Each worm causes a mild inflammatory reaction at its site of contact with the intestine. In heavy infections which are common cause damage to the mucosa and produce intestinal pain and mucosa diarrhea. Sometimes eggs can enter the blood and lymph vascular systems through mucosa go into the ectopic sites in the body. The heart can be affected with tissue reaction in the valves and myocardium that cause heart failure. Eggs can also get into the brain or spinal cord and cause neurological disorders and sometimes fatalities. Antigen and immune complex deposits left by H.<unk>  in the brain and kidneys of mice prove that there are changes in these tissues of the infected. H.<unk>  can cause intestinal infection called heterophyiasis. The infection can be asymptomatic or intestinal discomfort and mucous diarrhea. This parasite can start cell apoptosis in the intestinal epithelial cell, at early infection. This infection can cause enlarged intestinal crypts, acute to chronic inflammation, atrophy, and fusion and shortening of the intestinal villi. After early infection this parasite will inhibit apoptosis which can cause the decrease in caspase-3 and NF-jB. Caspase-3 and NF-jB are protein that are essential to induce programmed cell death, apoptosis.
Heterophyes heterophyes
Piedraia hortae
Caput medusae
Dioctophyme renale
Caput Medusae
Paradental cyst
Choroidal fissure cyst
Rhinophyma