commiss decis septemb relat proceed pursuant articl ec treati case iv tran atlant confer agreement notifi document number danish german english swedish text authent text eea relev ec commiss european commun regard treati establish european commun regard agreement establish european econom area regard council regul februari regul implement articl treati amend act access austria finland sweden articl thereof regard council regul eec juli appli rule competit transport rail road inland waterwai amend act access austria finland sweden articl thereof regard council regul eec decemb lai detail rule applic articl treati maritim transport amend act access austria finland sweden articl thereof regard commiss decis initi proceed case undertak concern opportun make view object rais commiss present comment accord articl regul articl regul eec articl regul eec read conjunct commiss regul eec eec eec consult advisori committe restrict practic domin posit advisori committe restrict practic domin posit transport industri advisori committe restrict practic domin posit maritim transport fact applic juli parti list quot taca parti quot detail set annex submit applic commiss pursuant articl regul eec seek exempt articl ec treati articl eea agreement respect tran atlant confer agreement taca møller maersk line maersk atlant contain line ab acl hapag lloyd ag hapag lloyd nedlloyd lijnen bv nedlloyd amp contain limit amp sea land servic sea land mediterranean ship msc orient oversea contain line uk oocl polish ocean line pol dsr senat line dsr senat cho yang ship cho yang neptun orient line nol nippon yusen kaisha nyk transportación maritíma mexicana sa de cv tmm tecomar sa de cv tecomar tecomar subsidiari tmm januari nedlloyd lijnen bv amp contain limit merg form amp nedlloyd hapag lloyd ag transfer containeris liner ship activ hapag lloyd contain lini gmbh hanjin ship compani limit hanjin acquir control dsr senat pursuant articl regul eec taca parti inform invit comment fact commiss intend examin applic individu exempt made regul regul eec reason notifi activ fell scope applic regul eec taca replac tran atlant agreement taa agreement origin notifi commiss august commiss adopt decis ec octob prohibit taa taa decis taa decis prohibit parti address engag inter alia price fix activ similar object effect contain taa parti parti taa parti taca hanjin parti taa august parti taca august hyundai merchant marin hyundai parti taca august decemb deputi director gener director gener competit commiss wrote taca parti inform preliminari assess provis taca fulfil condit articl invit observ taca parti preliminari assess june march commiss adopt statement object supplementari statement object address taca parti except hyundai parti taca time adopt statement object state commiss dispos adopt decis withdraw immun imposit fine result notif taca respect agreement parti taca fix price inland transport servic suppli territori commun decis withdraw immun adopt novemb commiss adopt statement object address taca parti state inter alia consid taca fall prohibit contain articl treati number element fall scope articl treati statement object state commiss dispos adopt decis find taca parti breach articl requir bring end practic fall scope articl statement object state commiss consid taca parti abus domin posit contrari articl treati supplementari statement object adopt commiss april state notwithstand notif taca hub spoke system recit commiss remain dispos adopt decis find taca parti breach articl requir bring end practic consid statement object fall scope articl includ practic taca parti fix price carrier haulag servic suppli commun fall scope taca hub spoke system taca parti present view oral hear held octob annex ii outlin main procedur step relat taa taca ii notifi agreement notif taca commiss parti argu liner confer fall scope group exempt liner confer contain regul eec parti appli altern individu exempt taca notifi commiss juli effect octob earliest date permit american law week notif taca lord sterl plaistow capac chairman taca wrote mr van miert member commiss respons competit matter term quot propos substanti result agreement amend clear cut thing notifi commiss line abandon taa formal notifi agreement quot letter date june taca agreement member rate charg condit carriag applic common tariff includ ocean rate inland portion rate multimod rate common tariff matrix price carriag cargo defin point class cargo defin rate class tariff publish taca shipper scope taca eastbound westbound ship rout hand port europ situat latitud bayonn franc north cape norwai baltic port russia mediterranean port port spain portug point europ port point spain portug hand port contigu state unit state america district columbia point unit state port trade increas membership line merger amp nedlloyd signific differ taa taca taca parti abandon complex arrang relat utilis part maritim capac capac manag programm taca parti formal abandon categori membership tier tariff structur featur taa taca parti abandon detail provis relat exchang vessel slot equip taca parti modifi rule relat take independ action ia taca parti chang rule servic contract unilater action taca servic contract individu servic contract taca parti agre withdraw membership gulfwai eurocord discuss agreement taca ident provis relat fix price inland transport servic provid territori commun contain taa juli version taca juli version taca contain princip provis agreement rate charg condit carriag applic common tariff includ ocean rate inland portion rate multimod rate entitl depart ocean tariff rate inland portion take independ action expiri work dai notic write independ action tariff rate charg requir dai written notic agreement servic contract rate loyalti contract rate rate charg inland transport servic servic relat maritim transport cargo trade exampl includ termin handl charg currenc fuel adjust charg equip handov usag charg charg relat contain land detent demurrag charg agreement rate term condit servic contract includ charg servic provid addit maritim transport servic shipper taca parti accord mechan parti taca agreement major minu parti vote agreement enter servic contract shipper agre minimum cargo commit teu foot equival unit usd net ocean port port freight revenu ii parti taca particip servic contract quot unilater action quot respect teu foot equival unit addit minimum agre servic contract provid unilater action durat servic contract minimum volum agre servic contract teu unilater action respect teu minimum volum teu unilater action respect minimum subject maximum teu agreement price intermod servic contract rate independ action unilater action respect rate restrict servic contract season containeris cargo maximum period calendar year articl parti taca particip individu parti taca servic contract time shipper respect cargo carri trade articl prohibit inclus servic contract claus provid reduct rate payabl servic contract refer term agre shipper arrang articl provis call quot conting claus quot taca discuss recit regul capac carri cargo eastbound westbound sector trade accord principl parti taca continu review condit suppli demand trade consult servic commiss transport user purpos ii aggreg capac made forecast demand cargo carri port point trade subject quarterli adjust aggreg capac alloc individu parti taca remain unalloc capac taca parti ship excess forecast demand offer market taca indefinit durat articl parti withdraw penalti give dai notic write articl notif made refer provis agreement view parti affect commerci freedom independ commerci decis includ provis relat agreement amount level rate brokerag freight forward remuner includ term condit payment sum design person elig act broker articl minimum maximum price paid rail air motor water carrier european inland segment transport servic articl abil meet person purpos negoti enter agreement includ inform exchang agreement articl juli version taca contain detail provis relat space slot charter equip exchang parti includ provis list provis agreement view affect commerci freedom independ commerci decis provis allow parti inform parti avail spare vessel capac charter purpos parti taca authoris charter taca parti space slot line haul feeder relai vessel transport cargo fall scope taca annex section articl taca set quot enforc author quot parti agre establish financ independ bodi polic duti oblig parti agreement role scope enforc author defin annex taca rule govern polic rule enforc author act initi complaint investig alleg breach term agreement enforc author quot total unfett access document relat carrier activ trade quot authoris inspect record properti interview statement person enforc author authoris impos fine usd usd breach agreement price fix arrang refus access parti investig carri mandatori fine usd incid usd usd incid year period recidiv respect breach subject maximum fine usd year period sum collect distribut parti notif juli taca parti offer make commiss undertak effect commiss grant taca individu exempt state taca fell scope group exempt liner confer taca parti produc interim report commiss actual capac forecast demand view rationalis servic effici taca parti consult servic commiss transport user order assess requir transport user forecast futur demand taca parti notifi busi plan modif rate month includ current month entri forc taca parti request review rate modif caus individu shipper substanti competit disadvantag fail satisfact review matter put panel taca shipper repres recommend solut taca parti parti eurocord discuss agreement gulfwai agreement withdraw agreement taca parti exchang confidenti busi inform carrier serv europ canada europ canadian gatewai usa trade purpos rationalis servic taca parti provid quarterli report commiss oper agreement taca parti inform commiss contact agreement carrier price fix capac regul octob version taca octob taca parti notifi commiss modif taca detail provis relat capac utilis delet notwithstand delet detail provis relat capac regul programm taca continu provid parti cooper object regul carri capac offer articl notif explan taca parti intend articl provid common agreement rail air motor water carrier european inland segment multimod transport servic minimum maximum price paid carrier connect transport servic delet articl activ person includ exchang relev inform statist data connect inter confer agreement exclus preferenti cooper work arrang marin termin oper vessel vessel oper common carrier delet notic period take independ action ocean tariff rate inland portion articl reduc busi dai minimum volum commit servic contract refer articl reduc provis unilater action agre shipper provid taca secretariat file feder maritim commiss fmc dai file origin contract termin date origin contract introduc formula permit taca parti enter servic contract major replac approv parti agreement articl arrang negoti servic contract recit februari version taca februari taca parti inform commiss conclud condit settlement agreement fmc return fmc agre put end number investig alleg breach american ship act taca parti taca parti abandon busi plan revert rate make number modif taca agreement main provis propos settlement agreement cancel agreement liner ship compani relat trade includ eurocord gulfwai agreement number technic modif taca independ action provis requir impos secretariat publish immedi notic intent independ action ii taca parti oblig discuss independ action parti advanc iii line adopt polici organis entitl authoris independ action space charter arrang ad hoc arrang scope taca connect carrier arrang cancel promot greater carrier particip servic contract negoti exist approv arrang retain taca secretariat option attend servic contract negoti shipper remov discriminatori practic vessel oper common carrier nvocc practic number taca parti relat charg access american land base contain pool roll back price increas rate estim cost taca line usd million march taca parti inform commiss fmc impos condit taca parti condit requir taca parti amend taca individu taca parti enter servic contract receiv approv taca parti provid contract compli provis articl taca octob version taca octob taca parti inform commiss set quot inland arrang relat import export combin haulag carrier merchant haulag quot effect juli reflect recommend made intra industri intermod committe imc step remov quot discriminatori inland transport rule regul confer tariff quot imc set liner ship industri ensur industri produc coordin reaction applic commiss commun competit rule inland price fix taca parti quot effect perceiv long parti take respons entir import export movement shipper make import export leg import movement start export movement finish port inland locat unload import movement reload export movement shipper find import export combin meet haulag requir import export combin remov requir pick empti contain port return port reduc empti contain movement reduc shipper cost combin quot novemb version taca novemb taca parti inform commiss made articl taca servic contract increas maximum durat taca servic contract year allow currenc adjust factor caf level subject limit variat term servic contract novemb taca parti notifi commiss establish quot european inland equip interchang arrang quot eieia object quot european inland equip interchang arrang quot improv effici regard inland posit empti contain europ promot interchang empti contain applic arrang computeris report system individu taca carrier enter inform contain surplus deficit european locat taca carrier easili access inform determin contain serv custom demand nearbi locat arrang enabl taca carrier requir empti contain port inland point ascertain inform report system taca carrier expect empti equip locat equal arrang enabl carrier actual anticip surplu stock contain locat contact carrier report shortag equip suppli carrier system oper report arrang carrier august benelux area report extend member state taca geograph scope date octob kei locat primarili port citi antwerp pari includ surround region case name region rhine ruhr arrang taca indefinit durat taca parti termin particip arrang time applic report week report relat surplu deficit equip type standard equip dry van high cube contain kei locat detail person carrier interest carrier contact reach agreement case case basi interchang equip report made standard quot symbol quot imbal state signific surplu quot quot carrier signific number surplu contain ii signific surplu quot quot iii shortag quot quot report made fortnightli report provid summari equip inventori project week report actual transact arrang made taca secretariat week applic agre standard document exchang parti negoti futur negoti specif bilater interchang agreement standard document consist pro forma interchang agreement term pro forma term interchang agreement shortform agreement standard set term contain pro forma term deal aspect mainten insur contain deliveri deliveri contain shortform agreement incorpor pro forma term add detail interchang question applic agre guidelin diem charg equip type free negoti level guidelin diem reflect typic market rate basi ad hoc occasion interchang taca parti state month oper european inland equip interchang arrang contain exchang quot lead reduct number contain move inland increas effici quot inform qualifi statement made parti quot figur repres total number contain interchang taca parti particip addit relev author eieia respond parti agreement similar author quot figur exchang contain relat exchang contain place direct result european inland equip interchang arrang figur relat exchang taca includ pursuant bilater arrang conclud european inland equip interchang arrang enter effect inform practic effect european inland equip interchang arrang suppli commiss oral hear held counsel taca parti state imposs determin exchang contain directli attribut european inland equip interchang arrang relat eieia taca parti provid inform number exchang empti contain result arrang provid inform taca parti particip exchang contain provid inform cost save benefit provid inform benefit pass shipper taca parti provid evid support conclus price fix inland haulag indispens oper european inland equip interchang arrang januari version taca januari taca parti notifi implement effect januari quot hub spoke quot system inland cooper trial locat frankfurt mainz lyon munich notif taca parti extend system hub locat taca parti argu cooper addit form cooper exist condit articl ec treati met grant exempt collect fix price inland transport activ hub spoke system price fix taca parti carrier haulag ocean port inland destin calcul basi inland movement haulag ocean port inland hub trunk leg haulag inland hub shipper premis local leg trunk leg rate hub spoke tariff call quot basic hub rate quot claim fix taca parti close averag cost taca parti provid inland servic basic hub rate compos element averag laden transport cost incur taca parti reflect rate payabl taca parti relev nation inland oper trunk leg german port munich serv rail applic tariff rate reflect averag rate inland haulag purchas taca parti relev inland oper case transfracht similarli rate payabl le havr lyon hub reflect rate paid taca parti french nation rail freight oper cnc claim introduct rate significantli reduc amount payabl shipper forward respect reposit empti contain exist tariff inland rate round trip rate calcul basi cost transport full contain ocean port point destin sum respect cost reposit empti contain port inland handl includ cost element releas receipt contain termin inspect report condit contain equip lift contain trailer barg rail wagon movement contain contain stack storag empti laden contain empti posit imbal factor averag cost taca parti posit empti contain hub locat order address cargo imbal administr fix fee charg cover administr matter complet custom document hub spoke system trunk leg contain move requir made rail inland waterwai basic hub rate fix singl level applic carrier address nomin termin elect individu carrier oper leg rail barg shipper forward elect carrier haulag local leg tariff rail road barg road rate combin basic hub rate tariff rate inland transport road hub shipper premis shipper carrier haulag trunk leg switch merchant haulag local leg case shipper allow access inland depot subject payment basic hub rate payment handl charg addit charg payabl shipper switch merchant haulag local leg provid contain collect return hub locat shipper import good usa collect laden contain hub subsequ drop empti contain shipper export good pick empti contain hub drop laden box claim notif basic hub rate fix taca parti quot close averag cost taca parti provid inland servic quot subsequ inform provid taca parti reveal trunk leg rate base averag cost taca parti cost clear inform nomin figur administr cost estim actual administr cost rate frankfurt munich close averag line inform suppli taca parti basic hub rate lyon hub benelux port busi secret omit higher averag cost line hub rate claim base tabl show tabl comparison lyon hub rate averag cost gt tabl gt applic individu exempt respect hub spoke system taca parti argu arrang notifi commiss contribut improv transport servic fulfil criteria grant individu exempt respect notifi arrang state quot hub spoke system trunk leg contain move made rail inland waterwai quot taca hub spoke system quot contribut reduct transport road quot reduc congest bring environment benefit februari commiss taca parti request inform pursuant previs articl regul eec articl regul eec request confirm munich lyon hub serv contain barg transport taca parti repli march commiss confirm hub serv barg transport quot taca parti confirm munich lyon hub serv rail barg quot taca parti state quot hub spoke system appli transport contain barg munich lyon hub basic hub rate set munich lyon hub annex notif januari equal applic barg move quot march commiss taca parti request inform made pursuant provis articl regul eec articl regul eec request detail munich lyon barg movement repli taca parti march wrote commiss state barg servic oper northern european port lyon munich hub letter commiss date april taca parti state express agreement made contrari hub locat establish taca parti singl set rate appli hub locat rate equal applic transport rail barg gener actual mode fact rate appli equal rail barg necessarili mode transport geograph relev hub taca parti explain section inland waterwai connect munich lyon hub northern european port navig contain barg final rate establish trunk leg benelux port frankfurt mainz hub appli barg move iii relev market claim applic taca member commiss parti face actual extern competit oper containeris liner servic direct trade oper containeris liner servic altern rout oper liner servic liner oper air transport oper judgement novemb case tetra pak intern commiss court justic state stabil demand product basi defin relev market fact product margin extent interchang preclud conclus product belong separ product market relev product market maritim transport commiss take view air transport form separ market containeris liner ship reason inter alia shown substanti proport good carri contain easili switch air transport north atlant air transport cargo time expens maritim transport time faster figur includ addit delai consequ cost port congest unload larger vessel amount dai end repli statement object taca parti longer maintain claim air transport servic substitut maritim transport servic commiss take view vast major categori good user containeris liner ship form maritim transport includ convent break bulk liner transport offer reason altern containeris transport servic rout fall relev geograph market case servic constitut market clear bulk commod containeris advent containeris good travel bulk consign descript case order determin competit condit relev market effect substitut carriag contain carriag bulk substitut bulk contain irrelev cargo containeris time degre containeris maritim market involv member state high matur market northern europ usa northern europ east market process chang containeris complet containeris cargo left capabl containeris type cargo regularli containeris transport containeris cargo reason shipper accustom ship smaller frequent quantiti accustom fact cargo load contain easier ship onward port deliveri ultim consigne multimod transport degre containeris increas shipper containeris cargo turn containeris servic shipper accustom ship contain revert containeris ship exampl substitut uncommon drewri make cautiou estim containeris share world gener cargo trade risen drewri forecast year percentag rise transform bulk ship containeris reflect chang natur good ship essenti raw materi manufactur commod inher characterist containeris liner ship characterist includ smaller frequent shipment typic case contain ship lead reduc inventori cost containeris good suffer damag pilferag containeris good easier ship multimod reason commod made transform bulk contain possibl rout rout basi differ natur servic provid transform period shipper highli revert bulk ship context import commod travel mean essenti question determin demand substitut choic mode made basi characterist mode fact steel product travel bulk contain show mode substitut account divers natur steel product deliveri requir custom true product taca parti claim substitut bulk contain singl specif taca parti busi secret omit interest discuss recit demonstr abil taca parti price discrimin attract margin product bulk carrier affect freight rate gener evid bulk carrier likewis discrimin custom reefer refriger servic concern taca parti argu reefer contain substitut bulk reefer servic extent case reason bulk reefer servic substitut reefer contain servic advantag offer liner contain servic smaller volum speed transfer mode transport wider varieti product travel reefer contain travel bulk reefer cargo product includ fur leather pharmaceut electron good steadi temperatur abil control ripen soft fruit basi except circumst substitut occur break bulk contain transport demonstr last changeov contain bulk vast major case suppli side taca parti argu break neo break carrier readili convert vessel enter relev market reason regard potenti competitor argu signific number larg liner oper intend enter transatlant trade question potenti competit evid taca parti put forward support case dynamar report consid recit relev geograph market maritim transport similarli northern european port shipper substitut mediterranean port shipper find mediterranean port substitut northern european port notwithstand taca parti claim port mediterranean substitut northern european port fall scope taca realist possibl evid provid mediterranean port east latitud south longitud includ part greec