<s>[INST] Characteristic polynomial of companion matrix I have a matrix in companion form,  
$$A=\begin{pmatrix}  0 & \cdots & 0& -a_{0} \\  1 & \cdots & 0 & -a_{1}\\ \vdots &\ddots & \vdots &\vdots \\ 0 &\cdots & 1 & -a_{n-1} \end{pmatrix}$$ 
where $A \in M_{n}$. I want to prove by induction that the characteristic polynomial is
$$p_{A}=t^{n}+a_{n-1}t^{n-1}+\cdots +a_{0}$$
The part that is confusing me is if we assume this hold for $A_{1}\in M_{n-1}$ how do we transform, or "add" to $A_{1}$ to get the n by n matrix $A\in M_{n}$? I hope this makes sense. 
 [/INST] As suggested in the comment above, expand along the first row:
$$\mathrm{det}(tI_n-A) = \mathrm{det} \begin{pmatrix}  t &  0 & \cdots & 0 & a_0 \\
                                         -1 &  t & \cdots & 0 & a_1 \\
                                       \vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots  \\
                                          0 &  0 & \cdots & -1 & t+a_{n-1} \end{pmatrix} = $$
$$ t \cdot \mathrm{det} \; \begin{pmatrix} t &  0 & \cdots & 0 & a_1 \\
                   -1 &  t & \cdots & 0 & a_2 \\
                  \vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots  \\
                    0 &  0 & \cdots & -1 & t+a_{n-1} \end{pmatrix} +
   (-1)^{1+n} a_0 \cdot \mathrm{det} \begin{pmatrix} -1 &  t & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
                               0 & -1 & t & \cdots & 0 \\
                  \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots  \\
                    0 &  0 & \cdots & 0 & -1 & \end{pmatrix} $$
By induction we can replace the determinant on the left by $a_1+a_2t+\cdots+a_{n-1}t^{n-2}+t^{n-1}$ and the second matrix's determinant is the product of its diagonals (since it's upper-triangular). The product of the diagonals is $(-1)^{n-1}$. Therefore, the determinant is $t(a_1+a_2t+\cdots+a_{n-1}t^{n-2}+t^{n-1})+(-1)^{n+1}(-1)^{n-1}a_0$. Which simplifies to $a_0+a_1t+\cdots+a_{n-1}t^{n-1}+t^n$.
[When writing this up, don't forget the base case for the induction.]
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