The metal oxide on {TAIL ~ the metal seed layer} is reduced by contacting the metal seed layer disposed on a substrate with an aqueous solution having a pH maintained in the range of about 6.5 to about 13 and subjecting the aqueous solution to {HEAD ~ a voltage} of from about 0.1 to 5 volts 
The metal oxide on { TAIL ~ the metal seed layer } is reduced by contacting the metal seed layer disposed on a substrate with an aqueous solution having a pH maintained in the range of about 6.5 to about 13 and subjecting the aqueous solution to { HEAD ~ a voltage } of from about 0.1 to 5 volts
OTH OTH OTH OTH TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH