Type 1 Type 1 respiratory failure is defined as a low level of oxygen in the blood (hypoxemia) with either a standard (normocapnia) or low (hypocapnia) level of carbon dioxide (PaCO2) but not an increased level (hypercapnia). It is typically caused by a ventilation/perfusion (V/Q) mismatch; the volume of air flowing in and out of the lungs is not matched with the flow of blood to the lungs. The fundamental defect in type 1 respiratory failure is a failure of oxygenation characterized by: ::: PaO2 decreased (aCO2 normal or decreased (A-aO2 increased This type of respiratory failure is caused by conditions that affect oxygenation, such as: * Low ambient oxygen (e.g. at high altitude) * Ventilation-perfusion mismatch (parts of the lung receive oxygen but not enough blood to absorb it, e.g. pulmonary embolism) * Alveolar hypoventilation (decreased minute volume due to reduced respiratory muscle activity, e.g. in acute neuromuscular disease); this form can also cause type 2 respiratory failure if severe. * Diffusion problem (oxygen cannot enter the capillaries due to parenchymal disease, e.g. in pneumonia or ARDS) * Shunt (oxygenated blood mixes with non-oxygenated blood from the venous system, e.g. right to left shunt) Type 2 Hypoxemia (PaO2 2 >6.0kPa). The basic defect in type 2 respiratory failure is characterized by: ::: PaO2 decreased (aCO2 increased (> ) PA-aO2 normal pH aCO2) that has been generated by the body but cannot be eliminated. The underlying causes include: * Increased airways resistance (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, suffocation) * Reduced breathing effort (drug effects, brain stem lesion, extreme obesity) * A decrease in the area of the lung available for gas exchange (such as in chronic bronchitis) * Neuromuscular problems (Guillain–Barré syndrome, motor neuron disease) * Deformed (kyphoscoliosis), rigid (ankylosing spondylitis), or flail chest. Type 3 respiratory failure: This form of respiratory failure results from lung atelectasis. Because atelectasis occurs so commonly in the perioperative period, this form is also called perioperative respiratory failure. After general anesthesia, decreases in functional residual capacity leads to collapse of dependent lung units. Type 4 respiratory failure: This form results from hypoperfusion of respiratory muscles as in patients in shock. Patients in shock often experience respiratory distress due to pulmonary edema (e.g., in cardiogenic shock). Lactic acidosis and anemia can also result in type 4 respiratory failure. However, type 1 and 2 are the most widely accepted.
complications of Botulism
complications of Progeria
complications of Alcohol intoxication
complications of Lesch–Nyhan syndrome
complications of Alcoholism
complications of Hashimoto's thyroiditis
complications of Okamoto syndrome
complications of Noonan syndrome