Does bone morphogenetic protein 4 expressed in esophagitis induce a columnar phenotype in esophageal squamous cells?
These results suggest that the BMP pathway could play a role in the transformation of normal esophageal squamous cells into columnar cells.
Elevated CD19 on NOD B cells promotes presentation of the membrane-bound antigen, IGRP, mediating the expansion of autoreactive T cells specific for antigens integral to beta cells, which are critical for invasive insulitis and diabetes. Downregulating the CD19 signalling pathway in insulin autoantibody-positive individuals before the development of type 1 diabetes may prevent expansion of islet-invasive T cells and preserve beta cell mass.