turkei lebanon israel cypru egypt libya tunisia algeria morocco except algecira spain shipper northern europ substitut northern european port matter vice versa evid substitut port franc spain itali croatia lead conclus port countri substitut suffici degre conclus drawn market northern european port taca parti provid evid substitut shipper mediterranean port northern european port quot busi secret omit divert signific proport volum mediterranean port whilst taca line continu carri shipper total volum busi secret omit continu ship approxim busi secret omit teu annum mediterranean quot quot busi secret omit move estim busi secret omit teu cargo mediterranean port seac carrier independ line cargo previous carri northern europ understood cargo origin busi secret omit product plant busi secret omit continu move northern european mediterranean port quot quot busi secret omit switch approxim busi secret omit teu cargo taca servic mediterranean servic oper evergreen quot basi evid alleg substitut teu taca parti teu includ market taca oper taca parti effect increas total market includ taca market share cargo carri taca parti trade fall geograph scope taca decreas taca parti share relev market approxim commiss evid put forward taca parti outweigh evid port mediterranean substitut northern european port inadequaci mediterranean port shipment north america demonstr fact taca parti vsa parti oper round trip rail shuttl week milan rotterdam taca parti provid evid shipper materi quantiti cargo mediterranean port northern europ north america ultim destin evid specif cargo question carri northern european port thirdli exampl taca parti case shipment question made mediterranean servic taca parti context relev note mediterranean port substitut northern european port europ east servic geograph advantag mediterranean port significantli greater tran atlant servic drewri consid quot turn mediterranean europ east ship save week averag week round voyag time increas vessel product forese futur infrastructur limit southern port european rail system quot final effect margin competit mean transport categori good limit situat aris liner ship compani identifi shipper good differenti price structur liner ship offer lower price shipper affect price gener recit seq conclus relev maritim transport market reason commiss consid market sea transport servic taca relat containeris liner ship northern europ unit state sea rout port northern europ port unit state canada share relev maritim transport market figur provid taca parti market share set tabl figur includ bulk break bulk commod canadian gatewai product market iceland puerto rico geograph market fall scope taca consequ figur underestim taca market share signific degre effect potenti competit consid recit tabl market share containeris cargo northern europ usa includ canadian gatewai gt tabl gt figur broken distinct segment base coast north american port entri locat east gulf west coast canadian east coast port good ship american mid west canadian gatewai tabl market share segment gt tabl gt rel import segment appar diagram diagram gt pic file quot en ep quot gt conclus drawn tabl diagram year taca parti enjoi market share year enjoi market share excess market segment direct trade northern europ usa year enjoi approxim northern europ east coast segment market segment time larger largest segment drewri demand maritim transport servic northern european port port usa canada mexico grew octob journal commerc state trade quot grow year quot octob taca parti publish busi plan plan includ forecast growth quot approxim westbound eastbound quot plan ad quot growth market absorb capac introduc trade entrant term american direct servic cross border canada continu growth translat real growth taca carrier quot relev inland transport market land transport servic relev decis inland transport servic undertaken territori commun shipper acquir servic part multimod transport oper carriag containeris cargo northern europ unit state america servic form part market maritim transport servic form part distinct market land transport servic suppli wai merchant haulag carrier haulag suppli carrier haulag suppli liner ship compani present market sea transport servic taca parti provid carrier haulag servic territori commun cargo carri northern europ unit state iv liner ship confer gener term liner ship confer associ shipown serv secretariat shipown act set common uniform freight rate make common polici discount rebat offer shipper depend trade share cargo wai coordin sail timet pool revenu agre measur combat competit confer competitor deal applic membership unlik liner ship consortia confer bring joint oper liner ship servic question oper issu schedul fall scope confer activ uncommon find consortia oper liner confer confer secretariat organis meet member confer monitor trade condit collat statist trade volum price suppli secretariat member confer case taca taca secretariat plai promin role directli involv inter alia servic contract negoti polic complianc taca parti taca rule taca tariff confer tariff taca tariff part tariff show separ rate servic inland transport port cargo handl port transfer mode inland transport vessel sea transport maritim transport port cargo handl port destin transfer vessel mode inland transport inland transport port destin place final destin servic invoic shipper local currenc fourth invoic dollar rate shown contain servic charg forward custom clearanc charg uk ireland cf breakbulk servic charg termin handl charg cf pier cargo charg stuf strip charg option deliveri discharg addit charg divers cargo administr fee port drayag cotton contain advanc charg collect fee temporari insul kit remov fee liner bag flexitank flexibag remov fee demurrag charg stop charg consolid cargo pick charg consolid charg wharfag handl charg taca tariff base taa tariff introduc taa tariff replac tariff previous confer northern europ usa trade westbound tariff replac taa tariff taa secretariat publish volum close page cover approxim tariff posit stack quarter metr height weigh kg taca parti current taca tariff run thousand page commiss request copi taca parti prefer suppli electron form vi provis inland transport servic taca parti extens liner ship compani activ inland transport discuss recit commiss decis ec iv eastern freight confer hereinaft quot fefc decis quot comment equal applic taca parti taca parti member fefc collect fix price condit carrier haulag inland transport activ directli indirectli organis medium taca member line taca negoti individu term condit bui inland transport member line taca invest inland transport infrastructur depot equip tractor notabl amp inland depot uk carrier own road haulag compani nedlloyd maersk explain taca parti establish appli exempt arrang distinguish situat fefc decis european inland equip inland equip interchang agreement hub spoke system vii servic contract differ tariff contract essenti featur confer agreement member confer agre oper uniform rate rate make confer tariff publish shipper confer tariff set number rate standard rate time volum rate loyalti contract rate confer member offer secret discount confer tariff order gain market share expens confer member american law member exempt confer independ action mandatori regard tariff rate mean member confer depart confer tariff respect class good provid member confer notifi tariff arrang includ carriag cargo standard tariff rate loyalti arrang time volum arrang good travel tariff rate rate lower standard tariff rate tariff arrang term relationship determin tariff carrier oper tariff arrang expect hold public common carrier common carrier pli fix place differenti demand servic accept oblig carri good brought suitabl space liner ship compani legal oblig act common carrier expect behav american law requir member liner confer act common carrier benefit antitrust immun american law major distinct drawn tariff arrang contractu arrang contractu arrang depend term set tariff parti free negoti term main differ case tariff arrang price individu negoti price set tariff case contract carriag servic contract price appear tariff taca parti acknowledg distinct letter commiss date august state taca parti quot term tariff refer document confer rate publish quot servic contract american law american ship act specif authoris time form contract carriag common carrier american trade servic contract unknown american trade prior develop imped legal uncertainti unlawfulli discriminatori american law section american ship act defin quot servic contract quot quot contract shipper ocean common carrier confer shipper make commit provid minimum quantiti cargo fix time period ocean common carrier confer commit rate rate schedul defin servic level assur space transit time port rotat similar servic featur quot servic contract introduc prohibit collect quot loyalti contract quot american ship act time enact act tariff confer serv american trade contain loyalti contract rate confer collect loyalti contract consid excess anti competit usa discrimin small shipper consid servic contract serv long term interest american export trade counterbal independ action ensur antitrust immun confer lead excess reduct price competit liner ship compani law servic contract enter shipper individu carrier confer file fmc confidenti basi concis statement essenti term servic contract file publish fmc term made quot shipper similarli situat quot loyalti arrang carriag cargo tariff system preclud addit contract shipper shipown relat loyalti arrang contract reason explain wholli natur pure contractu relationship servic contract definit servic contract american ship act recit extend contract percentag portion shipper cargo unlik servic contract loyalti arrang specif refer regul eec articl regul attach group exempt number detail oblig relat loyalti arrang recit regul eec quot loyalti arrang permit accord rule restrict unilater freedom user competit ship industri prejudic confer impos penalti user seek improp mean evad oblig loyalti requir exchang rebat reduc freight rate commiss grant confer quot provis regul eec relat loyalti arrang consid light unctad code council regul eec permit oblig member state ratifi code eventu effect octob ratifi unit state unctad code chapter iii code relat shipper recognis form contract shipper confer loyalti contract specif dealt articl code type loyalti arrang defer rebat system loyalti contract system dual rate contract defer rebat system shipper utilis exclus vessel member line confer carriag cargo port cover confer initi charg full freight rate entitl receiv defer rebat percentag total freight payment rebat comput design period shipment period month paid period defer period length shipment period condit shipper exclus support confer line shipment period defer period reward loyalti past made condit continu loyalti futur rebat legal shipper contract cover payment loyalti contract system carrier offer discount shipper sign contract effect agre give entir support confer carrier eastern freight confer fefc gener cargo contract return discount confer tariff rate shipper sign gener cargo contract agre quot give confer carrier entir support quot quot ensur contract carriag confer cargo made confer carrier quot quot refrain particip directli indirectli arrang relat carriag confer cargo vessel oper confer carrier quot confer cargo defin cargo fall geograph scope confer exclud small number commod ship bulk form loyalti arrang dual rate contract contract full confer tariff rate charg shipper sign exclus patronag contract confer line lower rate shipper sign contract time volum rate time volum rate part confer tariff lower standard tariff rate depend volum cargo offer period time separ rate shown volum commod undertaken ship time volum rate addit servic element time volum rate loyalti rate effect discount standard rate design protect market share confer ty shipper confer carrier american law possibl independ action mandatori time volum rate tariff rate mean member confer depart confer tariff respect class good provid member confer inform servic contract practic teh transatlant trade cargo travel servic contract consolid cargo travel confer time volum rate form part confer tariff high proport servic contract transatlant trade due american prohibit loyalti contract prohibit exist system competit law transpacif trade westward usa east recent servic contract result confer opposit conclus exist larg quantiti opposit direct appar hundr servic contract northern europ east trade loyalti agreement prohibit servic contract type found american trade arrang made fefc basi loyalti agreement individu arrang basi discount volum involv fefc secretariat negoti rate price includ surcharg trade determin number file fmc popular servic contract grew tremend introduct reach pinnacl januari shipper enter servic contract order obtain lower price standard tariff rate carrier offer thing prohibit loyalti contract main attract chanc tie shipper carrier confer assist ship line plan forward servic contract requir carrier provid extra servic obtain lower rate standard confer tariff ad hoc discount confer tariff prohibit american ship act report servic contract cover volum teu period dai counteract neg impact revenu confer serv transpacif trade began prohibit individu servic contract begin independ action servic contract mandatori american law confer began prohibit take independ action joint servic contract confer transatlant rout openli permit individu servic contract introduct taca parti taca servic contract commiss examin taca joint servic contract contract individu negoti term relat servic set tariff rate lower standard tariff rate depend volum taca parti disput commiss find statement object servic contract individu negoti servic claim servic contract contain type addit servic commiss view claus identifi taca parti classifi relat servic oppos price claus contract concern total mere shipper appear busi secret omit contract busi secret omit contract busi secret omit busi secret omit singl claus type type claus concern merchant haulag cash deliveri payment transit storag mandatori independ action time volum rate american law measur intend promot competit explain ship line transatlant rout prefer offer servic contract time volum rate attitud taca parti independ action appar taca brief paper date februari quot tool resort quot report american ship act feder maritim commiss comment quot act expressli authoris time volum rate defin rate vari volum cargo offer period time promulg servic contract provis subsequ wider rang servic contract carrier confer avail time volum rate provis quot absenc independ action servic contract taca rule term servic contract includ rule requir disclosur taca parti price competit gener parti taca case line offer genuin time volum rate time volum rate disguis servic contract introduct individu servic contract servic contract shipper taca parti negoti taca secretariat behalf taca member servic contract negoti taca secretariat put vote procedur taca taca parti particip servic contract quot unilater action quot servic contract scope quot unilater action quot limit number import wai prove disincent take quot unilater action quot unilater action agre shipper provid taca secretariat file feder maritim commiss dai file origin servic contract quot window opportun quot design limit significantli possibl shipper negoti line particip taca servic contract mean shipper unabl advantag chang market condit import limit scope quot unilater action quot servic contract action respect cargo addit minimum agre carri servic contract taca parti engag quot unilater action quot allow particip servic contract consequ twofold shipper seek servic contract great volum requir enabl bigger discount tariff rate quot unilater action quot respect volum minimum quantiti commit shipper negoti low minimum quantiti commit smaller discount tariff rate uncertain obtain lower rate rest virtu quot unilater action quot shipper find quot unilater action quot suffici advantag signific effect increas competit taca parti consequ limit make quot unilater action quot unattract carrier unabl carri part minimum quantiti commit oblig carri good rate agre quot unilater action quot quot unilater action quot effect durat servic contract quot unilater action quot inflex system carrier concern stimul competit signific degre taca parti import limit quantiti permit carri quot unilater action quot small make quot unilater action quot wide quantiti carri servic contract smaller requir rest shipper requir parcel carriag number carrier limit exacerb taca parti posit anticip total annual requir individu shipper result past commerci relat fourth import limit aris fact quot unilater action quot take place context taca servic contract longer period taca servic contract novemb taca parti inform commiss novemb quot unilater action respect taca servic contract quot import note taa parti member contract committe free enter individu servic contract rate directli negoti shipper individu line taca notifi juli possibl remov taca parti bound restrict contain taca relat servic contract recit march taca parti inform commiss amend taca individu taca parti enter servic contract receiv approv taca parti provid contract compli provis articl taca repli statement object taca parti state august individu servic contract enter taca parti contract put vote taca parti term disclos taca parti contract account taca parti carri direct usa northern europ trade quarter volum carri contract carri carrier tradition confer member member taa contract committe mean member taa contract committe carri taa total carri direct trade pursuant individu servic contract figur compar figur carri carri pursuant taca servic contract shipper repres argu prior taa taca servic contract transatlant negoti individu includ wide varieti servic submit confer secretariat inform approv file fmc direct contact secretariat shipper taa taca oper possibl negoti servic contract includ servic appar disappear role taa taca secretariat enhanc shipper main obstacl individu negoti contract commiss told sale repres line claim allow term taa taca offer standard servic contract volum relat contract addit servic confer transatlant openli permit individu servic contract shipper repres told commiss taa unfil individu servic contract confer servic contract term file taa taca rule servic contract appar put end term exampl unfil term cash refund separ account classif cargo lower rate categori invoic servic inland haulag charg special equip lower rate line trade enforc liquid damag claus perform servic contract taca brief paper date februari state quot singl factor intermod rate quot quot rate inclus csc thc caf quot quot cornerston principl taa taca quot born observ servic contract neusara usanera taa taca predecessor negoti basi addit impos rule negoti servic contract taca impos number bind quot guidelin quot articl content servic contract circumst conclud restrict content servic contract includ restrict durat ban conting claus multipl contract oblig confidenti agreement level liquid damag perform contract appar review taca servic contract larg number servic contract vessel oper common carrier nvocc enter taca parti unstructur member taa footnot line independ confer line oper transatlant rout taca parti explain structur member intention compet unstructur member cargo light fact quot contract shipper ship confer quot studi carri behalf commiss director gener transport brinkman ship februari quot north atlant cargo book nvocc quot final appar review taca servic contract signific number approxim dual rate structur quot unstructur quot member taa charg lower rate servic contract quot structur quot member taa reduct vari usd usd teu case usd dual rate structur found taca servic contract taca parti explain dual rate servic contract price structur quot light commiss taa decis taca servic contract offer made prospect shipper parti uniform rate rate equal applic particip line taca parti act legal advic agre order compli taa decis point servic contract offer includ reflect dual rate structur predetermin spread rate servic contract offer tariff rate commod class commod applic particip taca parti consist taca compris sole class member ensu negoti number servic contract offer prospect shipper parti request lower rate respect particip line view shipper percept level servic offer request consid line case case basi final term negoti shipper submit servic contract vote procedur confer quot evid put forward support assert case initi dual rate servic contract shipper parti contract event clear dual rate structur agre taca member act applic exempt date juli describ mechan agre servic contract rate paragraph notif mention made fact taca parti consid agreement permit enter servic contract dual rate structur highli signific fact light commiss formal request copi taca servic contract discuss recit effect reserv nvocc servic contract structur taa member systemat inclus dual rate price servic contract benefit structur taa member lead extens membership taca wider number ship line case viii vessel oper intermediari shipper acquir maritim transport servic wai approach carrier direct servic vessel oper common carrier servic freight forward taca parti quot provis multimod transport servic taca parti substitut provis servic vessel oper intermediari freight forward vessel oper common carrier quot argument reflect applic exempt taca parti defin relev market quot applic face competit transport containeris cargo europ usa westbound eastbound direct sector oper containeris liner servic direct trade oper containeris liner servic altern rout oper liner servic liner oper air transport oper potenti entrant cross entrant transatlant trade quot vessel oper distinct drawn type vessel oper nvo north transatlant trade type nvo type oper vessel trade question bui requir actual oper long term basi oper vessel trade type includ parti taca hanjin hyundai price nvo bui maritim transport servic taca parti oper vessel north atlant fix taca parti act collect fix bilater basi level price regard taca parti busi secret confidenti parti bilater arrang type nvo north transatlant trade type oper vessel exampl kind nvo includ kühne amp nagel group danza schenker intern panalpina welttransport addit undertak forward good nvo provid forward servic document custom clearanc wareh nvo obtain maritim transport servic taca parti shipper tariff rate basi taca servic contract type nvo compet actual carrier term qualiti maritim transport servic provid competit price concern type nvo type oper vessel trade compet price extent voluntarili restrict freedom parti agreement taca agre compet price type nvo type oper vessel compet taca parti price whil nvo degre bui power obtain lower servic contract price tariff rate shipper price fix taca parti freight forward freight forward carri busi arrang carriag good peopl gener act wai vi vi liner ship compani act shipper undertak consignor consigne good ensur deliveri good agre destin good question contain load lcl contain load case freight forward deal ship line princip agent case freight forward reward margin earn pai carrier transport contain price obtain consignor consigne payment servic render freight forward act hold vessel oper common carrier nvocc publish tariff altern freight forward act agent shipper case main task arrang carrier transport good negoti term condit transport take place undertak servic prepar document custom clearanc crucial act capac fright forward act agent shipper princip freight forward act intermediari arrang provis ship servic shipper ship line customarili receiv commiss cost servic exclud ancillari charg ship line addit payment shipper client articl taca taca parti agre amount level rate brokerag freight forward remuner includ term condit payment sum design person elig act broker taca parti claim practic confer member fix level commiss paid freight forward act agent shipper long stand part commun practic date back begin centuri taca parti state practic ocean carrier serv unit kingdom irish export trade pai commiss compens freight forward provid servic unit kingdom ireland argument put commiss nvo freight forward pan european trade associ clecat state custom taca parti sea transport servic competitor acknowledg taca parti descript nvo quot larg power inform buyer ocean transport capac quot separ argument put commiss clecat trade associ call freight forward europ ffe submit argument commiss member ffe europ largest freight forward member clecat juli ffe submit letter commiss set member posit transatlant confer agreement state favour confer agreement ship line support taca argument inland price fix taca parti reli letter