Higher dietary intake of animal protein, animal fat, and cholesterol may increase risk for<unk> , and generally, diets higher in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains but lower in meat and sweets may be protective against kidney function decline. Associations * Marker of vascular endothelial dysfunction * An important prognostic marker for kidney disease * in diabetes mellitus * in hypertension * in post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis * Increasing<unk>  during the first 48 hours after admission to an intensive care unit predicts elevated risk for acute respiratory failure, multiple organ failure, and overall mortality * A risk factor for venous thromboembolism<unk>  is an important adverse predictor of glycemic outcomes in prediabetes. Prediabetes individuals with increased<unk>  even in the so-called normal range is associated with increased progression to diabetes and decreased reversal to normoglycemia. Hence, prediabetes individuals with<unk>  warrant more aggressive intervention to prevent diabetes in them.
Microalbuminuria
BUN-to-creatinine ratio
Urine protein/creatinine ratio
Urine osmolality
Urine urea nitrogen
Urea reduction ratio
Urine sodium
Renal biopsy