The metal oxide on the metal seed layer is reduced by contacting the metal seed layer disposed on {HEAD ~ a substrate} with {TAIL ~ an aqueous solution} having a pH maintained in the range of about 6.5 to about 13 and subjecting the aqueous solution to a voltage of from about 0.1 to 5 volts 
with
The metal oxide on the metal seed layer is reduced by contacting the metal seed layer disposed on { HEAD ~ a substrate } with { TAIL ~ an aqueous solution } having a pH maintained in the range of about 6.5 to about 13 and subjecting the aqueous solution to a voltage of from about 0.1 to 5 volts
OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD REL TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH