<s>[INST] How to know that $a^3+b^3 = (a+b)(a^2-ab+b^2)$ Is there a way of go from $a^3+b^3$ to $(a+b)(a^2-ab+b^2)$ other than know the property by heart?
 [/INST] If you want to know if $a^n + b^n$ is divisible by $a+b$ (or by $a-b$, perhaps), you can always try long division, whether explicitly or in your head. I can't figure out a way to do the LaTeX or ASCII art for it here to do it explicitly, so I'll show you how one would do it "in one's head".
For example, for $a^3+b^3$, to divide $a^3+b^3$ by $a+b$, start by writing $a^3+b^3= (a+b)(\cdots)$. Then: we need to multiply $a$ by $a^2$ to get the $a^3$, so we will get $a^3+b^3=(a+b)(a^2+\cdots)$. The $a^2$ makes an unwanted $a^2b$ when multiplied by $b$, so we need ot get rid of it; how? We multiply $a$ by $-ab$. So now we have
$$a^3+b^3 = (a+b)(a^2-ab+\cdots).$$
But now you have an unwanted $-ab^2$ you get when you multiply $b$ by $-ab$; to get rid of that $-ab^2$, you have to "create" an $ab^2$. How? We multiply $a$ by $b^2$. So now we have:
$$a^3 + b^3 = (a+b)(a^2-ab+b^2+\cdots)$$
and then we notice that it comes out exactly, since we do want the $b^3$ that wee get when we multiply $b^2$ by $b$; so
$$a^3 + b^3 = (a+b)(a^2-ab+b^2).$$
If the expression you want is not divisible by what you are trying, you'll run into problems which require a "remainder". For instance, if you tried to do the same thing with $a^4+b^4$, you would start with $a^4+b^4 = (a+b)(a^3+\cdots)$; then to get rid of the extra $a^3b$, we subtract $a^2b$: $a^4+b^4 = (a+b)(a^3 - a^2b+\cdots)$. Now, to get rid of the unwanted $-a^2b^2$, we add $ab^2$, to get $a^4+b^4 = (a+b)(a^3-a^2b+ab^2+\cdots)$. Now, to get rid of the unwanted $ab^3$, we subtract $b^3$, to get
$$a^4+b^4 = (a+b)(a^3-a^2b+ab^2 - b^3+\cdots).$$
At this point we notice that we get an unwanted $-b^4$ (unwanted because we want $+b^4$, not $-b^4$). There is no way to get rid of it with the $a$, so this will be a "remainder". We need to cancel it out (by adding $b^4$) and then add what is still missing (another $b^4$), so
$$a^4 + b^4 = (a+b)(a^3-a^2b+ab^2 -b^3) + 2b^4.$$
(Which, by the way, tells you that $a^4-b^4 = (a+b)(a^3-a^2b+ab^2-b^3)$, by moving the $2b^4$ to the left hand side).
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