<s>[INST] Why does this process map every fraction to the golden ratio? Start with any positive fraction $\frac{a}{b}$.
First add the denominator to the numerator: $$\frac{a}{b} \rightarrow \frac{a+b}{b}$$
Then add the (new) numerator to the denominator:
$$\frac{a+b}{b} \rightarrow \frac{a+b}{a+2b}$$
So $\frac{2}{5} \rightarrow \frac{7}{5} \rightarrow \frac{7}{12}$.
Repeating this process appears to map every fraction to
$\phi$ and $\frac{1}{\phi}$:
$$
\begin{array}{ccccccccccc}
 \frac{2}{5} & \frac{7}{5} & \frac{7}{12} & \frac{19}{12} & \frac{19}{31} & \frac{50}{31} & \frac{50}{81} & \frac{131}{81} & \frac{131}{212} & \frac{343}{212} & \frac{343}{555} \\
 0.4 & 1.40 & 0.583 & 1.58 & 0.613 & 1.61 & 0.617 & 1.62 & 0.618 & 1.62 & 0.618 \\
\end{array}
$$
Another example:
$$
\begin{array}{ccccccccccc}
 \frac{11}{7} & \frac{18}{7} & \frac{18}{25} & \frac{43}{25} & \frac{43}{68} & \frac{111}{68} & \frac{111}{179} & \frac{290}{179} & \frac{290}{469} & \frac{759}{469} & \frac{759}{1228} \\
 1.57143 & 2.57 & 0.720 & 1.72 & 0.632 & 1.63 & 0.620 & 1.62 & 0.618 & 1.62 & 0.618 \\
\end{array}
$$

Q. Why?

 [/INST] First consider the sequence of every second fraction:
$$
 \frac{a_{2n+2}}{b_{2n+2}} = \frac{a_{2n}+b_{2n}}{a_{2n}+2b_{2n}} = \frac{\frac{a_{2n}}{b_{2n}} +1}{\frac{a_{2n}}{b_{2n}} + 2} = f(\frac{a_{2n}}{b_{2n}})
$$
where $f(x)$ is defined as 
$$
f(x) = \frac{x+1}{x+2} = 1 - \frac{1}{x+2}
$$
for $x \ge 0$.
Use the monotony of $f$ to show that $\left(\frac{a_{2n}}{b_{2n}}\right)_n$ is a monotonic and bounded sequence, and determine its limit $L$ as the (unique positive) fixed point of $f$.
Then consider the fractions with odd indices: $\frac{a_{2n}}{b_{2n}} \to L$ implies
$$
\frac{a_{2n+1}}{b_{2n+1}} = \frac{a_{2n} + b_{2n}}{b_{2n}} \to L + 1 \, .
$$
</s>