The protection provided by the foreskin for the glans penis and meatus has been recognized since 1915. In the absence of the foreskin the meatus is exposed to mechanical and chemical irritation from ammoniacal diaper (nappy) that produces blister formation and ulceration of the urethral opening, which eventually gives rise to<unk>  (a narrowing of the opening).<unk>  may also be caused by ischemia resulting from damage to the frenular artery during circumcision.
Meatal stenosis
Nasal septum deviation
Laryngotracheal stenosis
Laryngomalacia
Subglottic stenosis
Perforated eardrum
Hiatal hernia
Velopharyngeal insufficiency