interven practic rotat tyre wear tear prolong live haulag profession purchas tyre difficult dissoci servic provid time dealer action tyre specif time difficult haulier plan obtain suppli abroad store tyre purchas number factor argu hypothesi put forward michelin technic monitor fact contain file reveal constant technic monitor tyre fleet vital true journei europ made empti trailer unrealist regular technic monitor tyre storag haulier obtain suppli abroad item item ii languag problem haulag firm micro enterpris linguist obstacl intra commun trade inconsider tyre deal secondari transport busi specif budget train foreign languag negoti iii target commerci polici develop fix mileag contract undermin hypothesi iv structur road transport sector franc demonstr event small proport haulier afford adopt approach report group wise men road haulag singl market road haulag firm franc vehicl vehicl vehicl proport small busi increas comparison report state road haulag busi local market countri distanc greatest itali freight carri distanc km report investig commiss confirm fleet polici specif servic price target firm larg number vehicl oper larg tyre manufactur state polici servic restrict franc clear haulag firm tempt make purchas abroad target market polici prevent fact possibl market form relev market rule price distribut characterist specif purpos decis matter favour unfavour consequ michelin consid thirdli michelin state intern natur tyre market establish recent year larg scale import tyre asia eastern europ main reason refut argument import mention michelin exclus involv quot line quot tyre compet limit extent product make core michelin busi product account significantli replac case sold europ figur obtain eurostat import eu repres sale truck tyre french market broken central eastern europ south east asia includ japan tabl commerci flow truck tyre gt tabl gt sourc eurostat note french market expos penetr line tyre take refer commun averag member state netherland penetr rate factor strengthen close natur french market conclus clear argument put forward michelin support theori convinc specif context case justifi defin relev geograph market replac truck tyre french domest market market retread tyre retread market manifestli nation market case franc place manufactur consult commiss request inform state retread tyre market nation michelin confirm repli commiss retread market nation market provis servic local market retread market market provis servic servic definit stock local market nation dimens case mould cure retread retread mould cure plant countri worn case manag nation scale michelin factor support observ structur suppli heterogen commun mark differ reflect market share manufactur featur commun landscap french market distinguish domin presenc michelin market share bandag nearest competitor share market countri western europ hand competit relationship market player detriment michelin illustr tabl tabl market share main player market retread tyre western europ gt tabl gt sourc michelin differ affect structur demand commun set french market differ structur demand retread market commun mark predomin mould cure retread custom retread franc set french market mould cure method impli industri retread plant constraint connect transport carcass long process time elabor system collect carcass circumst presenc intermediari specialis dealer retread transport firm virtual indispens countri precur retread widespread hand specialis dealer retread retread retread transport firm direct contact major price differ member state major differ price charg countri commiss take account price list provid michelin post rebat price situat reflect lack homogen competit condit europ illustr comparison price popular retread michelin xza sold dealer countri tabl gt tabl gt frf exchang rate date tabl sourc michelin price differ comparison french market consider price lower higher differ price tyre differ price retread commiss consid price tyre deduct invoic rebat tabl tabl gt tabl gt frf exchang rate date tabl sourc michelin lastli account final net price full rebat tabl gt tabl gt frf exchang rate date tabl sourc michelin final cost price paid dealer lower depend rebat benefit entitl vari consider member state commit dealer decid prepar make quot pro quot premium quot agreement optimum michelin truck tyre quot exist franc spain germani unit kingdom michelin awar price differ european level consid statement michelin work group retread made document obtain inspect visit compar analysi repurchas price michelin carcass countri show consider price variat data tabl found michelin premis type tyre commonli retread tabl variat repurchas price carcass europ gt tabl gt sourc michelin limit purchas made franc specialis dealer price differ extrem rare specialis dealer make purchas franc technic commerci reason technic reason retread franc custom retread time constraint retread unit close custom dealer rare send carcass abroad price retread lower price tyre cost transport carcass repres higher proport final cost retread replac tyre cost prove major obstacl intra commun trade commerci reason carcass collect mould cure retread includ michelin essenti organis nation scale commerci term rebat system set place michelin strong incent specialis dealer send carcass retread nation michelin subsidiari dealer maximis rebat interest diversifi purchas carcass retread retread relev geograph market truck retread consid french market size french market product issu substanti part common market mean articl ec treati conclus relev market replac tyre truck buse compris relev product market market replac tyre market retread relev product market relev geograph market found french market view absenc homogen competit commerci condit nation market limit tyre purchas made franc dealer michelin domin posit judgment case hoffmann la roch commiss court justic defin domin posit quot posit econom strength enjoi undertak enabl prevent effect competit maintain relev market afford power behav appreci extent independ competitor custom ultim consum quot court quot exist domin posit deriv factor separ necessarili determin factor highli import exist larg market share quot success analysi type criterion lead conclus michelin domin posit relev market number structur indic import michelin market share point conclus analysi michelin behaviour relev market bring light attitud practic typic compani domin posit assess confirm lastli posit econom depend specialis dealer find vi vi michelin trade partner structur indic domin posit hoffmann la roch judgment court consid larg market share evid domin posit judgment found firm market share vitamin vitamin quot reduc quot rank domin posit judgment case akzo chemi bv commiss court rule market share save except circumst evid exist domin posit court state quot regard market share court held larg share save except circumst evid exist domin posit situat market share found exist case quot analys combin show michelin share relev market exceed threshold consist twenti year market replac tyre sncp syndicat nation du caoutchouc de plastiqu nation rubber plastic union calcul michelin share market replac tyre marketlin specialist sector gave michelin market share public michelin argu market share competitor estim market share intern graph tabl michelin commerci polici divis found inspect visit show stabl market share accuraci analys show michelin market share refer period know michelin