Vaccines that have been or are made using cell lines originally derived from<unk><unk>  include: * Adenovirus * Chicken pox * Ebola * Polio * Rabies * Rubella * Shingles Of these, the vaccines approved for<unk>  in the United States include some of those against rabies (Imovax), rubella, chicken pox, shingles, and adenovirus (as of January 2017). Rubella One historical cell line<unk> d in rubella vaccines was originally obtained from a fetus aborted due to infection with rubella. Rubella during pregnancy can lead to miscarriage (spontaneous abortion), and if it does not, there is a risk of severe disability due to congenital rubella syndrome. By one estimate, rubella vaccination may prevent up to 5,000 miscarriages per year in the United States. COVID-19 Several of the vaccines in<unk>  or advanced<unk>  for COVID-19<unk>  the cell lines HEK-293 or PER.C6 for production. In other cases, notably the vaccines made by Pfizer, Sputnik-V and Moderna, HEK-293 was<unk> d during the testing phase. PER.C6, a retinal cell line that was isolated from an aborted fetus in 1985 was<unk> d by Janssen in<unk>  of COVID-19 Vaccine.
Use of fetal tissue in vaccine development
Timeline of human vaccines
Susceptibility and severity of infections in pregnancy
Vaccine contamination with SV40
Specific-pathogen-free
Animal vaccination
Vaccines for Children Program
Viral strategies for immune response evasion