Does botulinum neurotoxin serotype A suppress neurotransmitter release from afferent as well as efferent nerves in the urinary bladder?
In control and SCT bladders, BoNTA treatment decreased the contractions evoked by electrical stimulation of spinal nerves without altering intrinsic contractions. Afferent firing on untreated sides in response to stretch/intrinsic contractions was increased in SCTs versus controls. On BoNTA-treated sides, afferent firing rates were greatly attenuated in response to mechanical stimulation as were the capsaicin-evoked optical signals mediated by neuropeptide release.
Apolipoprotein E epsilon 4, independent of older age and sex, contributes to the co-occurrence of Alzheimer-type pathologic features in tauopathies, synucleinopathies, and frontotemporal degeneration, but this does not explain why Alzheimer-type pathologic features are significantly more likely to coexist with synucleinopathies than with either tauopathies or frontotemporal degeneration.