<unk> ,<unk> , or<unk> esia is the medical specialty concerned with the total perioperative care of patients before, during and after surgery. It encompasses<unk> esia, intensive care medicine, critical emergency medicine, and pain medicine. A physician specialized in<unk>  is called an<unk> st or<unk> etist, depending on the country. (In some countries the terms are effectively synonymous, but in other countries they refer to different positions and the term<unk> etist" is only used for non-physicians, such as nurse<unk> etists.) The core element of the specialty is the study and use of<unk> esia to safely support a patient's vital functions through the perioperative period. Since the 19th century,<unk>  has developed from an experimental area with non-specialist practitioners using novel, untested drugs and techniques into what is now a highly refined, safe and effective field of medicine. In some countries<unk> sts comprise the largest single cohort of doctors in hospitals, and their role can extend far beyond the traditional role of<unk> esia care in the operating room, including fields such as providing pre-hospital emergency medicine, running intensive care units, transporting critically ill patients between facilities, and prehabilitation programs to optimize patients for surgery.
Anesthesiology
Medicine
Neuroesthetics
Obstetrics
Traumatology
Cardiology
Forensic medicine
Dentistry