acknowledg market share begin suppos michelin held domin posit french market replac tyre twenti year market share remain high level begin decad tabl estim market share manufactur french market replac tyre truck gt tabl gt tabl data found manufactur commerci polici divis inspect visit tabl estim market share held michelin market replac tyre truck european countri gt tabl gt sourc michelin event manufactur studi consult unanim affirm michelin market share time greater closest competitor dunlop control bare market market retread michelin michelin subsidiari pneu laurent held market share equal interrupt competitor bandag dealer present precur retread market market period consider begin period dunlop seia pneu hold combin share goodyear continent begin refer period michelin claim reach market share tabl estim market share french market truck retread gt tabl gt sourc michelin scarc doubt michelin domin posit retread market high market share save except circumst evid exist domin posit posit domin long stand incontest evid michelin domin posit number featur michelin busi activ explain power relev market michelin technic lead undeni launch radial tyre world lead manufactur radial tyre todai origin patent radial tyre expir year ago licenc grant manufactur michelin expertis field addit carri extens research number year quot green tyre quot market quot energi quot indisput technolog lead result primarili major invest michelin make extens financi resourc consist pursu activ polici research innov research technolog develop rtd budget run turnov largest competitor rtd budget goodyear bridgeston fireston continent pirelli dunlop michelin brand posit offer wide rang tyre product increas number custom group reach franc rang wider offer manufactur qualiti reput indisput lastli spontan demand shown larg transport firm evid french transport firm prefer michelin product reason consider lead michelin past brand posit origin equip market effect sale forc ground retread rate carcass higher michelin tyre brand distributor rate spontan demand high franc michelin estim repres michelin strong presenc adjac market michelin strong presenc adjac market act advantag replac retread market barrier competitor enter relev market neglig market replac tyre michelin dual advantag competitor strong posit market origin equip truck tyre benefici prefer supplier french heavi vehicl manufactur market leader renault tabl share european market origin equip truck tyre gt tabl gt sourc michelin michelin share european market time nearest competitor time line undeni put michelin advantag posit doubt user tend limit extent remain loyal brand tyre origin fit vehicl michelin strong presenc replac tyre market true manufactur illustr tabl tabl market share held michelin main competitor tyre market franc gt tabl gt sourc michelin retread market michelin major advantag manufactur strong posit market tyre market franc michelin share retread market ahead nearest competitor network bandag franchise independ manufactur michelin manufactur offer larg scale quot hous quot retread case situat consider relev analys manufactur market power michelin base entir commun fact tyre design outset live mean cost competitor tyre time purchas cost price kilometr michelin tyre competit sale argument base essenti promot retread manufactur downstream help increas michelin market power michelin omnipres commerci technic servic ground michelin close fifti logist platform local centr franc attach hundr technico commerci repres ensur michelin repres dealer michelin competitor sale forc numer significantli structur michelin sale forc heavi vehicl sector compris agent compet manufactur sale team forti peopl michelin defend market posit extrem know competitor posit campaign intens final consum michelin lead posit french distribut channel highli fragment truck tyre distribut sector michelin strong posit made evid previou section integr distribut network euromast michelin directli control sale outlet french territori figur repres sale outlet sale outlet belong manufactur integr network dunlop control sale outlet time michelin bridgeston fireston control manufactur situat appli quot club quot arrang closer partnership specialis dealer set place manufactur total member cover sale outlet quot michelin friend club quot repres larg major sale outlet belong quot club quot euromast sale outlet ad club member roughli sale outlet franc market power michelin deriv direct control distribut illustr comparison manufactur market share distribut channel tabl found michelin premis appli europ deduc princip argument situat advantag french market michelin posit tyre market stronger franc member state histor reason euromast quot club quot develop french market europ tabl comparison michelin share replac truck tyre market distribut channel europ gt tabl gt sourc michelin aspect structur analysi relev market suffic show michelin domin posit possess larg market share signific compar advantag combin weak competitor place michelin posit power behav independ manner typic firm domin posit michelin behaviour strong evid domin posit detail analysi number aspect michelin conduct support conclus base observ structur aspect market domin posit exist practic offer loyalti rebat net price differenti compar competitor busi practic grant wide rang loyalti rebat paid late clear indic michelin domin posit fact dealer prepar sell michelin tyre loss expect rebat final paid februari year evid manufactur market power practic examin detail point view constitut abus mention evid domin posit judgment case unit brand commiss court stress order determin compani domin posit analys competit situat relev market quot advis account fact put forward act amount abus necessarili acknowledg abus quot specialis dealer depend michelin make unavoid partner lastli import indic michelin domin posit fact specialis dealer manifestli situat depend make michelin unavoid partner resent euromast express plainli independ specialis dealer michelin clear evid fact dealer concern credibl elimin michelin tyre sale outlet dealer sell michelin tyre send carcass retread michelin pneu laurent michelin subsidiari run risk weaken commerci credibl trader includ rang product subject heavi demand case necessarili establish relationship depend make supplier question unavoid partner point connect situat identifi court nbim judgment fact legitim help establish michelin domin posit netherland market court state time quot dealer establish netherland afford sell michelin tyre quot specialis dealer sell heavi duti tyre truck wide rang type tyre tyre passeng car van offer quot sale quot tyre servic recent year specialis dealer lost larg proport passeng car tyre market distribut channel car centr superstor car manufactur network mean truck tyre busi take increas share turnov magazin achat automobil actualité repres turnov crucial surviv clear specialis dealer situat econom depend make michelin unavoid partner dealer ignor michelin endang credibl busi brand market share rate spontan demand franc request inform commiss specialis dealer fact dealer decid work michelin evid correspond posit court nbim case ad fact gener open michelin manufactur involv directli distribut develop direct contact final user vertic integr dealer network add appear distribut network network truck tyre manufactur find independ specialis dealer lose share market distribut truck tyre tradit quot strong point quot fact