The key symptoms, visible at birth, vary between individuals exposed to<unk>  in utero. The severity and occurrence of symptoms is dose dependent with higher doses (>5 mg<unk>  daily) more likely to cause immediately noticeable defects. The period of pregnancy in which<unk>  is administered can affect the category of defects which develop.<unk>  taken in the first trimester of pregnancy is more likely to result in physical abnormalities while<unk>  taken in the second and third trimester more commonly causes abnormalities of the central nervous system. The more extreme symptoms such as severe mental retardation, blindness and deafness occur more often when<unk>  is used throughout all three trimesters. Growth Babies born with<unk>  may have a below-average birth weight and do continue to grow at a reduced rate. Facial features Children with<unk>  show many otolaryngological abnormalities consistent with abnormal bone and cartilage growth. Children may present with hypoplasia of the nasal ridge and a deep groove at the midline of the nose, thinned or absent nasal septum, choanal atresia; a narrowing the airway at the posterior nasal cavity, cleft lip and laryngomalacia; large soft protrusions into the larynx. These facial defects and narrowing of the airways often lead to respiratory distress, noisy breathing and later; speech defects. Narrow airways often widen with age and allow for easier breathing. Dental problems are also seen with abnormally large dental buds and late eruption of deciduous teeth. Development of the eyes is also affected by<unk> . Microphthalmia; abnormally small eyes, telecanthus; abnormally far apart eyes and strabismus; misaligned or crossed eyes are common signs of<unk> . The appearance of an ectopic lacrimal duct, where the tear duct protrudes laterally onto the eye has also been noted. Bodily features Whole body skeletal abnormalities are common in<unk> . A generalized reduction in bone size causes rhizomelia; disproportionally short limbs, brachydactyly; short fingers and toes, a shorter neck, short trunk, scoliosis; abnormal curvature of the spine and stippled epiphyses; malformation of joints. Abnormalities of the chest: either pectus carinatum; a protruding sternum, or pectus excavatum; a sunken sternum form an immediately recognizable sign of<unk> . Congenital heart defects such as a thinned atrial septum, coarctation of the aorta, patent ductus arteriosus; a connection between the pulmonary artery and aorta occur in 8% of<unk>  patients. Situs inversus totalis, the complete left-right mirroring of thoracic organs, has also been observed CNS Defects of the central nervous system can lead to profound mental challenges.<unk>  can lead to microcephaly; an abnormally small head, hydrocephaly; increased ventricle size and CSF volume, and agenesis of the corpus callosum. These defects contribute to the appearance of significant mental retardation in 31% of<unk>  cases. Hypotonia, whole body muscle relaxation, can appear in newborns with severe nervous deficits. Atrophy of the optic nerve can also cause blindness in<unk> . Physiological Inhibition of coagulation and resultant internal bleeding can cause too few red blood cells to be present in the bloodstream and low blood pressure in newborns with<unk> . Low hemoglobin levels can lead to partial oxygen starvation, a high level of lactic acid in the bloodstream, and acidosis. Prolonged oozing of fluid from the stump of the cut umbilical cord is common.
Fetal warfarin syndrome
Neonatal sepsis
Fetal hydantoin syndrome
Shaken baby syndrome
Neonatal stroke
Fetal trimethadione syndrome
Neonatal meningitis
Uremic fetor