Warthin-Starry silver stain) Colonization with<unk>  is not a disease in itself, but a condition associated with a number of disorders of the upper gastrointestinal tract. Testing is recommended if peptic ulcer disease or low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma (MALToma) is present, after endoscopic resection of early gastric cancer, for first-degree relatives with gastric cancer, and in certain cases of dyspepsia. Several methods of testing exist, including invasive and noninvasive testing methods. Noninvasive tests for<unk>  infection may be suitable and include blood antibody tests, stool antigen tests, or the carbon urea breath test (in which the patient drinks 14C – or 13C-labelled urea, which the bacterium metabolizes, producing labelled carbon dioxide that can be detected in the breath). It is not known which non-invasive test is more accurate for diagnosing a<unk>  infection, and the clinical significance of the levels obtained with these tests is not clear. An endoscopic biopsy is an invasive means to test for<unk>  infection. Low-level infections can be missed by biopsy, so multiple samples are recommended. The most accurate method for detecting<unk>  infection is with a histological examination from two sites after endoscopic biopsy, combined with either a rapid urease test or microbial culture.
Helicobacter pylori
Giardia duodenalis
Entamoeba histolytica
Neisseria mucosa
Cryptosporidium parvum
Entamoeba gingivalis
Campylobacter upsaliensis
Ancylostoma duodenale