Central cyanosis Central cyanosis is often due to a circulatory or ventilatory problem that leads to poor blood oxygenation in the lungs. It develops when arterial oxygen saturation drops below 85% or 75%. Acute cyanosis can be a result of asphyxiation or choking and is one of the definite signs that ventilation is being blocked. Child with congenital<unk><unk>  with central cyanosis that is worsened by measles. Note the bluish-purple discoloration of the fingernails, lips, eyelids, and nose, along with prominent nail clubbing. Central cyanosis may be due to the following causes: # Central nervous system (impairing normal ventilation): #* Intracranial hemorrhage #* Drug overdose (e.g. heroin) #* Generalized tonic–clonic seizure (GTCS) # Respiratory system: #* Pneumonia #* Bronchiolitis #* Bronchospasm (e.g. asthma) #* Pulmonary hypertension #* Pulmonary embolism #* Hypoventilation #* Chronic obstructive pulmonary<unk> , or COPD (emphysema) # Cardiovascular system: #* Congenital<unk><unk>  (e.g. Tetralogy of Fallot, right to left shunts in<unk>  or great vessels) #*<unk>  failure #* Valvular<unk><unk>  #* Myocardial infarction # Hemoglobinopathies: #* Methemoglobinemia #* Sulfhemoglobinemia #* Polycythemia #* Congenital cyanosis (HbM Boston) arises from a mutation in the α-codon which results in a change of primary sequence, H → Y. Tyrosine stabilises the Fe(III) form (oxyhaemoglobin) creating a permanent T-state of Hb.peripheral vascular<unk> . # Others: #* High altitude, cyanosis may develop in ascents to altitudes >2400 m. #* Hypothermia #* Frostbite #* Obstructive sleep apnea Peripheral cyanosis Peripheral cyanosis is the blue tint in fingers or extremities, due to an inadequate or obstructed circulation. The blood reaching the extremities is not oxygen-rich and when viewed through the skin a combination of factors can lead to the appearance of a blue color. All factors contributing to central cyanosis can also cause peripheral symptoms to appear but peripheral cyanosis can be observed in the absence of<unk>  or lung failures. Small blood vessels may be restricted and can be treated by increasing the normal oxygenation level of the blood. right<unk>  hypertrophy, the direction of blood flow reverses, sending deoxygenated blood through the patent duct directly into the descending aorta while sparing the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, and left subclavian artery, therefore causing the differential cyanosis. Peripheral cyanosis may be due to the following causes: * All common causes of central cyanosis * Reduced cardiac output (e.g.<unk>  failure or hypovolemia) * Cold exposure * Chronic obstructive pulmonary<unk>  (COPD) *Arterial obstruction (e.g. peripheral vascular<unk> , Raynaud phenomenon) * Venous obstruction (e.g. deep vein thrombosis) Differential cyanosis This illustration depicts a self-induced local (tissue) hypoxia on the right hand (right side of the picture) versus a normal left hand (left side of the picture). The cyanosis was achieved by inflating and tightening the blood pressure cuff on the right arm.Differential cyanosis is the bluish coloration of the lower but not the upper extremity and the head. This is seen in patients with a patent ductus arteriosus. Patients with a large ductus develop progressive pulmonary vascular<unk> , and pressure overload of the right ventricle occurs. As soon as pulmonary pressure exceeds aortic pressure, shunt reversal (right-to-left shunt) occurs. The upper extremity remains pink because deoxygenated blood flows through the patent duct and directly into the descending aorta while sparing the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries.
symptom of Pulmonary heart disease
symptom of Pulmonary embolism
symptom of Air embolism
symptom of Bronchiolitis
symptom of Lung cancer
symptom of Coronary artery disease
symptom of Aspiration pneumonia
symptom of Bronchiectasis