As a crossroad between carbohydrate and lipid metabolism,<unk>  expression in gluconeogenic tissues, adipose tissues and pancreatic islets must be coordinated. In conditions of over nutrition,<unk>  levels are increased in pancreatic β-cells to increase<unk>  cycling in response to chronically elevated levels of glucose. In contrast,<unk>  enzyme levels in the liver are decreased by insulin; during periods of overnutrition adipocyte tissue is expanded with extreme expression of<unk>  and other lipogenic enzymes. Hepatic control of glucose levels is still regulated in an over nutrition situation, but in obesity induced type 2 diabetes the regulation of peripheral glucose levels is no longer under regulation of insulin. In type 2 diabetic rats, chronic exposure of β-cells to glucose due to peripheral insulin resistance results in decreased<unk>  enzyme activity and decreased<unk>  cycling The continued overproduction of glucose by hepatocytes causes dramatic alteration of gene expression in β-cells with large increases in normally suppressed genes, and equivalent decreases in expression of mRNA for insulin, ion pumps necessary for insulin secretion, and metabolic enzymes related to insulin secretion, including<unk>  Concurrently adipose tissue develops insulin resistance causing accumulation of triaglycerols and non-esterified fatty acids in circulation; these not only further impairing β-cell function, but also further decreasing<unk>  expression. These changes result in the decline of the β-cell phenotype in decompensated diabetes. A deficiency of<unk>  can cause lactic acidosis as a result of lactate build up. Normally, excess<unk>  is shunted into gluconeogenesis via conversion of<unk>  into oxaloacetate, but because of the enzyme deficiency, excess<unk>  is converted into lactate instead. As a key role of gluconeogenesis is in the maintenance of blood sugar, deficiency of<unk>  can also lead to hypoglycemia.
Pyruvate carboxylase
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
Aldehyde dehydrogenase
Glutamate dehydrogenase
Phenylalanine hydroxylase
Glycogen phosphorylase isoenzyme BB
Aldehyde oxidase
Xanthine oxidase