repli statement object commiss septemb includ annex repli august taca parti put effect quot temporari incent plan vessel oper common carrier westbound trade northern europ usa quot plan taca reduc nvo rate usd teu usd feu octob repli formal request inform taca suppli detail contact meet ffe includ octob taca secretariat wrote taca parti meet place taca member ffe octob term quot ffe pleas deem custom busi relationship taca quot relationship reflect letter date octob charl mccann presid cho yang america freight forward attend meet octob state quot cho yang corpor polici focus vital partnership global forward consolid oper dilig work protect interest cho yang quot june amp circul intern memorandum meet place taca member ffe june quot ffe contribut stabilis carrier subsidis inland transport ocean revenu ffe fire bullet taca manufactur bullet agre pheasant european special counsel taca parti assist develop work paper reason cite smaller shipper stabil ffe quot juli ffe wrote john pheasant quot dear john view meet juli offic find draft posit basi discuss kurt vandenbergh quot attach draft version letter eventu commiss juli read final version ffe letter commiss draft mr pheasant reveal substanti differ unsurprisingli differ involv introduct number kei argument put forward taca parti accept commiss quot confer incompat lower freight rate quot quot fact transatlant trade confer environ rate continu fall time quot quot confer doe inhibit innov invest develop servic quot quot servic contract invis larg shipper disproportion benefit expens small shipper quot quot import confer determin common rate servic contract quot quot free competit rate inland rate ship line cross subsidis inland rate reduc ocean rate destruct level quot octob result disagr member support taca parti ffe wrote commiss withdraw letter ix competit taca parti point intern competit taca relat american law american ship act confer exempt american antitrust law requir file tariff publicli feder maritim commiss requir adher file rate carrier allow grant special discount excus shipper charg reason commerci desir appar necess individu case consequ purpos oblig adher file tariff member confer exempt american law discrimin favour larg shipper differ purchas power larg small shipper substanti reduc breach requir sanction civil penalti usd polic cheat substanti part taca activ undertaken american regulatori author polic activ feder maritim commiss undertaken bureau enforc emploi lawyer investig perform task adher taca ensur extens enforc provis recit polic form payment substanti guarante fine exceed quota appoint independ bodi act quot enforc author quot quot total unfett access document relat carrier activ trade quot independ bodi appoint call quot adher group bv quot task entrust bodi includ task explain taca complex rule taca parti found letter adher group bv hanjin date april state quot possibl taca rule appli servic contract rate inland tariff ia independ action quot taca parti adopt measur intend present taca parti singl unit bodi diminish pressur price reduct custom import respect role taca secretariat public annual busi plan annex iii taca secretariat extens administr financi function authoris act agent taca parti enter transport contract behalf attend servic contract negoti shipper individu taca parti spirit cooper taca evidenc letter pol hanjin date decemb servic contract nvocc state quot nvocc issu delic sensit handl properli full harmoni taca collect individu independ total destroi part market carefulli built group year kindli settl problem pol spirit avoid mutual competit taca quot emphasi ad restrict arrang affect transatlant trade addit taca pressur taca reduc competit pressur signific number taca parti oper vessel northern europ usa trade amp nedlloyd oocl nyk nol pol hanjin hyundai ship line space vessel oper taca parti taca parti oper vessel northern europ usa trade space vessel taca parti taca parti space vessel oper ship line parti taca taca parti ask provid commiss detail agreement oper contempl relat transatlant trade involv taca parti taca auspic sens respons taca parti suppli commiss inform reproduc annex iv suppli inform taca parti exclud detail agreement involv taca parti fall geograph scope taca agreement exclus space charter sail arrang agreement pursuant agreement parti taca engag cooper arrang share space vessel appar inform contain annex iv ship line oper transatlant concentr group amp nedlloyd sea land maersk oocl vsa relat agreement acl hapag lloyd msc tmm tecomar hyundai nyk nol pol acl hapag lloyd al agreement cho yang dsr senat hanjin hanjin tricon agreement aspect arrang relev concern taca individu group ship line act independ taca secretariat aspect group oper close integr basi vsa liner ship consortium establish march sea land amp nedlloyd oper northern europ usa mediterranean usa trade vsa parti jointli oper vessel own crew sea land vsa parti collect parti agreement oocl maersk arrang oocl obtain direct teu slot week vsa parti teu slot week maersk vsa parti maersk provid teu slot week purpos vsa sea land made consider invest acquisit vessel amp nedlloyd contribut financ invest amp nedlloyd oocl agre withdraw exist vessel sea land vessel acl hapag lloyd al agreement liner ship servic servic pax servic gumex servic north atlant servic south atlant servic provid northern europ usa provid acl msc hapag lloyd nol nyk hapag lloyd tmm tecomar tabl set detail line oper servic line charter space servic tabl vessel share slot charter arrang acl hapag lloyd tmm tecomar msc nol nyk hyundai pol gt tabl gt tricon agreement dsr senat cho yang jointli provid intern liner ship servic trade commun northern europ usa trade north atlant trade northern europ east trade asia mediterranean america trade ama trade northern europ usa east servic oper round world basi string vessel oper eastbound string westbound present dsr senat cho yang oper vessel eastbound vessel westbound round world servic vessel total ama servic dsr senat cho yang cooper hanjin north atlant trade januari pursuant hanjin tricon agreement agreement hanjin charter slot tricon north atlant servic februari hanjin acquir major sharehold dsr senat addit agreement northern europ usa trade taca parti parti agreement northern europ canadian trade mediterranean usa trade oocl dsr senat parti arrang canada maritim recit relat servic oper port europ port canada hapag lloyd charter space canada maritim oocl servic oper montreal northern europ arrang enter group bind rate make provis contribut coordin disciplin parti parti vsa relat agreement mere independ action northern europ usa trade transpacif trade vsa appli vsa parti amp oper transpacif servic independ action year usa feder maritim commiss publicli state signific independ rate action place northern europ usa trade effect agreement restrict intra taca competit achiev curtail independ action case combin kind restrict agreement confer consortia parti includ vsa agreement maintain common essenti term restrict price competit taca parti aris extens space taca parti vessel mean taca parti sever reduc incent abil compet term speed cross safeti cargo fact quot product quot offer carrier indistinguish effect reinforc fact taca parti oper vessel northern europ usa trade ident owner vessel good travel evid shipper vessel appear carrier ship schedul bill lade conclus drawn analysi benefit drawback due vessel share slot exchang agreement depend taca agreement individu ship line benefit brought attribut taca attribut restrict competit taca entail indispens achiev object vessel share slot exchang agreement enter individu set arrang qualifi exempt impact restrict competit result taca account taca qualifi individu exempt impact competit parti taca import concern effect kind agreement quot vsa quot quot vessel share agreement quot express regulatori author commiss karen gregori industri economist usa feder maritim commiss state affidavit quot vsa mean manag capac servic schedul frequenc affect competit carrier coordin servic invest requir amount cooper coordin inher vsa promot solidar carrier turn diminish intra confer competit price articl discuss newli form vsa transpacif trade mitsui osk line offici comment lot ia independ action hope kind agreement quot commiss understand comment repres mitsui osk line intend suggest consortia vessel share agreement effect reduc number independ action enter member evid intern competit price evid taca parti claim restrict intern competit significantli reduc comparison taa maintain independ action servic contract unilater action servic contract time volum rate independ action time volum rate evid intern extern competit claim compet element relat servic taca parti argu fact good travel servic contract price good travel discount tariff rate proof quot signific intern price competit taca parti quot taca parti claim quot absenc competit pressur confer taca parti incent carri cargo taca class tariff rate quot unclear econom argument taca parti put forward event commiss accept fact shipper charg price evid competit mere fact price laid tariff evid exist competit absenc competit fact custom unwil unabl pai cartel target price evid intern competit evid target price set high serv maximis profit circumst cartel unabl discrimin custom lower cartel price level profit maximis discuss taca parti discrimin custom price discrimin point observ purpos taca price strategi ensur profit maximis basic object price strategi achiev captur consum surplu convert addit profit firm establish tariff mean end end understand point understand tariff embodi price polici base discrimin custom shipper pai price differ reflect cost differ price mechan discount tariff rate servic contract price elabor elabor price system fundament requir taca system discriminatori price shipper price elast demand taca parti aim charg shipper bear price set percentag deviat margin cost invers proport item price elast demand price discrimin profit firm enhanc revenu increas cost major categori price discrimin degre degre price discrimin custom pai specif price specif unit servic price subsequ unit servic degre price discrimin involv set price basi quantiti purchas form discrimin practis taca parti form time volum rate servic contract form price discrimin degre price discrimin qualit type result firm separ custom class set price custom class taca maritim tariff establish class custom class divid basi paragraph commod ship taca headcod dairi product found commod index headcod likewis fabric headcod firearm basic price mechan taca place commod class basic price establish taca parti form price discrimin taca parti discrimin shipper adjust headcod attribut good shipper standard headcod bibliou paper tariff class shipment good usa gulf contin similarli standard headcod kraft linerboard class rout servic contract ec busi secret omit headcod bibliou paper kraft linerboard relev class voyag usa gulf contin term tariff rate differ price result adjust headcod amount price feu usd usd differ evid reason adjust made contain memorandum taca secretariat taca parti date octob quot point tli tariff line item class adjust tariff select previou year maintain balanc trade climat quot emphasi ad form price discrimin readili recognis independ action undertaken taca parti limit time dai volum port coverag fact price strategi aim captur specif parcel good specif shipper repres equival spot market purchas purpos discrimin prevent good travel confer carrier trade containeris cargo class commod basic price payabl standard commod class depend ship eastbound westbound class commod differ origin destin commod ship europ divid categori contin uk denmark sweden norwai finland poland good ship usa divid categori north usa contin south usa contin gulf usa contin pacif usa contin independ action extent independ action regard evid competit number comment made independ action exercis short period case independ action resembl spot market price custom unabl reli carrier capac ship good offer lower price form price discrimin compar stand price offer airlin evid short term independ action stop gap measur servic contract negoti take place thirdli clear independ action undertaken taca parti respons intern competit legitim respons extern competit line exercis independ action respect westbound travel peanut peanut typic kind product travel bulk ventil moistur control contain case peanut due deadli toxin produc circumst contain recent peanut kind product recit process product carri contain respect residu competit bulk carrier similar product peanut term ventil transform carriag bulk containeris transport coffe taca parti exercis joint independ action respect westbound carriag green decaffein coffe continent europ product widespread exercis independ action taca parti suggest action intend meet extern oppos intern competit taca parti exercis independ action respect paper carri westbound uk respect crispbread carri westbound contin sweden final order put extent independ action practis taca parti perspect tabl compar figur independ action undertaken taca parti member asia north america eastbound rate agreement transpacif westbound rate agreement tabl comparison independ action transatlant transpacif gt tabl gt figur show allow fact transpacif trade larger transatlant trade number independ action exercis northern europ trade taca parti member transpacif confer compar insignific repli statement object taca parti argu quot event analysi signific independ rate action confer account number individu rate action total volum cargo lift rate quot statement flatli contradict view taca secretariat state brief paper date februari quot problem number ia isc teu coverag commod coverag structur target market segment quot taca parti put forward argument basi commod coverag structur target market segment evid intern competit preval servic contract taca parti claim fact custom enter servic contract evid intern competit servic contract price lower regular tariff rate good dissimilar tariff time volum rate good contrast possibl exist relat independ action individu servic contract clear intern competit price taca parti parti joint servic contract carrier point view consider benefit enter servic contract shipper offset fact servic contract price lower tariff rate servic contract year preval servic contract transatlant trade taca carri made servic contract long term arrang help line plan capac requir guarante stabl revenu flow princip benefit servic contract carrier point view effect barrier entri loyalti exclus arrang act highli effect devic deter entri condit effect easili met case servic contract capac asymmetri incumb potenti entrant minimum scale product taca servic contract liquid damag claus underperform contract shipper level liquid damag set taca parti usd teu amount greater shipper expect gain break contract switch entrant liquid damag claus underperform equival custom switch cost effect univers recognis barrier entri shipper acquir servic tariff equival switch cost search cost appar evid effect intern competit exist servic contract perfectli consist profit maximis behaviour undertak market power evid entrant parti servic contract found letter hanjin taca written august anticip enter transatlant trade quot prepar commerci activ request access relev document statist taca includ tariff servic contract portcal lift perform quot minut meet taca senior execut taca pwsc meet report execut director advis quot hyundai sought inclus servic contract member pariticp eastbound member particip westbound member pariticip joint eastbound westbound servic contract rate level applic major member contract regard confirm step hand notifi servic contract shipper parti inclus effect coincident hyundai transatlant sail quot switch carrier tabl repli statement object quot comparison share individu shipper quot purport evid competit taca parti relat cargo carri taca servic contract purport show individu shipper taca servic contract carrier carrier year quot alloc ist cargo particip carrier accord ist commerci jugdment base evalut competit offer carrier quot taca servic contract question competit price contract enter price agre remain possibl competit servic qualiti main element maritim transport oper reliabl servic conveni schedul carrier parti agreement vsa form competit exclud parti agreement share vesel oper joint schedul demonstr exist intern competit show individu shipper move cargo group carrier simpli group annex show basi shipper select taca parti share enjoi group carrier remain larg stabl case switch place group fluctuat market share taca parti repli statement object paragraph claim quot clear tabl signific movement respect market share taca parti movement unequivoc competit taca parti quot figur provid taca parti tabl quot increas decreas highest lowest point period quot give fair pictur movement share taca parti taca parti claim share nol vari refer period put figur context note nol carri contain quarter combin carri taca parti direct trade million insignific nol carri contain unequivoc evid competit taca parti evid movement quarter fail account fact liner ship demand driven servic industri line suscept fluctuat demand individu client base result season variat demand shipper product shipper prefer carrier greater demand liner ship servic quarter exampl variat demand drink product summer consum good run christma true pictur obtain annual fluctuat share taca parti inform set tabl tabl individu share taca lift direct trade gt tabl gt attitud fluctuat market share taca brief paper date februari taca chairman recommend taca secretariat quot encourag persuad carrier collect find enabl hanjin build market share consist slot capac trade neg knock effect quot event tabl rel share taca parti remain remark stabl competit qualiti taa repli march articl issu statement object date decemb taa parti state quot taa parti oper separ commerci entiti separ market organis distinct reput marketplac annex set exampl ship press advertis taa parti advertis demonstr taa parti present market separ market organis taa parti compet qualiti regard natur rang servic offer shipper includ frequenc reliabl servic port serv transit time intermod transport specialist equip mainten condit contain document custom support quot claim disappear repli taca statement object chapter quot price competit quot taca parti seek confus issu taca parti compet respect qualiti servic provid tariff rate taca servic contract individu negoti servic element discuss recit taca servic contract individu tailor provis relat type servic offer tariff arrang individu tailor provis relat type servic offer taca parti attempt differenti product advertis journal provid electron schedul inform internet extern competit taca parti face actual extern competit oper containeris liner servic direct trade oper containeris liner servic altern rout issu competit bulk reefer ship air transport consid recit oper containeris liner servic direct trade taca parti claim face main competitor direct transatlant trade evergreen lyke atlant cargo servic independ contain line carol line market share bracket commiss describ competit posit carrier addit sourc competit number oper enter transatlant trade mitsui osk apl introduc capac gener point examin carrier suffici capac win signific market share taca parti tabl comparison capac direct northern europ usa trade mid summer tabl gt pic file quot en ep quot gt import capac constraint direct competitor taca li fact order wrest signific volum taca parti introduc capac discuss cost introduc capac consid paragraph evergreen tabl set evergreen share direct northern europ usa trade quarter figur give share direct trade eastbound westbound tabl evergreen share direct trade gt tabl gt year taca parti capac direct northern europ usa trade period evergreen share capac eastbound westbound differ due fact evergreen oper round world servic vessel size depend direct travel event inabl store capac time lag bring capac market mean absenc signific overcapac independ line evergreen follow price rise market leader attempt gain market share market leader expens evergreen case demonstr fact evergreen announc ident price rise taca fact evergreen largest independ line parti eurocord discuss agreement eda member southern europ america confer seac suggest mutual interest aris network limit true extent competit evergreen parti transpacif stabilis agreement parti europ asia trade agreement discontinu septemb transpacif stabilis agreement europ asia trade agreement capac utilis agreement competit pressur evergreen limit fact current high capac utilis level transatlant trade evergreen compet win market share introduc vessel lyke signific taca oper lyke lyke file bankruptci protect american law octob situat reportedli brought ow combin poor manag fact revenu dollar loan commit yen prove harm major chang rel valu currenc circumst highli inhibit rang commerci freedom lyke relev market lyke recent bought canada maritim atlant cargo servic atlant cargo servic atlanticargo oper weekli servic northern europ usa gulf coast unlik direct competitor taca parti atlanticargo oper vessel carri bulk product carri limit number contain abil oper vessel compet oper fulli containeris vessel discuss recit independ contain line independ contain line icl oper vessel oper fix dai weekli servic antwerp usa port chester richmond servic upgrad dai servic vessel april increas icl annualis total capac teu teu icl market share drewri capac basi capac maximum potenti market share assum capac unus carriag empti contain order increas market share low level icl introduc capac offer shipper fix dai weekli servic requir introduct similarli size vessel icl possess vessel oper antwerp chester richmond servic bought charter year fix cost establish servic region usd million reason trade antwerp port chester richmond suffici sustain string vessel usa port consid nich port icl account high proport containeris trade reason expect lack capac difficulti increas capac increment coupl oper port icl adopt aggress price strategi vi vi taca parti carol line taca parti claim carol line main taca oper direct transatlant trade pier carol line carri containeris cargo northern europ usa east coast present northern europ usa trade includ usa east coast northern europ trade taca parti fail mention carol line fact consortium call quot caribbean servic quot oper northern europ caribbean central south american east coast port port call ponc puerto rico puerto rico govern commonwealth associ unit state head state presid usa taca parti fail mention taca parti hapag lloyd amp onedlloyd share activ quot caribbean servic quot quot caribbean servic quot member member price fix arrang oper geograph area fall scope quot caribbean servic quot associ west indi transatlant steam ship line witass caribbean servic rate agreement ncsra purpos ncsra compli requir american ship act order qualifi antitrust exempt price fix agreement liner ship sector restrict good enter leav usa usa port puerto rico consid fall relev market commiss carol line accur quot caribbean servic quot exercis signific competit pressur taca parti aris fact biggest member member taca fact quot caribbean servic quot subject price fix agreement cosco line yangm cosco enter usa northern europ trade februari consortium arrang line yangm entrant trade arrang cosco vessel line oper fix dai weekli basi arrang cosco control teu week direct line teu basi capac trade mid capac cosco share eastbound capac westbound capac direct trade trade includ canadian trade line half capac oper containeris liner servic altern rout canada cargo origin destin mid west travel northern europ usa port canadian port princip montreal halifax canadian gatewai canadian gatewai cargo fall scope american antitrust exempt canadian antitrust exempt commun law receiv treatment direct cargo carrier lawfulli permit fix maritim inland price carriag cargo fall scope canadian confer shipper canadian gatewai substitut usa east coast port effect potenti competit canadian gatewai limit fact oocl hapag lloyd acl pol taca parti member canadian confer taca member cast canmar form part group compani canmar joint ventur oocl trade hapag lloyd charter space oocl canmar slc servic maersk taca parti oper canadian gatewai member canadian confer septemb maersk sea land commenc dedic northern europ canada servic small charter vessel competitv condit northern europ canada trade matter concern canadian competit author extract notic applic date decemb canadian competit tribun acquisit cast canadian pacif quot conclus director investig research canadian competit bureau submit merger cp cast prevent lessen prevent lessen competit substanti market compris refriger containeris