\boldmath Measurement of ${\cal B}(t\rightarrow Wb)/ {\cal B}(t\rightarrow Wq)$ at the Collider Detector at Fermilab
D.~Acosta
We present a measurement of the ratio of top-quark branching fractions $R= {\cal B}(t\rightarrow Wb)/{\cal B}(t\rightarrow Wq)$, where $q$ can be a $b$, $s$ or a $d$ quark, using lepton-plus-jets and dilepton data sets with integrated luminosity of $\sim$162~pb$^{-1}$ collected with the Collider Detector at Fermilab during Run~II of the Tevatron. The measurement is derived from the relative numbers of $t\bar{t}$ events with different multiplicity of identified secondary vertices. %in which the $t\bar{t}$ background has been determined as a function %the secondary vertex multiplicity. We set a lower limit of $R>0.61$ at 95\% confidence level. \vspace{0.5cm}
newRevTex4authorList.tex
\affiliation{Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China}  
\affiliation{Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439}  
\affiliation{Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain}  
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy}  
\affiliation{Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254}  
\affiliation{University of California, Davis, Davis, California  95616}  
\affiliation{University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California  90024}  
\affiliation{University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California  92093}  
\affiliation{University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106}  
\affiliation{Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain}  
\affiliation{Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA  15213}  
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637}  
\affiliation{Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-141980 Dubna, Russia}  
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708}  
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510}  
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611}  
\affiliation{Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, I-00044 Frascati, Italy}  
\affiliation{University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland}  
\affiliation{Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom} 
\affiliation{Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138}  
\affiliation{Division of High Energy Physics, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki Institute of Physics, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland} 
\affiliation{Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 724, Japan}  
\affiliation{University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801}  
\affiliation{The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218}  
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany}  
\affiliation{High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan}  
\affiliation{Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701; Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; and SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746; Korea}  
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720}  
\affiliation{University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom}  
\affiliation{University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom}  
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139}  
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7}  
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109}  
\affiliation{Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan  48824}  
\affiliation{Institution for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, ITEP, Moscow 117259, Russia}  
\affiliation{University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131}  
\affiliation{Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois  60208}  
\affiliation{The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio  43210}  
\affiliation{Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan} 
\affiliation{Osaka City University, Osaka 588, Japan}  
\affiliation{University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom}  
\affiliation{University of Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy}  
\affiliation{University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104}  
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy}  
\affiliation{University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260}  
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907}  
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627}  
\affiliation{The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021}  
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1, University di Roma ``La Sapienza," I-00185 Roma, Italy} 
\affiliation{Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855}  
\affiliation{Texas A\&M University, College Station, Texas 77843}  
\affiliation{Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409}  
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Trieste/\ Udine, Italy}  
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan}  
\affiliation{Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155}  
\affiliation{Waseda University, Tokyo 169, Japan}  
\affiliation{Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan  48201}  
\affiliation{University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706}  
\affiliation{Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520}  
\author{D.~Acosta}
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611} 
\author{J.~Adelman}
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637} 
\author{T.~Affolder}
\affiliation{University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106} 
\author{T.~Akimoto}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{M.G.~Albrow}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{D.~Ambrose}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{S.~Amerio}
\affiliation{University of Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy} 
\author{D.~Amidei}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{A.~Anastassov}
\affiliation{Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855} 
\author{K.~Anikeev}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{A.~Annovi}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{J.~Antos}
\affiliation{Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China} 
\author{M.~Aoki}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{G.~Apollinari}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{T.~Arisawa}
\affiliation{Waseda University, Tokyo 169, Japan} 
\author{J-F.~Arguin}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{A.~Artikov}
\affiliation{Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-141980 Dubna, Russia} 
\author{W.~Ashmanskas}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{A.~Attal}
\affiliation{University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California  90024} 
\author{F.~Azfar}
\affiliation{University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom} 
\author{P.~Azzi-Bacchetta}
\affiliation{University of Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy} 
\author{N.~Bacchetta}
\affiliation{University of Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy} 
\author{H.~Bachacou}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{W.~Badgett}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{A.~Barbaro-Galtieri}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{G.J.~Barker}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{V.E.~Barnes}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{B.A.~Barnett}
\affiliation{The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218} 
\author{S.~Baroiant}
\affiliation{University of California, Davis, Davis, California  95616} 
\author{G.~Bauer}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{F.~Bedeschi}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{S.~Behari}
\affiliation{The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218} 
\author{S.~Belforte}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Trieste/\ Udine, Italy} 
\author{G.~Bellettini}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{J.~Bellinger}
\affiliation{University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706} 
\author{A.~Belloni}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{E.~Ben-Haim}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{D.~Benjamin}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{A.~Beretvas}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{T.~Berry}
\affiliation{University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom} 
\author{A.~Bhatti}
\affiliation{The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021} 
\author{M.~Binkley}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{D.~Bisello}
\affiliation{University of Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy} 
\author{M.~Bishai}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{R.E.~Blair}
\affiliation{Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439} 
\author{C.~Blocker}
\affiliation{Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254} 
\author{K.~Bloom}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{B.~Blumenfeld}
\affiliation{The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218} 
\author{A.~Bocci}
\affiliation{The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021} 
\author{A.~Bodek}
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627} 
\author{G.~Bolla}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{A.~Bolshov}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{D.~Bortoletto}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{J.~Boudreau}
\affiliation{University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260} 
\author{S.~Bourov}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{B.~Brau}
\affiliation{University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106} 
\author{C.~Bromberg}
\affiliation{Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan  48824} 
\author{E.~Brubaker}
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637} 
\author{J.~Budagov}
\affiliation{Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-141980 Dubna, Russia} 
\author{H.S.~Budd}
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627} 
\author{K.~Burkett}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{G.~Busetto}
\affiliation{University of Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy} 
\author{P.~Bussey}
\affiliation{Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom}
\author{K.L.~Byrum}
\affiliation{Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439} 
\author{S.~Cabrera}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{M.~Campanelli}
\affiliation{University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland} 
\author{M.~Campbell}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{F.~Canelli}
\affiliation{University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California  90024} 
\author{A.~Canepa}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{M.~Casarsa}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Trieste/\ Udine, Italy} 
\author{D.~Carlsmith}
\affiliation{University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706} 
\author{R.~Carosi}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{S.~Carron}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{M.~Cavalli-Sforza}
\affiliation{Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain} 
\author{A.~Castro}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy} 
\author{P.~Catastini}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{D.~Cauz}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Trieste/\ Udine, Italy} 
\author{A.~Cerri}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{L.~Cerrito}
\affiliation{University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom} 
\author{J.~Chapman}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{Y.C.~Chen}
\affiliation{Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China} 
\author{M.~Chertok}
\affiliation{University of California, Davis, Davis, California  95616} 
\author{G.~Chiarelli}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{G.~Chlachidze}
\affiliation{Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-141980 Dubna, Russia} 
\author{F.~Chlebana}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{I.~Cho}
\affiliation{Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701; Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; and SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746; Korea} 
\author{K.~Cho}
\affiliation{Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701; Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; and SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746; Korea} 
\author{D.~Chokheli}
\affiliation{Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-141980 Dubna, Russia} 
\author{J.P.~Chou}
\affiliation{Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138} 
\author{S.~Chuang}
\affiliation{University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706} 
\author{K.~Chung}
\affiliation{Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA  15213} 
\author{W-H.~Chung}
\affiliation{University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706} 
\author{Y.S.~Chung}
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627} 
\author{M.~Cijliak}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{C.I.~Ciobanu}
\affiliation{University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801} 
\author{M.A.~Ciocci}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{A.G.~Clark}
\affiliation{University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland} 
\author{D.~Clark}
\affiliation{Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254} 
\author{M.~Coca}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{A.~Connolly}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{M.~Convery}
\affiliation{The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021} 
\author{J.~Conway}
\affiliation{University of California, Davis, Davis, California  95616} 
\author{B.~Cooper}
\affiliation{University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom} 
\author{K.~Copic}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{M.~Cordelli}
\affiliation{Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, I-00044 Frascati, Italy} 
\author{G.~Cortiana}
\affiliation{University of Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy} 
\author{J.~Cranshaw}
\affiliation{Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409} 
\author{J.~Cuevas}
\affiliation{Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain} 
\author{A.~Cruz}
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611} 
\author{R.~Culbertson}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{C.~Currat}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{D.~Cyr}
\affiliation{University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706} 
\author{D.~Dagenhart}
\affiliation{Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254} 
\author{S.~Da~Ronco}
\affiliation{University of Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy} 
\author{S.~D'Auria}
\affiliation{Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom}
