Does inducing bias modulate sensitivity to nonverbal cues of others ' pain?
These results suggest that gender cues may influence the perception of observed pain and, as a result, clinical decision making. They also support the conjecture that nonverbal pain cues may be under-perceived in women.
The effect of sleep-disordered breathing on alteration of autonomic tone in patients with hypopnea and obstructive apnea is more severe than estimated by conventional polysomnographic assessment of apnea and hypopnea. Patients with sleep apnea show a sympathetic overdrive not only during phases of hypopnea and obstructive apnea but also in non-apnea, non-hypopnea intervals before and after hypopnea, and obstructive apnea.