<unk>  is used in the treatment of a number of conditions, including fever, pain, rheumatic fever, and inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, pericarditis, and Kawasaki disease. Lower doses of<unk>  have also been shown to reduce the risk of death from a heart attack, or the risk of stroke in people who are at high risk or who have cardiovascular disease, but not in elderly people who are otherwise healthy. There is some evidence that<unk>  is effective at preventing colorectal cancer, though the mechanisms of this effect are unclear. In the United States, low-dose<unk>  is deemed reasonable in those between 50 and 70 years old who have a risk of cardiovascular disease over 10%, are not at an increased risk of bleeding, and are otherwise healthy. Pain<unk>  is an effective analgesic for acute pain, although it is generally considered inferior to ibuprofen because<unk>  is more likely to cause gastrointestinal bleeding.<unk>  is generally ineffective for those pains caused by muscle cramps, bloating, gastric distension, or acute skin irritation. As with other NSAIDs, combinations of<unk>  and caffeine provide slightly greater pain relief than<unk>  alone. Effervescent formulations of<unk>  relieve pain faster than<unk>  in tablets, which makes them useful for the treatment of migraines. Topical<unk>  may be effective for treating some types of neuropathic pain.<unk> , either by itself or in a combined formulation, effectively treats certain types of a headache, but its efficacy may be questionable for others. Secondary headaches, meaning those caused by another disorder or trauma, should be promptly treated by a medical provider. Among primary headaches, the International Classification of Headache Disorders distinguishes between tension headache (the most common), migraine, and cluster headache.<unk>  or other over-the-counter analgesics are widely recognized as effective for the treatment of tension headache.<unk> , especially as a component of an<unk> /paracetamol/caffeine combination, is considered a first-line therapy in the treatment of migraine, and comparable to lower doses of sumatriptan. It is most effective at stopping migraines when they are first beginning. Fever Like its ability to control pain,<unk> 's ability to control fever is due to its action on the prostaglandin system through its irreversible inhibition of COX. Although<unk> 's use as an antipyretic in adults is well established, many medical societies and regulatory agencies, including the American Academy of Family Physicians, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and the Food and Drug Administration, strongly advise against using<unk>  for treatment of fever in children because of the risk of Reye's syndrome, a rare but often fatal illness<unk> ociated with the use of<unk>  or other salicylates in children during episodes of viral or bacterial infection. Because of the risk of Reye's syndrome in children, in 1986, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required labeling on all<unk> -containing medications advising against its use in children and teenagers. Inflammation<unk>  is used as an anti-inflammatory agent for both acute and long-term inflammation, as well as for treatment of inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis. Heart attacks and strokes<unk>  is an important part of the treatment of those who have had a heart attack. It is generally not recommended for routine use by people with no other health problems, including those over the age of 70. For people who have already had a heart attack or stroke, taking<unk>  daily for two years prevented 1 in 50 from having a cardiovascular problem (heart attack, stroke, or death), but also caused non-fatal bleeding problems to occur in 1 of 400 people. Data from early trials of<unk>  in primary prevention suggested low dose<unk>  is more beneficial for people 12 months) DAPT in high risk patients. In conclusion, the optimal duration of DAPT after PCIs should be personalized after outweighing each patient's risks of ischemic events and risks of bleeding events with consideration of multiple patient-related and procedure-related factors. Moreover,<unk>  should be continued indefinitely after DAPT is complete. Cancer prevention<unk>  may reduce the overall risk of both getting cancer and dying from cancer. There is substantial evidence for lowering the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC), but must be taken for at least 10–20 years to see this benefit. It may also slightly reduce the risk of endometrial cancer, breast cancer, and prostate cancer. Some conclude the benefits are greater than the risks due to bleeding in those at average risk. Others are unclear if the benefits are greater than the risk. Given this uncertainty, the 2007 United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) guidelines on this topic recommended against the use of<unk>  for prevention of