transport servic ontario quebec northern continent europ unit kingdom due reduc servic characterist switch cost bulk break bulk ship servic accept substitut containeris transport servic director submit merger confer market power canada maritim provid market share approxim market highli concentr respect signific barrier entri market share slc increas approxim result merger exist slc enhanc canada maritim abil exercis market power confer result merger quot servic hapag lloyd acl pol separ servic call halifax port call serv usa east coast port slot direct shipment shipment gatewai commiss consid unrealist line compet sell slot depend inland rout cargo competit exist competit diminish taca parti signific influenc competit condit trade northern europ canada servic distinct demonstr servic compet normal market condit fact individu line charg price cargo birmingham chicago depend cargo canadian gatewai prove exist competit servic carrier reason price level question cross price elast servic level price taca parti provid evid degre cross price elast rout evid influenc taca activ canadian confer evidenc extract correspond emphasi ad canadian confer secretariat member joint inland committe canadian confer correspond demonstr member canadian confer detail knowledg price practic taca parti refer quot adjac trade quot undoubtedli refer taca quot gt tabl gt quot final note octob continent canadian westbound freight confer canadian north atlant westbound freight confer announc identici price rise announc taca parti annex iii reason commiss consid market share taca parti servic provid canadian gatewai aggreg market share taca parti direct servic treat distinct competitor mediterranean reason discuss recit commiss mediterranean servic fall relev market xi conclus state actual competit transatlant rout evid market share taca parti remain stabl regular albeit modest price increas suggest actual extern competit limit explain claim rate low entrant transatlant trade member taa taca rel stabil aggreg market share taca parti increas number parti taca explain fact except tmm tecomar taca parti entrant trade exist clientel explain fact entrant enter market introduc capac xii potenti competit oper liner servic taca parti argu potenti competit major factor transatlant trade sourc competit carrier oper transatlant trade signific expens technic difficulti increas number contain carri cross entri contain oper present transatlant trade discuss turn preliminari issu expert report put forward evid taca parti dynamar report view relianc taca parti report attach repli statement object septemb commiss address formal request inform term quot report prepar dynamar date august attach repli annex provid full detail instruct dynamar behalf taca parti prepar report instruct found correspond document prepar previou report dynamar provid copi document quot respons taca parti claim legal profession privileg respect quot instruct expert wit behalf parti administr judici proceed quot claim repeat oral hear held commiss view establish commun law legal profession privileg attach report prepar client attornei relationship report protect doctrin privileg commiss accept instruct expert wit treat privileg report prepar expert reli defend parti context commiss note practic respect recent clarifi quot special note studi stress studi commiss connect proceed specif file directli indirectli proceed made access irrespect intrins access result studi report statist commiss correspond contractor tender specif methodolog studi correspond relat financi aspect studi contractor refer remain confidenti interest quot view commiss purpos make addit inform enabl parti assess reliabl conclus drawn expert absenc addit inform difficult assess prob report present case taca parti sought explain refus suppli inform request circumst reason infer conclus report colour instruct expert mobil fleet regul eec place emphasi potenti competit mean control market power liner confer quot mobil fleet characterist featur structur avail ship field subject confer constant competit unabl rule elimin substanti proport ship servic question concern quot gener accept recit major trade lane north atlant tremend competit disadvantag carrier offer weekli prefer fix dai weekli servic weekli servic essenti part suppli chain manufactur ultim consum longer interv servic lead increas cost shipper hold increas stock end oft suppli chain expens case perish good suppli chain slow lead delai payment good manufactur storag cost fact good lose result delai deliveri reason fix dai weekli servic prefer dai servic enabl shipper plan ahead easili check vessel phenomenon provid consum regular transport servic passeng busi passeng expect airlin provid daili hourli servic train ferri passeng expect servic regular predict sens timet simpl comprehend rememb cost increas capac gener special featur transatlant trade substanti reduc likelihood potenti competit transatlant trade high volum trade regular high capac servic line larg modern vessel oper weekli servic call suffici number port estim cost save slot teu ship teu ship oper fix dai weekli servic call port northern europ unit state requir string vessel similar speed capac complement contain time capac string cost introduc servic region usd million relat shore cost manag administr contain ship cross entri commiss gener observ mobil fleet contest liner ship market set recit demonstr case taca potenti competit form mobil fleet effect situat aris fact major liner ship compani present transatlant trade discuss entri smaller shipown quot dai ambiti opportunist entrepreneur regularli set small transatlant oper charter tonnag teu long enterpris kill remorseless unforgiv econom market quot chronolog taca parti membership show introduct cosco kline yangm servic recit signific potenti competitor enter transatlant trade incept taa join taa taca version line acl hapag lloyd amp nedlloyd sea land maersk msc oocl pol dsr senat cho yang version ii line nyk version iii line nol version iv line tmm tecomar version line hanjin version vi line hyundai januari olav rakken chairman taca chairman acl wrote hanjin quot line concern enter market talk succe goal quot signific asian carrier enter trade nyk nol hanjin hyundai independ carrier oper competit taca parti arrang taca parti allow carrier enter obtain foothold market face competit expect circumst entri transatlant trade easili agreement taca parti hanjin hyundai enter market slot charter basi make invest vessel trade taa taca argu carrier signific potenti competitor taa taca fact taa ensur enter transatlant trade independ line parti taca intend suggest entri trade basi slot charter arrang put actual tonnag place necessarili anti competit question benefit cooper accompani competit structur market elimin potenti competit abil absorb potenti competitor part practic taca offer shipper servic contract dual rate price structur fact major taca parti compet particip servic contract nvocc recit relat dual rate tariff elimin competit substanti effect taa decis recit signific liner carrier recent enter transatlant trade parti taca american presid line apl mitsui osk line mitsui link taca carrier trade apl mitsui partnership transpacif trade oocl apl member transpacif westbound rate agreement transpacif confer japan asia north america eastbound rate agreement transpacif stabilis agreement apl mitsui osk member eastern freight confer confer oper northern europ east trade taca parti parti dsr hapag lloyd maersk nol nyk oocl amp onedlloyd sea land final discuss recit cost withdraw transatlant trade result damag reput competit posit lower prospect return trade reduc incent enter competit contain vessel taca parti argu face potenti competit oper contain vessel adapt vessel order carri contain increas number contain carri conclus contain oper relev market immedi increas carri capac teu equival capac taca parti support claim taca parti reli sole dynamar report prob discuss recit principl vessel carri contain market share figur taca parti recit includ contain carri fulli containeris vessel effect potenti competit oper fulli containeris vessel materi condit fulfil shown supplier servic econom compet taca parti term custom regard carriag fulli containeris vessel function interchang carriag fulli containeris vessel cumul test fulfil essenti note characterist perform fulli containeris vessel significantli fulli containeris vessel quot crystal clear implicit terminolog cellular containership capac effici product cellular space carri unitis containeris cargo greater signific suppli demand balanc concern slot cellular vessel provid contain carri capac year slot cellular vessel cellular ship spend time port possess higher sea speed oper regular liner schedul ro ro achiev product cellular vessel semi containership con bulker consider effici ground speed cargo handl time port estim rel product ratio cellular cellular capac quot perform characterist milit suppli side convers number technic characterist addit expenditur requir carri contain vessel specif built contain vessel cost sens chain fit purchas dynamar cost ecu slot variabl sens cost labour higher stow contain contain vessel contain vessel account addit port cost involv carri contain vessel due slower stow time consequenti longer period spent port reason potenti capac fulli containeris vessel taca parti assert fact oper vessel possess fleet contain oper fulli containeris vessel typic taca parti contain vessel slot oper oper breakbulk servic contain signific import quot global box inventori seldom year suffici permit nomin containership capac cellular fleet quot situat compound fact oper fulli containeris vessel gener possess land side facil oper fulli containeris vessel custom concern commiss accept vast major custom taca parti regard carriag bulk neo bulk vessel substitut carriag fulli containeris vessel fact demonstr extract advertis acl januari quot present carrier tell shipment secur slow deck don cargo beat journei north atlant acl containeris cargo safe secur uniqu design cell guid unlik carrier contain lash place quot differ custom concern absenc schedul weekli sail fact case fulli containeris vessel port termin berth fulli containeris vessel consequenti ineffici multimod transport oper xiii price movement averag revenu price repli statement object taca parti claim contrari evid put forward european shipper associ refer statement object quot shipper servic contract rate lower rate quot taca parti claim repli statement object quot taca class tariff rate reduc august quot order assess claim put perspect commiss examin averag revenu teu earn taca parti individu price movement contain number servic contract figur actual figur adjust inflat evid number gener point made price movement liner ship servic suppli taca parti point ow larg complex taca discriminatori price structur difficult track price individu commod mean averag revenu account fact mix cargo fundament import end result averag revenu account fact taca parti significantli degre capac utilis mean averag revenu level highli profit line thirdli import bear mind trade condit main world trade markedli recent year transpacif northern europ east trade substanti pressur rate journal commerc state octob quot atlant major trade lane endur price war year price pacif europ asia trade lane drop significantli year atlant freight rate remain fairli stabl quot drewri quot transatlant poor relat arteri trade earli depriv high growth greater matur inabl access magic asian factor report collect carrier loss rout usd million estim return sale concert effort carrier taa taca radic improv trade forecast gener aggreg surplu usd million healthi margin make profit east west market taa taca occas bad public carrier mention consider legal cost scale market recoveri doubtless consid price worth pai profit outlook balanc decad emin satisfactori carrier regulatori uncertainti sign rate volum instabl quot fourthli signific march august power liner ship compani world nyk nol hanjin hyundai enter northern europ usa trade appear advers impact price final actual price increas recal march taca parti agre american feder maritim commiss reduc tariff servic contract rate remaind level prevail decemb roll back rate mean price increas servic provid taca parti context taa taca lower absenc regulatori intervent usa author cost taca line roll back rate estim fmc region usd million individu shipper concern taca parti state repli statement object roll back meant cancel date settlement effect week increas order gt tabl gt taca parti refus suppli commiss port port price ground difficult tabl set averag revenu teu figur taca parti period tabl gt pic file quot en ep quot gt tabl averag revenu eastbound teu increas approxim averag revenu averag revenu westbound teu increas approxim revenu increas greater amount taca parti forc feder maritim commiss roll back rate level notwithstand price increas taca parti increas total volum carri relev market compar averag taca parti increas revenu teu averag price paid shipper maritim transport teu eastbound westbound averag figur mask fact period tabl taca parti substanti outperform averag tabl gt pic file quot en ep quot gt tabl view combin tabl fluctuat market share demonstr number taca parti increas averag revenu teu substanti suffer loss market share equal number taca parti experienc decreas averag revenu teu benefit term increas market share statist analysi price movement maritim commun inland leg taa taca servic contract methodolog list servic contract quot price commun inland leg complet list survei year contract order select group contract base analysi set contract shipper liner confer chosen contract contract fulfil requir criteria lesser prioriti contract contract contract partner contract survei approxim contract partner contract survei cut point survei contract determin chronolog order appear relat list contract survei termin approxim list contract criteria contract fulfil order survei separ tariff westbound maritim commun inland rate quot ident commod group commod ident rout year contract westbound rate analys order focu survei effect taca parti activ european export commun inland rout appear contract relev shipper confer rout select random currenc rate quot left long currenc rate quot left long currenc year rout currenc convert avoid distort effect currenc exchang fluctuat commod rout appear survei relev contain type size mean larg contract busi secret omit price year record total price record total contract full period survei exclud price ancillari charg note includ arbitrari currenc adjust factor interim fuel particip contain servic charg termin handl charg late stage survei servic contract submit commiss price match criteria set ad figur final contract analysi clearest conclus drawn survei price increas maritim leg journei percentag point greater increas commun inland leg tabl show increas maritim leg compar increas commun inland leg larg increas inland rate paid busi secret omit increas smaller period offer widest number contract commod rout survei repres statist drawn survei rate reduct inland leg period rate increas maritim leg smallest tabl base inform set annex vi tabl price movement servic contract gt tabl gt conclus support commiss view maritim servic offer taca parti area activ exercis market domin subject competit pressur convers inland haulag market taca parti subject competit pressur contract period survei offer narrow rang contract analys pre taa contract contract neusara confer increas maritim inland leg contract contract taa taca period reflect larg rate rise taa taca parti demand busi secret omit contract show increas rate inland leg increas period busi secret omit contract busi secret omit contract show increas maritim rate period contract enter creation taa show modest rate increas inland rate increas maritim rate maritim inland narrow rang figur ad pictur contract account situat inland leg concern decreas rate chang except busi secret omit contract modest increas make rate increas contract inland leg rate show decreas convers period select mark increas due jump pre taa post taa maritim leg show increas contract drop rate price includ conclus drawn substanti price rise maritim rate westbound journei rise ec inland leg rate period journei percentag point lower suggest market power inland rout price pre taa contract includ increas maritim inland journei greater suggest creation taa taca allow parti exact substanti rate rise maritim inland rout price includ maritim rate rise smaller inland leg rate decreas similarli rise smaller rise suggest care approach rate rise adopt taca parti contract period xiv notion stabil liner ship confer bring stabil trade affect fix uniform tariff serv refer point market price set remain unchang longer period time set individu line reduct price fluctuat expect competit market benefit shipper reduc uncertainti futur trade condit rate stabil envisag regul eec consequenti effect assur shipper reliabl servic liner servic natur regular sens evenli spread timet reliabl servic reason qualiti shipper good harm price irrespect dai line chosen carri cargo reliabl suppli transport servic mainten time schedul servic provid shipper guarante servic suit reason custom member liner ship confer consid obtain fair share benefit aris restrict competit brought liner ship confer provid remain subject effect competit agreement member liner ship confer rate charg benefit group exempt thesi frequent put forward liner ship compani oper main world trade includ taca parti applic exempt liner ship market market good servic exempt normal rule competit appli market taca parti notion stabil amount assur ship line trade guarante suffici return capit tempt owner invest capit main argument liner ship industri consider fix avoid cost exist reserv capac rise short run price competit level close margin cost result withdraw capac oper move vessel profit trade bankrupt theori lead shortag capac larg increas price draw capac oper market capac increas adequ level reserv capac reach level provis reliabl servic cycl begin potenti larg fluctuat price capac form market failur market inher unstabl order break cycl strict price disciplin prevent line offer servic level advoc thesi regard low quot destruct price competit quot view recognis regul eec grant exempt price fix activ liner confer simpl price fix suffici addit measur capac utilis agreement order limit volum good line allow transport elimin temptat line transport addit good price close margin cost measur give confer power rais price supra competit price draw hitherto potenti competitor market argu lack equilibrium lead inher unstabl market argu joint price fix extend inland sector line offer multimod transport servic line charg cost inland transport effect charg rate lower confer maritim tariff implic measur restrict competit extend servic provid singl member confer member confer tempt undermin agreement fix maritim price compet wai analysi instanc argument made competit case cartel member seek draw distinct quot fair quot quot destruct quot competit fact factor reli support thesi equilibrium liner ship market peculiar liner ship market peculiar liner ship exist reserv capac common capit intens industri larg sunk cost margin variabl cost product low circumst incent lower price order increas turnov mean increas volum argument put forward thesi inher instabl base controversi theori pirrong sjostrom davi sought appli sea transport core theori theori contest market hypothes applic theoret model presenc fix avoid cost imposs adjust capac accord demand suicid conduct shipown set price unrealist comment surpris work economist appli heterodox theoret model accept analyst sea transport core theori theori contest market core theori mainten adequ reserv capac order provid regular reliabl servic spite demand fluctuat lead shipown forget raison être reserv capac remain unus except increas demand constant price season demand decid lower price order fill reserv capac attract addit custom commerci strategi aim maximis ship decis lower rate lead shipown enter price war lead low price level close margin variabl cost shipown quickli adapt capac demand cycl excess swing price servic qualiti begin constitut inher instabl industri question core theori theori applic clear event hypothes underli core theori applic liner ship industri concept reserv capac correspond problem indivis factor product regular transport servic point view individu ship line capac cost ship common cost cargo carri alloc individu consign includ calcul freight rate charg floor direct handl cost view capac cost alloc made complic price discrimin commod result rate paid commod time servic jansson schneerson point gener problem part load transport market passeng freight part load small singl contain cargo liner problem indivis aris lead conclus capac cost includ margin cost extent problem clear mean minimis neg effect profit exist understood liner ship industri definit reason price margin gener achiev principl yield manag fix air fare todai main ship line principl margin price order avoid pollut normal rate sale margin drewri report point price level margin variabl cost vicin usd feu contain depend equip own leas rate record time analysi drewri report show absurd idea put forward propon destruct competit theori occasion rate margin shipment level approach margin variabl cost contamin rate ship line busi realis imposs make profit oper offer rate averag lower averag total cost hypothesi capac fluctuat essenti applic core inconsist exist larg sunk invest part ship line invest contain ship servic port termin facil sale administr structur build satisfactori custom base made loss line suddenli decid withdraw rout withdraw rout take place time difficulti line expect sell asset low hand price collaps line signal sunk cost ship estim residu invest recov case invest larg line interest withdraw market price start slide potenti competitor expect vigor reaction line market event chang competit structur trade exist signific sunk cost limit risk hit run entri predic core theori thirdli core theori suggest withdraw capac result diminut servic qualiti frequenc capac price rise draw competitor market hypothesi reflect view servic capac oper line market rigidli defin flexibl adapt demand hypothesi correspond incorrect view stabil servic stabil transport mean protect exist servic requir protect competit consid destruct hypothesi correspond circumst main liner rout reason commiss accept core theori applic studi liner ship industri addit fact core theori provid satisfactori theoret framework observ specialist theori propos specif solut dr pirrong state quot form institut rectifi empti core problem includ monopoli long term contract vertic integr quot point recit taca busi pursuant servic contract fix period year commerci strategi base differenti servic qualiti client conclus individu servic contract make resolv problem quot inher instabl quot industri commerci strategi ship line conclud core theori applic justif cartel shipown reli theori contest market order argu exist potenti competit guarante effici servic competit price threat sudden entri ompetitor subject line present market constraint effici applic theori liner ship disput economist addit exist signific sunk cost limit profit entri market observ condit applic theori contest market entri withdraw threat potenti competit suffici contest theori potenti competit exert real competit pressur high price suppli side ineffici aris attract entrant hope profit ineffici jankowski point larg number instanc entri exit market unprofit result failur suggest lack contest market studi dr davi argu liner trade europ canada contest precis number entri observ investig profit movement conclus dr davi contest market question ad instanc entri withdraw observ dr davi concern redeploy ship line present neighbour trade analysi redeploy order determin fact hit run entri concept mobil flexibl posit ship accept specialist shipown observ dr davi entri exit europ canada trade support idea flexibl redeploy ship real contest market quot analys entri exit made basi servic creation extinct compani movement vessel firm trade give rise exit entri servic influenc competit environ trade alter number compani involv wider market environ tabl show turnov compani suppli liner servic canadian trade problem aris compani canada rest world exit canada impli death movement canadian rout exit list tabl caus complet bankruptci compani involv remaind brought servic movement case merger abbott al similarli firm canadian trade period newli establish exist foreign corpor redeploi tonnag respons perceiv profit opportun quot professor gilman criticis idea contest