Is refractory coeliac sprue a diffuse gastrointestinal disease?
The immunophenotypically aberrant monoclonal IEL population present in the small intestine of patients with RCS frequently disseminates to the blood and the entire gastrointestinal epithelium, suggesting that this is a diffuse gastrointestinal disease.
Increased interleukin-1R-associated kinase M and decreased nuclear factor κB activity in endotoxin tolerance is associated with endogenous HMGB1 expression after low-dose LPS preconditioning. These findings provide a basis for a better mechanistic understanding and the development of safer clinical therapeutics utilizing induced endotoxin tolerance.