Does supernatant from bifidobacterium differentially modulate transduction signaling pathways for biological functions of human dendritic cells?
We report for the first time that a fermentation product of a bifidobacteria can differentially activate MAPK, GSK3 and PI3K in order to modulate DC biological functions. These results give new insights on the fine-tuned balance between the maintenance of normal mucosal homeostasis to commensal and probiotic bacteria and the specific inflammatory immune responses to pathogen bacteria.
The results of this study question the classical mechanisms of formation of the paranasal sinuses. According to the hypothesis of postnatal bone cavitation resulting from bone marrow involution and centripetal gas production, paranasal sinuses would constitute distinct organs that develop independently of the ethmoidal olfactory organ, which is formed from the embryonic cartilaginous olfactory capsule.