idea inher instabl main world rout term tarporlei februari quot empir evid relat loss individu case critic idea low sunk cost basic argument question industri structur control relationship market mainstream trade consist larg market atlant pacif europ east rout avail capac entri level sunk cost relat exit depend condit rout equilibrium capac simpli instant total replac incumb market ship began move rate extent depend demand elast process quickli stop complet absenc barrier entri exit market contest extent total replac larg scale entri newbuild imposs replac ship europ east rout cost excess usd billion decis build full capac come stream year optimist view ship price escal potenti entrant obtain ship price paid incumb attempt build scale set train major disequilibrium world ship industri concentr global ownership larg containership affect possibl entri world fleet domin twenti larg carrier oper mainstream rout basic count incumb trend decad concentr expect continu ten year entri big leagu limit pool potenti entrant small turn exit opportun limit deploy vessel depend market condit sector target mainstream rout tonnag strong opportun deploi vessel rout suffer effect world recess opportun limit point extent market affect common set influenc easi exit moder number vessel market condit strong difficult exit market weak rel eas exit larg scale deploy imposs surplu capac involv lai clear analysi number implicit assumpt structur perform set relat market idea singl market set fix cost sunk singl market small rel size industri global set market oper profit ownership structur divers provid pool potenti entrant circumst capac suffici replac incumb quickli easili found equal easili absorb incumb retali individu liner market mainstream sector fare larg rel global industri size easili envisag low level sunk cost modest incurs back current realiti incurs moder scale market eas exit result feroci competit transport capac perish commod physic mobil asset directli relat econom mobil case includ transport industri guarante low level sunk cost case output transport asset happili stai place manufactur compani singl locat diversifi strategi enabl cover rang world market switch output deploy fix capit market eas move inch quot analysi contest underst distinct mobil vessel contest market maritim compani offer multimod transport servic make shore invest area manag market asset consider mobil vessel event sunk cost reloc termin manag market function consider econom analysi liner transport complex area studi present discuss lead conclus arrang ship line rate confer capac consortia cartel restrict competit combin rate fix capac manag analys sole simplist basi core theori contest market theori question destruct competit econom evid submit taa parti applic annul taa decis includ annex professor yarrow summaris concept quot destruct competit quot instabl theori annex repli professor yarrow distinguish type destruct competit type exist industri characterist includ margin cost averag cost excess unus capac presenc sunk cost type exist situat competit equilibrium core contest market theori forego discuss shown condit requir type destruct competit met inter alia presenc sunk cost absenc profit hit run entri type destruct competit professor yarrow accept requir measur applic rule competit part quot economist special competit polici includ regard outcom suffici argument exempt price agreement gener provis competit law central reason firm suffer protract account loss custom benefit low price fix cost sunk consum benefit firm suffer econom effici price lower averag cost circumst excess capac quot imposs distinguish situat quot destruct competit quot normal competit theori inher instabl disregard characterist run counter possibl redeploi ship main world rout professor gilman suppli adapt consider fluctuat demand order avoid prolong capac find balanc suppli demand dr reitz sum situat feder trade commiss report quot ocean liner market fail exhibit high market specif sunk cost oppos firm specif sunk invest kei condit destruct competit evid support proposit ship market unsustain natur monopoli vulner ineffici small scale entri empir studi industri perform suffici level sophist gener insight issu illustr issu approach evan heckman ship mobil asset circumst transfer profit profit geograph market respons fluctuat demand fmc report note carrier region market easili alter port call pattern respons chang market condit fmc report page carrier shipper negoti long term contract minim risk uncertain demand suppli condit theori core stress avoid cost sunk cost differ import case ship mobil asset long term contract ocean carrier latitud decid oper ship latitud suggest carrier oper ship rout burden excess capac make destruct competit quot achiev balanc suppli demand oper market ensur interest transport user account determin servic level maintain rate stabil cartel agreement make suppli transport servic rigid interest user effici servic stabil rate endang benathan walter state conclus studi cooper liner ship industri quot pool practis ship industri gener regard anti competit form cartel organis find consist view competit price concern flexibl quota regim revenu pool give greater stabil cartel fuller continu exploit profit opportun cartel avoid disrupt crise rigid quota system hand cartel permit case ship cartel maritim countri pool permit alloc traffic cartel expans effici low cost firm cartel promot contract ineffici inim technic progress liner trade simpl quota system quot adapt suppli servic rate demand prevent cartel agreement stabilis agreement involv freez capac imposit artifici rate disciplin stabil effici servic interest user endang circumst offer capac market reduc artifici partial freez capac lead larg rate increas mainten artifici rate level encourag elimin effici servic excess capac capac excess reason reserv order provid servic correspond user relat quot stabilis agreement quot includ freez part capac drewri report made remark page quot optim utilis synonym low profit provid rate reason level cost contain structur inevit tonnag open competit trade produc demand gap ratio accept level profit gap nearer form trade organis confer stabilis agreement regul capac rate market manipul reason level demand gap ratio quot main risk restrict cartel agreement competit transport limit competit servic qualiti line present trade drawn race oper ship larger larger capac averch johnson effect problem monopoli induc wast consid scherer ross quot price fix agreement tacit oligopolist collus monopoli price stimul wast accumul excess capac main mechan offer ampl reserv capac kind price rivalri advantag travel patron airlin flight seat moment industri buyer favour supplier meet demand unusu tight grei market cartel sale quota alloc proport capac crude oil prorat system earli invest excess capac higher quota encourag excess capac carri strengthen credibl monopolist group entri deterr fourth monopolist price cushion surviv capac secularli declin industri reason relationship monopoli power propens nonlinear ocean ship cartel perfect monopoli control entri invest schedul prone costli excess capac overtonnag looser open cartel serv rout quot illustr phenomenon drewri report manner histori tran atlant trade page quot confer line oper dai schedul servic frequenc match lead independ leav smaller oper lower qualiti schedul half separ servic oper dai interv major advanc qualiti servic gener provid suggest increasingli difficult frequent servic secur accept market quot increas capac logic accompani declin rate continu increas rate make increas product cost suppli move point equilibrium user pai race servic qualiti rate higher cycl continu point market forc resist return commerci realiti trade abrupt adjust rate carrier leav market affect suppli capac cycl sourc instabl market problem inher instabl empti core simpli consequ disturb normal market condit result misus market power held ship line cartel solut put forward regul eec bring stabil recognis regul rate stabil intend deal problem brought liner ship oper result uneconom invest decis inland price fix europ taca parti argu applic exempt quot abil line agre intermod rate contribut stabilis effect agreement ocean inland leg complementari servic agreement ocean leg incap suffici stabilis effect quot absenc instabl threat destruct competit extend price fix practic econom theori justifi extens maritim price fix inland price fix forego discuss inapplic core contest theori liner ship show unlikelihood destabilis maritim tariff competit inclus multimod tariff risk destabilis confer tariff maritim transport result normal competit respect inland haulag fulli recit fefc decis theoret destabilis mean underpr inland transport europ advoc thesi declin multimod rate europ slide door door rate compar confer maritim tariff demand care examin conclus drawn mere comparison rate charg independ line tariff fix confer replac proper analysi market condit time argu confer rate fix high level signific adher confer member price slide reflect return normal market condit inher instabl argu period entri competitor undercut confer rate build market share break market line enter atlant market durat extent price cut depth consid cyclic fluctuat demand coupl oper excess capac explain sharp declin independ rate number normal market condit specif carrier strategi explain declin independ rate compar confer tariff provid evid support inher instabl thesi period great chang ship industri deregul rail sector end develop rail transport contain drewri report sum develop term page quot advent doubl stack train servic north america radic shift emphasi vessel capac rail car capac major portion world contain traffic mind micro bridg concept establish usa intervent doubl stack technolog apl instanc abandon water asia east coast north america servic earli quantum leap effici servic doubl stack train introduc contain market total transform econom intermod water altern land side develop occur ten year fundament alter relationship slot suppli cargo volum larg part world contain traffic increas tranship gener requir addit ship space move cargo volum time move tranship servic result intens utilis deep sea vessel factor treat cancel quot situat europ histor geograph institut reason drewri report quot europ normal confer practic intermod traffic appli zone rate fix inland haulag tariff port port freight histor rate set full cost recoveri provid incent custom opt carrier haulag minimis subsidi port option europ tend dramat west east coast possibl north america scope competit inland haulag rate likelihood independ carrier offer materi transport rate keep inland transport addit separ ocean freight rate transpar trade environ rate obscur cost act barrier eros quot page quot specul possibl european landbridg oper volum movement north european cargo mediterranean gatewai port consider institut physic barrier develop french strategi creat high speed rail network facilit process alp distincli unhelp obstacl volum north south rail move europ gener european geographi demograph prevent doubl stack econom plai role mediterranean port itali unfortun histori acquir poor intern reput fragment nationalist control europ railwai make consider difficulti integr dispar individu system coher scale need larg volum europ east contain find rout quot page characterist railwai industri geographi europ develop land transport contain europ compar improb reason sudden repetit slump multimod rate relat confer maritim tariff similar occur rate remain level margin variabl cost credibl legal assess xv preliminari assess articl restrict prevent distort competit parti taca liner ship compani undertak mean articl ec treati articl eea agreement taca compris element object effect prevent restrict distort competit mean articl ec treati articl eea agreement price agreement parti taca relat maritim transport price agreement parti taca relat inland transport servic suppli territori commun shipper combin servic part multimod transport oper carriag containeris cargo quot carrier haulag servic quot northern europ unit state america agreement parti taca term condit enter servic contract shipper agreement parti taca relat fix maximum level freight forward compens agreement object effect restrict competit common market member taca restrict competit regard tariff freight rate gener transport condit agreement fall scope articl ec treati articl eea agreement gener articl articl wait observ concret effect agreement appear object prevent restrict distort competit disput taca parti agreement identifi intend restrict competit common market case restrict competit parti taca appreci larg number contain involv larg market share taca parti recit appreci effect restrict competit intend brought price fix agreement carrier haulag servic fact taca parti provid carrier haulag servic territori commun cargo carri northern europ unit state appreci effect competit consid light fact taca parti member forti liner ship confer serv port commun fix price maritim transport carrier haulag servic includ eastern freight confer southern europ america confer europ australia confer mediterranean canadian east confer continent canadian westbound freight confer canadian north atlant westbound freight confer unclear stage extent quot european inland equip interchang agreement quot affect competit appreci degre applic articl ec treati articl eea agreement european inland equip interchang agreement address decis procedur regul deal agreement fall scope articl concern maritim transport servic regul eec procedur regul deal agreement fall scope articl concern inland transport servic regul eec agreement concern maritim transport inland transport dealt regul procedur regul deal agreement fall scope articl concern transport servic regul effect trade member state articl test effect trade member state met forese suffici degre probabl basi set object factor law fact agreement concert practic question capabl influenc direct indirect actual potenti pattern trade good servic member state suffici show conduct question capabl effect potenti effect suffici futur develop trade account assess effect restrict arrang trade member state restrict competit identifi paragraph capabl effect trade member state emphasis relev market directli affect relat provis transport intermediari servic export good countri commiss consid agreement parti taca fix price maritim transport carrier haulag servic impos condit parti freedom enter servic contract fix maximum level freight forward compens capabl appreci affect appreci affect trade member state wai taca involv ship line oper member state restrict competit line respect price offer transport servic carri inland provid pursuant term servic contract provid freight forward elimin diminut price competit respect transport servic compani reduc significantli advantag accru effici competit elimin diminut price competit parti taca affect number transport oper undertaken ship line expect absenc agreement restrict competit shipown oper member state influenc alter trade flow transport servic commun intern frontier commun absenc agreement normal pattern competit behaviour effici compani enjoi increas market share influenc competit port member state artifici increas decreas volum cargo flow market share ship line oper port effect suppli maritim transport carrier haulag servic recit consequenti effect suppli servic relat suppli maritim transport carrier haulag servic servic includ port servic stevedor servic effect servic princip brought alter flow transport servic member state commiss consid agreement affect trade member state relat suppli transport relat servic effect appreci view larg number contain involv servic question amount ecu billion agreement agreement member taca price maritim transport inland transport term servic contract offer freight forward reward effect cost export countri good produc commun affect trade good commun effect aris fact manufactur seek altern market cost transport good lower altern market includ manufactur domest market commun countri agreement maximum level freight forward compens restrict intermediari affect trade member state main wai affect competit taca parti affect volum good taca parti carri arrang carri intern frontier commun distort competit posit freight forward locat member state affect volum servic provid turn deflect trade port commun commiss consid agreement parti taca fix price maritim transport servic carrier haulag servic impos condit taca parti freedom enter servic contract fix maximum level freight forward compens effect trade good servic member state xvi articl regul eec scope group exempt articl regul eec grant exempt prohibit articl treati member liner confer respect fix uniform common freight rate agre condit respect provis schedul maritim transport servic grant exempt limit number activ carri member liner confer addit fix price condit carriag maritim transport servic reason exempt grant includ benefit shipper recit regul eec stabilis effect confer assur shipper reliabl servic provis made block exempt liner confer liner confer stabilis effect assur shipper reliabl servic contribut gener provid adequ effici schedul maritim transport servic give fair consider interest user result obtain cooper ship compani promot confer relat rate avail capac alloc cargo shipment incom case confer continu subject effect competit confer schedul servic circumst tramp servic mode transport mobil fleet characterist featur structur avail ship field subject confer constant competit unabl rule elimin substanti proport ship servic question concern activ expressli refer articl exempt pursuant group exempt contain whilst ship confer gener consid bring benefit justifi exempt grant regul fact signifi impair competit brought ship confer fall prohibit broadli laid articl treati prejudic examin aspect taca fall scope group exempt commiss consid element taca cover group exempt contain articl regul eec price agreement parti taca relat inland transport servic suppli territori commun shipper combin servic part multimod transport oper carriag containeris cargo quot carrier haulag servic quot northern europ unit state america agreement parti taca term condit enter servic contract shipper agreement parti taca relat fix maximum level freight forward compens extent fall scope articl treati agreement parti taca relat exchang equip xvii inland price fix equip exchang reason set commiss view price agreement parti taca relat suppli shipper inland transport servic undertaken territori commun combin servic part multimod transport oper carriag containeris cargo northern europ unit state america fall scope group exempt contain articl regul eec commiss consid question price fix agreement provis carrier haulag servic number occas present report council applic commun competit rule maritim transport dealt primarili question adopt decis price fix carrier haulag servic discuss prohibit taa decis fefc decis ground taa rate fix agreement carrier haulag servic fall scope articl regul eec set paragraph taa decis reason appli mutati mutandi taca rate fix agreement carrier haulag servic term ident taa rate fix agreement carrier haulag servic court justic consid scope applic council regul eec spediporto case rule quot regul eec appli transport road good unload vessel quot commiss consid rule court justic spediporto confirm commiss view previous state taa fefc decis scope group exempt wider scope regul regul eec regul eec appli transport road good unload load vessel scope group exempt cover price fix respect carrier haulag servic context relev note eleventh recit regul eec fact time consult lead adopt regul eec european parliament propos addit word articl draft regul propos commiss quot aforesaid exempt appli intermod transport maritim transport includ transport port quot propos amend adopt council indic intent council price fix agreement inland transport servic cover group exempt contain articl regul eec import note fact price fix carrier haulag servic multimod servic fall scope articl regul eec wai prevent individu taca parti individu offer rate multimod transport servic involv restrict competit commiss consid price agreement parti taca relat suppli shipper inland transport servic undertaken territori commun combin servic part multimod transport oper carriag containeris cargo northern europ unit state america fall scope group exempt liner confer contain articl regul eec xviii possibl individu exempt inland price fix taa decis fefc decis commiss examin question price fix respect inland segment multimod transport oper fulfil condit articl set articl regul eec case commiss conclud agreement fulfil condit grant individu exempt taca provis relat price fix carrier haulag servic ident contain taa substanti practis fefc evid charg collect agre price provis carrier haulag servic contribut improv qualiti inland transport servic price carrier haulag establish forum taca individu member negoti inland carrier individu basi improv qualiti servic respond demand shipper brought price fix activ negoti individu shipper individu line evid suppli member taca market carrier haulag servic suppli market suppli demand subject consider tempor fluctuat market question categoris shown collect fix rate inland transport member taca contribut continu stabil market evid suppli member taca price fix carrier haulag led lead increas product part undertak concern relat provis inland transport servic provis multimod transport servic evid furnish member taca price fix carrier haulag contribut further technic econom progress provis inland transport servic provis multimod transport servic actual provid inland transport servic concern price fix taca direct bear servic provid provid sell servic member taca prevail market rate price set confer member taca concern engag inland haulag price fix agreement carrier haulag directli affect servic provid price fix carrier haulag servic contribut increas product promot technic econom progress respect servic commiss opinion taca fair account interest user concern price fix inland haulag agreement member taca price carrier haulag servic adequ account interest shipper transport user simpli serv ensur price maintain level higher directli contrari interest user fefc decis commiss state paragraph quot develop multimod transport constitut mean improv transport servic collect price fix carrier haulag servic transport user obtain fair share benefit price fix carrier haulag servic restrict competit indispens condit articl articl regul eec fulfil quot reason commiss consid inland rate fix indispens preserv maritim rate stabil brought liner confer set recit fefc decis content summaris commiss view confer bring stabil trade affect fix uniform tariff serv refer point market price set remain unchang longer period time set individu line reduct price fluctuat expect competit market benefit shipper reduc uncertainti futur trade condit shown price fix carrier haulag indispens preserv quot stabilis role quot confer shown price fix carrier haulag essenti order preserv rate disciplin maritim leg stabil question aris restrict context rememb confer fefc except gener rule cartel suscept cheat secret discount time member cartel spare capac absolut disciplin order maintain stabil confer system bring reliabl servic price fluctuat greatli short term competit discount upset stabil envisag regul eec shown lead absenc reliabl servic stabl price period time reason commiss accept definit notion stabil put forward taca parti set recit reason commiss fefc decis reject argument price fix carrier haulag servic essenti preserv stabil brought confer price fix maritim transport servic equal applic taca context relev note quot agreement canadian confer line oper canadian gatewai freight rate charg respect intermod cargo quot quot agreement freight rate intermod cargo canadian gatewai oper attract antitrust immun quot agreement fix inland price price demonstr indispens provis multimod servic oper canadian gatewai refer made commiss report council applic competit rule maritim transport paragraph whilst recognis risk prohibit inland price fix destabilis maritim part servic provid confer contain statement quot mere fact shipown offer door door servic fact shipown fix price door door servic prevent price cut land part journei justifi exempt multimod price fix quot point report member liner confer gener contract inland part multimod transport oper inland haulier individu line make inland transport arrang behalf shipper confer involv except price base confer inland transport tariff role confer relat inland transport role relat sea transport confer perform role organis sea transport servic provid member plai role organis inland