<s>[INST] Prove that $\lfloor\frac{n+1}{2}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{n+2}{4}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{n+4}{8}\rfloor+\lfloor\frac{n+8}{16}\rfloor+ \dots=n$ 
Prove $$\left[\dfrac{n+1}{2}\right]+\left[\dfrac{n+2}{4}\right]+\left[\dfrac{n+4}{8}\right]+\left[\dfrac{n+8}{16}\right] + \dots=n$$ 
  where $[x]=\lfloor x\rfloor$

$$$$
It was suggested that somehow I use the identity $[x]=\left[\dfrac x2\right]+\left[\dfrac{x+1}{2}\right]$$$$$After struggling for a while, I realised I wasn't getting anywhere using his hint, probably because I couldn't really understand how I was to use it. Instead I tried to use the Squeeze Theorem by rewriting the $nth$ term of the series (referred to later as S) as$$$$ $$t_n=\left[\dfrac{n+2^k}{2^{k+1}}\right] \text{ where } 0\le k<\infty$$
$$\Rightarrow \dfrac{n+2^k}{2^{k+1}}-1<\left[\dfrac{n+2^k}{2^{k+1}}\right]\le \dfrac{n+2^k}{2^{k+1}}$$
$$$$
$$ \lim_{k\to \infty}(k+1)\left(\dfrac{n+2^k}{2^{k+1}}-1\right)<S\le  \lim_{k\to \infty}(k+1)\left( \dfrac{n+2^k}{2^{k+1}}\right)$$
However these bounds are too loose as the limits diverge to $-\infty$ and $\infty$ respectively.
$$$$
Could somebody please show me how to prove the series is equal to $n$, either through the given hint, or through the selection of tighter bounds for the Squeeze Theorem? Many thanks!
 [/INST] For $x=\frac{n}{2^k}$, the identity you have means:
$$\left\lfloor \frac{n}{2^k}\right\rfloor =\left \lfloor \frac{n}{2^{k+1}}\right\rfloor+\left\lfloor \frac{n+2^k}{2^{k+1}}\right\rfloor$$
So prove by induction for any $m\geq 0$ that:
$$ n = \left\lfloor\frac{n}{2^m}\right\rfloor+\sum_{k=0}^{m-1}\left\lfloor\frac{x+2^{k}}{2^{k+1}}\right\rfloor$$
The pick $m$ so that $2^m>n$.
</s>