Are behavioural and biochemical responses to morphine associated with its motivational properties altered in adenosine A ( 2A ) receptor knockout mice?
Our findings demonstrate that the rewarding and aversive effects associated with morphine abstinence were abolished in A(2A) KO mice, supporting a differential role of the A(2A) adenosine receptor in the somatic and motivational effects of morphine addiction. This study provides evidence for the role of A(2A)Rs as general modulators of the motivational properties of drugs of abuse. Pharmacological manipulation of these receptors may represent a new target in the management of drug addiction.
Natural frequencies help elderly and young patients-including those with lower numeracy skills-to understand positive predictive values of medical screening tests.