\author{P.~de~Barbaro}
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627} 
\author{S.~De~Cecco}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1, University di Roma ``La Sapienza," I-00185 Roma, Italy}
\author{A.~Deisher}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{G.~De~Lentdecker}
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627} 
\author{M.~Dell'Orso}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{S.~Demers}
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627} 
\author{L.~Demortier}
\affiliation{The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021} 
\author{M.~Deninno}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy} 
\author{D.~De~Pedis}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1, University di Roma ``La Sapienza," I-00185 Roma, Italy}
\author{P.F.~Derwent}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{C.~Dionisi}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1, University di Roma ``La Sapienza," I-00185 Roma, Italy}
\author{J.R.~Dittmann}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{P.~DiTuro}
\affiliation{Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855} 
\author{C.~D\"{o}rr}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{A.~Dominguez}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{S.~Donati}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{M.~Donega}
\affiliation{University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland} 
\author{J.~Donini}
\affiliation{University of Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy} 
\author{M.~D'Onofrio}
\affiliation{University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland} 
\author{T.~Dorigo}
\affiliation{University of Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy} 
\author{K.~Ebina}
\affiliation{Waseda University, Tokyo 169, Japan} 
\author{J.~Efron}
\affiliation{The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio  43210} 
\author{J.~Ehlers}
\affiliation{University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland} 
\author{R.~Erbacher}
\affiliation{University of California, Davis, Davis, California  95616} 
\author{M.~Erdmann}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{D.~Errede}
\affiliation{University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801} 
\author{S.~Errede}
\affiliation{University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801} 
\author{R.~Eusebi}
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627} 
\author{H-C.~Fang}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{S.~Farrington}
\affiliation{University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom} 
\author{I.~Fedorko}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{W.T.~Fedorko}
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637} 
\author{R.G.~Feild}
\affiliation{Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520} 
\author{M.~Feindt}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{J.P.~Fernandez}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{R.D.~Field}
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611} 
\author{G.~Flanagan}
\affiliation{Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan  48824} 
\author{L.R.~Flores-Castillo}
\affiliation{University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260} 
\author{A.~Foland}
\affiliation{Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138} 
\author{S.~Forrester}
\affiliation{University of California, Davis, Davis, California  95616} 
\author{G.W.~Foster}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{M.~Franklin}
\affiliation{Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138} 
\author{J.C.~Freeman}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{Y.~Fujii}
\affiliation{High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{I.~Furic}
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637} 
\author{A.~Gajjar}
\affiliation{University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom} 
\author{M.~Gallinaro}
\affiliation{The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021} 
\author{J.~Galyardt}
\affiliation{Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA  15213} 
\author{M.~Garcia-Sciveres}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{A.F.~Garfinkel}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{C.~Gay}
\affiliation{Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520} 
\author{H.~Gerberich}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{D.W.~Gerdes}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{E.~Gerchtein}
\affiliation{Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA  15213} 
\author{S.~Giagu}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1, University di Roma ``La Sapienza," I-00185 Roma, Italy}
\author{P.~Giannetti}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{A.~Gibson}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{K.~Gibson}
\affiliation{Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA  15213} 
\author{C.~Ginsburg}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{K.~Giolo}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{M.~Giordani}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Trieste/\ Udine, Italy} 
\author{M.~Giunta}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{G.~Giurgiu}
\affiliation{Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA  15213} 
\author{V.~Glagolev}
\affiliation{Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-141980 Dubna, Russia} 
\author{D.~Glenzinski}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{M.~Gold}
\affiliation{University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131} 
\author{N.~Goldschmidt}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{D.~Goldstein}
\affiliation{University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California  90024} 
\author{J.~Goldstein}
\affiliation{University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom} 
\author{G.~Gomez}
\affiliation{Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain} 
\author{G.~Gomez-Ceballos}
\affiliation{Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain} 
\author{M.~Goncharov}
\affiliation{Texas A\&M University, College Station, Texas 77843} 
\author{O.~Gonz\'{a}lez}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{I.~Gorelov}
\affiliation{University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131} 
\author{A.T.~Goshaw}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{Y.~Gotra}
\affiliation{University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260} 
\author{K.~Goulianos}
\affiliation{The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021} 
\author{A.~Gresele}
\affiliation{University of Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy} 
\author{M.~Griffiths}
\affiliation{University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom} 
\author{C.~Grosso-Pilcher}
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637} 
\author{U.~Grundler}
\affiliation{University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801} 
\author{J.~Guimaraes~da~Costa}
\affiliation{Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138} 
\author{C.~Haber}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{K.~Hahn}
\affiliation{University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104} 
\author{S.R.~Hahn}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{E.~Halkiadakis}
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627} 
\author{A.~Hamilton}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{B-Y.~Han}
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627} 
\author{R.~Handler}
\affiliation{University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706} 
\author{F.~Happacher}
\affiliation{Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, I-00044 Frascati, Italy} 
\author{K.~Hara}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{M.~Hare}
\affiliation{Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155} 
\author{R.F.~Harr}
\affiliation{Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan  48201} 
\author{R.M.~Harris}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{F.~Hartmann}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{K.~Hatakeyama}
\affiliation{The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021} 
\author{J.~Hauser}
\affiliation{University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California  90024} 
\author{C.~Hays}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{H.~Hayward}
\affiliation{University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom} 
\author{B.~Heinemann}
\affiliation{University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom} 
\author{J.~Heinrich}
\affiliation{University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104} 
\author{M.~Hennecke}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{M.~Herndon}
\affiliation{The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218} 
\author{C.~Hill}
\affiliation{University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106} 
\author{D.~Hirschbuehl}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{A.~Hocker}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{K.D.~Hoffman}
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637} 
\author{A.~Holloway}
\affiliation{Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138} 
\author{S.~Hou}
\affiliation{Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China} 
\author{M.A.~Houlden}
\affiliation{University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom} 
\author{B.T.~Huffman}
\affiliation{University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom} 
\author{Y.~Huang}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{R.E.~Hughes}
\affiliation{The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio  43210} 
\author{J.~Huston}
\affiliation{Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan  48824} 
\author{K.~Ikado}
\affiliation{Waseda University, Tokyo 169, Japan} 
\author{J.~Incandela}
\affiliation{University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106} 
\author{G.~Introzzi}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{M.~Iori}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1, University di Roma ``La Sapienza," I-00185 Roma, Italy}
\author{Y.~Ishizawa}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{C.~Issever}
\affiliation{University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106} 
\author{A.~Ivanov}
\affiliation{University of California, Davis, Davis, California  95616} 
\author{Y.~Iwata}
\affiliation{Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 724, Japan} 
\author{B.~Iyutin}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{E.~James}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{D.~Jang}
\affiliation{Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855} 
\author{B.~Jayatilaka}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{D.~Jeans}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1, University di Roma ``La Sapienza," I-00185 Roma, Italy}
\author{H.~Jensen}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{E.J.~Jeon}
\affiliation{Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701; Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; and SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746; Korea} 
\author{M.~Jones}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{K.K.~Joo}
\affiliation{Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701; Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; and SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746; Korea} 
\author{S.Y.~Jun}
\affiliation{Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA  15213} 
\author{T.~Junk}
\affiliation{University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801} 
\author{T.~Kamon}
\affiliation{Texas A\&M University, College Station, Texas 77843} 
\author{J.~Kang}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{M.~Karagoz~Unel}
\affiliation{Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois  60208} 
\author{P.E.~Karchin}
\affiliation{Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan  48201} 
\author{Y.~Kato}
\affiliation{Osaka City University, Osaka 588, Japan} 
\author{Y.~Kemp}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{R.~Kephart}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{U.~Kerzel}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{V.~Khotilovich}
\affiliation{Texas A\&M University, College Station, Texas 77843} 
\author{B.~Kilminster}
\affiliation{The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio  43210} 
\author{D.H.~Kim}
\affiliation{Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701; Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; and SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746; Korea} 
\author{H.S.~Kim}
\affiliation{University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801} 
\author{J.E.~Kim}
\affiliation{Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701; Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; and SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746; Korea} 
\author{M.J.~Kim}
\affiliation{Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA  15213} 
\author{M.S.~Kim}
\affiliation{Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701; Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; and SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746; Korea} 
\author{S.B.~Kim}
\affiliation{Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701; Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; and SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746; Korea} 
\author{S.H.~Kim}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{Y.K.~Kim}
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637} 
\author{M.~Kirby}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{L.~Kirsch}
\affiliation{Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254} 
\author{S.~Klimenko}
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611} 
\author{M.~Klute}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{B.~Knuteson}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{B.R.~Ko}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{H.~Kobayashi}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{D.J.~Kong}
\affiliation{Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701; Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; and SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746; Korea} 
\author{K.~Kondo}
\affiliation{Waseda University, Tokyo 169, Japan} 
\author{J.~Konigsberg}
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611} 
\author{K.~Kordas}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{A.~Korn}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{A.~Korytov}
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611} 
\author{A.V.~Kotwal}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{A.~Kovalev}
\affiliation{University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104} 
\author{J.~Kraus}
\affiliation{University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801} 
\author{I.~Kravchenko}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{A.~Kreymer}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{J.~Kroll}
