<s>[INST] Inequality. $(n+1)\left(a^{n+1}+b^{n+1}\right) \geq (a+b)\left(a^n+a^{n-1}b+\ldots+b^{n}\right). $ 
Let $a$ and $b$ be positive numbers, and $n \in \mathbb{N}$. Prove that (using Rearrangement Inequality)
$$(n+1)\left(a^{n+1}+b^{n+1}\right) \geq (a+b)\left(a^n+a^{n-1}b+\ldots+b^{n}\right). $$

Thanks :)
 [/INST] The inequality is obviously true if $a = b$, because we have $2(n+1)a^{n+1}\geq 2na^{n+1}$, which is true for $a\geq 0$.
Now, if $a\neq b$, we have $a^n+a^{n-1}b+\dots+b^n=\displaystyle\frac{a^{n+1}-b^{n+1}}{a-b}$. Let's assume $a>b$ (otherwise we can simply inverse the roles of $a$ and $b$). The inequality to prove is equivalent to $(n+1)(a^{n+1}+b^{n+1})(a-b)\geq (a+b)(a^{n+1}-b^{n+1})$, or  $(n+1)(a^{n+2}-b^{n+2} +ab(b^n - a^n))\geq a^{n+2}-b^{n+2}+ab(a^n-b^n)$, or again $n(a^{n+2}-b^{n+2})\geq nab(a^n-b^n)$, or $(a^{n+2}-b^{n+2})\geq ab(a^n-b^n)$, or $1-x^{n+2}\geq x(1-x^n)$ with $x = a/b$ (if $a=0$, then necessarily $b=0=a$ and this case has been covered previously).
Finally we need to prove that $\forall x\in [0,1), 1-x^{n+2}-x(1-x^n)=\varphi(x)\geq 0$.
Now $\varphi'(x) = -(n+2)x^{n+1}-1+(n+1)x^n = -1 -((n+2)x - (n+1))x^n$
We can call $g(x) = ((n+2)x - (n+1))x^n$. We have $g'(x)=(n+2)x^n + n((n+2)x-(n+1))x^{n-1}=((n+1)(n+2)x - n(n+1))x^{n-1}$. $g'(x) = 0$ when $x = x_n = \frac{n}{n+2}$, so $g$ is maximized in $x_n$ and $g(x_n) = -(n/(n+2))^n< 1$, which proves that $\varphi'<0$, and thus $\varphi$ is decreasing, which finally achieves to prove the initial inequality.
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