Does diaphragm unloading via controlled mechanical ventilation alter the gene expression profile?
We conclude that mechanical ventilation results in rapid changes in diaphragmatic gene expression, and subsequently, many of these changes may contribute to atrophy and muscle fiber remodeling associated with unloading this primary inspiratory muscle. Importantly, this study also provides new insights into why the diaphragm, after the onset of contractile inactivity, atrophies more rapidly than locomotor skeletal muscles and also highlights unique differences that exist between these muscles in the mRNA response to inactivity.
The availability of nicotine and pharmaceutical dependence assistance to patients should be improved in the primary and secondary care systems. The alcohol abuse of adolescents requires specific observation and intervention. In order to adequately plan treatment systems for addiction, an estimation of the need for help and the acceptance of the help should be explored and analyzed in scientific studies.