\affiliation{University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104} 
\author{M.~Kruse}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{V.~Krutelyov}
\affiliation{Texas A\&M University, College Station, Texas 77843} 
\author{S.E.~Kuhlmann}
\affiliation{Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439} 
\author{S.~Kwang}
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637} 
\author{A.T.~Laasanen}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{S.~Lai}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{S.~Lami}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{S.~Lammel}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{M.~Lancaster}
\affiliation{University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom} 
\author{R.~Lander}
\affiliation{University of California, Davis, Davis, California  95616} 
\author{K.~Lannon}
\affiliation{The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio  43210} 
\author{A.~Lath}
\affiliation{Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855} 
\author{G.~Latino}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{I.~Lazzizzera}
\affiliation{University of Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy} 
\author{C.~Lecci}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{T.~LeCompte}
\affiliation{Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439} 
\author{J.~Lee}
\affiliation{Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701; Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; and SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746; Korea} 
\author{J.~Lee}
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627} 
\author{S.W.~Lee}
\affiliation{Texas A\&M University, College Station, Texas 77843} 
\author{R.~Lef\`{e}vre}
\affiliation{Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain} 
\author{N.~Leonardo}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{S.~Leone}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{S.~Levy}
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637} 
\author{J.D.~Lewis}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{K.~Li}
\affiliation{Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520} 
\author{C.~Lin}
\affiliation{Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520} 
\author{C.S.~Lin}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{M.~Lindgren}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{E.~Lipeles}
\affiliation{University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California  92093} 
\author{T.M.~Liss}
\affiliation{University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801} 
\author{A.~Lister}
\affiliation{University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland} 
\author{D.O.~Litvintsev}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{T.~Liu}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{Y.~Liu}
\affiliation{University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland} 
\author{N.S.~Lockyer}
\affiliation{University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104} 
\author{A.~Loginov}
\affiliation{Institution for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, ITEP, Moscow 117259, Russia} 
\author{M.~Loreti}
\affiliation{University of Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy} 
\author{P.~Loverre}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1, University di Roma ``La Sapienza," I-00185 Roma, Italy}
\author{R-S.~Lu}
\affiliation{Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China} 
\author{D.~Lucchesi}
\affiliation{University of Padova, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Padova-Trento, I-35131 Padova, Italy} 
\author{P.~Lujan}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{P.~Lukens}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{G.~Lungu}
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611} 
\author{L.~Lyons}
\affiliation{University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom} 
\author{J.~Lys}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{R.~Lysak}
\affiliation{Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China} 
\author{E.~Lytken}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{D.~MacQueen}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{R.~Madrak}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{K.~Maeshima}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{P.~Maksimovic}
\affiliation{The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218} 
\author{G.~Manca}
\affiliation{University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom} 
\author{Margaroli}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy} 
\author{R.~Marginean}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{C.~Marino}
\affiliation{University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801} 
\author{A.~Martin}
\affiliation{Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520} 
\author{M.~Martin}
\affiliation{The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218} 
\author{V.~Martin}
\affiliation{Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois  60208} 
\author{M.~Mart\'{\i}nez}
\affiliation{Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain} 
\author{T.~Maruyama}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{H.~Matsunaga}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{M.~Mattson}
\affiliation{Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan  48201} 
\author{P.~Mazzanti}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy} 
\author{K.S.~McFarland}
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627} 
\author{D.~McGivern}
\affiliation{University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom} 
\author{P.M.~McIntyre}
\affiliation{Texas A\&M University, College Station, Texas 77843} 
\author{P.~McNamara}
\affiliation{Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855} 
\author{McNulty}
\affiliation{University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom} 
\author{A.~Mehta}
\affiliation{University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom} 
\author{S.~Menzemer}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{A.~Menzione}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{P.~Merkel}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{C.~Mesropian}
\affiliation{The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021} 
\author{A.~Messina}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1, University di Roma ``La Sapienza," I-00185 Roma, Italy}
\author{T.~Miao}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{N.~Miladinovic}
\affiliation{Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02254} 
\author{J.~Miles}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{L.~Miller}
\affiliation{Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138} 
\author{R.~Miller}
\affiliation{Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan  48824} 
\author{J.S.~Miller}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{C.~Mills}
\affiliation{University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106} 
\author{R.~Miquel}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{S.~Miscetti}
\affiliation{Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, I-00044 Frascati, Italy} 
\author{G.~Mitselmakher}
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611} 
\author{A.~Miyamoto}
\affiliation{High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{N.~Moggi}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy} 
\author{B.~Mohr}
\affiliation{University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California  90024} 
\author{R.~Moore}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{M.~Morello}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{P.A.~Movilla~Fernandez}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{J.~Muelmenstaedt}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{A.~Mukherjee}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{M.~Mulhearn}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{T.~Muller}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{R.~Mumford}
\affiliation{The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218} 
\author{A.~Munar}
\affiliation{University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104} 
\author{P.~Murat}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{J.~Nachtman}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{S.~Nahn}
\affiliation{Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520} 
\author{I.~Nakano}
\affiliation{Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan}
\author{A.~Napier}
\affiliation{Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155} 
\author{R.~Napora}
\affiliation{The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218} 
\author{D.~Naumov}
\affiliation{University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131} 
\author{V.~Necula}
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611} 
\author{T.~Nelson}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{C.~Neu}
\affiliation{University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104} 
\author{M.S.~Neubauer}
\affiliation{University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California  92093} 
\author{J.~Nielsen}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{T.~Nigmanov}
\affiliation{University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260} 
\author{L.~Nodulman}
\affiliation{Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439} 
\author{O.~Norniella}
\affiliation{Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain} 
\author{T.~Ogawa}
\affiliation{Waseda University, Tokyo 169, Japan} 
\author{S.H.~Oh}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{Y.D.~Oh}
\affiliation{Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701; Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; and SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746; Korea} 
\author{T.~Ohsugi}
\affiliation{Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima 724, Japan} 
\author{T.~Okusawa}
\affiliation{Osaka City University, Osaka 588, Japan} 
\author{R.~Oldeman}
\affiliation{University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom} 
\author{R.~Orava}
\affiliation{Division of High Energy Physics, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki Institute of Physics, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland}
\author{W.~Orejudos}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{K.~Osterberg}
\affiliation{Division of High Energy Physics, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki Institute of Physics, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland}
\author{C.~Pagliarone}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{E.~Palencia}
\affiliation{Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain} 
\author{R.~Paoletti}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{V.~Papadimitriou}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{A.A.~Paramonov}
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637} 
\author{S.~Pashapour}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{J.~Patrick}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{G.~Pauletta}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Trieste/\ Udine, Italy} 
\author{M.~Paulini}
\affiliation{Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA  15213} 
\author{C.~Paus}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{D.~Pellett}
\affiliation{University of California, Davis, Davis, California  95616} 
\author{A.~Penzo}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Trieste/\ Udine, Italy} 
\author{T.J.~Phillips}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{G.~Piacentino}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{J.~Piedra}
\affiliation{Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain} 
\author{K.T.~Pitts}
\affiliation{University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801} 
\author{C.~Plager}
\affiliation{University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California  90024} 
\author{L.~Pondrom}
\affiliation{University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706} 
\author{G.~Pope}
\affiliation{University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260} 
\author{X.~Portell}
\affiliation{Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain} 
\author{O.~Poukhov}
\affiliation{Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-141980 Dubna, Russia} 
\author{N.~Pounder}
\affiliation{University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom} 
\author{F.~Prakoshyn}
\affiliation{Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-141980 Dubna, Russia} 
\author{A.~Pronko}
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611} 
\author{J.~Proudfoot}
\affiliation{Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439} 
\author{F.~Ptohos}
\affiliation{Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, I-00044 Frascati, Italy} 
\author{G.~Punzi}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{J.~Rademacker}
\affiliation{University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom} 
\author{M.A.~Rahaman}
\affiliation{University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260} 
\author{A.~Rakitine}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{S.~Rappoccio}
\affiliation{Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138} 
\author{F.~Ratnikov}
\affiliation{Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855} 
\author{H.~Ray}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{B.~Reisert}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{V.~Rekovic}
\affiliation{University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131} 
\author{P.~Renton}
\affiliation{University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom} 
\author{M.~Rescigno}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1, University di Roma ``La Sapienza," I-00185 Roma, Italy}
\author{F.~Rimondi}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy} 
\author{K.~Rinnert}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{L.~Ristori}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{W.J.~Robertson}
\affiliation{Duke University, Durham, North Carolina  27708} 
\author{A.~Robson}
\affiliation{Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom}
\author{T.~Rodrigo}
\affiliation{Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain} 
\author{S.~Rolli}
\affiliation{Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155} 
\author{R.~Roser}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{R.~Rossin}
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611} 
\author{C.~Rott}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{J.~Russ}
\affiliation{Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA  15213} 
\author{V.~Rusu}
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637} 
\author{A.~Ruiz}
\affiliation{Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain} 
\author{D.~Ryan}
\affiliation{Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155} 
\author{H.~Saarikko}
\affiliation{Division of High Energy Physics, Department of Physics, University of Helsinki and Helsinki Institute of Physics, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland}