CRC in people with average risk. Nine years later however, the USPSTF issued a grade B recommendation for the use of low-dose<unk>  (75 to 100mg/day) "for the primary prevention of CVD cardiovascular disease and CRC in adults 50 to 59 years of age who have a 10% or greater 10-year CVD risk, are not at increased risk for bleeding, have a life expectancy of at least 10 years, and are willing to take low-dose<unk>  daily for at least 10 years". A meta-analysis through 2019 said that there was an<unk> ociation between taking<unk>  and lower risk of cancer of the colorectum, esophagus, and stomach. In 2021, the U.S. Preventive services Task Force raised questions about the use of<unk>  in cancer prevention. It notes the results of the 2018<unk> REE<unk>  in Reducing Events in the Elderly) Trial, in which the risk of cancer-related death was higher in the<unk> -treated group than in the placebo group. Psychiatry Bipolar disorder<unk> , along with several other agents with anti-inflammatory properties, has been repurposed as an add-on treatment for depressive episodes in subjects with bipolar disorder in light of the possible role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of severe mental disorders. However, meta-analytic evidence is based on very few studies and does not suggest any efficacy of<unk>  in the treatment of bipolar depression. Thus, notwithstanding the biological rationale, the clinical perspectives of<unk>  and anti-inflammatory agents in the treatment of bipolar depression remain uncertain. Dementia There is no evidence that<unk>  prevents dementia. Other uses<unk>  is a first-line treatment for the fever and joint-pain symptoms of acute rheumatic fever. The therapy often lasts for one to two weeks, and is rarely indicated for longer periods. After fever and pain have subsided, the<unk>  is no longer necessary, since it does not decrease the incidence of heart complications and residual rheumatic heart disease. Naproxen has been shown to be as effective as<unk>  and less toxic, but due to the limited clinical experience, naproxen is recommended only as a second-line treatment. Along with rheumatic fever, Kawasaki disease remains one of the few indications for<unk>  use in children in spite of a lack of high quality evidence for its effectiveness. Low-dose<unk>  supplementation has moderate benefits when used for prevention of pre-eclampsia. This benefit is greater when started in early pregnancy. Resistance For some people,<unk>  does not have as strong an effect on platelets as for others, an effect known as<unk> -resistance or insensitivity. One study has suggested women are more likely to be resistant than men, and a different, aggregate study of 2,930 people found 28% were resistant. A study in 100 Italian people found, of the apparent 31%<unk> -resistant subjects, only 5% were truly resistant, and the others were noncompliant. Another study of 400 healthy volunteers found no subjects who were truly resistant, but some had "pseudoresistance, reflecting delayed and reduced drug absorption". Meta-analysis and systematic reviews have concluded that laboratory confirmed<unk>  resistance confers increased rates of poorer outcomes in cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases. Although the majority of research conducted has surrounded cardiovascular and neurovascular, there is emerging research into the risk of<unk>  resistance after orthopaedic surgery where<unk>  is used for venous thromboembolism prophylaxis.<unk>  resistance in orthopaedic surgery, specifically after total hip and knee arthroplasties, is of interest as risk factors for<unk>  resistance are also risk factors for venous thromboembolisms and osteoarthritis; the sequalae of requiring a total hip or knee arthroplasty. Some of these risk factors include obesity, advancing age, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidaemia and inflammatory diseases. However, unlike cardiovascular and neurovascular diseases, there is no confirmation on the incidence rates of<unk>  resistance in orthopaedic surgery, nor is there confirmation on the clinical implications. Veterinary medicine<unk>  is sometimes used in veterinary medicine as an anticoagulant or to relieve pain<unk> ociated with musculoskeletal inflammation or osteoarthritis.<unk>  should only be given to animals under the direct supervision of a veterinarian, as adverse effects—including gastrointestinal issues—are common. An<unk>  overdose in any species may result in salicylate poisoning, characterized by hemorrhaging, seizures, coma, and even death. Dogs are better able to tolerate<unk>  than cats are. Cats metabolize<unk>  slowly because they lack the glucuronide conjugates that aid in the excretion of<unk> , making it potentially toxic if dosing is not spaced out properly. No clinical signs of toxicosis occurred when cats were given 25mg/kg of<unk>  every 48
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