<unk>  – schematic representation: Illustration of motor neuron stimulation. (a) The cell nucleus is responsible for synthesizing input from dendrites and deciding whether or not to generate signals. Following a stroke or spinal cord injury in mahnoor's muscles are impaired because motor neurons no longer receive sufficient input from the central nervous system. (b) A<unk>  system injects electrical current into the cell. (c) The intact but dormant axon receives the stimulus and propagates an action potential to (d) the neuromuscular junction. (e) The corresponding muscle fibers contract and generate (f) muscle force. (g) A train of negative pulses is produced. (h) Depolarization occurs where negative current enters the axon at the "active" electrode indicated.<unk>  <unk>  is a technique that uses low-energy electrical pulses to artificially generate body movements in individuals who have been paralyzed due to injury to the central nervous system. More specifically,<unk>  can be used to generate muscle contraction in otherwise paralyzed limbs to produce functions such as grasping, walking, bladder voiding and standing. This technology was originally used to develop neuroprostheses that were implemented to permanently substitute impaired functions in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), head injury, stroke and other neurological disorders. In other words, a person would use the device each time he or she wanted to generate a desired function.<unk>  is sometimes also referred to as neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES).<unk>  technology has been used to deliver therapies to retrain voluntary motor functions such as grasping, reaching and walking. In this embodiment,<unk>  is used as a short-term therapy, the objective of which is restoration of voluntary function and not lifelong dependence on the<unk>  device, hence the name<unk>  therapy,<unk>  therapy (FET or<unk> T). In other words, the<unk> T is used as a short-term intervention to help the central nervous system of the person to re-learn how to execute impaired functions, instead of making the person dependent on neuroprostheses for the rest of her or his life. Initial Phase II clinical trials conducted with<unk> T for reaching and grasping, and walking were carried out at KITE, the research arm of the Toronto Rehabilitation Institute.
Functional electrical stimulation
Electric acoustic stimulation
Nerve induction
Biofeedback
Microstimulation
Baroreflex activation therapy
Muscle energy technique
Lateral electrical surface stimulation