The<unk>  is the view that<unk>  is not a disease but rather a habitual response and a source of gratification and security that can be understood only in the context of social relationships and experiences. This model of<unk>  is in opposition to the disease model of<unk> . It was originated and advocated by Stanton Peele in his book The Truth About<unk>  and Recovery (with Archie Brodsky and Mary Arnold, 1991). Proponents of the<unk><unk>  model argue that unitary biological mechanisms cannot account for addictive behavior and thus do not support using the term disease. They instead emphasize the individual's ability to overcome<unk>  by augmenting<unk>  options and coping mechanics, pursuing values and purpose, repairing relationships, and expressing personal agency — all of which occur through normal human development. Indeed, the disease model impedes these natural<unk><unk> es. The biological mechanisms typically claimed to underlie all forms of<unk>  (CREB and ΔFosB) — while psychosocial factors are considered as only tangential issues leading to lesser or greater use and exposure — were reviewed by Eric J. Nestler in 2013. The range of data opposing these assertions and disputing the chronic relapsing disease nature of<unk>  were reviewed by Gene M. Heyman in 2013a and 2013b, and by Stanton Peele in 2016.
Life-process model of addiction
Disease model of addiction
Evolutionary approaches to depression
Clubhouse model of psychosocial rehabilitation
Suicide intervention
Interpersonal theory of suicide
Trauma model of mental disorders
Emotional approach coping