make competit dealer keen margin small averag oper margin french specialis dealer turnov pressur independ dealer constrain obtain term purchas michelin product truck tyre order preserv competit edg surviv depend dealer hesit part major quot programm quot quot agreement quot offer result benefit rebat addit econom advantag slight variat rebat rate prove essenti dealer make repli statement object michelin reject argument partner ground dealer question support point view dealer michelin list bought tyre michelin repli fact quot club quot dealer major question spontan declar rate high ratio independ dealer spontan demand rate michelin product suffici convinc michelin forget dealer deal truck tyre relev give figur entir tyre sector case dealer includ supermarket evid outlin help establish doubt michelin domin posit french market replac retread tyre heavi vehicl abus natur michelin commerci polici abus domin posit defin court justic hoffmann la roch judgment quot object concept relat behaviour undertak domin posit influenc structur market result presenc undertak question degre competit weaken recours method condit normal competit product servic basi transact commerci oper effect hinder mainten degre competit exist market growth competit quot abus domin posit involv practic object effect elimin competitor behaviour undertak adopt compromis interest competit market market domin posit court justic limit concept notabl state unit brand judgment quot true fact undertak domin posit disentitl protect commerci interest attack undertak conced reason step deem protect interest behaviour countenanc actual purpos strengthen domin posit abus quot occur case point michelin long held domin posit franc sought exercis influenc ensur maintain hold market decad arriv competitor michelin gradual caught market product competit term qualiti price franc tradit stronghold michelin action order maintain domin posit action base method condit normal competit begin includ michelin pursu commerci price polici franc regard resel base complex system rebat discount financi benefit main object tie resel maintain market share regard abus mean articl michelin abus commerci polici relev product market market replac tyre market retread specialist dealer consist compon relev period quot gener price condit franc profession dealer quot conveni individu quot commerci cooper agreement quot includ categori extens gener condit quot agreement optimum michelin truck tyre quot pro agreement quot busi cooper servic assist agreement quot michelin friend club gener price condit franc profession dealer condit allow dealer benefit quantiti rebat servic bonus progress bonus possibl sign commerci agreement michelin quantiti rebat quantiti rebat form annual rebat percentag total turnov truck car van achiev michelin franc elig dealer achiev turnov threshold provid rebat grid michelin case nbim judgment refer consist recent case court justic rule grant quantiti rebat undertak domin posit rebat exce reason period month case ground practic line normal competit base price bui small addit quantiti michelin product made dealer elig rebat turnov achiev michelin greater fair margin linear return addit purchas creat strong bui incent effect court view rebat correspond economi scale achiev firm result addit purchas consum induc make addit rebat paid februari year tyre purchas made michelin compani appli practic competitor pai rebat immedi abus evid unfair practic intens competit low level margin sector commiss investig dealer oblig resel loss pend payment rebat price paid michelin gener higher price charg dealer final consum dealer initi sold quot loss quot paid quot bonus quot premium resel recov cost establish profit margin unfair rebat system cumul result factor firstli contrari michelin argu repli statement object dealer certainti final purchas price michelin tyre rebat appli michelin turnov calcul year start purchas dealer order real unit purchas price tyre situat uncertainti insecur prompt minimis risk purchas michelin dealer wish diversifi purchas supplier difficult base choic object figur uncertainti final price michelin tyre made comparison competitor price imposs note dealer oblig resel michelin tyre loss profit margin establish rebat paid precari situat dealer unfair measur extent michelin abus posit busi partner undistort competit supplier difficult dealer accord opt place unfavour posit busi term thirdli view fact rebat paid extrem late dealer forc enter quantit commit michelin connect progress bonu receiv quantiti rebat previou year unfair dealer weak psycholog posit negoti negoti base reliabl estim cost price determin busi strategi freeli competitor grant bulk rebat immedi fourthli resel accept cash flow loss resel loss period purchas michelin tyre payment rebat undu financi burden repli statement object michelin reject fourth point argu quot case dealer system annual quantiti rebat work supplier provid dealer start year larg sum resel fit quot argument confirm fact system produc effect involv loss make resal cash flow loss case dealer year busi fact michelin forget case dealer stop purchas michelin product began purchas case sale year exce year commiss agre michelin view sum paid time lag month regard quot larg sum monei made dealer quot loyalti induc effect view long refer period year resel increas pressur purchas michelin low level profit margin strong incent earn addit rebat small event directli boost firm profit margin detail analysi quantiti rebat introduc michelin show system rebat similar rule court justic object effect ty dealer michelin quot provid advantag base econom servic justifi discount remov restrict buyer freedom choos sourc suppli quot quot bar competitor access market quot end rebat refund establish basi calendar year invoic bonus quantiti rebat progress premium grant basi quantiti sold previou year system rebat grant quantiti sold long refer period inher effect end period increas pressur buyer reach purchas figur need obtain discount avoid suffer forese loss entir period essenti dealer surviv case receiv larg amount quantiti rebat mean restor dealer profit margin view extrem long period michelin record order dealer risk moment diversifi rang signific extent michelin expens jeopardis abil reach rebat threshold major effect cost price michelin tyre purchas year loyalti induc effect appli tyre retread tyre concern rate rebat vari time turnov threshold cross rang bottom scale top scale dealer achiev turnov frf michelin receiv rebat achiev frf rebat rose factor consider increas pressur final extra order truck tyre allow higher scale reach affect dealer profit margin sale michelin tyre categori retread tyre heavi plant final easi lower end scale move step scale lot note top scale dealer interest maximum figur stipul allow sign quot commerci agreement quot michelin advantag involv repli statement object michelin observ point exampl mention quot frf frf modest sum quot dealer earn averag margin addit rebat michelin purchas substanti fact regard tyre quantiti rebat calcul refer turnov categori michelin tyre suggest sight escap rout avoid loyalti induc effect truck tyre market dealer wish achiev addit rebat level place addit truck tyre order opt purchas michelin car tyre fact assumpt stand closer analysi firstli unit cost differ car tyre truck tyre attempt offset purchas requir dealer purchas significantli larger quantiti car tyre achiev turnov car tyre includ calcul