Iris<unk>  in the right eye of a 10-month-old child. The pupil cannot contract to a smaller size than pictured, but may still able to dilate in low light. Visual effects may be mild to more severe depending on the size and location of the<unk> . If, for example, only a small part of the iris is missing, the vision may be normal; when a large part of the retina or (especially) optic nerve is missing, the vision may be poor. Commonly posterior<unk> ta affect the inferior retina, with resultant deficit in the superior visual field. Other conditions can be associated with a<unk> . Sometimes, the eye may be reduced in size, a condition called microphthalmia. Glaucoma, nystagmus, scotoma, or strabismus may also occur. Related conditions Other ocular malformations that include<unk>  or are related to it: * CHARGE syndrome, a term that came into use as an acronym for the set of unusual congenital features seen in a number of newborn children. The letters stand for:<unk>  of the eye, heart defects, atresia of the nasal choanae, retardation of growth and/or development, genital and/or urinary abnormalities, and ear abnormalities and deafness. Although these features are no longer used in making a diagnosis, the name has remained. * Cat eye syndrome, caused by the short arm (p) and a small section of the long arm (q) of human chromosome 22 being present three (trisomic) or four times (tetrasomic) instead of the usual two times. The term "cat eye" was coined because of the particular appearance of the vertical<unk> s in the eyes of some patients. * Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), a chromosomal abnormality that can cause a number of deformities, some of which include structural eye defects, including microphthalmia, Peters anomaly, cataract, iris and/or fundus<unk> , retinal dysplasia or retinal detachment, sensory nystagmus, cortical visual loss, and optic nerve hypoplasia. * Treacher Collins syndrome, autosomal dominant syndrome caused by mutation of TCOF1.<unk>  is part of a set of characteristic facies that features craniofacial malformations, such as downslanting eyes, ear anomalies, or hypoplasia of zygomatic bone and jaw (micrognathia). * Tilted Disc Syndrome: An unusual congenital malformation associated with myopic astigmatism characterized by tilting of the intraocular tip of the optic nerve (the optic disc), also known as Fuchs<unk> .
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