<unk>  agglutinins develop in more than 60% of patients with infectious mononucleosis, but<unk><unk>  is rare. Classic chronic<unk>  agglutinin disease is idiopathic, associated with symptoms and signs in relation to<unk>  exposure. Causes of the monoclonal secondary disease include the following: * B-cell neoplasms - Waldenström macroglobulinemia, lymphoma, chronic lymphoid leukemia, myeloma * Non hematologic neoplasms Causes of polyclonal secondary<unk>  agglutinin disease include the following: * Mycoplasma infections. * Viral infections: Infectious mononucleosis due to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or CMV, Mumps, varicella, rubella, adenovirus, HIV, influenza, hepatitis C. * Bacterial infections: Legionnaire disease, syphilis, listeriosis and Escherichia coli. * Parasitic infections: Malaria and trypanosomiasis. * Trisomy and translocation: Cytogenetic studies in patients with<unk>  agglutinin disease have revealed the presence of trisomy 3 and trisomy 12. Translocation (8;22) has also been reported in association with<unk>  agglutinin disease. * Transplantation:<unk>  agglutinin–mediated<unk><unk>  has been described in patients after living-donor liver transplantation treated with tacrolimus and after bone marrow transplantation with cyclosporine treatments. It is postulated that such calcineurin inhibitors, which selectively affect T-cell function and spare B-lymphocytes, may interfere with the deletion of autoreactive T-cell clones, resulting in autoimmune disease. * Systemic sclerosis:<unk>  agglutinin disease has been described in patients with sclerodermic features, with the degree of<unk>  being associated with increasing disease activity of the patient's systemic sclerosis. This may suggest a close association between systemic rheumatic disease and autoimmune hematologic abnormalities. * Hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly: Hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly (HMS) is an immunopathologic complication of recurrent malarial infection. Patients with HMS develop splenomegaly, acquired clinical immunity to malaria, high serum concentrations of anti-Plasmodium antibodies, and high titers of IgM, with a complement-fixing IgM that acts as a<unk>  agglutinin. * DPT vaccination: Diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccination has been implicated in the development of autoimmune<unk><unk>  caused by IgM autoantibody with a high thermal range. A total of 6 cases have been reported; 2 followed the initial vaccination and 4 followed the second or third vaccinations. * Other: Equestrian perniosis is a rare cause of persistent elevated titers of<unk>  agglutinins. Also rarely, the first manifestations of<unk>  agglutinin disease can develop when a patient is subjected to hypothermia for cardiopulmonary bypass surgery.
Cold autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Acquired hemolytic anemia
Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Contaminated haemophilia blood products
Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia
Drug-induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia
Drug-induced nonautoimmune hemolytic anemia