The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) states "No safe<unk>  in children has been identified. Even low<unk> s of<unk>  in blood have been shown to affect IQ, ability to pay attention, and academic achievement. Effects of<unk>  exposure cannot be corrected". "The absence of an identified<unk>  without deleterious effects, combined with the evidence that these effects appear to be irreversible, underscores the critical importance of primary prevention." The most sensitive populations are infants, children, and pregnant women. A child can drink a glass of water containing<unk>  and absorb 50% of it. An adult might only retain 10% of the<unk>  in that water. And once the<unk>  is in the child's body, it reaches the brain through the not fully<unk> oped blood brain barrier. The body removes<unk>  from blood and stores it in bone, but in children it subsequently leaves the bone more readily compared to adults. "Lead that has accumulated in a woman's bones is removed from her bones and passes freely from mother to child; maternal and fetal<unk> s are virtually identical. Once in the fetal circulation,<unk>  readily enters the<unk> oping brain through the immature blood–brain barrier". "Lead is associated with a wide range of toxicity in children across a very broad band of exposures, down to the lowest blood<unk>  concentrations yet studied, both in animals and people. These toxic effects extend from acute, clinically obvious, symptomatic poisoning at high<unk> s of exposure down to subclinical (but still very damaging) effects at lower<unk> s.<unk>  poisoning can affect virtually every organ system in the body. The principal organs affected are the central and peripheral nervous system and the cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, renal, endocrine, immune and haematological systems". Adults who are exposed to a dangerous amount of<unk>  can experience anemia, nervous system dysfunction, weakness, hypertension, kidney problems, decreased fertility, an increased<unk>  of miscarriages, premature deliveries, and low birth weight of their child. A 2018 study in the American Economic Journal: Applied Economics found that for Rhode Island children born 1997–2005 (and therefore exposed to historically low<unk> s of<unk> , "a one-unit decrease in average<unk> s reduces the probability of being substantially below proficient in reading (math) by 0.96 (0.79) percentage points on a baseline of 12 (16) percent." A 2020 study that looked at the phasing-out of<unk> ed gasoline in Sweden and used extensive administrative data to track 800,000 Swedish children into adulthood found that even low<unk> s of<unk>  adversely affected the cognitive abilities of children. The study found that the children who were not exposed to<unk> ed gasoline had 5% higher yearly earnings as adults than the children who were exposed.
Blood lead level
Red blood cell indices
Blood sugar level
Thyroid function tests
Serum iron
Liver function tests
Somnology
Mental status examination