\author{S.~Sabik}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{A.~Safonov}
\affiliation{University of California, Davis, Davis, California  95616} 
\author{R.~St.~Denis}
\affiliation{Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom}
\author{W.K.~Sakumoto}
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627} 
\author{G.~Salamanna}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1, University di Roma ``La Sapienza," I-00185 Roma, Italy}
\author{D.~Saltzberg}
\affiliation{University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California  90024} 
\author{C.~Sanchez}
\affiliation{Institut de Fisica d'Altes Energies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, E-08193, Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain} 
\author{L.~Santi}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Trieste/\ Udine, Italy} 
\author{S.~Sarkar}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1, University di Roma ``La Sapienza," I-00185 Roma, Italy}
\author{K.~Sato}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{P.~Savard}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{A.~Savoy-Navarro}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{P.~Schlabach}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{E.E.~Schmidt}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{M.P.~Schmidt}
\affiliation{Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520} 
\author{M.~Schmitt}
\affiliation{Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois  60208} 
\author{T.~Schwarz}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{L.~Scodellaro}
\affiliation{Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain} 
\author{A.L.~Scott}
\affiliation{University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106} 
\author{A.~Scribano}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{F.~Scuri}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{A.~Sedov}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{S.~Seidel}
\affiliation{University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131} 
\author{Y.~Seiya}
\affiliation{Osaka City University, Osaka 588, Japan} 
\author{A.~Semenov}
\affiliation{Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-141980 Dubna, Russia} 
\author{F.~Semeria}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy} 
\author{L.~Sexton-Kennedy}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{I.~Sfiligoi}
\affiliation{Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, I-00044 Frascati, Italy} 
\author{M.D.~Shapiro}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{T.~Shears}
\affiliation{University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZE, United Kingdom} 
\author{P.F.~Shepard}
\affiliation{University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260} 
\author{D.~Sherman}
\affiliation{Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138} 
\author{M.~Shimojima}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{M.~Shochet}
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637} 
\author{Y.~Shon}
\affiliation{University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706} 
\author{I.~Shreyber}
\affiliation{Institution for Theoretical and Experimental Physics, ITEP, Moscow 117259, Russia} 
\author{A.~Sidoti}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{A.~Sill}
\affiliation{Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409} 
\author{P.~Sinervo}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{A.~Sisakyan}
\affiliation{Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, RU-141980 Dubna, Russia} 
\author{J.~Sjolin}
\affiliation{University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RH, United Kingdom} 
\author{A.~Skiba}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{A.J.~Slaughter}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{K.~Sliwa}
\affiliation{Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155} 
\author{D.~Smirnov}
\affiliation{University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131} 
\author{J.R.~Smith}
\affiliation{University of California, Davis, Davis, California  95616} 
\author{F.D.~Snider}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{R.~Snihur}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{M.~Soderberg}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{A.~Soha}
\affiliation{University of California, Davis, Davis, California  95616} 
\author{S.V.~Somalwar}
\affiliation{Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855} 
\author{J.~Spalding}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{M.~Spezziga}
\affiliation{Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409} 
\author{F.~Spinella}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{P.~Squillacioti}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{H.~Stadie}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{M.~Stanitzki}
\affiliation{Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520} 
\author{B.~Stelzer}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{O.~Stelzer-Chilton}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{D.~Stentz}
\affiliation{Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois  60208} 
\author{J.~Strologas}
\affiliation{University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131} 
\author{D.~Stuart}
\affiliation{University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106} 
\author{J.~S.~Suh}
\affiliation{Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701; Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; and SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746; Korea} 
\author{A.~Sukhanov}
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611} 
\author{K.~Sumorok}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{H.~Sun}
\affiliation{Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155} 
\author{T.~Suzuki}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{A.~Taffard}
\affiliation{University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801} 
\author{R.~Tafirout}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{H.~Takano}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{R.~Takashima}
\affiliation{Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan}
\author{Y.~Takeuchi}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{K.~Takikawa}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{M.~Tanaka}
\affiliation{Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439} 
\author{R.~Tanaka}
\affiliation{Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan}
\author{N.~Tanimoto}
\affiliation{Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan}
\author{M.~Tecchio}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{P.K.~Teng}
\affiliation{Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China} 
\author{K.~Terashi}
\affiliation{The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10021} 
\author{R.J.~Tesarek}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{S.~Tether}
\affiliation{Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts  02139} 
\author{J.~Thom}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{A.S.~Thompson}
\affiliation{Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom}
\author{E.~Thomson}
\affiliation{University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104} 
\author{P.~Tipton}
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627} 
\author{V.~Tiwari}
\affiliation{Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA  15213} 
\author{S.~Tkaczyk}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{D.~Toback}
\affiliation{Texas A\&M University, College Station, Texas 77843} 
\author{K.~Tollefson}
\affiliation{Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan  48824} 
\author{T.~Tomura}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{D.~Tonelli}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{M.~T\"{o}nnesmann}
\affiliation{Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan  48824} 
\author{S.~Torre}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{D.~Torretta}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{S.~Tourneur}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{W.~Trischuk}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{R.~Tsuchiya}
\affiliation{Waseda University, Tokyo 169, Japan} 
\author{S.~Tsuno}
\affiliation{Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan}
\author{D.~Tsybychev}
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611} 
\author{N.~Turini}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{F.~Ukegawa}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{T.~Unverhau}
\affiliation{Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom}
\author{S.~Uozumi}
\affiliation{University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan} 
\author{D.~Usynin}
\affiliation{University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104} 
\author{L.~Vacavant}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{A.~Vaiciulis}
\affiliation{University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627} 
\author{A.~Varganov}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{S.~Vejcik~III}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{G.~Velev}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{V.~Veszpremi}
\affiliation{Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907} 
\author{G.~Veramendi}
\affiliation{University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801} 
\author{T.~Vickey}
\affiliation{University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801} 
\author{R.~Vidal}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{I.~Vila}
\affiliation{Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain} 
\author{R.~Vilar}
\affiliation{Instituto de Fisica de Cantabria, CSIC-University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain} 
\author{I.~Vollrath}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{I.~Volobouev}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{M.~von~der~Mey}
\affiliation{University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California  90024} 
\author{P.~Wagner}
\affiliation{Texas A\&M University, College Station, Texas 77843} 
\author{R.G.~Wagner}
\affiliation{Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439} 
\author{R.L.~Wagner}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{W.~Wagner}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{R.~Wallny}
\affiliation{University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California  90024} 
\author{T.~Walter}
\affiliation{Institut f\"{u}r Experimentelle Kernphysik, Universit\"{a}t Karlsruhe, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany} 
\author{Z.~Wan}
\affiliation{Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855} 
\author{M.J.~Wang}
\affiliation{Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan 11529, Republic of China} 
\author{S.M.~Wang}
\affiliation{University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida  32611} 
\author{A.~Warburton}
\affiliation{Institute of Particle Physics: McGill University, Montr\'{e}al, Canada H3A~2T8; and University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S~1A7} 
\author{B.~Ward}
\affiliation{Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom}
\author{S.~Waschke}
\affiliation{Glasgow University, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom}
\author{D.~Waters}
\affiliation{University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom} 
\author{T.~Watts}
\affiliation{Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855} 
\author{M.~Weber}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{W.C.~Wester~III}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{B.~Whitehouse}
\affiliation{Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155} 
\author{D.~Whiteson}
\affiliation{University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104} 
\author{A.B.~Wicklund}
\affiliation{Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439} 
\author{E.~Wicklund}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{H.H.~Williams}
\affiliation{University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104} 
\author{P.~Wilson}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{B.L.~Winer}
\affiliation{The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio  43210} 
\author{P.~Wittich}
\affiliation{University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104} 
\author{S.~Wolbers}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{C.~Wolfe}
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637} 
\author{M.~Wolter}
\affiliation{Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155} 
\author{M.~Worcester}
\affiliation{University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California  90024} 
\author{S.~Worm}
\affiliation{Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855} 
\author{T.~Wright}
\affiliation{University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109} 
\author{X.~Wu}
\affiliation{University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland} 
\author{F.~W\"urthwein}
\affiliation{University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California  92093} 
\author{A.~Wyatt}
\affiliation{University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom} 
\author{A.~Yagil}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{T.~Yamashita}
\affiliation{Okayama University, Okayama 700-8530, Japan}
\author{K.~Yamamoto}
\affiliation{Osaka City University, Osaka 588, Japan} 
\author{J.~Yamaoka}
\affiliation{Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855} 
\author{C.~Yang}
\affiliation{Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520} 
\author{U.K.~Yang}
\affiliation{Enrico Fermi Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637} 
\author{W.~Yao}
\affiliation{Ernest Orlando Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720} 
\author{G.P.~Yeh}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{J.~Yoh}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{K.~Yorita}
\affiliation{Waseda University, Tokyo 169, Japan} 
\author{T.~Yoshida}
\affiliation{Osaka City University, Osaka 588, Japan} 
\author{I.~Yu}
\affiliation{Center for High Energy Physics: Kyungpook National University, Taegu 702-701; Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742; and SungKyunKwan University, Suwon 440-746; Korea} 
\author{S.~Yu}
\affiliation{University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104} 
\author{J.C.~Yun}
\affiliation{Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory, Batavia, Illinois 60510} 
\author{L.~Zanello}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma 1, University di Roma ``La Sapienza," I-00185 Roma, Italy}
\author{A.~Zanetti}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Trieste/\ Udine, Italy} 
\author{I.~Zaw}
\affiliation{Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138} 
\author{F.~Zetti}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Pisa, Universities of Pisa, Siena and Scuola Normale Superiore, I-56127 Pisa, Italy} 
\author{J.~Zhou}
\affiliation{Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08855} 
\author{S.~Zucchelli}
\affiliation{Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, University of Bologna, I-40127 Bologna, Italy} 

