# Total parenteral nutrition without<unk>  supplementation: Several cases of<unk>  in patients receiving prolonged total parenteral nutrition (TPN) therapy without added<unk>  have been reported. Therefore, all patients receiving TPN must also receive<unk>  at the recommended daily dose, especially if TPN therapy is expected to last more than 1 week. All hospital pharmacies currently include<unk>  in TPN preparations. #Protein deficiency: A shortage of proteins involved in<unk>  homeostasis can cause<unk> . The main problems involved in<unk>  homeostasis are HCS, BTD<unk> idase deficiency) and SMVT # Anticonvulsant therapy: Prolonged use of certain drugs (especially highly common prescription anti-seizure medications such as phenytoin, primidone, and carbamazepine), may lead to<unk> ; however, valproic acid therapy is less likely to cause this condition. Some anticonvulsants (antiepileptic drugs) inhibit<unk>  transport across the intestinal mucosa. Evidence suggests that these anticonvulsants accelerate<unk>  catabolism, which means that it's necessary for people to take supplemental<unk> , in addition to the usual minimum daily requirements, if they're treated with anticonvulsant medication(s) that have been linked to<unk> . #Severe malnourishment # Prolonged oral antibiotic therapy: Prolonged use of oral antibiotics has been associated with<unk> . Alterations in the intestinal flora caused by the prolonged administration of antibiotics are presumed to be the basis for<unk> . # Genetic mutation: Mikati et al. (2006) reported a case of partial<unk> idase deficiency (plasma<unk> idase level of 1.3 nm/min/mL) in a 7-month-old boy. The boy presented with perinatal distress followed by developmental delay, hypotonia, seizures, and infantile spasms without alopecia or dermatitis. The child's neurologic symptoms abated following<unk>  supplementation and antiepileptic drug therapy. DNA mutational analysis revealed that the child was homozygous for a novel E64K mutation and that his mother and father were heterozygous for the novel E64K mutation. Potential causes #Smoking: Recent studies suggest that smoking can lead to marginal<unk>  because it speeds up<unk>  catabolism (especially in women). #Excessive alcohol consumption #Excessive consumption of antidiuretics or inadequate levels of antidiuretic hormone #Intestinal malabsorption caused by short bowel syndrome
Biotin deficiency
Chromium deficiency
Copper deficiency
Fluorine deficiency
Boron deficiency 
Selenium deficiency
Manganese deficiency 
Thiamine deficiency