<unk>  is not generally treated except when it appears to threaten a pregnancy.<unk>  can be treated using<unk>  cerclage, a surgical technique that reinforces the<unk>  muscle by placing sutures above the opening of the cervix to narrow the<unk>  canal. Cerclage procedures usually entail closing the cervix through the vagina with the aid of a speculum. Another approach involves performing the cerclage through an abdominal incision. Transabdominal cerclage of the cervix makes it possible to place the stitch exactly at the level that is needed. It can be carried out when the cervix is very short, effaced or totally distorted. Cerclages are usually performed between weeks 12 to 14 of the pregnancy. The sutures are removed between weeks 36 and 38 to avoid problems during labor. The complications described in the literature have been rare: hemorrhage from damage to the veins at the time of the procedure; and fetal death due to uterine vessels occlusion. No significant differences in pregnancy outcomes were found in a study evaluating pregnancy outcomes after<unk>  conization. This study suggests for women with<unk>  insufficiency due to prior cone biopsy, cerclage is not superior to no intervention. As cerclage can induce preterm contractions without preventing premature delivery, makes the recommendation that it be used sparingly in women with a history of conization. A<unk>  pessary is being studied as an alternative to<unk>  cerclage since there are fewer potential complications. A silicone ring is placed at the opening to the cervix early in the pregnancy, and removed later in the pregnancy prior to the time of expected delivery. Further study is needed to determine whether a<unk>  pessary is equal or superiour to current management.
Cervical weakness
Cervical motion tenderness
Lumbar enlargement
Middle back pain
Back pain
Neuralgia
Radicular pain
Pelvic girdle pain