Does intrathecal clonidine and fentanyl with hyperbaric bupivacaine improve analgesia during cesarean section?
In this study, we demonstrate improved intraoperative spinal analgesia by adding 75 microg of clonidine to bupivacaine; side effects were not increased. The combination of clonidine and fentanyl further improved analgesia but moderately increased sedation and pruritus.
Here we show that excessive mechanical compression alone is not able to shift TGF-β signaling toward the ALK1/Smad1/5/8P pathway. In contrast, we show that mechanical compression not only with physiological but also with excessive stress can activate Smad2/3P signaling, which is known to be protective for articular cartilage and to block chondrocyte terminal differentiation.