Axial CT image of the abdomen showing a<unk> . Although often asymptomatic, the most common presenting symptom of patients with a<unk>  is abdominal or flank pain. However, presentation is often non-specific. Approximately a third of patients with<unk> s remain asymptomatic throughout their entire life with over 50% of patients having no medical issues related to their renal fusion when followed for a 25-year period. As a result, it is estimated that approximately 25% of patients with<unk> s are diagnosed incidentally with ultrasound or CT imaging. Associated conditions Patients with a<unk>  can develop sequelae related to the abnormal anatomy and present with symptoms related to them. The general categories a<unk>  may increase the risk for fall under the following categories: * Kidney obstruction – commonly causes ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ) which is a blockage at the area where the ureter connects to the renal pelvis. This can lead to urinary stasis which can promote infection and stone formation. * Kidney infections – associated with vesicoureteral reflux (present in approximately 50% of all patients with renal fusion) which is an abnormal reflux of urine back into the ureters that increases risk of urinary tract infections. * Kidney stones – deviant orientation of kidneys combined with slow urine flow and kidney obstruction may increase the risk of developing kidney stones. Treatment is further complicated if patient possesses aberrant skeletal anatomy. It is estimated 36% of patients with<unk> s will develop kidney stones. * Kidney cancer – increased frequency of certain renal cancers such as transitional cell tumors, Wilms tumors, and carcinoid tumors. * Heart abnormalities – ventricular septal defect * Neurological abnormalities - encephalocoele, myelomeningocoele, spina bifida * Skeletal abnormalities - kyphosis, scoliosis, hemeivertebra, and micrognathia. * Genitourinary abnormalities - septate vagina, bicornuate uterus, hypospadias, undescended testis, adult polycystic kidney disease, and more than two kidneys. * Genetic abnormalities - Turner syndrome, Down syndrome, Patau syndrome, Edward syndrome, oro-cranial-digital syndrome Intravenous pyelogram showing<unk> .
Horseshoe kidney
Page kidney
Multicystic dysplastic kidney
Ectopic kidney
Crossed renal ectopia
Supernumerary kidney
Medullary sponge kidney
Renal segmental hypoplasia