graph of "Acceptable Testosterone Levels in Females and Males Compared to a Hypothetical Athlete" shows a situation in which the hypothetical athlete above may be a female with hyperandrogenism, higher than normal levels of testosterone, and would be subjected to<unk><unk>  tests and possibly forced to undergo aggressive medical protocols.<unk>  (also known as gender<unk> , or loosely as gender determination or a<unk>  test) occurs because eligibility of athletes to compete is restricted whenever<unk> ng events are limited to a single<unk> , which is generally the case, as well as when events are limited to mixed-sex teams of defined composition (e.g., most pairs events). Practice has varied tremendously over time, across borders and by competitive level. Issues have arisen multiple times in the Olympic games and other high-profile<unk> ng competitions, for example allegations that certain male athletes attempted to compete as women or that certain female athletes had intersex conditions that gave unfair advantage. The first mandatory<unk>  test issued by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), the world's track and field governing body, for woman athletes was in July 1950 in the month before the European Championships in Belgium. All athletes were tested in their own countries.<unk>  testing at the actual games began with the 1966 European Athletics Championships’ response to suspicion that several of the best women athletes from the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe were actually men. At the Olympics, testing was introduced in 1968. In some cases, these policies have led to athletes undergoing unnecessary surgery such as female genital mutilation and sterilization. Subsequent reports have shown that the tests could cause psychological harm.<unk><unk> —identifying athletes whose hormone levels are abnormal compared to others of their purported<unk>  — can cause<unk>  identity crises, elicit demeaning reactions (publicly and privately), isolate athletes socially, and lead to depression and sometimes suicide.
Sex verification in sports
Well-woman examination
Estimates of sexual violence
Breast cancer screening
Prostate cancer screening
Breast cancer awareness
Timeline of sexual orientation and medicine
Cancer screening