<s>[INST] Trig Identity / Pythagorean Theorem confusion? I run into a problem when I'm trying to prove how $\tan^2x+1 = \sec^2x$, and $1+\cot^2x=\csc^2x$
I understand that $\sin^2x+\cos^2x = 1$. (To my understanding 1 is the Hypotenuse, please correct me if I'm wrong). If referring to a Pythagorean triangle, let's say a triangle where $a=3$, $b=4$, and $c=5$, or $a=\cos$ $b=\sin$ and $c=\text{hypotenuse}$.
$3^2 + 4^2 = 5^2$. Which is true and proves that this identity work. To my understanding, that is how this identity work.
However, when I try to make sense of the $\tan^2x+1 = \sec^2x$ and $1+\cot^2x=\csc^2x$ identity, using the triangle example from above, it doesn't work. For example, here's how I did it on paper,
$\tan^2x + 1 = {\sin^2x\over \cos^2x} + 1$, so I would get using the triangle above, ${4^2\over 3^2} + 1 = {16\over 9} + 1 = 2.777777778$
Now on the right hand side, $\sec^2x, = {1\over \cos^2x} = {1\over 3^2} = .1111111111$. The answer I get from $\tan^2x+1$ DOES NOT EQUAL the answer I get from $\sec^2x$. I think I may be misunderstanding a critical part here that I can't really pinpoint.
However, I do know that if I prove $\tan^2x+1 = \sec^2x$ using just the identity itself it does work, for example,
$\tan^2x+1 = {\sin^2x\over \cos^2x} + 1 = (\text{after some simplification}) = \sin^2x + {\cos^2x \over \cos^2x} = {1\over \cos^2x} =  \sec^2x$.
The same issue happens with $1+\cot^2x=\csc^2x$.
To my understanding, $\sin^2+\cos^2=1$ is the same as $a^2+b^2=c^2$. Am I right or wrong? I think there is a huge concept that I am missing between the UNIT CIRCLE and just TRIANGLES. 
 [/INST] Your issue is your understanding of the relationship between your basic trigonometry values and the sides of a triangle. You must keep in mind that the values of trigonometric functions are utilising the sides of your triangles in the following manner: $\sin(x) = \frac{opp}{hyp}$, $\cos(x) = \frac{adj}{hyp}$, and $\tan(x) = \frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)}$.
Let us use your example of a $3$, $4$, $5$ triangle to prove our identities. 

Let us go ahead and figure out our values of $\cos(x)$, $\sin(x)$, and $\tan(x)$:
$$\sin(x) = \frac{4}{5}\\
\cos(x) = \frac{3}{5}\\
\tan(x) = \frac{\sin(x)}{\cos(x)} = \frac{\frac{4}{5}}{\frac{3}{5}} = \frac{4}{3}.$$
Now that we have figured out our values, we may plug them into our identities: 
$$\sin^2(x) + \cos^2(x) = 1\\
\left(\frac{4}{5}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{3}{5}\right)^2 = 1\\
\frac{16}{25} + \frac{9}{25} = 1\\
\frac{25}{25} = 1$$
$\,$
$$1 + \cot^2(x) = \csc^2(x)\\
1 + \left(\frac{1}{\frac{4}{3}}\right)^2 = \left(\frac{1}{\frac{4}{5}}\right)^2\\
1 + \left(\frac{3}{4}\right)^2 = \left(\frac{5}{4}\right)^2\\
1 + \frac{9}{16} = \frac{25}{16}\\
\frac{16}{16} + \frac{9}{16} = \frac{25}{16}\\
\frac{25}{16} = \frac{25}{16}$$
Attempt to prove $\tan^2(x) + 1 = \sec^2(x)$ by yourself to see if you fully understand. 

A quick re-cap on the relationship of the three identities you proposed. Assuming you understand where $\sin^2(x) + \cos^2(x) = 1$ originated from, you should have no problems understanding where the next two identities originated from.
$1 + \cot^2(x) = \csc^2(x)$:
$$\sin^2(x) + \cos^2(x) = 1\\
\frac{\sin^2(x)}{\sin^2(x)} + \frac{\cos^2(x)}{\sin^2(x)} = \frac{1}{\sin^2(x)}\\
1 + \cot^2(x) = \csc^2(x)$$
$\tan^2(x) + 1 = \sec^2(x)$:
$$\sin^2(x) + \cos^2(x) = 1\\
\frac{\sin^2(x)}{\cos^2(x)} + \frac{\cos^2(x)}{\cos^2(x)} = \frac{1}{\cos^2(x)}\\
\tan^2(x) + 1 = \sec^2(x)$$
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