Carotid<unk>  B. Thyroidectomy<unk>  C. Tracheotomy<unk>  D. Subclavicular<unk>  E. Sternotomy<unk>  F. Infraareolar<unk>  (either side) G. Inframamary<unk>  (either side) H. Clamshell<unk>  I. Kocher / subcostal<unk>  J. Mercedes Benz<unk>  K. Paramedian<unk>  (either side) L. Chevron<unk>  M. Epigastrin / upper midline<unk>  O. McBurney's / gridiron<unk>  (right side only - for appendectomy) P. Rockey-Davis / Lanz<unk>  (right side only - for appendectomy) Q. Supraumbilical<unk>  R. Infraumbilical<unk>  S. Pararectus<unk>  T. Maylard<unk>  U. Pfannenstiel / Kerr / pubic<unk>  V. Gibson<unk>  (either side, but conventionally left) W. Midline<unk>  X. Inguinal<unk>  Y. Femoral<unk>  Z. Turner-Warwick's<unk> <unk> s are planned based on the expected extent of exposure needed for the specific operation planned. Within each region of the body, several<unk> s are common. Head and neck * Wilde's<unk>  – This post-aural<unk>  is used for a variant mastoiditis drainage, and was named after Sir William Wilde, an ENT surgeon in Dublin who first described it at the end of the nineteenth century. His son, Oscar Wilde's, death was stated by his doctors to be due to meningitis stemming from an ear infection. He had recently had an operation, believed by some to be a mastoidectomy. Chest * Median sternotomy – This is the primary<unk>  used for cardiac procedures. It extends from the sternal notch to the xiphoid process. The sternum is divided, and a Finochietto retractor used to keep the<unk>  open. * Thoracotomy – A division of the ribs from the side of the chest. Abdomen and pelvis<unk> s used for caesarean section Is: Supra-umbilical<unk>  Im: Median<unk>  IM: Maylard<unk>  IP: Pfannenstiel<unk>  * Midline<unk>  or midline laparotomy – The most common<unk>  for laparotomy is the midline<unk> , a vertical<unk>  which follows the linea alba. Midline<unk> s are particularly favoured in diagnostic laparotomy, as they allow wide access to most of the abdominal cavity. * The upper midline<unk>  usually extends from the xiphoid process to the umbilicus. * A typical lower midline<unk>  is limited by the umbilicus superiorly and by the pubic symphysis inferiorly. * Sometimes a single<unk>  extending from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis is employed, especially in trauma surgery. Typically, a smooth curve is made around the umbilicus. * Pfannenstiel<unk> , Kerr<unk> , or Pfannenstiel-Kerr<unk>  is the lower transverse<unk>  made in the lower segment of uterus below the umbilicus and just above the pubic symphysis. It is commonly used in Caesarian section and for abdominal hysterectomy for benign disease. In the classic Pfannenstiel<unk> , the skin and subcutaneous tissue are incised transversally, but the linea alba is opened vertically. * Chevron<unk>  – This<unk>  is a cut made on the abdomen below the rib cage. The cut starts under the mid-axillary line below the ribs on the right side of the abdomen and continues all the way across the abdomen to the opposite mid-axillary line thereby the whole width of the abdomen is cut to provide access to the liver. The average length of the<unk>  is approximately 24 to 30 inches. * Cherney<unk>  – Cherney described a transverse<unk>  that allows excellent<unk>  exposure to the space of Retzius and the pelvic sidewall. The curvilinear skin and rectus fascial<unk>  is made 2 finger breadths above the symphysis pubis and carried in Langer's lines from 2 fingerbreadths medial to one anterior superior iliac spine to the corresponding position medial to the opposite anterior superior iliac spine. The anterior rectus fascia is mobilized distally off the underlying rectus muscle bodies. The pyramidalis muscles are dissected free and sharply excised to expose the underlying rectus tendons. With an index finger, a plane is developed between the fibrous tendons of the rectus muscle and the underlying transversalis fascia. Using a sharp no.10 scalpel blade, the rectus tendons are transected transversely 1–2 cm distal to the superior edge of the pubic bone. Rectus muscle should never be cut. The rectus muscles are retracted and the peritoneum opened. The inferior epigastric vessels may need division. Closure is accomplished with 5 to 6 horizontal mattress sutures of permanent braided suture approximating the anterior rectus tendons to the intact distal anterior rectus fascia. Continuous monofilament suture closure of lateral edges of the rectus muscle to the anterior rectus fascia prevents hernia. Patients should wear a binder for at least 2 weeks. No<unk>  provides wider pelvic exposure, and is relatively painless compared to midline<unk> s. Result is the most pleasing cosmetic