top_R_prl.tex
%
% PRL for top branching fraction
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%Title of paper
\title{\boldmath Measurement of ${\cal B}(t\rightarrow Wb)/
{\cal B}(t\rightarrow Wq)$ at the Collider Detector at Fermilab}

% repeat the \author .. \affiliation  etc. as needed
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\collaboration{CDF Collaboration}
\noaffiliation

\date{\today}

\newcommand{\qqbar}{\ensuremath{q\bar q}}
\newcommand{\Wenu}{\ensuremath{W\rightarrow e \nu}}
\newcommand{\Zee}{\ensuremath{Z\rightarrow e^{+}e}^{-}}
%\newcommand{\met}{${\hbox{$E$\kern-0.6em\lower-.1ex\hbox{/}}}_T$}
%\newcommand{\met}{\ensuremath{\not\!\! E_T}}
\newcommand{\met}{\ensuremath{E\kern-0.6em\lower-.1ex\hbox{/}_T}}
\newcommand{\metx}{\ensuremath{E\kern-0.6em\lower-.1ex\hbox{/}_{T_x}}}

\begin{abstract}
  We present a measurement of the ratio of top-quark branching
  fractions $R= {\cal B}(t\rightarrow Wb)/{\cal B}(t\rightarrow Wq)$,
  where $q$ can be a $b$, $s$ or a $d$ quark,
  using lepton-plus-jets and dilepton data sets with integrated
  luminosity of $\sim$162~pb$^{-1}$ collected with the Collider Detector at
  Fermilab during Run~II of the Tevatron.  The measurement is derived
  from the relative numbers of $t\bar{t}$ events with different multiplicity of
  identified secondary vertices.
  %in  which the $t\bar{t}$ background has been determined as a function
  %the secondary vertex multiplicity.
  We set a lower limit of $R>0.61$ at 95\% confidence level.

\vspace{0.5cm}  
\end{abstract}

% insert suggested PACS numbers in braces on next line
\pacs{14.65.Ha, 12.15.Hh}
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%\keywords{}

%\maketitle must follow title, authors, abstract, \pacs, and \keywords
\maketitle

The top quark as described by the Standard Model (SM) is expected to
decay to a $W$ boson and a bottom quark at least 99.8\% of the time at
90\% confidence level (CL)~\cite{pdg}.  The Cabbibo-Kobayashi-Maskawa
(CKM) quark-mixing matrix~\cite{c,km} element $|V_{tb}|$ is expected
to be very close to unity from the assumption of a unitary,
three-generation matrix and the measured small values of $|V_{ub}|$
and $|V_{cb}|$~\cite{pdg}.  A measurement of the ratio of top-quark
branching fractions $R = {\cal B}(t\rightarrow Wb)/{\cal
  B}(t\rightarrow Wq)$, where $q$ can be a $b$, $s$ or a $d$ quark,
significantly less than unity would contradict our current theoretical
assumptions, implying either non-SM top decay, a non-SM background to
top-pair production, or a fourth generation of quarks.  A previous
measurement has set a lower limit of $R > 0.56$ at 95\%
CL~\cite{oldR}.  In this Letter we present a measurement of $R$ using
$t\bar{t}$ events collected at the Collider Detector at Fermilab (CDF)
during Run~II of the Tevatron, a proton-antiproton collider with
center of mass energy of $\sqrt{s}=1.96$~TeV.  The integrated
luminosity of the data sample used in this analysis is
$\sim$162~pb$^{-1}$.

Our measurement uses $t\bar{t}$-pair events.  The
lifetime of top is too short for hadronization to occur, and the SM
strongly favors an essentially immediate decay of each quark to a real
$W$ boson and weak-isospin -1/2 quark; if $R=1$, this is always a $b$
quark.  To maintain high detection and trigger efficiencies and low
background levels, we only consider $t\bar{t}$ final states in which
at least one $W$ has decayed leptonically.  Events in which one $W$
decays leptonically are called ``lepton-plus-jets'' (L+J) events, and
events with two leptonic decays are called ``dilepton'' (DIL) events.
Values of $R$ are determined separately for each of these sets of
events, and are combined in the end to set a lower limit on $R$.  The
greater statistical power comes from the L+J sample.

