Are lidocaine 's effect on defibrillation threshold dependent on the defibrillation electrode system : epicardial versus endocardial?
Lidocaine increases DER values to a greater extent when using epicardial versus endocardial electrode system. Thus, drug-device interactions are dependent on the electrode system. These data suggest that the electrophysiologic milieu created by endocardial defibrillation mitigates the effects that lidocaine has on DER values.
These data provide evidence of novel VSMC-dependent local regulation mechanisms for monocyte survival and differentiation in atherosclerosis.