The metal oxide on the metal seed layer is reduced by contacting the metal seed layer disposed on a substrate with an aqueous solution having a pH maintained in the range of about 6.5 to about 13 and subjecting the aqueous solution to {HEAD ~ a voltage} of from {TAIL ~ about 0.1 to 5 volts} 
The metal oxide on the metal seed layer is reduced by contacting the metal seed layer disposed on a substrate with an aqueous solution having a pH maintained in the range of about 6.5 to about 13 and subjecting the aqueous solution to { HEAD ~ a voltage } of from { TAIL ~ about 0.1 to 5 volts }
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