Two<unk>  in a laboratory cage Experiments involving<unk><unk><unk>  (NHPs) include toxicity<unk>  for medical and<unk> -medical substances; studies of infectious disease, such as HIV and hepatitis; neurological studies; behavior and cognition; reproduction; genetics; and xenotransplantation. Around 65,000 NHPs are used every year in the United States, and around 7,000 across the European Union. Most are purpose-bred, while some are caught in the wild. Their use is controversial. According to the Nuffield Council on Bioethics, NHPs are used because their brains share structural and functional features with<unk>  brains, but "while this similarity has scientific advantages, it poses some difficult ethical problems, because of an increased likelihood that<unk>  experience pain and suffering in ways that are similar to<unk> s." Some of the most publicized attacks on animal research facilities by animal rights groups have occurred because of<unk> research. Some<unk> researchers have abandoned their studies because of threats or attacks. In December 2006, an inquiry chaired by Sir David Weatherall, emeritus professor of medicine at Oxford University, concluded that there is a "strong scientific and moral case" for using<unk>  in some research. The British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection argues that the Weatherall report failed to address "the welfare needs and moral case for subjecting these sensitive, intelligent creatures to a lifetime of suffering in UK labs".
Animal testing on non-human primates
Animal testing on rodents
Animal testing on invertebrates
Laboratory developed test
Functional molecular infection epidemiology
Aquatic toxicology databases
Monitoring in clinical trials
Mathematical modelling of infectious disease