25 years experience in cerebrospinal shunt. Are new systems better?
In our experience, the shunts with the less short-term probability of complication (<3 months) have been old simple systems like Hakim and Pudentz. The functional complications, that are those which presumably should be reduced by the new programmable systems, don,t seem do it, neither mean longer survival of the system.
Insulin, C-peptide, and proinsulin are released by insulinoma cells in response to arterial calcium stimulation, whereas CgA and NSE are not released. Also from our study it seems that PP may be released by healthy islet cells after calcium stimulation.