transport servic provid member set inland transport price commiss report council emphasis multimod price fix improv qualiti servic provid bring reduct cost individu exempt justifi cooper ship line lead improv servic cost reduct price fix indispens achiev aim commiss analysi set applic articl ec treati articl regul eec price agreement carrier haulag servic equal applic question applic articl eea agreement reason commiss consid price agreement parti taca relat inland transport servic suppli territori commun shipper combin servic part multimod transport oper carriag containeris cargo northern europ unit state america lead improv qualiti transport servic shipper fair share result benefit restrict competit indispens condit articl ec treati articl regul eec articl eea agreement fulfil quot european inland equip interchang arrang quot taca parti argu european inland equip interchang arrang recit quot extent cover block exempt qualifi individu exempt articl justifi exempt grant european intermod author price fix carrier haulag servic articl quot state unclear stage extent european inland equip interchang agreement affect competit appreci degre applic articl ec treati articl eea agreement european inland equip interchang agreement address decis decis address claim put forward taca parti european inland equip interchang agreement question eieia justifi individu exempt grant taca parti agreement fix price carrier haulag servic taca parti argu agreement multimod rate integr part quot framework quot inland cooper undertaken taca parti cooper seventeen member taca promot facilit empti contain interchang enabl interchang place scale feasibl number carrier involv greater possibl incent interchang place greater opportun wider geograph rang chanc quot fit quot match carrier deficit surplu locat commiss introduct limit form inform exchang locat empti contain analysi exempt price fix carrier haulag servic revis arrang exchang inform posit empti contain involv duti part compani make empti contain compani make direct contribut save monei reduc number movement empti contain parti shown extent facilit consequenti bilater exchang contain commiss price fix carrier haulag servic indispens contribut benefit provid european inland equip interchang arrang commiss arrang justifi exempt price fix reason inland price fix relat system exchang contain inland price fix indispens notifi arrang purpos exchang inform posit empti contain absenc connect european inland equip interchang arrang inland price fix demonstr fact parti agre bilater charg exchang equip appli taca agre diem rate paragraph event line wish reduc cost limit environment harm suffici incent particip arrang clear parti taca particip system consist exchang inform unlik concret propos joint facil judg system signific impact ensur line make inform line make empti contain argument put forward parti indispens quot agreement multimod rate integr part framework cooper undertaken applic quot argument unsubstanti parti made attempt show joint price fix indispens european inland equip interchang arrang benefit flow arrang view natur system larg confirm comment olav rakken chairman taca acl report octob edit american shipper quot individu line quot worth note comment günther casjen execut board member hapag lloyd taca parti quot journal commerc decemb european inland equip interchang arrang quot mickei mous arrang minor step direct quot commiss european inland equip interchang agreement justifi individu exempt grant taca parti agreement fix price carrier haulag servic hub spoke system taca inland arrang supplement hub spoke system taca parti continu fix price inland transport servic carri condit carrier haulag includ rail barg movement port hub road movement hub shipper premis carrier haulag oper involv rail barg move hub decis address merit hub spoke system recit price fix basic hub rate road movement hub shipper premis indispens order bring benefit deriv implement system taca parti introduct hub spoke system bring substanti benefit collect fix price inland transport activ set taca inland tariff indispens achiev benefit argu price reduct implement hub spoke system essenti system competit road haulag achiev cooper transpar inland price fix brought taca parti agreement fix inland price carrier haulag servic provid scope taca taca parti provid detail hub spoke system theori expand cover signific number inland movement maritim contain franc germani taca parti provid evid signific number contain transfer road haulag rail barg haulag result hub spoke system concret plan extend scope produc evid support claim particip hub spoke system allow fix price inland transport oper fall scope hub spoke system commiss consid justif conclud implement hub spoke system justifi grant exempt taca parti generalis practic fix price inland transport activ final whilst true exist taca rule discrimin merchant haulag recit advers effect likelihood taca grant individu exempt remov part make restrict competit identifi decis objection xix servic contract applic articl taca parti agreement individu servic contract servic contract shipper singl carrier joint servic contract servic contract shipper member confer submit scrutini approv taca parti recit notwithstand made taca rule servic contract enter taca parti joint individu remain subject rule agre taca parti govern condit enter includ constant recit individu servic contract carrier parti respect parti free negoti term principl fall scope articl joint servic contract carrier parti restrict competit inter alia express impli agreement carrier individu enter servic contract shipper agreement impli pattern behaviour show carrier question systemat repeatedli enter servic contract carrier circumst capabl provid servic requir term servic contract individu basi make assess relev account cooper arrang relev trade slot charter vessel share arrang determin carrier question individu capabl provid servic question relev carrier parti servic contract carri cargo term contract recit member taa contract committe carri taca total carri direct trade pursuant individu servic contract individu servic contract enter month sea land enter individu servic contract maersk nyk nedlloyd enter individu servic contract amp enter contract committe member recit taca parti extens vessel share slot charter arrang northern europ trade posit provid individu basi extrem wide rang vessel servic joint servic contract kind enter taca parti fall articl ec treati articl eea agreement object effect restrict competit price term competitor suppli servic offer servic shipper taca parti suppli evid joint servic contract result addit benefit shipper comparison servic offer individu line servic suppli capabl suppli individu ship line absenc joint servic contract carrier offer addit servic increas freetim extend credit free document discount servic provid trade joint servic contract elimin price competit agreement taca parti place restrict condit individu servic contract enter fall articl ec treati articl eea agreement object effect restrict competit price term purpos analysi commiss draw distinct bind guidelin parti agre adher bind guidelin mere fact case taca parti follow guidelin taca parti predict reason degre certainti polici gener commiss agre analysi depart transport consid quot guidelin produc lower rate benefit shipper mean advers affect independ action confer member quot xx joint servic contract applic articl group exempt liner confer contain regul eec authoris joint servic contract prohibit individu servic contract restrict bind bind content contract prohibit independ action joint servic contract group exempt member exempt confer offer loyalti arrang time volum rate volum relat rate provid shipper uniform basi rate commonli found confer tariff individu line member confer enjoi group exempt offer servic materi provid shipper pai confer tariff rate charg price joint servic contract scope group exempt taca parti argu servic contract kind enter taca parti tradit confer practic regul make mention implicitli exempt pursuant regul eec logic implic aris wai form part common uniform tariff fall articl regul eec loyalti arrang cover articl regul eec thirdli consid legisl intend servic contract type enter taca parti exempt group effect purpos regul reduc point wrong servic contract price tariff rate arrang shipper shipown arrang aris confer tariff reason servic contract loyalti arrang legisl intend servic contract fall scope group exempt taca servic contract common uniform rate answer question joint servic contract lead common uniform rate taca parti argu rate rate schedul scope group exempt expand letter commiss date quot term articl regul eec cover agreement member liner confer fix rate distinct made tariff loyalti contract time volum servic contract rate extent servic contract rate depart relev tariff rate servic contract procedur applic taca parti ia procedur applic taca parti word charg servic contract rate consist concept common uniform interpret commiss taa decis quot interpret reason interpret reason set recit taa decis quot reason taa fact agreement price ship line exempt provid reach common obviou featur agreement kind liner confer interpret tantamount treat articl regul automat derog articl treati kind agreement kind understand price maritim sector criteria bring articl plai make articl regul applic automat interpret imposs make articl regul incompat articl treati exempt circumst present case quot servic contract fall group exempt price agre member confer common uniform tariff confer price common uniform ship line regard shipper commod quot common uniform quot preclud multi tier price structur carrier preclud creation class shipper good descript categori travel rate tariff servic contract rate part standard publish tariff determin ad hoc bargain process supplier consum result bargain process shipper ship good descript necessarili pai servic contract rate servic contract rate tariff rate nit differ uniformli mean taca parti charg rate shipper shipper categori good pai rate quot uniform common freight rate quot articl regul eec requir tariff good categori travel rate servic contract theori price result individu negoti shipper paragraph taa decis read quot articl regul eec word uniform common freight rate mean rate laid tariff ident member confer commod concern quot emphasi ad recit time volum rate form part tariff common uniform addit fact servic contract price form part tariff common uniform rememb signific proport taca parti servic contract dual rate structur carrier unstructur member taa charg price significantli lower charg carrier structur member taa contrari claim taca parti agreement carrier relat price charg contract carriag treat abil member exempt confer engag independ action independ action confer member depart tariff basi member inform agreement agreement charg rate tariff rate servic contract price part tariff common uniform fall scope articl regul eec taca servic contract loyalti arrang loyalti arrang expressli dealt regul eec articl detail safeguard shipper provis cover servic contract express mention servic contract servic contract envisag oblig loyalti sens quot exclus quot part shipper loyalti arrang envisag portion percentag shipper cargo carri confer arrang expressli exclud law definit servic contract reason argu servic contract cover articl regul eec safeguard equival appli loyalti contract intent legisl joint servic contract kind enter taca parti tradit confer activ group exempt introduc implement ship act restrict avail content individu servic contract group exempt shown satisfi condit articl ec treati articl eea agreement qualifi individu exempt taca parti argu contractu arrang kind enter taca parti shipper exist begin histori liner confer evid put forward recit repli statement object support view gener taca sought confus distinct notion loyalti arrang contract carriag describ contract rebat return loyalti confer tariff contractu arrang type enter taca parti reason recit clear distinct drawn tariff arrang contract carriag exampl reli taca parti exampl loyalti arrang tariff arrang displac contractu arrang clear notwithstand virtual extinct contract carriag liner cargo result introduct confer system ubiqu tariff arrang cargo lost capac carri contract basi cargo distinguish liner cargo size govern depart ship coloni contract basi monopoli export board manag obtain contractu arrang cargo project cargo ship contract basi explan cargo unlik liner cargo ship small quantiti regular basi cargo carri bulk cargo attract liner ship special price price discrimin substitut discuss recit specif alleg taca parti deserv clarif taca parti cite aid memoir senat subcommitte merchant marin number govern evid proposit quot current member state felt strongli preserv oper confer contract wrote govern voic support quot irrelev fact claim put forward taca parti inaccur account point address aid memoir question aid memoir refer joint servic agreement taca parti claim express refer confer contract carriag specif volum cargo fact clear aid memoir academ author context express joint servic agreement relat provis joint servic offer liner ship consortium explain daniel marx quot joint servic agreement agreement independ ship compani cooper furnish liner servic agreement owner individu vessel ship oper line oper agent quot arrang kind servic contract enter taca parti hand true member state recognis import jointli provid servic commiss adopt regul ec grant group exempt possibl individu exempt servic contract consid provid benefit shipper main reason improv qualiti suppli chain manufactur ultim consum essenti part improv industri competit commun manufactur frequent emphasis special servic tailor exampl special servic notif deadlin arriv pick contain handl hazard cargo complianc iso qualiti manag guarante time deliveri provis special equip price negoti establish advanc fluctuat predetermin period year servic contract contribut price stabil individu shipper kind stabil cut wai benefit carrier time fall rate low demand excess capac shipper time rise rate high demand tight capac servic contract reduc search cost shipper search space tight market carrier search custom shipper carrier assist make futur output decis reduc bureaucraci servic contract offer quot quot price remov uncertainti level surcharg impos surcharg remain major complaint shipper confer unlik independ tend exclud scope servic contract april john clancei ceo presid sea land made clear contract import quot custom futur demand seamless intellig transport chain transport chain produc real term cost reduct strategi enhanc global shipper todai face tougher competit higher degre complex busi intermod industri find wai custom effici product quot prohibit individu servic contract taca parti longer prohibit individu servic contract discuss possibl exempt agreement relat past behaviour case taca parti decid agre offer individu servic contract commiss found taa decis recit reason taa fulfil condit articl prohibit direct individu busi negoti structur member taa shipper oblig client discuss transport rate taa secretariat confer member independ taa limit opportun direct cooper partnership medium long term supplier client paragraph applic exempt taca parti claim quot reduct level control servic contract price result inabl line avoid rate collaps increment cost undermin profit longer term servic quot parti taca made claim notifi arrang bare minimum taca modifi lessen restrict effect provis relat servic contract statement arrang constitut bare minimum made contrast claim made applic exempt worth note part settlement feder maritim commiss taca parti agre remov prohibit individu servic contract effect taca parti provid evid voluntari quot reduct level control servic contract price quot result inabl taca parti avoid gener collaps rate note taca parti argu absenc sever restrict competit servic contract price fall increment cost price contract fall evid servic contract offer routin price margin cost commiss categor reject argument tariff rate suscept collaps margin cost result remov prohibit individu servic contract context import note opportunist behaviour ship line engag obtain short term advantag ration explan ship line enter long term arrang shipper price profit import servic contract unquest servic contract centr commerci relationship shipper requir regular servic shipown provid prohibit individu servic contract agre taca parti prior fulfil condit articl reason individu carrier advantag individu circumst instanc individu carrier servic contract reduc reposit cost hinder develop long term trade relationship shipper individu carrier reduc servic level provid effici member confer inhibit develop ad carrier servic obstruct negoti specif contractu term benefit shipper negoti higher liabil limit damag good liquid damag prevent negoti global servic contract contrari assert made taca parti applic exempt prohibit individu servic contract indispens clear fact taca parti agre remov restrict competit behest fmc recit reason commiss consid prohibit individu servic contract contribut product ship line concern promot technic econom progress shipper fair share benefit aris event shown indispens commiss agreement taca parti enter individu servic contract fulfil condit articl restrict servic contract restrict content servic contract restrict durat ban conting claus multipl contract oblig confidenti agreement level liquid damag intend restrict competit taca parti incap individu exempt reason set commiss consid condit articl fulfil taca parti reason prohibit provis exempt conting claus conting claus recit provid import benefit shipper acco report april draw analysi david butz conclud quot shipper pai guarante maximum rate addit meet releas favour custom claus increas revenu cargo volum quot butz conclud provis effect benefit weakest produc weakest shipper state quot simpli favour shipper claus serv effici flexibl price index ensur term shipper contract carrier adjust chang market condit reflect subsequ tariff rate quot taca parti put forward argument show prohibit conting claus fulfil condit applic articl commiss consid claus benefit shipper benefit shipper aris prohibit commiss consid prohibit conting claus fulfil condit articl prohibit contract longer year prohibit servic contract period longer year increas year undoubtedli restrict competit milit price stabil taca parti claim ban longer servic contract lead quot administr effici quot ban shipper suffer quot competit disadvantag quot detail benefit amount fair share pass shipper adequ explan prohibit fulfil condit exempt commiss discern benefit user fair share benefit aris shipown commiss conclud condit articl ec treati articl eea agreement fulfil respect prohibit servic contract year durat ban multipl contract taca parti agre enter contract time shipper effect taca parti parti joint servic contract enter individu contract vice versa commiss good reason individu line free enter individu contract minimum quantiti particip joint contract minimum quantiti conclus joint contract compli commun law probabl effect prohibit multipl contract promot conclus taca servic contract inhibit line enter individu servic contract suffici reason restrict competit import individu servic contract extrem import individu shipper commiss believ ship line prevent enter commiss consid restrict servic contract fulfil condit articl ec treati articl eea agreement liquid damag taca parti agre level liquid damag claus includ servic contract enter taca parti sought justifi agreement relat amount liquid damag includ servic contract basi law commiss understand law requir servic contract liquid damag claus law specifi level includ set absenc justif commiss conclud agreement level liquid damag includ servic contract fulfil condit articl ec treati articl eea agreement confidenti servic contract taca parti requir disclosur term servic contract parti make inform carrier parti taca recit commiss consid suppli chain manufactur consum heart industri competit improv suppli chain brought shipper discuss transport direct shipown fruit negoti remain confidenti parti shipper normal seek obtain advantag competitor improv suppli chain shipown normal obtain benefit invest time effort provid tailor servic custom commiss agreement disclos exist individu servic contract fortiori term contract line parti contract fulfil condit articl ec treati articl eea agreement analysi appear support taca parti maersk sea land april maersk wrote senat quot surfac transport merchang marin subcommitte quot make clear support quot carrier shipper individu enter servic contract contract confidenti quot maersk ad quot import relat global partnership sea land maersk sea land abil sign joint confidenti contract major shipper quot prohibit independ action ia servic contract taca parti prohibit take independ action servic contract reason prohibit fulfil condit exempt respect note independ action servic contract allow confer past recit exist independ action tariff rate limit extent exercis taca parti prohibit take independ action servic contract indispens view fact past confer trade permit independ action servic contract prohibit benefit consum commiss prohibit fulfil condit articl ec treati articl eea agreement conclus reason commiss consid place restrict content servic contract enter taca parti contribut product ship line concern promot technic econom progress shipper fair share benefit aris event shown indispens commiss consid agreement taca parti place restrict content servic contract enter taca parti fulfil condit articl ec treati articl eea agreement xxi servic contract inland price fix fix price carrier haulag servic provid pursuant term servic contract fall scope group exempt liner confer contain regul eec reason fix inland tariff rate fall group exempt final fix price carrier haulag servic provid pursuant term servic contract incap individu exempt reason fix inland tariff rate incap individu exempt xxii freight forward compens applic articl agreement fix freight forward commiss taca parti agre amount level rate brokerag freight forward remuner term condit payment sum design person elig act broker recit agreement prevent restrict distort competit taca parti freight forward intermediari fall scope articl treati articl eea agreement taca parti acknowledg paragraph repli agreement fix maximum level freight forward commiss effect reduc competit provid maritim transport servic parti agreement clear issu freight forward compens agreement taca parti fix maximum rate commiss freight forward limit role freight forward discuss recit freight forward act agent princip principl servic suppli intermediari transport servic agreement fix price payment servic fall scope regul event part servic fall scope regul scope transport regul adopt decis commiss adher procedur requir aris relev regul event analysi transport regul ident regul reason agreement fix maximum level freight forward compens requisit effect trade member state discuss paragraph applic articl agreement fix freight forward commiss applic group exempt articl regul eec concern fix rate condit carriag term maritim transport servic sold shipper expressli cover argument put forward suggest implicitli cover agreement fix term freight forward intermediari reward provid intermediari servic member confer fix maximum level freight forward compens elimin competit taca parti win custom intermediari offer higher commiss effect competit high countri proport relev busi intermediari signific restrict competitor intermediari incent provid servic competitor reduc restrict consid fall scope group exempt technic agreement fall scope articl regul eec whilst agreement fix maximum level freight forward compens intend effect price reduc elimin competit object fix rate condit carriag contrari true fact agreement effect price meant object fix price consequ agreement taca parti fall scope articl treati automat fall scope group exempt interpret fundament contradictori gener principl scope group exempt constru restrict possibl individu exempt taca parti put forward argument justifi set maximum level freight forward compens argu confer oper northern europ trade fix quot westbound level commiss agre paid european unit kingdom irish forward quot earli argu unspecifi confer fix price begin twentieth centuri commiss consid practic intend restrict competit parti taca competit advers affect demand servic suppli freight forward taca parti depriv custom benefit result competit taca parti inhibit competit freight forward distinct improv qualiti servic provid freight forward encourag concentr volum oppos qualiti busi competit advers affect suppli side commiss remov maximum level freight forward commiss restrict