The<unk>  is a centrifuge optimized for spinning a rotor at very high speeds, capable of generating acceleration as high as 1,000,000 g (9,800 km/s²). There are two kinds of<unk> s, the preparative and the analytical<unk> . Both classes of instruments find important uses in molecular biology, biochemistry and polymer science.  Theodor Svedberg invented the analytical<unk>  in 1923, and won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1926 for his research on colloids and proteins using the<unk> .
The vacuum<unk>  was invented by Edward Greydon Pickels.  It was his contribution of the vacuum which allowed a reduction in friction generated at high speeds.  Vacuum systems also enabled the maintenance of constant temperature.
In 1946, Pickels cofounded Spinco (Specialized Instruments Corp.) and marketed an<unk>  based on his design. Pickels, however, considered his design to be complicated and developed a more “foolproof” version. But even with the enhanced design, sales of the technology remained low, and Spinco almost went bankrupt. The company survived and was the first to commercially manufacture<unk> s, in 1947. In 1949, Spinco introduced the Model L, the first preparative<unk>  to reach a maximum speed of 40,000 rpm. In 1954, Beckman Instruments (now Beckman Coulter) purchased the company, forming the basis of its Spinco centrifuge division.
Ultracentrifuge
Exudate
Cell culture
Electron
Speculum
Nucleosol
Microbiology
CURE