The measurement requires both the counting of $b$-quark jets and the
determination of the $t\bar{t}$ content as a function of the $b$-quark
multiplicity.  We identify (``tag'') $b$-quark jets by identifying
displaced secondary vertices using the SECVTX algorithm~\cite{l+j}.
$R$ is extracted from the relative rates of events with zero, one, and
two tags; any two rates determine $R$ uniquely, while all three rates
jointly overdetermine $R$.  A novel feature of this measurement is the
inclusion of the 0-tag L+J event rate, which is determined using event
kinematics and an artificial neural net (ANN) technique.  As $R$
depends only on relative rates, this measurement is independent of any
assumptions of the overall $t\bar{t}$ cross section.  However, our
measurement of $R$ does depend critically on the knowledge of the
efficiency to identify $b$ jets.  To extract $R$ we use the efficiency
to tag jets in $t\bar{t}$ events estimated with a Monte Carlo (MC)
sample in which tagging efficiencies have been tuned to match jet
data~\cite{l+j}.

The CDF detector for Run~II~\cite{cdfII_new} consists of a
charged-particle tracking system in a magnetic field of 1.4 T,
segmented electromagnetic and hadronic 
calorimeters and muon detectors.  A silicon microstrip detector
provides tracking over the radial range 1.5 to 28~cm, and is essential
for the detection of displaced secondary vertices.  
%A 3.1-m-long
%open-cell drift chamber covers the radial range from 40 to 137~cm.
The fiducial region of the silicon detector covers the pseudo-rapidity
range $|\eta| < 2$, while the central tracking system and muon 
chambers provide coverage for $|\eta| < 1$~\cite{geom}.  
%Segmented electromagnetic and hadronic
%sampling calorimeters surround the tracking system and measure the
%energy flow of interacting particles in the range $|\eta| < 3.6$.  A
%set of drift chambers located outside the central hadron calorimeters
%and another set behind a 60~cm-thick iron shield, accompanied with scintillation counters, detect energy
%deposition from muon candidates with $|\eta| \leq 0.6$.  Additional
%drift chambers and scintillation counters detect muons in the region
%$0.6 \leq |\eta| < 1.0$.  
A three-level trigger system is used to
select events with electron (muon) candidates with $E_T$ ($p_T$) $>
18$~GeV (18 GeV/$c$), which form the data set for this analysis.
%Trigger efficiencies for both L+J and DIL
%events are typically greater than 90\%.

L+J events consist of one isolated high-$p_T$ lepton ($e$ or
$\mu$), large missing transverse energy ($\met$) due to the undetected
neutrino, and four hadronic jets.  Two of these jets arise from the
hadronic decay of the other $W$, and the other two arise from the
top-daughter quarks $q$.  The L+J selection requirements are described
in detail elsewhere~\cite{l+j}.  Briefly, we require the presence of
an isolated lepton which has transverse momentum greater than
20~GeV/$c$, that $\met$ is at least 20~GeV, and that there is a
minimum of four jets, clustered with a cone-based algorithm having
cone dimension $\Delta R = \sqrt{(\Delta \phi)^2+(\Delta \eta)^2} =
0.4$, within $|\eta| < 2$ and with corrected transverse
energy~\cite{l+j} greater than 15~GeV.  These requirements select 107
events.

DIL events consist of two charged leptons ($ee$, $\mu\mu$ or
$e\mu$), large $\met$ due to the undetected neutrinos, and two jets
from the top-daughter quarks $q$.  The DIL selection requirements are
described in detail elsewhere~\cite{dil}.  Compared to the L+J
selection, we demand an additional lepton, but only a minimum of two
energy-corrected~\cite{dil} jets, with the same requirements as
before.  These requirements select 11 events.

Both event samples are subdivided on the basis of the number of
identified $b$ jets in the event.  The number of events in each
subsample with $i$ tagged jets are given in Table~\ref{yields}.  The
2-tag subsample is defined to include events with $\ge 2$ tags; in
this data sample we observe no events with more than two tagged jets.

\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{\label{yields} Summary of observed number of events with $i$~tags in
the L+J and DIL samples, with estimates of nominal $t\bar{t}$ event-tagging
efficiencies, background levels and expected event yields.  The
L+J 0-tag background is measured with an ANN.  The efficiency estimates
and the 1-tag and 2-tag L+J background estimates are given for $R=1$.  
Equations \ref{sig} and \ref{sig2} are used for the calculation of the 
expected total number of events $N_i^\text{exp}$. The statistical and 
systematic uncertainties have been combined.}
\begin{tabular*}{\columnwidth}{c@{\extracolsep{\fill}}c@{\extracolsep{\fill}}c@{\extracolsep{\fill}}c} \hline \hline
%
{\bf Lepton\,+\,Jets\,(L+J)} &{\bf 0-tag}& {\bf 1-tag} & {\bf 2-tag} \\ \hline
%
Efficiency 
($\epsilon_i(R=1)$) & 0.45 $\pm$ 0.03 & 0.43 $\pm$ 0.02 & 0.12 $\pm$ 0.02 \\
%
Background ($N_i^\text{bkg}$) & $62.4 \pm 9.0$ & $4.2\pm0.7$ & $0.2\pm0.1$ \\
%
Total expected ($N_i^\text{exp}$) &$80.4\pm 5.2$&$21.5\pm 4.1$ & $5.0\pm1.4$ \\
%
Observed ($N_i^\text{obs}$)  & 79     & 23  & 5 \\ \hline
%
%                      & \multicolumn{3}{c}{\bf Dileptons (DIL)} \\
{\bf Dileptons (DIL)}     & {\bf 0-tag} & {\bf 1-tag} & {\bf 2-tag} \\ \hline
Efficiency
($\epsilon_i(R=1)$)  & 0.47 $\pm$ 0.03 & 0.43 $\pm$ 0.02 & 0.10 $\pm$ 0.02 \\
%
Background ($N_i^\text{bkg}$) & $2.0\pm0.6$ & $0.2 \pm 0.1$  & $<0.01$ \\
%
Total expected ($N_i^\text{exp}$) &$6.1\pm0.4$&$4.0\pm 0.2$ & $0.9 \pm 0.2$ \\
%
Observed ($N_i^\text{obs}$)    & 5 & 4 & 2 \\ \hline \hline
%
\end{tabular*}
\end{table}

