Small<unk>  are less likely to be fatal; large<unk>  are usually fatal – there are always variations based on which genes are lost. Some medium-sized<unk>  lead to recognizable human disorders, e.g. Williams syndrome.<unk> of a number of pairs that is not evenly divisible by three will lead to a frameshift mutation, causing all of the codons occurring after the<unk> to be read incorrectly during translation, producing a severely altered and potentially nonfunctional protein. In contrast, a<unk> that is evenly divisible by three is called an in-frame<unk> <unk>  are responsible for an array of genetic disorders, including some cases of male infertility, two thirds of cases of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and two thirds of cases of cystic fibrosis (those caused by ΔF508).<unk> of part of the short arm of chromosome 5 results in Cri du chat syndrome.<unk>  in the SMN-encoding gene cause spinal muscular atrophy, the most common genetic cause of infant death. Microdeletions are associated with many different conditions, including Angelman Syndrome, Prader-Willi Syndrome, and DiGeorge Syndrome. Some syndromes, including Angelman syndrome and Prader-Willi syndrome, are associated with both microdeletions and genomic imprinting, meaning that same microdeletion can cause two different syndromes depending on which parent the<unk> came from. Recent work suggests that some<unk>  of highly conserved sequences (CONDELs) may be responsible for the evolutionary differences present among closely related species. Such<unk>  in humans, referred to as hCONDELs, may be responsible for the anatomical and behavioral differences between humans, chimpanzees and other varieties of mammals like ape or monkeys. Recent comprehensive patient-level classification and quantification of driver events in TCGA cohorts revealed that there are on average 12 driver events per tumor, of which 2.1 are<unk>  of tumor suppressors.
Deletion 
Flagging 
Mutation
Efference copy
Aplasia
Honeycombing
Exon shuffling
ConFusion