lead higher price justifi restrict competit event argument made price fix agreement demand side order achiev optim alloc price reflect real econom product servic determin individu buyer cost freight forward servic rose sharpli shipper switch quickli deal carrier freight forward perceiv capabl contribut materi ad reason reflect higher price respect freight forward posit intermediari cost intermediari high consum seek distribut channel direct purchas supplier element demonstr agreement fix maximum level freight forward compens improv product distribut servic question bring benefit consum final fact commiss paid taca parti freight forward uk ireland suggest agreement fix maximum rate commiss indispens commiss agreement taca parti fix amount level rate brokerag freight forward remuner term condit payment sum design person elig act broker fulfil condit articl ec treati articl eea agreement xxiii assess articl relev market relev market maritim transport servic paragraph geograph market consid area maritim transport servic defin market case catchment area port northern europ geograph market commensur scope taca inland tariff constitut substanti part common market collect domin posit question taca parti capabl jointli domin fact jointli domin geograph market question suppli relev maritim transport servic econom link settl case law articl capabl appli situat number independ undertak hold domin posit relev market provid undertak unit econom link societá italiana vetro court instanc specif refer liner ship confer agreement econom independ entiti enabl econom link form give entiti jointli domin posit relat oper market found support conclus word articl regul eec principl confirm cewal case specif appli liner ship confer noteworthi court instanc adopt test suggest unit kingdom interven find institut link undertak analog exist parent subsidiari court instanc accept undertak act relev market singl econom entiti enjoi collect domin posit make clear continu exist degre competit parti rule find collect domin posit cewal case court instanc examin econom link member cewal confer justifi find market posit parti assess collect court instanc refer specif fact confer form framework number committe confer member belong zair pool committe special fight committe court instanc refer intent defin appli uniform freight rate common condit carriag consequ confer present market entiti lastli court observ practic cewal member stood accus reveal intent adopt conduct market order react unilater chang deem threat competit situat market oper practic constitut aspect strategi cewal member pool forc order implement commiss consid member taca collect enjoi domin posit reason fact bound consider number econom link led signific diminut abil act independ link tariff paragraph taca parti agre adher tariff requir law failur adher tariff result civil liabil usd violat adher taca ensur extens enforc provis paragraph provis extens polic arrang commiss liner ship sector polic take form payment substanti guarante fine exceed quota appoint independ bodi act quot enforc author quot quot total unfett access document relat carrier activ trade quot restrict taca parti abil act independ intend elimin substanti price competit taca parti adopt measur intend present taca parti singl unit bodi diminish pressur price reduct custom import respect role taca secretariat public annual busi plan taca secretariat extens administr financi function authoris act agent taca parti enter transport contractor behalf attend servic contract negoti shipper individu taca parti taca secretariat issu press notic behalf taca parti year taca parti publish quot busi plan quot exampl annex iii demonstr taca parti shipper joint commerci strategi market econom link taca parti reinforc econom link individu taca parti aris consortia arrang recit member taca close econom link capabl enjoi collect domin posit domin central element domin posit power prevent effect competit formul power equal applic collect domin set vitamin case quot posit econom strength enjoi undertak enabl prevent effect competit maintain relev market give power behav appreci extent independ competitor custom ultim consum posit preclud competit monopoli quasi monopoli enabl undertak profit determin appreci influenc condit competit develop case act larg disregard long conduct oper detriment quot recit taca parti market share import segment market share approxim year market share light grow demand market larg market share give rise strong presumpt domin posit decis taca parti maintain domin posit event whilst declin market share larg constitut proof absenc domin posit matter principl fact undertak domin posit proof domin posit presumpt confirm inter alia fact taca parti succeed maintain discriminatori price structur taca tariff maritim transport servic set rate product basi relat rang tariff consider narrow rang commod valu price vari fold word cost transport contain unrel type good transport freight rate time higher high commod low commod system differenti price purpos maximis revenu found market situat undertak substanti degre market power transport market signific concentr market power transport price fix refer type servic offer refer good transport basi actual cost line market forc discrimin condit carriag impos taca relat currenc adjust factor caf surcharg impos taca parti intend compens currenc fluctuat taca charg caf shipment port hamburg le havr caf shipment scandinavian port shipment uk port extent differ caf level econom justifi indic discriminatori price aris market power commiss ask taca parti occas justifi current differ caf level refer movement rel valu european currenc dollar refer effect actual cost incur good carri sea york rotterdam taca parti ask show cost incur dutch guilder risen rel freight rate justifi caf surcharg explan forthcom final element demonstr taca domin posit limit abil custom switch altern supplier make taca unavoid trade partner disaffect custom court held judgement case unit brand commiss market share view light strength number competitor year taca parti capac direct northern europ trade biggest competitor evergreen year capac main competitor discuss recit reason figur chang signific extent possibl switch taca carrier consid light import shipper servic contract recit shipper requir regular maritim transport servic period year find servic contract attract switch part requir smaller carrier reduc minimum volum commit taca servic contract lead smaller discount pattern concentr taca exercis disproportion degre influenc price polici competitor follow price rise price leadership taca reinforc fact restrict agreement liner ship compani world acquir reput price leader market situat reinforc fact tariff schedul rate structur market complic develop long period time independ line set rate refer taca tariff price taker situat enabl taca member act independ competitor custom abil taca parti impos regular albeit modest price increas period stark contrast world arteri trade recit demonstr taca parti maintain increas price made elimin effect competit evid servic question profit implement taca event clear lack profit determin factor establish domin posit evid evergreen inclin abandon role price taker recit suffici spare capac wish repli statement object taca parti produc tabl show exampl cargo switch taca parti evergreen examin exampl chosen taca parti reveal case switch evergreen occur repres portion small portion shipper requir import factor substanti barrier entri trade aris commerci requir oper regular servic turn requir deploy larg number vessel acquisit larg fleet contain invest requir usd million usd billion constitut consider barrier entri account opportun actual competitor increas capac potenti competitor enter trade contest transatlant trade potenti competitor concern discuss increas capac actual competitor taca view increas capac involv larg fix cost sunk natur vessel deploi rout specialis main trade rout deploi vessel high standard specialis carriag contain econom develop time deliveri declin cost fuel increas import oper fast servic vessel unabl perform standard degre vessel mobil exist substanti decreas constitut barrier entri final fact taca price leader make competitor risk destabilis market compet aggress taca price light factor commiss consid member taca enjoi collect domin posit mean articl treati direct liner ship trade northern europ unit state year decis domin posit maintain abus domin posit gener principl fact activ taca present time authoris block exempt prevent articl appli commiss consid taca parti abus collect domin posit enter agreement place restrict avail content servic contract alter competit structur market reinforc domin posit taca abus imposit restrict avail servic contract import shipper servic contract examin detail recit recit taca parti agreement impos number restrict content servic contract past agre enter individu servic contract purpos impos restrict prevent price competit recit restrict fulli recit part settlement agreement feder maritim commiss taca parti agre abandon prohibit individu servic contract result shipper negoti direct individu carrier servic contract cover shipment made individu servic contract freeli negoti taca parti agre restrict content individu servic contract disclos term contract refus suppli number form outright refus suppli refus suppli term supplier unaccept construct refus refus suppli basi unfair condit complianc agreement place restrict content servic contract amount refus suppli servic pursuant servic contract accord term agreement fall categori refus suppli complianc agreement place restrict avail content servic contract limit suppli transport product behaviour fall scope articl treati point thereof supplier question domin posit taca parti refus suppli shipper maritim inland transport servic pursuant servic contract basi term chosen taca parti collect refus cover joint servic contract year individu servic contract year taca parti refus suppli transport servic individu basi suppli year servic adapt individu custom accord individu capabl individu carrier refus depriv shipper addit servic individu taca parti posit offer commiss consid agreement place restrict avail content joint individu servic contract consequ refus suppli transport servic pursuant servic contract basi term collect agre taca parti constitut abus taca domin posit commiss consid abus aros relat term impos taca parti refus suppli transport servic pursuant servic contract conting claus durat servic contract ban multipl contract liquid damag commiss consid prohibit individu servic contract consequ refus suppli transport servic pursuant servic contract individu basi constitut abus taca domin posit prohibit individu servic contract abus willing taca parti addit argument put forward taca parti applic exempt demonstr correct recit abus appreci affect larg number contain involv recit larg market share taca parti fact containeris cargo carri taca parti northern europ unit state carri pursuant servic contract abus alter competit structur market continent court held mere fact competit substanti fetter relev market domin undertak constitut abus mean procedur achiev cewal court instanc held articl cover conduct undertak domin posit hinder mainten growth degre competit exist market result presenc undertak competit weaken judgment court continent author proposit elimin potenti competit abus domin posit elimin potenti competit circumst greater econom impact elimin actual competit case actual competitor weak potenti competitor posit enter market easili strength resourc exert signific competit pressur elimin potenti competit led monopoli situat articl state number abus practic prohibit list exampl exhaust enumer sort abus domin posit prohibit treati letter articl provis aim practic damag consum directli detriment impact effect competit structur mention articl treati abus occur undertak domin posit strengthen posit degre domin reach substanti fetter competit undertak remain market behaviour depend domin clear recit regul eec exist compet confer servic potenti competit form liner ship compani present trade capabl enter trade form princip justif grant group exempt context import statement taca chairman quot recit quot line concern enter market talk succe goal quot clear intent taca parti assist potenti competitor enter market order potenti competitor exert competit pressur taca parti strategi made commerci sens whatsoev intent taca parti ensur potenti competitor wish enter market parti taca repli statement object taa case date march taa parti specif refer hanjin hyundai independ shipown exert quot signific competit pressur quot taa parti threat entri taa trade appar taca parti activ measur assist potenti competitor successfulli enter market parti taca evid fact anticip entri trade parti taca hanjin request detail quot relev document statist taca includ tariff servic contract portcal lift perform quot recit disclosur inform constitut confidenti busi secret signific custom ident commod price transport pattern enabl ship line member liner shipper confer engag activ fall scope group exempt act power induc hanjin enter transatlant trade parti taca independ carrier similarli recit hyundai enter transatlant trade parti taca includ parti taca servic contract wish includ effect sail trade explain widespread exist servic contract act barrier entri access contract act power induc hyundai enter transatlant trade parti taca final statement taca secretariat quot recit hanjin demonstr collect willing quot enabl hanjin build market share consist slot capac trade quot willing part taca parti substanti reduc commerci risk enter market act induc hanjin enter transatlant trade parti taca step taca parti includ potenti competitor enter market parti taca includ fact taca parti enter larg number dual rate servic contract fact structur taa member compet servic contract nvocc commiss found taa case recit footnot purpos effect offer tier rate structur limit competit independ shipown bring insid confer prohibit taa taca parti abandon tier tariff continu offer servic contract higher price tradit confer member lower price tradit independ entrant tradit confer member effect reserv cargo tradit independ entrant compet cargo effect induc potenti competitor wish enter market parti taca act constitut induc potenti competitor enter transatlant trade independ carrier parti taca exist potenti competit work restraint taca market power theori contest market elimin sourc competit work wai elimin potenti competit anticipatori elimin actual competit commiss consid behaviour disclos applic exempt damag competit structur market amount abus taca parti collect domin posit commiss consid purpos member taca elimin price competit damag structur market limit suppli transport servic note context undertak domin posit quot special respons conduct impair genuin undistort competit quot effect trade member state articl regard effect trade member state commun case law articl appli suffici abus conduct capabl affect trade member state connect establish exist actual effect trade condit effect trade deem fulfil intracommun trade affect potenti signific extent competit structur market affect trade member state point sicth recit council regul eec state trade member state affect quot abus concern intern maritim transport commun port quot quot abus influenc competit firstli port member state alterin respect catchment area activ catchment area disturb trade pattern common market quot abus liabl affect trade member state similar reason set relat articl taca involv ship line oper member state refus suppli transport servic pursuant servic contract basi collect agre condit reduc significantli advantang accru effici abus alter competit structur market lead neutralis potenti competit effect refus suppli transport servic pursuant servic contract basi collect agre condit abus alter competit structur market affect number transport oper undertaken ship line expect absenc agreement distort competit shipown oper member state influenc alter trade flow transport servic commun absenc abus imposit restrict avail servic contract normal pattern competit behaviour effici compani enjoi increas market share influenc competit port member state artifici increas decreas volum cargo flow market share ship line oper port effect suppli servic pursuant servic contract abus alter competit structur market preced paragraph consequenti effect suppli relat servic servic includ port servic stevedor servic effect servic princip brought alter flow transport servic member state commiss consid abus imposit restrict avail servic contract abus alter competit structur market affect trade member state relat suppli servic relat servic suppli pursuant term servic contract effect appreci view larg number contain involv conclus applic articl commiss consid member taca abus collect domin posit place restrict avail content servic contract alter competit structur market reinforc domin posit taca infring articl treati decis address step taca parti induc potenti competitor enter market parti taca address prejudic abil liner confer activ fall scope group exempt contain articl regul eec admit member term exist member abil member liner confer exchang inform purpos activ fall scope group exempt xxiv termin contract articl taa decis member taa requir inform custom conclud servic contract contractu relat context taa custom entitl ed renegoti term contract termin forthwith commiss consid impos similar requir taca parti reason main basi provis clear principl parti advantag wrongdo fruit obtain unlawfulli decis adopt order achiev complet effect end infring concern entail put end unlaw arrang parti quot restrict effect resid contract quot conclud parti quot term quot arrang contract perpetu restrict effect determin condit distort competit custom quot readjust quot order end restrict effect perpetu contract case taca parti made joint servic contract expect remain forc date decis price found decis fix unlawfulli servic contract void reason oper articl quot assess context oper quot commiss decis adopt ensur complianc commun competit law contract substanti term infring place longer oper contract caught articl quot simpli link restrict horizont agreement quot shipper offer opportun renegoti termin joint servic contract renegoti result legal agreement term effect date agreement accord term content agreement issu commiss fresh negoti shipper parti decis requir shipper renegoti joint servic contract impos deadlin negoti place xxv fine basi imposit fine articl regul eec commiss impos undertak fine ecu million sum excess thereof exceed turnov preced busi year undertak particip infring intention neglig infring articl treati fix amount fine commiss regard graviti durat infring fine impos decis impos pursuant articl regul eec abus domin posit relat servic contract fall scope applic regul eec impos pursuant articl regul fine provid articl regul eec impos respect infring articl take place notif commiss decis pursuant articl treati provid fall limit activ notif possibl immun fine respect infring articl view fact commiss statement object taa case specif refer possibl impos fine breach articl includ breach articl relat servic contract reason taca parti unawar possibl commiss adopt decis case find taa parti infring articl exempt grant manner whatsoev respect abus domin posit abus simpli prohibit treati abus domin posit object test intent understand parti irrelev find infring articl treati case commiss consid member taca abus collect domin posit place restrict avail content servic contract alter competit structur market reinforc domin posit taca decis impos fine infring articl decis impos fine inland rate fix accord statement commiss taca immun decis effect commiss intend decis impos fine time court justic court instanc rule scope articl regul eec impact infring servic directli affect practic question year articl infring region ecu billion total turnov respect transport servic relat carriag containeris cargo servic suppli includ maritim element fall geograph scope taca imposs estim degre accuraci lower figur absenc infring clear restrict servic contract contribut significantli rais price account fact taca parti measur ensur potenti competitor enter market parti taca restrict degre price competit market context note element transatlant trade appear immun competit forc work main trade transpacif europ asia bring reduct price demonstr anti competit effect taca advent taa taca member confer report turn usd million aggreg annual loss year taa introduc report usd million aggreg annual profit final calcul feder maritim commiss price increas impos taca parti order usd million event increas withdrawn result pressur fmc paragraph servic contract commiss consid gener practic aim restrict price competit matter indisput graviti aim abus domin posit relat servic contract increas gener level price substanti reduc choic shipper infring concern refus deal basi condit commiss consid infring durat infring relat servic contract cover part alter structur market measur taca parti elimin competit damag structur market restrict competit indisput graviti attempt elimin potenti competit view restrict competit liner ship sector exist potenti competit princip justif group exempt view fact market question competit sever restrict infring consid durat infring cover part calcul fine order account effect capac undertak concern signific damag ensur amount fine suffici deterr effect commiss consid larger fine impos larger taca parti smaller consider dispar size divid parti group size account determin graviti infring tabl group rel size taca parti final year articl infring compar maersk largest taca parti comparison made basi turnov respect transport servic relat carriag containeris cargo servic suppli includ maritim element world wide liner ship turnov basi comparison rel size undertak enabl commiss assess real resourc import undertak concern tabl size undertak account order determin capac damag effect deterr gt tabl gt durat infring year level fine impos increas tabl set calcul level fine take account element column set basic fine infring calcul basi natur infring graviti column set addit fine individu compani account durat infring column set final amount tabl calcul fine accord guidelin gt tabl gt fact amp merg nedlloyd hanjin bought dsr senat relev calcul fine infring occur date event case compani longer legal exist order pai address successor busi amp nedlloyd contain line relev hyundai join taca particip infring period fine impos hyundai account relev tecomar subsidiari tmm januari singl undertak purpos imposit fine case fine set column tabl exce turnov group compani undertak form part aggrav mitig factor purpos member taca elimin price competit damag structur market limit suppli transport product unawar activ object restrict competit commiss told taca parti receiv legal advic includ dual rate price servic contract dual rate price specif prohibit taa decis hand taca parti claim doubt scope group exempt consid immun fine result notifi rule servic contract taca parti decemb commiss consid taa parti domin posit commiss mind impos fine taa parti inter alia abus domin posit relat servic contract octob commiss consid ban individu servic contract restrict competit recit taa decis context born mind deputi director gener director gener competit commiss wrote taca parti decemb indic view taca rule servic contract fall scope group exempt liner confer uncertainti question immun fine concern taca parti access suffici legal advic possibl fine breach articl notwithstand notif taca commiss view notif confer immun fine breach articl final taca parti put forward reason consid act follow oppos ringlead taca parti evid taca parti act ringlead reason justifi distinguish individu taca parti particip infring manner light factor adjust made level fine order account aggrav attenu circumst xxvi conclus element taca fall scope prohibit contain articl treati articl eea agreement agreement undertak affect trade member state object effect prevent restrict distort competit common market agreement fix price inland transport servic suppli territori european commun shipper combin servic part multimod transport oper carriag containeris cargo northern europ unit state america agreement parti taca term condit enter servic contract shipper agreement fix amount level rate brokerag freight forward remuner term condit payment sum design person elig act broker agreement fulfil condit articl treati articl eea agreement commiss consid member taca abus collect domin posit place restrict avail content servic contract alter competit structur market reinforc domin posit taca econom point view major european export