<unk>  <unk>  refers to a spectrum of disorders with different metabolic changes that result in hyperglycemia as a common feature. It is caused by interaction of environmental agents in a genetically susceptible person. The metabolic disarrangement that may result in hyperglycemia will define the pathologic feature of each type of<unk> . Decreased insulin secretion, insulin resistance, decreased glucose utilization and increased glucose production are the main metabolic dysregulations that are known to cause hyperglycemia.
Hyperglycemia may cause secondary changes in metabolic arrangement in different systems and it can involve every organ systems.<unk>  is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), non-traumatic lower extremity amputations, and adult blindness worldwide.
Accordingly, early diagnosis and treatment can result in significant decrease in mortality and morbidity. The incidence of<unk>  has been increased constantly. According to WHO reports, 346 million people worldwide have<unk>  and it is projected to double by 2030. It's prevalence is more in developed countries but the death occurring from<unk>  complications is more common in developing countries.
The prevalence of<unk>  type 2 is more common than type 1<unk> .<unk>  can cause many complications. Acute complications (hypoglycemia, ketoacidosis or nonketotic hyperosmolar coma) may occur if the disease is not adequately controlled. Serious long-term complications include macrovascular (coronary heart disease, peripheral arterial disease and cerebrovascular disease), microvascular (retinopathy, neuropathy and nephropathy) and other organ involvement (gastrointestinal, genitourinary, dermatologic, infectious, cataracts, glaucoma, periodontal disease and hearing loss). The main goals of treatment are:
Diabetes mellitus
Obesity
Hypertension
Prediabetes
Alcoholism
Body mass index
Chronic hypertension
Ageing