Does macular hole formation have a hormonal cause?
In postmenopausal women with idiopathic macular holes, serum E2, LH, FSH bone metabolic markers and bone density are comparable to those found in women (of the same age group) free of macular holes. Women with macular holes are characterized by lower GH and IGF-1, which prompts further study.
Axin1 apparently has a preventive effect on bacterial invasiveness and inflammatory response during the early stages of infection. The results suggest a distinct biological function of Axin1 and Axin2 in infectious disease and intestinal inflammation while they are functionally equivalent in developmental settings.