<unk>  is derived from the Latin word tinnire, meaning to ring.<unk>  can be classified as subjective and objective.  This classification not only explains the underlying etiology but also directs the management of<unk> . In the normal functioning auditory pathway, there is ordered tonotopic frequency mapping from the cochlea to the auditory cortex via midbrain.  Conditions associated with cochlear damage result in altered tonotopic organization and ultimately<unk> . The pathophysiology of<unk>  can be explained by the<unk>  model. Common causes of<unk>  include Ototoxicity, Presbycusis, noise induced hearing loss, late onset congenital hearing loss, meniere's disease,  and Loop diuretics. The incidence rate of<unk>  increases with age and is more prevalent in older people.<unk>  is more prevalent in men compared to women and smokers compared to non-smokers. If left untreated, patients may progress to functional impairment, insomnia, anxiety, and depression. TSI is used to rank the patient's based upon their severity. The score ranges from 0-45. Symptoms and history include sounds such as ringing, buzzing, pulsatile, roaring and humming and progressive hearing loss.  An extensive neurological examination may rule out underlying brainstem damage or hearing loss. The Weber and Rinne test are done to establish sensorineural or conductive hearing loss. They are usually abnormal.  MRI with contrast is followed by CT/CTA and ultimately interventional angiography, if needed. Initial audiometric tests are done to identify asymmetries between the ears and to locate the site of abnormality such as middle ear, cochlea, and brainstem.  These tests include: pure-tone audiogram, tympanometry, auditory reflex testing, determination of speech discrimination abilities, otoacoustic emissions testing and auditory brainstem response testing (ABR).<unk>  is a symptom and not a disease itself.  It is a chronic condition that can be managed by treating the underlying etiology. The treatment of<unk>  is usually directed towards improvement in the quality of life by decreasing awareness or desensitizing towards<unk> .  It is usually achieved by identifying the underlying pathology or the associated disease. It is recommended to treat underlying insomnia and depression (Grade 1B). Cochlear implants may be considered for<unk>  associated with severe sensorineural hearing loss. Other therapies include:<unk>  retraining therapy (TRT) (Grade 1C), biofeedback (Grade 2C), and  cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) as an adjunct to TRT (Grade 2C). Acupuncture and electrical stimulation are considered equally effective as placebo, no significant role established so far.
Tinnitus
Myopia
Otalgia
Cyclopia
Eye pain
Otorrhea
Hyperopia
Amblyopia