Does anopheles stephensi p38 MAPK signaling regulate innate immunity and bioenergetics during Plasmodium falciparum infection?
These observations suggest that, as in mammals, innate immunity and mitochondrial responses are integrated in mosquitoes and that AsP38 MAPK-dependent signaling facilitates mosquito survival during parasite infection, a fact that may attest to the relatively longer evolutionary relationship of these parasites with their invertebrate compared to their vertebrate hosts. On a practical level, improved understanding of the balances and trade-offs between resistance and metabolism could be leveraged to generate fit, resistant mosquitoes for malaria control.
A comprehensive inpatient pulmonary rehabilitation program is beneficial in selected patients 80 years of age or older.