Strategies for reducing<unk>  risk include: vaccination, mutual monogamy, reducing the number of sexual partners, and abstinence. Behavioral counseling for all<unk>  active adolescents and for adults who are at increased risk. Such interactive counseling, which can be resource-intensive, is directed at a person's risk, the situations in which risk occurs, and the use of personalized goal-setting strategies. The most effective way to prevent sexual transmission of<unk> s is to avoid contact of body parts or fluids which can lead to transfer with an infected partner. Not all sexual activities involve contact: cybersex, phone sex or masturbation from a distance are methods of avoiding contact. Proper use of condoms reduces contact and risk. Although a condom is effective in limiting exposure, some disease transmission may occur even with a condom."Syphilis is a dangerous disease, but it can be cured". Poster encouraging treatment. Published between 1936 and 1938.Both partners can get tested for<unk> s before initiating sexual contact, or before resuming contact if a partner engaged in contact with someone else. Many infections are not detectable immediately after exposure, so enough time must be allowed between possible exposures and testing for the tests to be accurate. Certain<unk> s, particularly certain persistent viruses like HPV, may be impossible to detect. Some treatment facilities utilize in-home test kits and have the person return the test for follow-up. Other facilities strongly encourage that those previously infected return to ensure that the infection has been eliminated. Novel strategies to foster re-testing have been the use of text messaging and email as reminders. These types of reminders are now used in addition to phone calls and letters. After obtaining a sexual history, a healthcare provider can encourage risk reduction by providing prevention counseling. Prevention counseling is most effective if provided in a nonjudgmental and empathetic manner appropriate to the person's culture, language, gender, sexual orientation, age, and developmental level. Prevention counseling for<unk> s is usually offered to all<unk>  active adolescents and to all adults who have received a diagnosis, have had an<unk>  in the past year, or have multiple sex partners. Vaccines Vaccines are available that protect against some viral<unk> s, such as hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and some types of HPV. Vaccination before initiation of sexual contact is advised to assure maximal protection. The development of vaccines to protect against gonorrhea is ongoing. Condoms Condoms and female condoms only provide protection when used properly as a barrier, and only to and from the area that they cover. Uncovered areas are<unk> ll susceptible to many<unk> s. In the case of HIV, sexual transmission routes almost always involve the penis, as HIV cannot spread through unbroken skin; therefore, properly shielding the penis with a properly worn condom from the vagina or anus effectively stops HIV transmission. An infected fluid to broken skin borne direct transmission of HIV would not be considered<unk><unk> ", but can<unk> ll theoretically occur during sexual contact. This can be avoided simply by not engaging in sexual contact when presenting open, bleeding wounds. Other<unk> s, even viral infections, can be prevented with the use of latex, polyurethane or polyisoprene condoms as a barrier. Some microorganisms and viruses are small enough to pass through the pores in natural skin condoms but are<unk> ll too large to pass through latex or synthetic condoms. Proper male condom usage entails: * Not putting the condom on too tight at the tip by leaving room for ejaculation. Putting the condom on too tightly can and often does lead to failure. * Wearing a condom too loose can defeat the barrier * Avoiding inverting or spilling a condom once worn, whether it has ejaculate in it or not * If a user attempts to unroll the condom, but realizes they have it on the wrong side, then this condom may not be effective * Being careful with the condom if handling it with long nails * Avoiding the use of oil-based lubricants (or anything with oil in it) with latex condoms, as oil can eat holes into them * Using flavored condoms for oral sex only, as the sugar in the flavoring can lead to yeast infections if used to penetrate In order to best protect oneself and the partner from<unk> s, the old condom and its contents are to be treated as infectious and properly disposed of. A new condom is used for each act of intercourse, as multiple usages increase the chance of breakage, defeating the effectiveness as a barrier. In the case of female condoms, the device consists of two rings, one in each terminal portion. The larger ring should fit snugly over the cervix and the smaller ring remains outside the vagina, covering the vulva. This system provides some protection of the external genitalia. Other The cap was developed after the cervical diaphragm. Both cover the cervix and the main difference between the diaphragm and the cap is that the latter must be used only once, using a new one in each sexual act. The diaphragm, however, can be used more than once. These two devices partially protect against<unk> s (they do not protect against HIV). Researchers had hoped that nonoxynol-9, a vaginal microbicide would help decrease<unk>  risk. Trials, however, have found it ineffective and it may put women at a higher risk of HIV infection. There is evidence that vaginal dapivirine probably reduces HIV in women who have sex with men, other types of vaginal microbicides have not demonstrated effectiveness for HIV or<unk> 's. There is little evidence that school-based interventions such as sexual and reproductive health education programmes on contraceptive choices and condoms are effective on improving the sexual and reproductive health of adolescents. Incentive-based programmes may reduce adolescent pregnancy but more data is needed to confirm this.
Sexually transmitted infection
Interstitial cystitis
Vertically transmitted infection
Neurodegenerative disease
Blood-borne disease
Environmental disease
Secondary trauma
Psychogenic disease