Is parity associated with axillary nodal involvement in operable breast cancer?
In this series, which includes only operatively staged patients, increasing parity is associated with nodal positivity. This effect is of a magnitude similar to that of increasing tumor size, and confirms observations from other studies. Information regarding parity may be useful for prognostic purposes, as well as providing insights into basic breast cancer biology.
Facial wrinkling is associated with COPD in smokers, and both disease processes may share a common susceptibility. Facial wrinkling in smokers may therefore be a biomarker of susceptibility to COPD.