<unk>  (often abbreviated<unk>  is a life-threatening medical condition that consists of rapid deterioration in kidney function in individuals with cirrhosis or fulminant liver failure.<unk>  is usually fatal unless a liver transplant is performed, although various treatments, such as dialysis, can prevent advancement of the condition.<unk>  can affect individuals with cirrhosis, severe alcoholic hepatitis, or liver failure, and usually occurs when liver function deteriorates rapidly because of a sudden insult such as an infection, bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, or overuse of diuretic medications.<unk>  is a relatively common complication of cirrhosis, occurring in 18% of people within one year of their diagnosis, and in 39% within five years of their diagnosis. Deteriorating liver function is believed to cause changes in the circulation that supplies the intestines, altering blood flow and blood vessel tone in the kidneys. The kidney failure of<unk>  is a consequence of these changes in blood flow, rather than direct damage to the kidney. The diagnosis of<unk>  is based on laboratory tests of individuals susceptible to the condition. Two forms of<unk>  have been defined: Type 1<unk>  entails a rapidly progressive decline in kidney function, while type 2<unk>  is associated with ascites (fluid accumulation in the abdomen) that does not improve with standard diuretic medications. The risk of death in<unk>  is very high; the mortality of individuals with type 1<unk>  is over 50% over the short term, as determined by historical case series. The only long-term treatment option for the condition is liver transplantation. While awaiting transplantation, people with<unk>  often receive other treatments that improve the abnormalities in blood vessel tone, including supportive care with medications, or the insertion of a transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS), which is a small shunt placed to reduce blood pressure in the portal vein. Some patients may require hemodialysis to support kidney function, or a newer technique called liver dialysis which uses a dialysis circuit with albumin-bound membranes to bind and remove toxins normally cleared by the liver, providing a means of extracorporeal liver support until transplantation can be performed.
Hepatorenal syndrome
Conorenal syndrome
Papillorenal syndrome
Nephritic syndrome
Cardiorenal syndrome
Hemolytic–uremic syndrome
Dialysis disequilibrium syndrome
Acute uric acid nephropathy