%\begin{table*}
%\centering
%\caption{\label{yields} Summary of observed number of events with $i$ tags in
%the L+J and DIL samples, with estimates of nominal $t\bar{t}$ event-tagging
%efficiencies, background levels and expected event yields.  The
%L+J 0-tag background is measured with a NN.  The {\it a priori}
%backgrounds and efficiency estimates are given for $R=1$.  Equations \ref{sig}
%and \ref{sig2} are used for the calculation of the expected total number of
%events. The statistical and systematic uncertainties are combined.}
%%\quad \\
%\begin{tabular}{clcccccc} \hline \hline
%%
%\multicolumn{2}{c}{ } & 
%\multicolumn{3}{c}{\bf Lepton + Jets (L+J)} &
%\multicolumn{3}{c}{\bf Dileptons (DIL)} \\
%%
%\multicolumn{2}{c}{ } &
%\multicolumn{1}{c}{\bf 0-tag} &
%\multicolumn{1}{c}{\bf 1-tag} &
%\multicolumn{1}{c}{\bf 2-tag} &
%\multicolumn{1}{c}{\bf 0-tag} &
%\multicolumn{1}{c}{\bf 1-tag} &
%\multicolumn{1}{c}{\bf 2-tag} \\ \hline
%%
%\multicolumn{2}{c}{Observed}    & 79 & 23 & 5 & 5 & 4 & 2 \\ \hline
%%
%%\multicolumn{2}{c}{$\epsilon_i\ (R=1)$}
%                                & 0.45 $\pm$ 0.03 & 0.43 $\pm$ 0.02 & 0.12 $\pm$ 0.02
%                      & 0.47 $\pm$ 0.03 & 0.43 $\pm$ 0.02 & 0.10 $\pm$ 0.02 \\
%
%%                     & $t \bar t$ & $16.6 \pm 8.9$ & $17.2 \pm 5.1$ & $4.9\pm 1.0$ & $4.1\pm0.3$ & $3.8\pm 0.3$ & $0.9\pm 0.1$ \\
%%                     & $t \bar t$ & $18.1\pm4.2$ & $17.3\pm 4.0$ & $4.8\pm 1.1$ & $4.1\pm0.3$ & $3.8\pm 0.3$ & $0.9\pm 0.1$ \\
%%
%%ANN                  & $W$+jets & $53.4 \pm 8.9$ & $4.8 \pm 5.1$                      & $0.0^{+1.0}_{-0.0}$ &                       & & \\
%%
%%measurement          & Non-$W$  & $9.0 \pm 2.3$ & $1.0 \pm 0.3$ & $0.1 \pm 0.1$ &                      & & \\
%%
%\multicolumn{2}{c}{ANN Bkgnd}  & $62.4 \pm 9.2$ & $5.8 \pm 5.1$
%                      & $0.1^{+1.0}_{-0.1}$ &
%                       & & \\
%%
%\multicolumn{2}{c}{\centering {\it a priori} Bkgnd} &                & $4.2 \pm 0.7$ & $0.2\pm0.1$ & $2.0\pm0.6$
%                      & $0.2 \pm 0.1$  & negl. \\
%%
%\multicolumn{2}{c}{Total expected}  & $80.4 \pm 5.2$ & $21.5 \pm 4.1$ & $5.0\pm1.4$ & $6.1\pm0.4$
%                      & $4.0 \pm 0.2$  & $0.9 \pm 0.2$ \\ \hline \hline
%\end{tabular}
%\end{table*}

In the L+J sample, the dominant background is $W$ production in
association with jets from QCD processes (``$W$+jets'' events).  In
the 1-tag and 2-tag subsamples we make an {\it a priori} estimate of
the backgrounds with a collection of data-driven and simulation
techniques that are described in detail elsewhere~\cite{l+j}.  The
backgrounds in these subsamples include $W$ production in association
with heavy-flavor jets ($Wb\bar{b}$, $Wc\bar{c}$, $Wc$), $W$
production in association with light-flavor jets that are incorrectly
identified as $b$ jets (``mistags''), QCD multi-jet (``QCD'') events
containing fake or real leptons and/or incorrectly-measured $\met$,
dibosons ($WW$, $WZ$) and single-top quark production.  The background
estimate requires a small correction for $R \neq 1$.  The background
estimate for $R=1$ in these subsamples is given in Table~\ref{yields}.
The uncertainties on the estimate are dominated by uncertainties in
the fraction of $W$+jets events that include heavy flavor and on the
normalization of the QCD background rate.

By construction, the {\it a priori} method cannot predict the
background level in the 0-tag L+J sample, where the $W$+jets
production rate dominates that for $t\bar{t}$ pairs; instead we make
use of event kinematics~\cite{dima}.  The artificial neural
net~\cite{snns} is trained with the $t\bar{t}$ signal
(HERWIG~\cite{herwig}) and $W$+jets background
(HERWIG+ALPGEN~\cite{alpgen}) events simulated with a detailed
detector description based on GEANT~\cite{geant}.  There is an
additional QCD background which is modeled using data with
non-isolated leptons.  We find optimal signal to background
discrimination with an ANN structure of nine input variables, one
intermediate layer with ten nodes, and one output unit.  The variables
used are the transverse energies of the four leading jets, the minimum
di-jet mass, the di-jet transverse mass with value closest to the mass
of the $W$, the scalar sum of the transverse energies of all leptons
and jets, the total longitudinal momentum divided by the total
transverse momentum, and the event aplanarity.

The ANN output ranges from zero for background-like events to one for
signal-like events.  We perform a binned maximum likelihood fit of the
ANN output distribution for the $t\bar{t}$ fraction in the 0-tag
subsample.  The fraction of events from QCD backgrounds is fixed to
11.4\% in this fit.  These events are characterized by the
non-isolation of the lepton and small $\met$, and the fixed rate is
based on comparing to control regions with either low $\met$ or poor
isolation~\cite{l+j}.  The resulting measurement of background rates
in the 0-tag L+J subsample is given in Table~\ref{yields}.  The fit of
the distribution of ANN outputs for this subsample is shown in
Figure~\ref{ann}.
%
%\begin{table}
%\caption{\label{annt} Measurement of signal and background rates in the
%L+J sample from the artificial neural network.  The non-$W$ background
%size is independently estimated.  The uncertainties are combined 
%statistical and systematic.}
%\begin{tabular}{ccccc} \hline \hline
%&
%\multicolumn{1}{c}{\bf All} &
%\multicolumn{1}{c}{\bf 0-tag} &
%\multicolumn{1}{c}{\bf 1-tag} &
%\multicolumn{1}{c}{\bf 2-tag} \\ \hline 
%$t\bar{t}$   & $43.9\pm11.4$ & $16.6\pm8.9$ & $17.2\pm5.1$ & $4.9\pm 1.0$ \\
%$W$+jets     & $52.4\pm11.4$ & $53.4\pm8.9$ & $4.8\pm5.1$ & $0.0^{+1.0}_{-0.0}$ \\
%Non-$W$      & $10.7\pm2.7$ & $9.0\pm2.3$ & $1.0\pm0.3$ & $0.1\pm 0.1$ \\
%Total Background        & $63.1\pm11.7 $ & $62.4\pm9.2$ & $5.8\pm5.1$ & $0.1^{+1.0}_{-0.1}$ \\
%\hline \hline
%\end{tabular}
%\end{table}
%
\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fit_0}
\caption{Fit of the ANN output in the 0-tag L+J data set (triangles)
  with a sum of 3 components: $W$+jets (upper), QCD multi-jet
  (middle), and $t\bar t$ (lower). The QCD normalization is
  independently estimated and not varied in the fit; its
  shape is determined from the non-isolated lepton data.  }
\label{ann}
\end{figure}

Systematic uncertainties in the ANN-determined backgrounds are
dominated by our understanding of the jet energy scale, the
renormalization and factorization scale, and the shape of the QCD
template and are strongly anti-correlated between the $t\bar{t}$ and
$W$+jets measurements.  Our ANN-measured $t\bar{t}$ content in the L+J
sample without any tagging requirement is consistent with that found
in our earlier measurement of the $t\bar{t}$ production cross
section~\cite{nnxsec}.  The procedure is repeated in the 1-tag and
2-tag samples, yielding background rates of $5.8 \pm 5.2$ and
$0.1^{+1.0}_{-0.1}$ respectively, consistent with the {\it a priori}
estimates shown in Table~\ref{yields}.  As the {\it a priori}
estimates have smaller uncertainties in the 1-tag and 2-tag
subsamples, the ANN-determined background level is used only for the
L+J 0-tag subsample.

The main backgrounds in the DIL sample are Drell-Yan production
including lepton pairs from the $Z$ resonance, dibosons, and $W$+jets
events with fake leptons.  The total background level of 2.2 $\pm$ 0.6
events in the DIL sample has been estimated elsewhere~\cite{dil}.  The
Drell-Yan rate in $ee$ and $\mu\mu$ events is estimated using
simulated data normalized to the observed rate of $Z$ events in the data.
Other electroweak backgrounds are estimated from MC simulations. The
fake-lepton background is estimated by multiplying each jet in $W$ plus three
or more jet events by a lepton fake rate, measured in complementary jet
samples.
%rates are based on
%measurements in complementary lepton-poor data samples.