quantiti rebat addit purchas car tyre dealer quot usual quot purchas suffici purpos obtain rebat offset lack addit truck tyre order dealer custom base structur unrealist dealer significantli short term alter proport tyre sale account car tyre truck tyre word dealer suddenli decid sell car tyre truck tyre market distinct turnov offset mean car tyre sale realist mean escap resel event mean escap exist limit impact conclus drawn applic quantiti rebat turnov michelin product loyalti induc effect market truck tyre note addition michelin state repli statement object quot start year michelin drew dealer tabl give estim product categori rebat dealer entitl current year quot evid contractu rebat appli turnov respect categori case practic michelin comment make clear loyalti induc effect made felt case retread categori tabl rebat variat rate rebat result final order retread year affect dealer profit margin respect total amount retread sale year escap rout small variat put appreci pressur resel instanc variat inconsider variat rate quantiti rebat turnov threshold cross rang bottom scale top scale dealer achiev turnov frf michelin receiv rebat rebat grant frf frf frf step scale made fairli easi bottom scale move higher step incent achiev addit purchas note respect earlier michelin case nbim judgment court view variat place dealer suffici pressur induc make substanti part purchas domin undertak end period repli statement object michelin argu earlier michelin judgment court regard lack transpar system rebat crucial factor determin michelin nv commerci polici constitut abus meant french compani commerci polici constitut abus ground quot rebat challeng loyalti rebat prohibit commun case law quot commiss believ michelin analysi mistaken court regard lack transpar rebat essenti condit abus commit stress lack transpar commiss object regard system quantiti rebat commiss challeng system quantiti rebat uncertainti dealer regard refer framework final total amount sale michelin product year unfair practic creat loyalti induc effect import note commiss consid quot gener condit sale quot constitut transpar system explain servic bonu progress bonu involv earn point definit quot base quot rest object subject factor market partit effect foreclos effect rebat appli purchas made michelin franc discourag purchas made abroad import convers high level price franc rebat discourag purchas franc abroad foreclosur effect noteworthi regard competitor market share michelin absorb cost rebat competitor unabl likewis accept lower level profit give idea increas sale volum market partit effect brought method calcul rebat clear purchas made michelin franc account dealer oblig purchas essenti distribut channel restrict scope obtain michelin tyre suppli group foreign subsidiari allow manufactur exercis tight control market dealer theori chosen make purchas european countri benefit condit countri bear transport cost involv decis forgo technic assist provid michelin franc crucial trade specif market truck tyre market ongo custom servic abil provid technic advic major factor dealer appeal custom dealer obtain suppli import case small part market limit suppli import guarante rang tyre dealer import gener market common tyre size size dealer necessarili obtain suppli michelin michelin grant bonus rang categori event refer type tyre order remain competit import offset cost transport dealer loss bonus rang michelin tyre includ bought import dealer european countri obtain suppli franc great difficulti factor addit discriminatori place rebat system meant price sale public price invoic rebat higher charg countri rebat system tyre export result limit dealer european countri receiv rebat grant french resel polici made parallel import difficult partit market explain firstli low level import mainten nation market replac tyre isol french market enabl michelin domin influenc risk extern influenc retread specif featur french market made difficult dealer decid custom case retread member state case frontier area desir exist system establish michelin prevent practic end year rebat calcul refer purchas made michelin french subsidiari purchas made dealer record order check dealer achiev threshold access programm result dealer strong incent diversifi supplier servic bonu bonu featur quantiti rebat minimum turnov threshold impos michelin amount bonu link number point obtain assess grid essenti qualiti servic servic bonu unfair fix loyalti induc effect natur ti sale view claus unfair grant point subject gave michelin margin discret assess addit point depend provis precis strateg inform market dealer interest return form studi note previou section describ oper bonu michelin bonu make subject assess affect amount bonu grant allow manufactur repres put strong pressur dealer futur commit allow arrang discriminatori manner head natur subject assess number point grant vari quot depend qualiti servic provid quot talli point score calcul michelin repres set target point current year michelin abil unilater decreas bonu year target met factor enabl michelin make condit grant dealer depend subject assess michelin argument made possibl except case alter fact abus addit number repli dealer request inform make matter clear quot assess made depend michelin goodwil quot quot michelin bonu unilater impos quot dealer explain subject retaliatori measur form quot drastic reduct bonus servic bonu quot regard respons undertak domin posit kind subject margin discret inevit sourc discrimin regard abus mean articl ec treati loyalti induc effect point grant dealer achiev minimum percentag purchas michelin product meet target set michelin part servic bonu greatli strengthen link michelin dealer mean loyalti induc effect regard abus head quot servic product quot enabl dealer obtain addit point purchas product amount specif percentag relat region share product earn point depend quantiti achiev percentag relat region share product variant loyalti bonu regard abus requir undertak domin posit head constitut improp incent promot michelin product expens compet product dealer risk loss point result reduct total amount annual bonu forc case compli region market share percentag set michelin michelin point repli statement object order obtain maximum bonu suffici obtain point list sheet dealer cope loss quot abus quot point question commiss emphasis abus point quot market inform quot quot servic product quot repres point retread exclus aspect link addit point imposs dealer obtain maximum point infring competit rule easier dealer earn point abus cost improv qualiti plant equip sale outlet servic provid custom michelin defend abus natur point argu abus ty effect natur loyalti induc point grant dealer commit systemat return michelin tyre michelin retread servic bonu mean achiev ti sale abus enabl michelin domin posit market truck tyre enhanc posit adjac retread market servic bonu award dealer addit point systemat michelin case retread michelin award quot systemat retread michelin case michelin quot loss point reduct total amount annual bonu earn meant direct increas unit cost tyre purchas michelin dealer lost bonu retread link turnov michelin manufactur posit tyre trade gener market truck tyre mean ensur dealer retread carri dealer risk loos rebat total annual turnov michelin independ retread carri retread work dealer purchas tyre purchas account consider proport turnov truck tyre market michelin domin posit repres larg percentag