Patients in acute care hospitals, particularly those with<unk>  conditions, are at risk for developing<unk> .<unk>  failure requiring emergency mechanical ventilation occurs in over 40,000 patients per year in the United States. In postoperative patients in the United States, the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program reports that 1.03% of all surgical patients require an unplanned intubation postoperatively. Although<unk>  may develop de novo during hospitalization in patients without preexisting lung disease, in other patients, it develops as a complication of chronic<unk>  diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Although<unk>  failure is caused by a heterogeneous group of processes, there are subsets of patients who manifest similar physiologic patterns of deterioration * Impaired control of breathing – e.g. opioid overdose * Impaired airway protection – e.g. cerebrovascular accident (CVA) * Parenchymal lung disease – e.g. Acute<unk>  Distress Syndrome (ARDS) * Increased airway resistance – e.g. COPD exacerbation * Hydrostatic pulmonary edema – e.g. left ventricular heart failure * Right ventricular failure – e.g. acute pulmonary embolism Risk factors The term<unk>  is used to describe various intensities of<unk>  dysfunction that can range from a chronic state of<unk>  insufficiency to conditions that require emergency resuscitation and a breathing machine. Risk factors include a variety of substances, conditions, and environments: * Acute<unk>  distress syndrome * Age * Asthma * Care setting * COPD * COVID-19 * General anesthesia, opioids, and neuromuscular blocking agents * Obesity * Pneumonia and other<unk>  infections * Pulmonary fibrosis * Sleep apnea In addition to the lung deterioration observed for the various etiologies and mechanisms of<unk> , severe<unk>  can have a concomitant impact on non-pulmonary systems of the body.
Respiratory compromise
Sleep paralysis
Sedation
Respiratory arrest
Respiratory failure
Apnea
Inert gas asphyxiation
Pulmonary toxicity