Clinical test Clinical tests that may be used include: * Trendelenburg test–to determine the site of venous reflux and the nature of the saphenofemoral junction Investigations Traditionally,<unk>  were investigated using imaging techniques only if there was a suspicion of deep venous insufficiency, if they were recurrent, or if they involved the saphenopopliteal junction. This practice is now less widely accepted. People with<unk>  should now be investigated using lower limbs venous ultrasonography. The results from a randomised controlled trial on patients with and without routine ultrasound have shown a significant difference in recurrence rate and reoperation rate at 2 and 7 years of follow-up. Stages The CEAP (Clinical, Etiological, Anatomical, and Pathophysiological) Classification, developed in 1994 by an international ad hoc committee of the American Venous Forum, outlines these stages * C0 – no visible or palpable signs of venous disease * C1 – telangectasia or reticular<unk>  * C2 –<unk>  * C2r - recurrent<unk>  * C3 – edema * C4- changes in skin and subcutaneous tissue due to Chronic Venous Disease * C4a – pigmentation or eczema * C4b – lipodermatosclerosis or atrophie blanche * C4c- Corona phlebectatica * C5 – healed venous ulcer * C6 – active venous ulcer * C6r- recurrent active ulcer Each clinical class is further characterized by a subscript depending upon whether the patient is symptomatic (S) or asymptomatic (A), e.g. C2S.
Varicose veins
Peripheral artery disease
Veinoplus
Peripheral neuropathy
Pseudothrombophlebitis
Pump thrombosis
Superficial vein thrombosis
Purpura