(1) whetherthe plaintiff [is] one of the class for whose especial benefit the statute was enacted; (2) whether there [is] any indication of legislative intent, explicit or implicit, either to create such a remedy or to deny one; (3) whether it [is] consistent with the underlying purposes of the legislative scheme to imply such a remedy; and (4) whether the cause of action [is] one traditionally relegated to state law, in an area basically the concern of the States, so that it would be inappropriate to infer a cause of action based solely on federal law.
Whether the cause of action is relegated to state law, so it would be inappropriate to base it on federal law.
Whether or not the cause of action should be relegated to state or federal law is immaterial.