According to WHO classification there are 5 groups of PH, where Group I (pulmonary arterial hypertension) is further subdivided into Group I classes. The most recent WHO classification system (with adaptations from the more recent ESC/ERS guidelines shown in italics) can be summarized as follows: WHO Group I – Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) * Idiopathic * Heritable (BMPR2, ALK1, SMAD9, caveolin 1, KCNK3 mutations) * Drug- and toxin-induced (e.g., methamphetamine, amphetamine, or cocaine use ) * Associated conditions:Connective tissue disease, HIV infection, Portal hypertension, Congenital heart diseases, Schistosomiasis WHO Group I – Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD), pulmonary capillary hemangiomatosis (PCH) * Idiopathic * Heritable (EIF2AK4 mutations) * Drugs, toxins and radiation-induced * Associated conditions:connective tissue disease, HIV infection WHO Group I" – Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn WHO Group II – Pulmonary hypertension secondary to left heart disease * Left ventricular systolic dysfunction * Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction * Valvular heart disease * Congenital/acquired left heart inflow/outflow tract obstruction and congenital cardiomyopathy * Congenital/acquired pulmonary venous stenosis WHO Group III – Pulmonary hypertension due to lung disease, chronic hypoxia * Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) * Interstitial lung disease * Mixed restrictive and obstructive pattern pulmonary diseases * Sleep-disordered breathing * Alveolar hypoventilation disorders * Chronic exposure to high altitude * Developmental abnormalities WHO Group IV – chronic arterial obstruction * Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) * Other pulmonary artery obstructions * Angiosarcoma or other tumor within the blood vessels * Arteritis * Congenital pulmonary artery stenosis * Parasitic infection (hydatidosis) WHO Group V – Pulmonary hypertension with unclear or multifactorial mechanisms * Hematologic diseases: chronic hemolytic anemia (including sickle cell disease) * Systemic diseases: sarcoidosis, pulmonary Langerhans cell histiocytosis: lymphangioleiomyomatosis, neurofibromatosis, vasculitis * Metabolic disorders: glycogen storage disease, Gaucher disease, thyroid diseases * Others: pulmonary tumoral thrombotic microangiopathy, fibrosing mediastinitis, chronic kidney failure, segmental pulmonary hypertension (pulmonary hypertension restricted to one or more lobes of the lungs)
medical cause of Pulmonary insufficiency
symptom of Pulmonary heart disease
medical cause of Cardiomegaly
medical cause of Bronchiolitis
medical cause of Chylothorax
complications of Hyperventilation
medical cause of Perspiration
complications of Hypoxia 