<unk> s are specifically designed tasks that are used to measure a psychological function known to be linked to a particular brain structure or pathway.<unk> s are used for research into brain function and in a clinical setting for the diagnosis of deficits. They usually involve the systematic administration of clearly defined procedures in a formal environment.<unk> s are typically administered to a single person working with an examiner in a quiet office environment, free from distractions. As such, it can be argued that<unk> s at times offer an estimate of a person's peak level of cognitive performance.<unk> s are a core component of the process of conducting<unk>  assessment, along with personal, interpersonal and contextual factors. Most<unk> s in current use are based on traditional psychometric theory. In this model, a person's raw score on a<unk>  is compared to a large general population normative sample, that should ideally be drawn from a comparable population to the person being examined. Normative studies frequently provide data stratified by age, level of education, and/or ethnicity, where such factors have been shown by research to affect performance on a particular<unk> . This allows for a person's performance to be compared to a suitable control group, and thus provide a fair assessment of their current cognitive function. According to Larry J. Seidman, the analysis of the wide range of<unk> s can be broken down into four categories. First is an analysis of overall performance, or how well people do from<unk>  to<unk>  along with how they perform in comparison to the average score. Second is left-right comparisons: how well a person performs on specific tasks that deal with the left and right side of the body. Third is pathognomic signs, or specific<unk>  results that directly relate to a distinct disorder. Finally, the last category is differential patterns, which are typically used to diagnose specific diseases or types of damage.
Neuropsychological test
Integrated cognitive assessment
Personality test
Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination
Luria-Nebraska neuropsychological battery
Clinical neuropsychology
Low vision assessment
Rating scales for depression