turnov rebat lost market vital import dealer instanc turnov michelin affect servic bonu abolish progress bonu bonu quot achiev target bonu quot replac abus order obtain dealer commit minimum amount purchas call base previou year purchas averag year adjust coeffici spirit system sum circular michelin sale forc issu januari state quot quot practic simpli requir dealer increas purchas michelin repres exercis implicit control fix base mean arrang truck tyre choic level achiev previou year averag year base agre previou year refer applic number tyre uniform region coeffici establish basi michelin forecast market develop michelin ambit market account term market share coeffici case neg sector make french market posit sector appreci variat region rang end year reduc coeffici establish michelin appli case truck tyre reduc coeffici exception correct figur obtain account circumst increas decreas dealer purchas capac appli establish compet distributor area acquisit loss custom strong potenti decis part retail stop purchas import request commiss michelin provid list firm concern factor led correct individualis bonu correspond court rule abovement michelin judgment undertak domin posit requir dealer exce year figur previou year automat increas market share take advantag domin posit bonu unfair requir impos michelin increas purchas insecur brought individualis determin minimum base bonu loyalti induc market partit appli purchas made michelin franc unfair progress bonu unfair appear base agreement amount fact requir unilater impos manufactur increas purchas michelin tyre market progress bonu made obtain annual rebat provid individu object base establish refer specif situat dealer previou purchas figur exceed result dealer year purchas quantiti absolut term obtain rebat depend initi base method chosen michelin calcul base agre subsequ negoti criteria establish base appli uniformli advanc dealer michelin clear influenc final determin base system involv manifest factor insecur allow discrimin dealer regard unfair loyalti induc effect progress bonu mark loyalti induc effect purchas increas target set crucial dealer meet target practic depriv option obtain suppli signific extent supplier dealer commit exceed quot minimum base quot minimum purchas target end year bound respect firstli start year minimum base includ number step commit purchas greater quantiti entitl dealer higher rebat end year exce minimum set exce larg amount size rebat obtain potenti larg depend degre base exceed end year pressur increas consider achiev base dealer obtain rebat total amount truck earthmov tyre purchas continu receiv bonus purchas excess minimum establish base incent exce base stronger dealer entitl rebat rang total annual turnov michelin end year pressur dealer purchas volum enabl sign commerci agreement mark period examin addit step quantiti rebat progress bonu enabl obtain larg addit progress rebat result achiev exceed base achiev base meant obtain quot truck earthmov forklift light plant quot turnov quot support industri product quot exceed base entitl dealer progress rebat figur base exceed repli statement object michelin argu loyalti induc effect aris practic quot case base agre year greater base outturn figur previou year quot commiss note michelin includ dealer type tyre combin distort calcul ratio provid basi refut abus market partit effect progress bonu quantiti rebat highli market partit effect purchas made michelin franc account commerci agreement agreement extens quantiti rebat progress bonu scheme addit rebat turnov reinforc abus natur bonus claus requir frf million minimum turnov michelin enabl michelin assur cooper part main dealer individu commerci cooper agreement largest dealer sign extens step scale quantiti rebat progess bonu respect involv type abus prospect sign commerci agreement increas pressur larg dealer reach top rebat scale agreement regard abus addit impact overlap practic aggrav abus natur quot system quot form gener condit sale fact element make gener condit sale constitut abus practic respect import note extent combin interact condit help reinforc impact abus natur quot system quot consid object look demonstr condit contribut respect abus effect combin reinforc effect relev practic gener mere fact combin effect system forc specialist dealer practic quot resel loss quot michelin tyre final consum profit margin establish receiv payment rebat premium bonus thirteen month date transact prove abus natur system articl treati fact michelin impos practic reveal extent posit partner distort competit supplier situat impos cash flow problem loss dealer michelin made inconsider cash flow gain justifi econom servic perform return place dealer precari financi situat reinforc unfair natur michelin relat dealer make fact dealer econom depend rebat paid purchas made michelin cover quot agreement quot impos requir increas sale market market matur fact amount establish relationship virtual exclus unfair system reinforc margin subject determin level progress bonu servic bonu enabl michelin tool mean exert pressur dealer precari posit negoti target place rebat paid born mind michelin theoret chang amount bonus year quot servic bonu quot oper system result uncertainti final net price product practic unaccept impos undertak domin posit rebat condit dealer final unit price dai februari year purchas made market trend definit uncertain dealer advanc quantiti purchas year meet target commit quot overstock quot solut storag tyre bulki costli relat specialist dealer financi capac repres substanti proport dealer financ requir question dealer quot overstock quot long term abus element system inclus truck tyre system introduc michelin base essenti invoic rebat achiev target bonu invoic rebat differ distinctli practic quantiti rebat put pressur dealer demonstr involv abus quot achiev target bonu quot sort substitut quot progress bonu quot tend tie dealer close manufactur abus manner invoic rebat invoic rebat system replac quantiti rebat system appear unfair loyalti induc quot automat quot grant dealer rebat depend previou perform previou year averag previou year whichev favour dealer practic regard abus loyalti induc effect respect firstli amount rebat proport figur previou year loyalti induc effect addit purchas michelin product enabl dealer obtain higher invoic rebat rate year dealer purchas current year allow claim higher invoic rebat rate rate appli year dealer receiv quot end year adjust quot equival rate differenti loyalti induc effect appli year thirdli level invoic rebat quot end year rebat quot confus quot end year adjust quot paid rate rang line relev rebat level net turnov invoic invoic rebat rate end year rebat depend level sale michelin product current year loyalti induc effect reinforc ii achiev target bonu bonu made obtain amount percentag net annual turnov invoic target achiev achiev target entitl dealer pro bonu inher system rebat grant basi quantiti sold long refer period pressur increas purchas end refer period achiev level purchas obtain rebat variat rate rebat result order small year affect dealer profit margin sale michelin truck tyre year creat substanti pressur achiev michelin sale target liabl prevent dealer select favour sourc suppli made difficult competitor enter market case factor help increas pressur dealer quot progress bonu quot evid rebat percentag substanti invoic net turnov differ michelin posit main competitor remain consider