result of any abdominal<unk> . * Kocher's<unk>  – An oblique<unk>  made in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen, classically used for open cholecystectomy. Named after Emil Theodor Kocher. It is appropriate for certain operations on the liver, gallbladder and biliary tract. This shares a name with the Kocher<unk>  used for thyroid surgery: a transverse, slightly curved<unk>  about 2 cm above the sternoclavicular joints; * Kustner’s<unk>  – A transverse<unk>  is made 5 cm above the symphysis pubis but below the anterior iliac spine. The subcutaneous tissue is then separated in the midline and the linea alba is exposed. A vertical midline<unk>  is made through the linea alba. Care is taken to control and ligate any branches of the superficial epigastric vessels. This step of the<unk>  is usually time consuming and is one of the limitations associated. This type of<unk>  offers little extensibility and less exposure than a Pfannestiel<unk> . * Lanz<unk>  – A variation of the traditional Mc Burney's<unk> , which was made at McBurney's point on the abdomen: The Lanz<unk>  is made at the same point along the transverse plane and deemed cosmetically better. It is typically used to perform an open appendectomy. Variations exist on the method used to locate the<unk> . Some surgeons advocate that the<unk>  is made approximately 2 cm below the umbilicus centered on mid-clavicular-midinguinal line. Others imply use of McBurney's point to center the<unk>  (1/3rd of the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the umbilicus). * Maylard<unk>  – A variation of Pfannenstiel<unk>  is the Maylard<unk>  in which the rectus abdominis muscles are sectioned transversally to permit wider access to the pelvis. The Maylard<unk>  is also called the Mackenrodt<unk> . The<unk>  in the rectus muscles is performed with the help of cautery, scalpel or<unk>  stapler. It is important to identify the inferior epigastric vessels on the lateral surface of these muscles and ensure their isolation and ligation if the<unk>  will span more than half the rectus muscle width. It is advisable not to separate the rectus muscles from the anterior rectus sheath to prevent their retraction, which in turn facilitates closure at the end of the procedure. Among the complications associated with this type of<unk>  is delayed bleeding from the cut edges of the rectus muscles as well as the deep epigastric vessels. Furthermore, depending on the patient's body habitus, this<unk>  may not offer adequate exposure to the upper abdomen. * McBurney<unk>  / gridiron<unk> – Described in 1894 by McBurney, used for appendectomy. An oblique<unk>  made in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, classically used for appendectomy.<unk>  is placed perpendicular to the spinoumblical line at McBurney's point, i.e. at the junction of lateral one-third and medial two-thirds of spino-umblical line. This is the<unk>  used for open appendectomy, it begins 2 to 5 centimeters above the anterior superior iliac spine and continues to a point one-third of the way to the umbilicus (McBurney's point). Thus, the<unk>  is parallel to the external oblique muscle of the abdomen which allows the muscle to be split in the direction of its fibers, decreasing healing times and scar tissue formation. This<unk>  heals rapidly and generally has good cosmetic results, especially if a subcuticular suture is used to close the skin. * McEvedy's<unk>  – McEvedy's original<unk>  was a lateral paramedian<unk>  which used to incise the rectus sheath along its lateral margin and gain access by pulling the rectus medially. This<unk>  became obsolete because of very high<unk> al hernia rate. A modification was introduced by Nyhus which used a transverse (oblique) skin<unk>  3 cm above the inguinal ligament and a transverse<unk>  (oblique) to divide the anterior rectus sheath. The rectus muscle was then pulled medially. This modification prevented the high<unk> al hernia rate. * Turner-Warwick's<unk>  – This type of<unk>  is placed 2 cm above the symphysis pubis and within the lateral borders of the rectus muscles. The sheath overlying the rectus muscles at the symphysis pubis is released, 4 cm transversely, and the<unk>  angled up to the lateral borders of the rectus muscles. The lateral edges of the<unk> s remain medial to the internal oblique muscles. The sheath may be released off the aponeurosis with the help of traction applied using Kocker clamps. The pyramidalis muscles are typically left attached to the aponeurosis. The rectus
Surgical incision
Surgical suture
Wound bed preparation
Field dressing 
Wound closure strip
Wound assessment
Surgical staple
Surgical anastomosis