unit state affect abus commiss consid infring natur commiss consid impos fine commiss procedur laid regul eec eec connect agreement fix maximum level freight forward compens regul adopt decis adopt decis articl undertak list annex infring provis articl ec treati articl eea agreement articl regul eec agre price inland transport servic suppli territori european commun shipper combin servic part multimod transport oper carriag containeris cargo northern europ unit state america condit articl ec treati articl eea agreement articl regul eec fulfil articl undertak list annex infring provis articl ec treati articl eea agreement fix amount level rate brokerag freight forward remuner term condit payment sum design person elig act broker condit articl ec treati articl eea agreement fulfil articl undertak list annex infring provis articl ec treati articl eea agreement agre term condit enter servic contract shipper condit articl ec treati articl eea agreement fulfil articl undertak list annex requir put end forthwith infring refer articl requir refrain futur agreement concert practic similar object effect agreement refer articl articl undertak list annex infring provis articl ec treati articl eea agreement alter competit structur market reinforc domin posit transatlant confer agreement articl undertak list annex infring provis articl ec treati articl eea agreement place restrict avail content servic contract articl undertak list annex requir put end forthwith infring refer articl requir refrain futur action similar object effect infring refer articl articl respect infring provis articl ec treati articl eea agreement refer articl fine impos gt tabl gt articl undertak list annex requir period month date notif decis inform custom conclud joint servic contract custom entitl renegoti term contract termin forthwith articl fine impos articl paid ecu month date notif decis bank account european commiss banqu bruxel lambert agenc européenn rond point schumann brussel expiri period interest automat payabl fine rate charg european central bank transact ecu work dai month decis adopt percentag point articl decis address undertak list annex decis enforc pursuant articl ec treati brussel septemb commiss karel van miert member commiss oj oj oj oj oj oj oj final statement object base articl regul articl regul eec articl regul eec charg rate tariff rate american law member exempt confer independ action mandatori regard tariff rate mean member confer depart confer tariff respect class good provid notic member confer equival independ action gulfwai eurocord discuss agreement agreement date member confer oper unit state northern europ discuss price transport condit confer liner ship compani oper trade footnot charg rate servic contract rate receipt preliminari observ commiss recit taca parti written commiss januari inform taca parti propos amend taca limit scope taca ad hoc slot space charter arrang connect carrier arrang concern inclus vessel share agreement vsa provis quot parti utilis space made hereund provid space parti ocean common carrier pursuant agreement parti make parti hereund space provid parti ocean common carrier pursuant agreement quot work practic carrier parti taca carrier particip vsa quot connect space charter author quot carrier make space carrier space provid carrier carrier vessel carrier need parti vsa carrier letter mr bijvoet chairman imc chief execut offic nedlloyd commiss date juli letter lovel white durrant legal advis taca parti commiss date octob quot contract shipper ship confer quot studi carri behalf ec director gener transport brinkman ship februari quot year contract sign quot august franc septemb germani septemb unit kingdom ireland octob austria itali denmark sweden finland paragraph repli supplementari statement object footnot annex viii repli supplementari statement object event note figur exchang period month amount contain exchang carrier dai applic exempt paragraph ecr paragraph good transport contain vessel seal box common type foot equival unit teu foot equival unit feu journal commerc ship review amp outlook januari page transit time north atlant typic week schedul liner servic drewri global contain market london pp substitut restrict ship soft drink substitut bottl water necessarili case bottl water substitut soft drink commiss decis eec iv nestlé perrier oj mat jansson presid unicool cool carrier quot reefer contain capac deploi limit neg impact demand specialis reefer small quot fairplai juli drewri global contain market market greater detail recit taa decis taa decis refer taca parti recit applic exempt eieia drewri quot global contain market quot trade confer join consent exist member accoringli term quot open quot confer letter taa european shipper council date octob oj unctad liner confer system td paragraph distinct common carriag contract carriag predat liner ship confer distinct found uk carrier act geo iv amp gul iv act parliament limit liabil common carrier quot provid enact act contain extend constru annual anywis affect special contract mail contractor stage coach proprietor common carrier parti convey good merchandis quot section american ship act defin quot loyalti contract quot quot contract ocean common carrier confer servic contract contract base time volum rate shipper obtain lower rate commit fix portion cargo carrier confer quot essenti term servic contract includ origin destin port rang geograph area commod commod involv minimum volum line haul rate durat servic commit liquid damag perform unit nation confer plenipotentiari code conduct liner confer final act annex geneva doc td code rev recit regul eec quot regul appli rule competit maritim transport foreseen recit regul eec account adopt code confer subject code conduct concern regul supplement code make precis quot oj rate publish tariff condit receipt aggreg volum cargo aggreg freight revenu period time present made taca select shipper juli quarter taca carri move pursuant servic contract tariff rate quot contract shipper ship confer quot studi carri behalf commiss director gener transport brinkman ship februari quot taca sign contract westbound repres close annual carri confer quot parcel consolid freight forward shipment foot load albert pierc jr execut director transpacif westbound rate agreement report american shipper decemb octob twra negoti servic contract offer discount tariff rate minimum volum commit feu octob edit american shipper report year contract month negoti minimum volum eventu agre feu space guarante februari edit american shipper report week contract sign understood number servic contract increas prohibit individu servic contract transpacif westbound rate agreement twra asia north america eastbound rate agreement anera effect juli result departur evergreen agreement quot servic contract case studi unfulfil promis quot shashikumar marit pol mgmt vol quot effect collus antitrust immun case liner ship confer quot paul clyde jame reitz bureau econom staff report feder trade commiss decemb quot unlik independ action regular tariff rate discount offer shipper commod rout servic contract written manner effect allow confer carrier offer select discount shipper small group similarli situat shipper due circumst permit independ action servic contract increas attract cheat inhibit abil confer detect punish cheat quot servic contract discount tariff class rate gener determin refer band minimum quantiti commit teu attract discount usd teu lwd letter commiss date novemb cho yang msc dsr senat pol oocl cho yang dsr senat hanjin hyundai pol tecomar tmm sc cho yang dsr senat msc hanjin pol tecomar tmm taa decis recit lovel white durrant letter commiss date quot relat full contain load fcl cargo taca parti elect part corpor busi polici plan market invest strategi maintain larg sale forc extens agenc network solicit cargo numer great number small medium size proprietari shipper fcl cargo consequ carrier tend utilis depend greater extent broad nvocc industri solicit aggreg signific volum fcl cargo distinct taca parti elect maintain bear fix cost extens intern sale forc custom servic function agenc network carrier tend deal greater extent directli fcl proprietari shipper tend view nvocc competit rival carrier compet proprietari shipper fcl cargo quot letter lovel white durrant commiss date repli statement object paragraph applic exempt paragraph repli statement object paragraph repli statement object paragraph repli statement object paragraph section report ship act feder maritim commiss septemb effect taca parti exclud relev agreement affect condit europ canadian trade mediterranean american trade detail descript vsa relat agreement publish oj context applic individu exempt vsa vsa parti undertaken commiss exercis geograph area cover ec treati provis relat inland maritim rate make discuss agreement term relat freight forward compens discuss agreement common essenti term servic contract owner liner vessel readili identifi vessel practic adopt name includ owner mean identifi owner atlant conveyor acl neptun jade nol msc pamela msc affidavit karen gregori fact find investig activ transatlant agreement member date octob repli statement object paragraph repli statement object paragraph decemb hanjin wrote taca secretariat term quot ia conclud quot unctad interim report restrict busi practic york quot exclud capac constrain entrant exclus deal theori applic ocean ship quot jong yong journal industri econom june repli statem object paragraph drewri global contain market page sourc lloyd ship economist decemb evergreen announc price increas transatlant eastbound europ trade usd teu usd feu effect januari compar taca busi plan annex iii repli statement object paragraph reason figur puerto rico includ usa east coast relat fact puerto rico includ seventh district circuit unit state feder court massachusett commiss argu administr proceed lead adopt decis puerto rico form part relev geograph market case stage repli statement object taca parti appear put forward claim present case question rais signific issu case deal liner ship servic caribbean examin detail puerto rico fall geograph market continent usa state econom analysi china ocean ship bureau econom agreement analysi feder maritim commiss june commiss press releas ip announc commiss decis oppos exempt st lawrenc coordin servic slc consortium agreement relat joint servic oper canmar oocl montreal port northern europ member acl canada maritim cast hapag lloyd oocl pol tariff includ canadian gatewai cargo price increas announc effect januari quot freight rate tariff increas usd teu usd feu contain respect gener cargo tariff premium specialis equip open top flat rack contain increas usd teu usd feu quot commiss notic intern rule procedur process request access file case pursuant articl ec treati articl ecsc treati council regul eec oj drewri global contain market tmm tecomar present transatlant trade confer member event carri full contain quarter repres taca carri footnot commiss decis ec transatlant agreement octob oj recit quot real purpos introduct differenti rate case taa bring independ insid agreement allow quot price lower confer member independ continu outsid compet confer term price advantag confer member limit activ outsid competit offer system substanti reduc effect competit outsid exist main safeguard block exempt liner confer object reveal true natur taa emerg point made refer recit seq describ recent histori trade document summaris conclus meet member taa held geneva januari footnot speech presid senat line member taa deliv shortli agreement enter forc type agreement seek disguis confer agreement outsid independ wish maintain price flexibl genuin liner confer agreement confer rate contract committe member structur member outsid unstructur member recit agreement benefit block exempt grant convent confer quot fmc agreement apl mol oocl asia pacif allianc agreement quot pac quot drewri global contain market drewri global contain market drewri global contain market drewri gobal contain market commiss memorandum final propos council regul eec lai detail rule applic articl treati maritim transport oj exampl put forward taca parti ship line shortag capac aris withdraw vessel trade judgement court instanc case spo commiss ecr ii point court instanc consid distinct made normal destruct competit appeal reject manifestli inadmiss order court march case ecr dr pirrong quot core theori liner ship market quot journal law econom footnot quot competit contest liner ship industri quot jankowski quot develop liner ship confer quot intern journal transport econom jansson schneerson book liner ship econom analysi feder trade commiss quot analysi maritimeindustri effect ship act quot novemb analysi american depart justic quot analysi impact ship act quot march lectur professor gilman tarporlei februari jansson scheerson chapter quot common cost indivis quot articl quot sea land comput war quot containeris intern august articl quot market share isn quot american shipper juli drewri report pp articl american shipper state relat atlant contain line quot compani develop contribut model work equip flow model serv chargo accept guidelin result sale staff awar dai busi prospect quot quot liner industri structur futur outlook quot industri bank japan quarterli survei iv fundament shift profit manag system ship rout manag cargo unit profit cargo unit yield net contribut contain voyag introduct unit manag result contain mean ship past pp gilman tarporlei footnot jankowski quot note comment competit contest liner ship industri quot journal transport econom polici author quot develop liner ship confer quot intern journal transport econom octob professor gilman tarporlei februari inter alia feder trade commiss report novemb jansson schneerson chapter articl sea land comput war containeris intern august footnot revenu pool cartel econom ocean freight rate bennathan amp walter praeger sherer ross industri market structur econom perfom houghton mifflin jansson schneerson liner ship econom chapter annex europ great divid american shipper decemb accord articl eea agreement commiss compet bodi case judgment court justic join case consten grundig commiss ecr commiss decis eec iv zinc produc group oj recit quot case articl applic suffici intent restrict competit intent carri full part restrict competit put effect quot number taca parti sea land maersk amp nedlloyd recent left southern europ america confer form unit state southern europ confer judgement consten grundig footnot footnot ecr ii paragraph judgment court instanc octob join case cewal compagni maritim belg transport sa commiss ecr ii paragraph recit regul eec describ effect restrict practic intern maritim transport commun port footnot cewal paragraph case bnic aubert judgment decemb ecr paragraph similarli court rule articl ec treati join case kwekerij gebroed van der kooi bv commiss dutch natur ga price ecr paragraph subsidis price natur ga dutch glasshous crop produc affect trade member state import energi cost sell price market share export firm receiv state aid judgment court justic octob case bmw ald ecr paragraph case bundeskartellamt volkswagen vag ecr paragraph quot regard gener principl prohibit anticompetit agreement laid articl treati provis block exempt derog principl interpret wide constru extend effect regul protect interest intend safeguard quot cewal cite footnot paragraph sec final adopt commiss june oj judgment court justic case centro servizi spediporto spedizoni marittima del golfo ecr paragraph court justic accept argument made unit kingdom interven effect regul eec undermin preval multimod intern trade regul held appli multimod transport servic european parliament amend propos council regul lai detail rule applic articl treati maritim transport oj repli statement object paragraph gener discuss question paragraph quot interim report multimod group quot present commission van miert februari group independ expert set aspect collect inland price fix liner ship compani note hub spoke system cover rail movement benelux port frankfurt mainz hub view consist view express final report multimod group submit commission van miert novemb quot gener guidelin element supplier offer econom ey custom influenc choic compet offer enabl supplier modifi term gain competit advantag quot butterworth competit law ii judgment court instanc join case sck amp fnk commiss ecr ii paragraph letter ms nanci mcfadden gener counsel depart transport senat john mccain chairman senat committe commerc scienc transport date octob decis deal applic articl arrang signific foreclos effect taa decis paragraph repli statement object paragraph daniel marx junior intern ship cartel studi industri regul ship confer princeton univers press oj articl commiss regul ec consortia group exempt demonstr commiss posit attitud servic arrang accept price fix obtain advantag contract shipper ship confer brinkman ship februari contract shipper ship confer brinkman ship februari sea land press releas effect collus antitrust immun case liner ship confer paul clyde jame reitz bureau econom staff report feder trade commiss decemb quot find level freight rate significantli lower rout confer member free negoti servic contract shipper quot import quot advanc quot shipper high volum teu annum global coverag main trade need ad servic wareh label advisori commiss confer ocean ship letter lovel white durrant commiss date letter lwd commiss date quot provis relat liquid damag reflect requir legal framework minimum cargo commit meaning regul fmc vii state mandatori term includ liquid damag perform quot section ship act quot contract provis event nonperform part parti quot section quot essenti term includ liquid damag nonperform quot emphasi ad judgment court justic case gemeent almelo energiebedriif ijsselmij nv ecr paragraph opinion advoc gener darmon paragraph judgment court instanc join case siv commiss flat glass ecr ii paragraph footnot recit footnot recit footnot recit judgment court justic join case commerci solvent commiss ecr quot consum interest end product detriment consum direct indirect articl concern quot advoc gener warner judgment court justic case hoffman la roch commiss ecr paragraph judgment case deutsch grammophon metro ecr paragraph quot abil prevent effect competit import part relev market take account exist produc sell similar product posit market quot nv nederlandsch banden industri michelin commiss ecr paragraph quot precondit find domin posit exist case product complet absenc competit partial interchang product long complet absenc competit partial interchang product long competit affect undertak abil influenc appreci condit competit exert rate conduct larg extent account competit suffer advers effect result attitud quot judgment court justic case akzo chemi bv ecr paragraph court held quot larg market share save except circumst evid exist domin posit situat market share found case quot footnot paragraph compar inland tariff rate quot commod vari content contain variat encount depend contain teu feu commiss recognis taa decis taa parti elimin competit inland transport contain concern price discrimin recognis frequent cite direct measur market power absenc cost differ readili discern hawk common market intern antitrust scherer david ross industri market structur econom perform chapter houghton mifflin decis address question taca parti agreement relat caf meet condit articl regul eec unit brand ecr sourc lloyd ship economist paragraph footnot unit brand paragraph commiss decis eec iv tetra pak oj pp affirm court instanc juli case tetra pak commiss ecr ii recit judgment court justic case europemballag corpor continent compani commiss ecr judgment case ahm saeed flugreisen zentral ecr comment advoc gener lenz opinion cewal cite footnot paragraph judgment tetra pak cite footnot recit continent cite footnot recit emphasi ad nederlandsch banden industri commiss cite footnot paragraph judgment court justic case höfner elser macrotorn ecr paragraph judgment court instanc case bpb industri british gypsum commiss ecr ii judgment court justic case bodson pomp funèbr ecr paragraph sixth recit regul eec describ effect restrict practic intern maritim transport commun port commiss decis eec iv astra oj paragraph joint ventur bt se restrict vi vi parti form foreclosur potenti uplink provid choic consum limit unit kingdom custom oblig accept uplink servic offer bt interest broadcast astra contract parti made time parti choic conclud separ contract servic term contract determin bt se context joint ventur agreement footnot recit decis commiss decis eec iv iv gillett oj paragraph gillett acquir equiti interest eemland compani bought ec usa interest wilkinson sword busi gillett bought interest busi rest world relev agreement context commun sale agreement intellectu properti agreement suppli agreement result decis adopt commiss call sale equiti interest eemland own gillett assign eemland wilkinson sword busi footnot astra recit court justic held join case musiqu diffus français commiss ecr percentag refer undertak total turnov judgment court instanc decemb case hilti commiss ecr ii paragraph footnot ahm saeed recit commiss decis novemb final effect collus antitrust immun case liner ship confer paul clyde jame reitz bureau econom staff report feder trade commiss decemb quot find level freight rate significantli lower rout confer member free negoti individu servic contract shipper quot journal commerc state octob atlant major trade lane endur price war year quot price pacif europ asia trade lane drop significantli year atlant freight rate remain fairli stabl quot drewri global contain market london commiss decis ec hov svz mcn oj recit annex pari taca sea land servic carnegi blvd charlott nc usa møller maersk line esplanaden dk copenhagen atlant contain line ab sydatlanten skandiahamnen gothenburg hanjin ship sogong dong chung ku seoul korea hapag lloyd contain lini gmbh ballindamm hamburg amp nedlloyd contain line beagl hous braham street london ep mediterranean ship av eugen pittard ch geneva orient oversea contain line uk floor citi tower basinghal street london ec de polish ocean line lutego gdynia poland dsr senat line martinistrass bremen cho yang ship cheong ahm bldg seosomun dong chung ku seoul korea neptun orient line alexandra road nol build singapor republ singapor nippon yusen kaisha yusen build marunouchi chome chiyoda ku tokyo japan transportación marítima mexicana sa de cv av de la cuspid col parqu del pedreg deleg tlalpan mexico df mexico tecomar sa de cv benjamin franklin mexico df mexico hyundai merchant marin floor mukyo hyundai build mukyo dong chung ku seoul korea annex ii taa taca chronolog gt tabl gt annex iii taca busi plan extract quot taa westbound busi plan tariff structur contempl plan increas gt tabl gt class rate ft rate level equal ft rate increas appli servic contract servic contract propos current increas minimum volum commit part part line programm increas minimum volum commit gt tabl gt quot quot taa eastbound busi plan tariff structur contempl plan increas gt tabl gt servic contract servic contract propos current increas minimum volum commit part part line programm increas minimum volum commit gt tabl gt quot quot summari busi plan tariff eastbound westbound ft contain usd ft contain usd heat tank addit usd tank eastbound westbound tariff servic contract cover board termin plug westbound pacif north west differenti tariff servic contract gt tabl gt special equip surcharg tariff servic contract gt tabl gt tariff assessori contempl servic contract renew exist minimum commit level eastbound westbound ft usd ft usd subject negoti discount case case servic contract reduc minimum volum commit westbound gt tabl gt dry van gt tabl gt temperatur control class class discount gt tabl gt eastbound tariff class class discount quot annex iv schedul agreement effect contempl relat transatlant trade involv taca parti decemb gt tabl gt quot note purpos respons commiss request detail agreement relat transatlant trade involv taca parti taca parti interpret transatlant trade synonym geograph scope taca ocean servic north european port cooper agreement taca parti respect european inland rail transport includ schedul schedul includ detail bilater equip interchang agreement taca parti equip interchang taca parti subject supplementari notif taca european inland equip interchang arrang lodg commiss novemb schedul includ agreement relat specif transatlant trade intern council containership oper icco intra industri multi modal committ imc taca parti member agreement relat termin oper quot lwd letter commiss date decemb annex switch group carrier busi secret omit annex vi busi secret omit