<unk>  is an integration of science, theory, and<unk>  knowledge for the purpose of understanding, preventing, and relieving<unk> cally-based distress or dysfunction and to promote subjective well-being and personal development. Central to its practice are<unk> cal assessment,<unk>  formulation, and psychotherapy, although<unk> sts also engage in research, teaching, consultation, forensic testimony, and program development and administration. In many countries,<unk>  is a regulated mental health profession. The field is generally considered to have begun in 1896 with the opening of the first<unk> cal clinic at the University of Pennsylvania by Lightner Witmer. In the first half of the 20th century,<unk>  was focused on<unk> cal assessment, with little attention given to treatment. This changed after the 1940s when World War II resulted in the need for a large increase in the number of trained clinicians. Since that time, three main educational models have developed in the USA—the Ph.D.<unk>  Science model (heavily focused on research), the Ph.D. science-practitioner model (integrating scientific research and practice), and the Psy.D. practitioner-scholar model (focusing on<unk>  theory and practice). In the UK and the Republic of Ireland, the<unk>  Doctorate falls between the latter two of these models, whilst in much of mainland Europe, the training is at the masters level and predominantly psychotherapeutic.<unk> sts are expert in providing psychotherapy, and generally train within four primary theoretical orientations—psychodynamic, humanistic, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), and systems or family therapy.<unk>  is distinguished from psychiatry. Although practitioners in both fields are mental health professionals,<unk> sts treat mental disorders primarily through psychotherapy and have a doctorate in<unk>  or a Doctor of<unk>  degree. Currently, five U.S. states, Louisiana, New Mexico, Illinois, Iowa, and Idaho, allow<unk> sts with advanced specialty training to prescribe psychotropic medications. Psychiatrists are medical doctors who treat mental disorders primarily through medication and have a medical degree.
Clinical psychology
Psychiatry
Psychology
Nutrition psychology
Cardiac psychology
Social medicine
Neuropsychiatry
Social psychiatry