The metal oxide on the metal seed layer is reduced by contacting the metal seed layer disposed on a substrate with an aqueous solution having a pH maintained in the range of about 6.5 to about 13 and subjecting {HEAD ~ the aqueous solution} to {TAIL ~ a voltage} of from about 0.1 to 5 volts 
to
The metal oxide on the metal seed layer is reduced by contacting the metal seed layer disposed on a substrate with an aqueous solution having a pH maintained in the range of about 6.5 to about 13 and subjecting { HEAD ~ the aqueous solution } to { TAIL ~ a voltage } of from about 0.1 to 5 volts
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