Palinopsia necessitates a full ophthalmologic and neurologic history and physical exam. There are no clear guidelines on the work-up for<unk> , but it is not unreasonable to order automated visual field testing and neuroimaging since migraine aura can sometimes mimic seizures or cortical lesions. However, in a young patient without risk factors or other worrisome symptoms or signs (vasculopathy, history of cancer, etc.), neuroimaging for<unk>  is low-yield but may grant the patient peace of mind. The physical exam and work-up are usually non-contributory in<unk> . Diagnosing the etiology of<unk>  is often based on the clinical history. Palinopsia is attributed to a prescription drug if symptoms begin after drug initiation or dose increase. Palinopsia is attributed to head trauma if symptoms begin shortly after the incident. Continuous<unk>  in a migraineur is usually from persistent visual aura. HPPD can occur any time after hallucinogen ingestion and is a diagnosis of exclusion in patients with previous hallucinogen use. Migraines and HPPD are probably the most common causes of palinopsia. Idiopathic palinopsia may be analogous to the cerebral state in persistent visual aura with non-migraine headache or persistent visual aura without headache. Due to the subjective nature of the symptoms and the lack of organic findings, clinicians may be dismissive of<unk> , sometimes causing the patient distress. There is considerable evidence in the literature confirming the symptom legitimacy, so validating the patient’s symptoms can help ease anxiety. Unidirectional visual trails or<unk>  symptoms confined to part of a visual field suggest cortical pathology and necessitate further work-up.
Illusory palinopsia
Oscillopsia
Facial weakness
Meralgia paraesthetica
Hallucinatory palinopsia
Hemifacial spasm
Akinetopsia
Photopsia