<unk> s are tools of considerable therapeutic importance. First, they effectively reduce blood pressure. Loop and thiazide<unk> s are secreted from the proximal tubule via the organic anion transporter-1 and exert their<unk>  action by binding to the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) co-transporter type 2 in the thick ascending limb and the Na(+)-Cl(-) co-transporter in the distal convoluted tubule, respectively. Classification of common<unk> s and their mechanisms of action. Examples Mechanism Location (numbered in distance along nephron) – ethanol (alcohol), water Inhibits vasopressin secretion Acidifying salts calcium chloride, ammonium chloride 1. Arginine vasopressinreceptor 2 antagonists amphotericin B, lithium Inhibits vasopressin's action 5. collecting duct Selective vasopressin V2 antagonist (sometimes called aquaretics) tolvaptan, conivaptan Competitive vasopressin antagonism leads to decreased number of aquaporin channels in the apical membrane of the renal collecting ducts in kidneys, causing decreased water reabsorption. This causes an increase in renal free water excretion (aquaresis), an increase in serum sodium concentration, a decrease in urine osmolality, and an increase in urine output. 5. collecting duct Na-H exchanger antagonists dopamine Promotes Na+ excretion 2. proximal tubule Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors acetazolamide, dorzolamide Inhibits H+ secretion, resultant promotion of Na+ and K+ excretion 2. proximal tubule Loop<unk> s bumetanide, ethacrynic acid, furosemide, torsemide Inhibits the Na-K-2Cl symporter 3. medullary thick ascending limb Osmotic<unk> s glucose (especially in uncontrolled diabetes), mannitol Promotes osmotic diuresis 2. proximal tubule, descending limb Potassium-sparing<unk> s amiloride, spironolactone, eplerenone, triamterene, potassium canrenoate. Inhibition of Na+/K+ exchanger: Spironolactone inhibits aldosterone action, Amiloride inhibits epithelial sodium channels 5. cortical collecting ducts Thiazides bendroflumethiazide, hydrochlorothiazide Inhibits reabsorption by Na+/Cl− symporter 4. distal convoluted tubules Xanthines caffeine, theophylline, theobromine Inhibits reabsorption of Na+, increase glomerular filtration rate 1. tubules Chemically,<unk> s are a diverse group of compounds that either stimulate or inhibit various hormones that naturally occur in the body to regulate urine production by the kidneys. As a<unk>  is any substance that promotes the production of urine, aquaretics that cause the excretion of free water are a sub-class. This includes all the hypotonic aqueous preparations, including pure water, black and green teas, and teas prepared from herbal medications. Any given herbal medication will include a vast range of plant-derived compounds, some of which will be active drugs that may also have independent<unk>  action.
Diuretic
Antidiuretic
Uterotonic
Diuresis
Enuresis
Narcotic
Muscle relaxant
Natriuresis