<unk>  is the intentional or reckless infection of a person with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). This is often conflated, in laws and in discussion, with<unk>  exposure to HIV, which does not require the<unk>  of the virus and often, as in the cases of spitting and biting, does not include a realistic means of<unk> . Some countries or jurisdictions, including some areas of the U.S., have enacted laws expressly to<unk> ize HIV<unk>  or exposure, charging those accused with<unk> . Other countries charge the accused under existing laws with such crimes as murder, manslaughter, attempted murder, assault or fraud.<unk>  is now better known as HIV non-disclosure, which is the<unk>  offence in some jurisdictions for not disclosing an HIV positive status. This can be intentionally or unknowingly not disclosing HIV status and then exposing or transmitting HIV to a person. HIV non-disclosure includes intentional<unk> , accidental<unk> , unknowing<unk>  (where the source individual is unaware of their infection), and exposure to HIV with no<unk> . Individuals have been accused of and charged for HIV non-disclosure even if no harm was intended and if HIV was not actually transmitted. Laws in some countries also<unk> ize mother-to-child<unk>  of HIV during pregnancy/birth or breastfeeding.
Criminal transmission of HIV
HIV-tainted blood scandal 
HIV/AIDS in North America
Virus latency
Antibiotic use in livestock
Media portrayal of HIV/AIDS
Spillover infection
Clonally transmissible cancer