skewed to the left, unlike the x-ray beam below. The<unk>  is a pronounced<unk>  on the<unk>  curve which plots the energy loss of ionizing radiation during its travel through matter. For protons, α-rays, and other ion rays, the<unk>  occurs immediately before the particles come to rest. It is named after William Henry<unk> , who discovered it in 1903. When a fast charged particle moves through matter, it ionizes atoms of the material and deposits a dose along its path. A<unk>  occurs because the interaction cross section increases as the charged particle's energy decreases. Energy lost by charged particles is inversely proportional to the square of their velocity, which explains the<unk>  occurring just before the particle comes to a complete stop. In the upper figure, it is the<unk>  for alpha particles of 5.49 MeV moving through air. In the lower figure, it is the narrow<unk>  of the "native" proton beam curve which is produced by a particle accelerator of 250 MeV. The figure also shows the absorption of a beam of energetic photons (X-rays) which is entirely different in nature; the curve is mainly exponential. modified proton beam in passing through tissue, compared to the absorption of a photon or x-200px This characteristic of proton beams was first recommended for use in cancer therapy by Robert R. Wilson in his 1946 article, Radiological Use of Fast Protons. Wilson studied how the depth of proton beam penetration could be controlled by the energy of the protons. This phenomenon is exploited in particle therapy of cancer, specifically in proton therapy, to concentrate the effect of light ion beams on the tumor being treated while minimizing the effect on the surrounding healthy tissue. The blue curve in the figure ("modified proton beam") shows how the originally monoenergetic proton beam with the sharp<unk>  is widened by increasing the range of energies, so that a larger tumor volume can be treated. The plateau created by modifying the proton beam is referred to as the spread out<unk> , or SOBP, which allows the treatment to conform to not only larger tumors, but to more specific 3D shapes. This can be achieved by using variable thickness attenuators like spinning wedges.
Bragg peak
Skew deviation
Lewis offset
Flattening the curve
Midline shift
Isotropic bands
Shifting dullness
Modic changes