Therapy Twelve-step programs such as<unk>  Anonymous (modeled on Alcoholics Anonymous) have been widely used to help those with<unk>  addiction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), dialectical behavior therapy (DBT), rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT), and motivational interviewing (MI) can be especially powerful approaches to treating<unk>  addiction. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) combined with motivational therapy (MT) have proven to be more helpful than 12 step programs in treating<unk> . However, both these approaches have a fairly low success rate. Other non-pharmacological treatments such as acupuncture and hypnosis have been explored, but without conclusive results. Medications Numerous medications have been investigated for use in<unk> , but , none of them were considered to be effective. Anticonvulsants, such as carbamazepine, gabapentin, lamotrigine, and topiramate, do not appear to be effective as treatment. Limited evidence suggests that antipsychotics are also ineffective for treatment of<unk> . Few studies have examined bupropion (a novel antidepressant) for<unk> ; however, trials performed thus far have not shown it to be an effective form of treatment for this purpose. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) of the U.S. National Institutes of Health is researching modafinil, a narcolepsy drug and mild stimulant, as a potential<unk>  treatment. Ibogaine has been under investigation as a treatment for<unk>  and is used in clinics in Mexico, the Netherlands and Canada. It was legal for a time in Costa Rica, but has been illegal since 2018. It is illegal to use in many countries, such as Sweden, Norway, the United Kingdom, and in the United States. Other medications that have been investigated for this purpose include acetylcysteine, baclofen, and vanoxerine. Medications such as phenelzine, have been used to cause an "aversion reaction" when administered with<unk> . Vaccine TA-CD is an active vaccine developed by the Xenova Group which is used to negate the effects of<unk> , making it suitable for use in treatment of addiction. It is created by combining norcocaine with inactivated cholera toxin.
Cocaine dependence
Nicotine dependence
Benzodiazepine dependence
Amphetamine dependence
Nicotine withdrawal
Opioid withdrawal
Drug withdrawal
Opioid use disorder