{HEAD ~ The metal oxide} on {TAIL ~ the metal seed layer} is reduced by contacting the metal seed layer disposed on a substrate with an aqueous solution having a pH maintained in the range of about 6.5 to about 13 and subjecting the aqueous solution to a voltage of from about 0.1 to 5 volts 
on
{ HEAD ~ The metal oxide } on { TAIL ~ the metal seed layer } is reduced by contacting the metal seed layer disposed on a substrate with an aqueous solution having a pH maintained in the range of about 6.5 to about 13 and subjecting the aqueous solution to a voltage of from about 0.1 to 5 volts
HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD HEAD REL TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL TAIL OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH OTH