<unk>  is a specific case of<unk>  whereby the anterior<unk>  of the infant cannot pass below the pubic symphysis, or requires significant manipulation to pass below, the pubic symphysis. It is diagnosed when the<unk> s fail to deliver shortly after the fetal head.
A number of obstetrical maneuvers are used to facilitate delivery at this point, including McRobert's maneuver; suprapubic pressure (or Rubin I); Rubin II or posterior pressure on the anterior<unk> ; Woods' screw maneuver which leads to turning the anterior<unk>  to the posterior and vice versa; and Jacquemier's maneuver (also called Barnum's maneuver), or delivery of the posterior<unk> . More drastic maneuvers include Zavanelli's maneuver or internal cephalic replacement followed by Cesarean section; intentional clavicular fracture, symphisiotomy, and abdominal rescue, described by O'Shaughnessy, where a hysterotomy facilitates vaginal delivery of the impacted<unk> .
Although the definition is imprecise, it occurs in approximately 1% of vaginal births. There are well-recognised risk factors, such as diabetes, fetal macrosomia, and maternal obesity, but it is often difficult to predict. Despite appropriate obstetric management, fetal injury (such as brachial plexus injury) or even fetal death can be a complication of this obstetric emergency.
Shoulder dystocia
Preterm labor
Shaken baby syndrome
Preterm labour
Caudal regression syndrome
Umbilical cord prolapse
Fetal distress
Omphalitis