Should all dysfunctional high-voltage leads be extracted?
Abandoned HV leads did not increase the risk of ICD system-related complications in the majority of patients. Thus, a general lead extraction policy of dysfunctional HV leads cannot be advised in an average ICD population. Recommendations may not apply for young and physically active patients, in whom HV lead extraction must be considered.
Topical application of heated papaverine itself does not warm pedicle tissue, but papaverine efficiency increases when the pedicle is stored in normothermic conditions. Preserving internal thoracic artery pedicles in normothermic conditions can be the preferred treatment for spasms.