michelin repres omnipres dealer set quot target quot iwa establish basi quot dealer potenti quot perform previou year anticip trend market michelin gave dealer choic figur previou year averag year adjust account anticip growth trend market creat loyalti induc effect wish obtain bonu dealer perform figur previou year year long establish michelin custom cut purchas half wish chang supplier product reduc purchas slightli significantli fact option difficult put practic system gave dealer strong incent choos highest target option offer consider reinforc loyalti induc effect forgotten invoic rebat rate establish basi wai defin refer base determin quot basi solut favour dealer quot rebat calcul basi option correspond highest number tyre purchas dealer sold tyre averag option tyre automat appli dealer sign ambiti quot target contract quot enabl move higher section grid obtain higher invoic rebat work wai dealer opt quot target quot lower figur set liabl reduct quot invoic rebat quot ran risk move grid take previou select option averag meant loss invoic rebat fallen posit grid lower dealer risk obtain lower rate end year rebat invoic rebat rate criteria includ calcul end year rebat rate dealer section obtain end year rang resel section obtain rate rang result natur dealer prompt choos quot target quot quot quot enabl obtain higher invoic rebat event loos rebat entitl basi previou purchas figur dealer choic sever limit michelin advantag dealer rare opt quot target quot lower figur calcul invoic rebat figur highest figur purchas michelin conclud consider achiev target bonu abus mean articl treati unfair loyalti induc retread michelin maintain practic quantiti rebat consist progress rebat line purchas made year practic similar previous exist circumst ident regard light practic impos undertak domin posit put pressur dealer end period restrict choic sourc suppli imped produc access market base econom justifi quid pro quo rebat regard abus mean articl end year quantiti rebat abolish gener condit continu appli commerci agreement pro agreement quot agreement optimum michelin truck tyre quot introduc bonu condit signatur pro agreement earn progress bonu achiev target bonu requir michelin case retread michelin exclus bonu grant case present bonu doubl ti sale effect place michelin domin posit market tyre enhanc posit retread market michelin domin posit retread market strengthen posit tyre market order obtain bonu sign progress bonu commit number pro bonus limit number tyre purchas addit bonu market partit limit purchas made franc retread case franc michelin subsidiari meant loss pro bonu relev case abus charact pro agreement ti condit sale pro agreement advers affect competit wai paragraph michelin domin posit market truck tyre lever preserv improv posit neighbour retread market effect paragraph seq convers michelin retread market domin strengthen posit market truck tyre qualifi larg reward pro bonu scheme dealer undertak thing quot present custom truck tyre michelin retread reach legal tread wear limit quot claus pro agreement exclus charact claus appear confirm michelin write quot remix retread retread preserv michelin truck case restor tyre perform quot repli statement object michelin exclus practic michelin fact requir deni exist claus natur induc dealer send tyre carcass michelin justifi econom circumst reduc suppli michelin carcass undertak case oper exclus retread busi repli statement object michelin estim succeed collect quot tyre sold quot add quot europ quot leav difficulti measur figur precis rate low inconceiv franc michelin sell origin equip truck tyre replac retread market franc special market michelin retread tyre sell collect retread tyre larg number competitor tyre special featur french market due abus charact retread claus repercuss michelin truck carcass made larg percentag heavi tyre gener larger percentag total retread carcass bottom rang tyre retread michelin tyre differ larg proport compet brand special design order retread exclus deal oblig place major obstacl michelin competitor retread market situat aggrav fact michelin strong retread market share close competitor share time smaller gener oper retread market unlik michelin tyre busi support strengthen retread busi oblig enter parti pro agreement concern quot truck progress bonu quot current year bonus basi number michelin case brought michelin retread order qualifi dealer undertak bui michelin truck tyre manufactur retread lever guarante sale market tyre note progress bonu oblig dealer achiev level purchas truck tyre determin refer specif circumst quot depend past perform futur prospect quot compris number mechan tend bind dealer manufactur ensur loyalti addit reward dealer obtain pro agreement restrict number truck earthmov tyre bought michelin previou year dealer bought tyre previou year receiv bonu retread tyre matter quantiti retread want obtain bonus advantag bui michelin tyre entitl bonu bui michelin tyre reward big year obtain substanti discount tyre retread left deepli commit increas sale michelin product closer link michelin year dealer want promot replac tyre chang supplier awar reward pro scheme fall dramat year number bonus grant carcass event restrict number tyre bought previou year dealer strong pressur continu bui tyre michelin effect rigidifi distribut replac tyre end addit claus aven ad agreement strengthen lever effect dealer purchas truck earthmov tyre increas comparison achiev commerci target promis begin year cover quot except pro claus quot arrang quantiti retread case qualifi pro bonu equal number truck earthmov tyre bought michelin year addit bonus obtain regard number tyre bought previou year condit chang bonus link purchas tyre current year previou year importantli dealer increas purchas truck tyre michelin substanti compli commit effect strengthen incent event assur michelin dealer ti progress bonu mechan basi high volum similar effect dealer natur thing made purchas year entitl bonu michelin amend agreement introduc except arriv maximum sum obtain determin refer purchas provid progress bonu scheme chang abus effect shown progress bonu scheme provid bonu bound dealer close michelin rigidifi michelin posit bonu concern retread base number tyre michelin retread current year justif make depend purchas tyre limit number tyre bought previou year current year michelin make conclus agreement subject accept dealer supplementari oblig natur commerci usag connect subject agreement constitut abus mean point paragraph articl treati claus remov pro agreement replac carcass qualiti servic claus elimin abus compon system compartmentalis market shown michelin commerci polici end year rebat isol french market gave dealer strong incent retread carri michelin franc pro bonu strengthen partit effect contrari articl treati bonus obtain pro agreement calcul proport volum tyre bought michelin franc qualifi bonus dealer requir bui tyre michelin franc send carcass michelin retread barrier purchas tyre abroad dealer bui volum abroad forgo retread bonu volum send michelin case abroad retread effect bonu lost michelin subsidiari made imposs send tyre abroad bear mind michelin case common market case easiest retread doubt partit effect polici appreci repli statement object michelin quot tax purpos michelin justifi grant bonu pro dealer case relat compani locat abroad quot michelin seek justifi partit effect bonu refer tax oblig commiss sought establish statement