<unk><unk>  can arise as a result of a number of different conditions. Non traumatic pupil-sparing<unk> es are often referred to as a "medical third," with those affecting the pupil being known as a "surgical third." Congenital<unk><unk>  The origins of the vast majority of congenital<unk> <unk> es are idiopathic. There is some evidence of a familial tendency to the condition, particularly to a partial<unk>  involving the superior division of the nerve with an autosomal recessive inheritance. The condition can also result from aplasia or hypoplasia of one or more of the muscles supplied by the<unk>  nerve. It can also occur as a consequence of severe birth trauma. Acquired<unk><unk>  # Vascular disorders such as diabetes, heart disease, atherosclerosis and aneurysm, particularly of the posterior communicating artery # Space occupying lesions or tumours, both malignant and non-malignant # Inflammation and infection # Trauma # Demyelinating disease (multiple sclerosis) # Autoimmune disorders such as myasthenia gravis # Post-operatively as a complication of neurosurgery # Cavernous sinus thrombosis
Oculomotor nerve palsy
Nasolacrimal duct obstruction
Optic nerve tumor
Vibroacoustic disease
Auditory neuropathy
Ocular ischemic syndrome
Cat eye syndrome
Phantom eye syndrome