screwdriver. if it is just a cap, then pry it off with a screwdriver blade.
the crank axle will either have a nut or a bolt, but both threads are normal threads, so the wrench will turn counterclockwise to loosen the part. figure 12 shows the socket wrench used to remove the bolt.
the crank arm may be another stubborn part to remove, especially of some corrosion has built up between the axle and the crank arm. use a long bolt, or some type of steel wedge to help bang off the crank arm as shown in figure 13. the wedge should always be placed in the crank arm and not the 