true tax term commiss take view undertak hold domin posit respons ensur creat system partit nation market mean put end bonu domest busi cooper servic assist agreement michelin friend club main purpos club agreement attract largest dealer oblig ensur proport sale compos michelin product proport quot temperatur quot spelt agreement oblig real evidenc paper assembl inspect carri michelin premis intern club document document mention threshold michelin product truck unfair foreclosur effect produc threshold mention made oblig divert spontan custom demand michelin product written cooper agreement octob abus aspect club club michelin tool rigidifi improv posit market replac truck tyre formal oblig dealer promot michelin brand divert spontan custom demand michelin tyre club agreement michelin expressli reserv monitor complianc claus spontan demand michelin product high oblig kind necessarili consid abus aim directli elimin competit part manufactur guarante mainten michelin posit limit competit market practic situat wors claus oblig dealer guarante market share michelin product michelin quot temperatur quot level vari dealer region sale tyre market effect similar fidel claus dealer enjoi advantag belong club return remain faith michelin practic kind bear direct relat real cost save manufactur michelin domin posit market barrier competit exist consider evid show temperatur condit central michelin market share consid averag share michelin tyre sale club member europ figur independ specialis dealer euromast network control michelin numer document found michelin premis speak implic market share oblig condit entri club continu membership hear michelin state club dealer meet temperatur condit figur strang temperatur correspond averag sale dealer exceed temperatur substanti order offset temperatur shortfal refer michelin aggrav fact michelin integr network market ensur larg market share network ad ratchet effect ensur michelin market share hold steadi increas larg proport truck tyre trade franc total trade tyre trade retread tyre brand time truck tyre trade bound michelin larg proport sale michelin set oblig member club guarante michelin quot temperatur quot shown claus agreement requir dealer quot carri suffici stock michelin product meet custom demand immedi quot expressli state individualis stock grid drawn quot take account local region nation market segment quot express quot percentag form quot grid drawn basi michelin market share basi share michelin achiev induc dealer guarante michelin share limit access market competitor dealer interest keep stock sell bui compet good long michelin product stock result claus stock michelin product quot volum match michelin market share quot volum match wish barrier entri manufactur michelin market share rigidifi club agreement bind dealer seri oblig michelin exception reach monitor activ member justifi michelin desir supervis distribut detail conduct part undertak hold domin posit object effect bind dealer close organis commerci term increas depend constitut abus scope articl treati true oblig suppli michelin detail financi inform oblig michelin inform ident partner sharehold busi circumst affect control compani strateg choic aspect dealer financ strategi open book michelin regularli hold meet dealer discuss financ advis financi affair michelin influenc organis dealer busi end dealer promis michelin carri wide rang outlet audit accept list area progress suggest michelin promis financi advantag withheld dealer part numer promot programm notabl truck tyre michelin sign advertis dealer staff train michelin train centr aspect busi invest inevit influenc michelin wish commerci point view final oblig dealer michelin inform dealer statist sale forecast categori categori brand develop michelin market share entitl michelin monitor dealer commerci polici michelin larg sale forc instruct assembl inform dealer decid sell compet product michelin awar fact membership club requir spirit partnership observ michelin volum michelin quot temperatur quot leav dealer complet depend michelin necessarili loyalti induc effect chang dealer commerci strateg polici leav open repris part michelin member club share feel turn back difficult member club give financi contribut obtain domin manufactur firm sign agreement imposs leav requir repai sum receiv financi contribut commit enter fairli lifetim benefit michelin hand consider deal trade gener michelin reliabl statist develop market deal individu dealer michelin fulli inform time financi posit custom adapt market pressur financi benefit grant satisfi dealer bui faithfulli michelin intend join network dealer close bound manufactur term financ organis market manner constitut abus mean articl treati lastli octob busi cooper servic assist agreement expressli requir dealer retread michelin truck earthmov case carri michelin michelin state formal requir complianc claus fact great major retread club dealer carri michelin continu explain case michelin threaten refus entri club dealer wish cooper compet retread form exclus deal effect analog ti sale consid constitut abus mean articl treati dealer pressur send carcass michelin reluct endang partnership michelin advantag bring busi question retread event minor part tyre busi dealer choic restrict dealer michelin case retread retread retread face obstacl bar access market argument put forward michelin repli statement object michelin put forward gener argument counter commiss object space year share market replac tyre fallen substanti fall market retread tyre state price truck tyre fallen ten year allow inflat fall michelin argu prove michelin hold domin posit abus commiss point court instanc european commun held judgment join case compagni maritim belg transport commiss quot undertak domin posit implement practic aim remov competitor fact result sought achiev avoid practic characteris abus domin posit mean articl treati quot present case intent domin undertak significantli increas market share result achiev conduct issu constitut abus conduct help maintain stabilis michelin market share nbim judgment court justic found quot temporari unprofit loss inconsist exist domin posit token fact price charg michelin nv constitut abus high justifi conclus domin posit exist quot addit question undertak hold domin posit mean articl treati consid relat period conduct issu observ period question earlier year michelin satisfi market share test develop court justic lastli michelin statement fact extrem disput retread market remark long period todai michelin maintain high market share fall percentag point market time market share member state lower michelin estim share market replac tyre fallen inform suppli michelin michelin group market share oscil begin stand figur demonstr michelin capac maintain market share michelin market share fall fall place essenti result end michelin exclus right respect radial tyre turn fall price michelin assert carefulli price truck tyre fell ten year detail michelin price data obtain commiss inse french nation econom studi statist institut confirm fall price replac tyre french market index figur price fallen figur allow inflat inse attribut fall drop market price hydrocarbon rubber import compon cost tyre manufactur consid similar happen market relat motor industri appear unpromis market michelin succeed maintain price increas fairli substanti type truck tyre tabl base data inse michelin show michelin manag maintain