<s>[INST] Positive integral solutions of $3^x+4^y=5^z$ Are there more integral solutions for $3^x+4^y=5^z$, than $x=y=z=2$ ? 
If not, how do I show that? I could show that for $3^x+4^x=5^x$, but I'm stuck at the general case? Any ideas, maybe graphs, logarithms or infinite descent?
 [/INST] I will prove that the only positive integral solution to $3^x+4^y=5^z$ is $x=y=z=2$.
Proof. Looking at the equation mod $4$, we see $3^x\equiv 1\pmod{4}$, or equivalently, $(-1)^x\equiv 1\pmod{4}$. This implies $x=2x_1$ for some integer $x_1$. Also, looking at the equation mod 3, we see $5^z\equiv 1 \pmod{3}$, or equivalently $(-1)^{z}\equiv 1\pmod{3}$. This implies $z=2z_1$ for some integer $z_1$.  Thus,
$$
2^{2y}=4^{y}=(5^{z_1})^2-(3^{x_1})^2=(5^{z_1}+3^{x_1})(5^{z_1}-3^{x_1})
$$
Hence, $5^{z_1}+3^{x_1}=2^{s}$ and $5^{z_1}-3^{x_1}=2^{t}$, with $s>t$ and $s+t=2y$. Solving for $5^{z_1}$ and $3^{x_1}$, we get
$$
5^{z_1}=2^{t-1}(2^{s-t}+1) \ \ \textrm{ and } \ \ 3^{x_1}=2^{t-1}(2^{s-t}-1)
$$
Since the left side of both equalities is odd, $t$ must be equal to $1$. Let $u=s-t$. Then, the equation $3^{x_1}=2^{t-1}(2^{s-t}-1)$ becomes $3^{x_1}=2^{u}-1$. Looking at this equation mod $3$, we get
$0\equiv (-1)^{u}-1\pmod{3}$, and so $u$ is even, say $u=2u_1$ for some positive integer $u_1$.
Thus,
$$
3^{x_1}=(2^{u_1})^{2}-1=(2^{u_1}+1)(2^{u_1}-1)
$$
Hence, $2^{u_1}+1=3^{\alpha}$ and $2^{u_1}-1=3^{\beta}$ for some $\alpha>\beta$. But this gives, $3^{\alpha}-3^{\beta}=2$, and hence $\alpha=1$ and $\beta=0$. Consequently, $u_1=1$, and so $u=2$. This gives us the unique solution $x=y=z=2$.
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