<unk>  stenosis of the vena<unk>  is a rare<unk>  heart disease affecting 0.7 - 8.7% of the population. Vena<unk>  anomalies are very rare and arise from incorrect development in the foetal heart. The genetic occurrence leading to this condition is unknown but current studies identified the disease symptoms presents predominantly in adolescent males. Prevalence of the condition is very low as stenotic anomalies in vena<unk> e development are uncommon. Recognition of vena<unk>  anomalies is difficult and can result in minor complications if left unrecognised. Surgery is carried out for presenting symptoms associated with the condition. Difficulties in diagnosis contribute to the low incident rates as many people live asymptomatically with this disease for many years, having no impact on the patients’ life.
Congenital stenosis of vena cava
Persistent left superior vena cava
Absent pulmonary valve syndrome
Aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva
Anomalous pulmonary venous connection
Interrupted aortic arch
Stenosis of pulmonary artery
Aberrant subclavian artery