<s>[INST] Finding $x^2+y^2+z^2$ given that $x+y+z=0$, $x^3+y^3+z^3=3$ and $x^4+y^4+z^4=15$ I just ran into this:

$$\begin{align}
  x^1+y^1+z^1&=0\\
  x^3+y^3+z^3&=3\\
  x^4+y^4+z^4&=15\\
  x^2+y^2+z^2&=\text{?}
  \end{align}$$

I know the answer, but can this be solved without guessing?
 [/INST] Yes, this can be solved without guessing, using Newton's identities.
Since $x + y + z = 0$, they are the roots of $t^3 + at -b = 0$.
Newton's identities give us (in a straightforward mechanical manner) that
$$x^3 + y^3 + z^3 = 3b$$
$$x^4 + y^4 + z^4 = 2a^2$$
and
$$x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = -2a$$
This gives us $b=1$ and $2a^2 = 15$. 
You can solve for $a$ and find the value of $x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = -2a$. Note that if you assume $x,y,z$ are real, then you need to pick $a \lt 0$ which gives us 
$$x^2 + y^2 + z^2 = \sqrt{30}$$
Note that you did not even need to use the value of $x^3 + y^3 + z^3$.
You can also derive the above identities in a slightly tedious way, as in my answer here: Simplifying an expression $\frac{x^7+y^7+z^7}{xyz(x^4+y^4+z^4)}$ if we know $x+y+z=0$
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