A<unk>  <unk> , also known as a<unk><unk>  anomaly and<unk><unk>  disease, is a<unk>  in the structure of the<unk>  or great vessels that is present at birth. A<unk>  is classed as a cardiovascular disease. Signs and symptoms depend on the specific type of<unk> . Symptoms can vary from none to life-threatening. When present, symptoms may include rapid breathing, bluish skin (cyanosis), poor weight gain, and feeling tired.<unk>  does not cause chest pain. Most<unk> s are not associated with other diseases. A complication of<unk>  is<unk>  failure. The cause of a<unk>  is often unknown. Risk factors include certain infections during pregnancy such as rubella, use of certain medications or drugs such as alcohol or tobacco, parents being closely related, or poor nutritional status or obesity in the mother. Having a parent with a<unk>  is also a risk factor. A number of genetic conditions are associated with<unk><unk> s, including Down syndrome, Turner syndrome, and Marfan syndrome.<unk> s are divided into two main groups: cyanotic<unk><unk> s and non-cyanotic<unk><unk> s, depending on whether the child has the potential to turn bluish in color. The<unk> s may involve the interior walls of the<unk> , the<unk>  valves, or the large blood vessels that lead to and from the<unk> .<unk> s are partly preventable through rubella vaccination, the adding of iodine to salt, and the adding of folic acid to certain food products. Some<unk> s do not need treatment. Others may be effectively treated with catheter based procedures or<unk>  surgery. Occasionally a number of operations may be needed, or a<unk>  transplant may be required. With appropriate treatment, outcomes are generally good, even with complex problems.<unk> s are the most common birth<unk> . In 2015, they were present in 48.9 million people globally. They affect between 4 and 75 per 1,000 live births, depending upon how they are diagnosed. In about 6 to 19 per 1,000 they cause a moderate to severe degree of problems.<unk> s are the leading cause of birth<unk> -related deaths: in 2015, they resulted in 303,300 deaths, down from 366,000 deaths in 1990.
Congenital heart defect
Musculoskeletal abnormality
Neuromuscular disease
Vascular anomaly
Genetic disorder
Brain damage
Neuromuscular junction disease
Musculoskeletal injury