Most of the jets in the DIL background events arise from generic QCD
radiation.  To determine the background distribution across the
$i$-tag subsamples, we apply a parameterization of the probability to
tag a generic QCD jet~\cite{l+j}, derived from jet-triggered data
samples, to the jets in the DIL sample, correcting for the enriched
$t\bar{t}$ content of the sample.  The resulting estimates are given
in Table~\ref{yields}; the background in the 2-tag subsample is
negligible.

The $t\bar{t}$ event-tagging efficiency $\epsilon_i$, defined as the
probability to observe $i$ tags in a $t\bar{t}$ event, depends on the
fiducial acceptances for jets that can potentially be tagged, and the
efficiencies to tag those jets~\cite{dima}.  Those efficiencies in
turn depend on the species of the underlying quark in the jet.  The
efficiency $\epsilon_i$ depends strongly on $R$, as $R \neq 1$ implies
fewer $b$ jets available for tagging, and more light-quark jets
available instead.  We use the jet acceptances and tagging
efficiencies to parameterize $\epsilon_i(R)$.  These quantities are
estimated with a sample of simulated $t\bar{t}$ events from the
PYTHIA~\cite{pythia} generator and CDF detector simulation, and their
uncertainties are dominated by our understanding of the control
samples of jet data used to calibrate tagging efficiencies in the
simulation.  The leading determiner of $\epsilon_i$ is the efficiency
to tag a $b$ jet from the decay $t \to Wb$; $\epsilon_b = 0.44 \pm
0.04$ for $b$ jets falling within the fiducial acceptance and having
at least two tracks with silicon information.  The $\epsilon_i$ values
also have small contributions from the efficiencies to tag jets from
$W \to cs$ hadronic decays and from additional QCD radiation in
$t\bar{t}$ events.  The nominal values of $\epsilon_i$ for $R = 1$ are
given in Table~\ref{yields}.  The value of $\epsilon_0$ ($\epsilon_2$)
changes by -0.28 (0.09) as $R$ changes from 0.5 to 1.

The expected event yield in each of the three tagged subsets of each
of the L+J and DIL samples is
\begin{equation}
N_i^\text{exp} = N_\text{inc}^{t\bar{t}} \cdot \epsilon_i(R) + N_i^\text{bkg}\,,
\label{sig}
\end{equation}
where $N_i^\text{bkg}$ is the number of background events in the $i$-tag
subsample and $N_\text{inc}^{t\bar{t}}$ is an estimate of the inclusive
number of $t\bar{t}$ events in the sample, determined by
\begin{equation}
N_\text{inc}^{t\bar{t}} = \sum\nolimits_i (N_i^\text{obs} - N_i^\text{bkg})\,,
\label{sig2}
\end{equation}
where $N_i^\text{obs}$ is the observed number of events in each
subsample.  In this construction, the measured value of $R$ is
independent of any assumption of the overall rate of $t\bar{t}$
production, and is thus sensitive only to the relative
numbers of $t\bar{t}$ events with $i$ tags.

The full likelihood is a product of independent likelihoods for the
L+J and DIL samples.  Each likelihood is a product of Poisson
functions comparing $N_i^\text{obs}$ to $N_i^\text{exp}$ for each value of $i$,
multiplied by Gaussian functions which incorporate systematic
uncertainties in the event-tagging efficiencies and backgrounds,
taking into account the correlations across the different subsamples.
These include correlations in the event-tagging efficiencies through
the single-jet tagging efficiencies; in the common methodology of the
{\it a priori} estimates in the tagged L+J samples; and in the overall
normalization of the DIL backgrounds.  There are a total of five free
parameters in the likelihood to account for these systematic
uncertainties.

\begin{figure}
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{_CLpubl}% Here is how to import EPS art
\caption{The upper plot shows the likelihood as a function of $R$ (inset) and
  its negative logarithm. The intersections of the horizontal
  line $\ln(L)=-0.5$ with the likelihood define the statistical $1
  \sigma$ errors on $R$.  The lower plot shows 95\% (outer), 90\%
  (central), and 68\% (inner) CL bands for $R_{true}$ as a function of
  $R$. Our measurement of $R = 1.12$ (vertical line) implies $R >
  0.61$ at the 95\% CL (horizontal line).}
\label{fc}
\end{figure}

The resulting likelihood as a function of $R$ is shown in
Figure~\ref{fc}, along with the negative logarithm of the
likelihood.  We find a central value of
$R~=~1.12^{+0.21}_{-0.19}({\rm stat})^{+0.17}_{-0.13}({\rm syst})$.  The dominant
systematic uncertainties arise from the uncertainty on the background
measurement in the 0-tag L+J sample ($^{+0.14}_{-0.11}$) and from the
overall normalization of the tagging efficiencies
($^{+0.09}_{-0.06}$).  Taken separately, the two final states of
$t\bar{t}$ give consistent results for $R$; the L+J sample alone
yields $R = 1.02^{+0.23+0.21}_{-0.20-0.13}$, and the DIL sample alone
yields $R = 1.41^{+0.46+0.17}_{-0.40-0.13}$.  These $R$ results are
consistent with the SM expectations.
%\begin{figure}[t]
%\includegraphics[scale=.4]{lhf_branching_3}% Here is how to import EPS art
%\caption{Likelihood as a function of $R$ (inset) and its negative logarithm.}
%\label{like}
%\end{figure}

The ratio $R$ can only take on physical values between zero and unity.
We use the Feldman-Cousins prescription~\cite{fc} to set a lower
limit on $R$.  We generate ensembles of pseudo-experiments for
different input values of $R$ ($R_{true}$), and vary the input
quantities of the analysis, {\it e.g.} the background estimates,
taking correlations into account.  Using the likelihood-ratio ordering
principle, we find the acceptance intervals as shown in
Figure~\ref{fc}.  With our measured value of $R$, we find that $R > 0.61$
at the 95\% CL.

Our lower limit on $R$ is the strongest limit on this top-quark
branching ratio to date.  Within the SM, $R =
\frac{|V_{tb}|^2}{|V_{tb}|^2 + |V_{ts}|^2 + |V_{td}|^2}$, up to
phase-space factors.  Assuming three generations and the unitarity of
the CKM matrix, the denominator is unity, and we estimate $|V_{tb}| >
0.78$ at 95\% CL.  All of our measurements of $R$ are consistent with
the SM expectations.

\begin{acknowledgments}
  We thank the Fermilab staff and the technical staffs of the
  participating institutions for their vital contributions. This work
  was supported by the U.S. Department of Energy and National Science
  Foundation; the Italian Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare; the
  Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of
  Japan; the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of
  Canada; the National Science Council of the Republic of China; the
  Swiss National Science Foundation; the A.P. Sloan Foundation; the
  Bundesministerium f\"{u}r Bildung und Forschung, Germany; the Korean
  Science and Engineering Foundation and the Korean Research
  Foundation; the Particle Physics and Astronomy Research Council and
  the Royal Society, UK; the Russian Foundation for Basic Research;
  the Comision Interministerial de Ciencia y Tecnolog\'{i}a, Spain; in
  part by the European Community's Human Potential Programme under
  contract HPRN-CT-2002-00292; and the Academy of Finland.
\end{acknowledgments}

\bibliographystyle{apsrev}
\bibliography{top_R_prl}

% Create the reference section using BibTeX:
%\bibliography{tlj_secvtx_prd}
%\input{top_R_prl.bbl}

\end{document}
%

top_R_prl.bbl
\begin{thebibliography}{16}
\expandafter\ifx\csname natexlab\endcsname\relax\def\natexlab#1{#1}\fi
\expandafter\ifx\csname bibnamefont\endcsname\relax
  \def\bibnamefont#1{#1}\fi
\expandafter\ifx\csname bibfnamefont\endcsname\relax
  \def\bibfnamefont#1{#1}\fi
\expandafter\ifx\csname citenamefont\endcsname\relax
  \def\citenamefont#1{#1}\fi
\expandafter\ifx\csname url\endcsname\relax
  \def\url#1{\texttt{#1}}\fi
\expandafter\ifx\csname urlprefix\endcsname\relax\def\urlprefix{URL }\fi
\providecommand{\bibinfo}[2]{#2}
\providecommand{\eprint}[2][]{\url{#2}}

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