Does systemic CTLA-4 blockade ameliorate glioma-induced changes to the CD4+ T cell compartment without affecting regulatory T-cell function?
CTLA-4 blockade is a rational means of reversing glioma-induced changes to the CD4 compartment and enhancing antitumor immunity. These benefits were attained through the conferment of resistance to T(reg)-mediated suppression, and not through direct effects on T(regs).
We report our updated procedural sequence and technical alterations. Experience has allowed residents to evolve to be primary surgeons. We add our results to the current robotic literature.