<s>[INST] Ways to Arrange 7 things given restrictions Let's say you have three $z$'s, two $x$'s, and two $y$'s. How many ways are there to arrange those $7$ variables given that $x$ and $y$ cannot be together? 
Ex: $zxzxzyy$ and $xxzzzyy$ are valid while $zyxzyzx$ and $xyzzyxz$ are not.
I tried approaching this problem by finding the total number of ways of arranging the $7$ variables (without any restrictions) which was $\frac{7!}{{3!}\cdot{2}\cdot{2}}$ which is ${7}\cdot{6}\cdot{5}$, or $210$.
Then I could subtract the number of impossible combinations, and I did that by grouping one $x$ and one $y$ together to make a O. Then I just calculated the number of ways to arrange O, one $x$, one $y$, and three $z$'s. That was $\frac{6!}{3!}$, which is $120$. Then I multiplied the product by $2$ because O could either be $xy$ or $yx$ to get $240$ total combinations. Since $240$ is greater than $210$, I knew at once that I had over counted. To account for the over counting, I tried to use P.I.E. But at this point I had totally confused myself and now I have no idea what's the right path to take. (Maybe I should have divided the product $120$ by $4$ to account for the duplicate $x$ and $y$ in O?)
 [/INST] We may select three of the seven positions for the $z$'s, two of the remaining four positions for the $x$'s, and fill the remaining two positions with the two $y$'s in
$$\binom{7}{3}\binom{4}{2}\binom{2}{2} = \binom{7}{3}\binom{4}{2}$$
ways.  From these, we must subtract the number of arrangements in which an $x$ and $y$ are adjacent.
A pair in which $x$ and $y$ are adjacent:  Place the $x$ and $y$ in a box.  We then have six objects to arrange: $x, y, z, z, z$ and the box containing an $x$ and a $y$.  Choose three of the six positions for the $z$'s.  Arrange the remaining three distinct objects in the remaining three positions.  Arrange the $x$ and $y$ within the box.  There are
$$\binom{6}{3}3!2!$$
such arrangements.
Two pairs in which an $x$ and $y$ are adjacent:  The pairs could be overlapping, meaning that we have $xyx$ or $yxy$, or they could be disjoint.
Overlapping pairs:  Consider the case in which two $x$'s are adjacent to a $y$.  Then we have five objects to arrange: $xyx, y, z, z, z$.  Choose three of the five positions for the $z$'s.  Arrange the remaining two distinct objects in the remaining two positions.  This can be done in
$$\binom{5}{3}2!$$
ways.  
By symmetry, there are also
$$\binom{5}{3}2!$$
arrangements in which two $y$'s are adjacent to an $x$.
Two disjoint pairs: We have five objects to arrange, three $z$'s and two boxes containing an $x$ and a $y$.  Choose three of the five positions for the $z$'s.  Fill the remaining two positions with the boxes.  Within each box, arrange the $x$ and $y$.  This can be done in
$$\binom{5}{3}2!2!$$
ways.  
Three pairs in which an $x$ and $y$ are adjacent:  For this to occur, the string must contain either have $xyxy$ or $yxyx$. 
Suppose the string contains $xyxy$.  Then we have four objects to arrange: $xyxy, z, z, z$.  Choose three of the four positions for the $z$'s.  The block $xyxy$ must fill the remaining positions.  There are 
$$\binom{4}{3}$$
such arrangements.
By symmetry, there are also
$$\binom{4}{3}$$
arrangements containing the string $yxyx$.
By the Inclusion-Exclusion Principle, the number of arrangements of the seven letters $x, x, y, y, z, z, z$ in which no $x$ and $y$ are adjacent is 
$$\binom{7}{3}\binom{4}{2} - \binom{6}{3}3!2! + \binom{2}{1}\binom{5}{3}2! + \binom{5}{3}2!2! - \binom{2}{1}\binom{4}{3}$$
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