price market collaps tabl gt tabl gt letter juli michelin contest valid analysi year michelin price phase catch answer request inform michelin michelin suffer fall price period question fall calcul basi truck tyre rang weight averag discount allow dealer limit allow inflat fall michelin line market conclus rest market michelin incorpor fall raw materi price price maintain initi price differenti effect trade member state judgment case société techniqu minièr maschinenbau ulm court justic held anticompetit conduct affect trade member state quot regard foreseen fear influenc direct indirect actual potenti pattern trade member state capabl prevent realiz singl market state quot nbim judgment court quot holder domin posit obstruct access market competitor make differ conduct confin singl member state long capabl affect pattern trade competit common market quot discount system appli michelin affect trade member state establish strong link domin supplier dealer restrict dealer scope make purchas michelin entir system aim improv dealer perform favour prevent manufactur obtain order manufactur establish common market larg plant produc heavi tyre chanc penetr french market diminish account link establish manufactur dealer michelin system commerci term michelin market share fix consequ manufactur penetr french market exce small percentag conduct part michelin issu consequ mainten market share liabl restrict freedom trade member state harm achiev object establish singl market chang structur competit common market unfavour effect abus discount system trade member state appreci evid show small rebat consid signific dealer dealer face invidi choic make sale effort manufactur michelin natur dealer increas michelin sale inevit expens manufactur uncertain individualis bonu turn rebat manufactur task manufactur sell franc commun countri made notic difficult action domin undertak articl regul articl regul state commiss applic initi find infring articl articl treati decis requir undertak associ undertak concern bring infring end commiss requir michelin bring infring section end extent henceforth refrain agreement behaviour similar object effect note exchang correspond meet commiss depart michelin discuss commit enter order bring infring end meet februari michelin submit agreement amend effect januari order account commiss observ put end abus articl regul articl regul state commiss decis impos undertak associ undertak fine exceed turnov preced busi year undertak particip infring intention neglig infring articl treati fix amount fine regard graviti durat infring present case clear michelin commit infring intention explain paragraph commiss fine michelin practic decis upheld court justic michelin larg legal depart unawar practic constitut infring court rule conduct neighbour geograph market present case michelin conduct penalis imposit fine order determin level fine commiss account graviti durat infring aggrav mitig circumst graviti conduct question consist system loyalti induc discount kind consist condemn past commiss commun judicatur abus domin posit aim elimin prevent growth michelin competitor french market replac retread truck tyre conduct consid infring commun competit law franc countri commun michelin hold share market retread tyre greater share market replac tyre ty sale retread tyre effect progress bonu pro agreement consid factor help explain singular situat michelin market share larger franc member state situat due histori brand strength michelin friend club french market factor effect club polici help maintain michelin market share club dealer share surprisingli higher independ specialis dealer infring place substanti part common market partit common market caus effect extend relev market french market reason amount fine impos reflect graviti infring eur million reflect natur extent impact infring durat infring extend period year commerci polici issu oper onward section michelin agre amend agreement effect januari commiss concentr enquiri period account period januari decemb purpos decis durat infring consid year amount fine impos basi graviti infring increas account durat bring basic amount fine eur million aggrav circumst michelin fine commiss nbim case decis upheld court abus domin posit kind system loyalti induc discount commiss guidelin method set fine impos pursuant articl regul articl ecsc treati expressli refer repetit infring aggrav circumst justifi increas amount fine michelin argu fact court earlier judgment concern infring geograph market mean michelin abus practic constitut repetit infring commiss take view domin undertak censur commiss respons put end abus practic relev market ensur commerci polici commun conform individu decis notifi michelin revers conclud abus commit michelin defin relev market aggrav fact repeat infring justifi increas basic amount fine increas eur million mitig circumst section michelin submit amend commerci polici februari effect januari aim bring infring end undertak made amend commiss statement object consid mitig circumst justifi reduct basic amount fine reduct eur million amount fine reason amount fine impos respect infring identifi decis eur million adopt decis articl commiss find period extend januari decemb manufactur français de pneumatiqu michelin infring articl ec treati appli system loyalti induc rebat dealer replac tyre retread tyre truck buse franc articl infring refer articl fine eur million impos michelin fine paid month date notif decis bank account account code swift bbvabebb code iban european commiss banco bilbao vizcaya argentaria bbva avenu de art kunstlaan brussel expiri period interest automat payabl rate appli european central bank main refinanc oper work dai month decis adopt percentag point give total articl michelin refrain repeat conduct articl adopt measur equival effect articl decis address manufactur français de pneumatiqu michelin clermont ferrand decis enforc pursuant articl ec treati brussel june commiss mario monti member commiss oj oj oj busi secret omit text michelin repli articl letter eea countri switzerland studi entitl quot world tyre industri perspect quot eiu assess quot good quot quot excel quot point award case document oj ecr tactic oper unit oj repli request inform note michelin control line brand tauru stomil phenomenon ecr paragraph loc cit paragraph loc cit paragraph ecr loc cit paragraph repli request inform decemb tabl reproduc paragraph decis michelin consid market share statement contradict document found michelin premis european tyre report european rubber journal septemb michelin commerci strategi document ecr paragraph dealer repli repli dealer question articl letter octob loc cit footnot paragraph loc cit footnot paragraph footnot michelin offer spread rebat payment nbim judgment refer footnot paragraph statement object note underlin phrase quot product categori quot ad commiss point case grant assess quot excel quot assess quot good quot repli request inform decemb minut commerci meet custom michelin repres write quot quot inspect june minut subject entri club michelin repres write quot quot inspect june manuscript paper januari refer market share threshold need entri club inspect june lastli view advantag continu relat strateg dealer repres propos generos shown quot quot ecr ii inventor radial tyre michelin held patent protect competit manufactur earli michelin catalogu price sale specialis dealer ecr loc cit footnot paragraph footnot oj