Is panton-Valentine leukocidin associated with exacerbated skin manifestations and inflammatory response in children with community-associated staphylococcal scarlet fever?
SSF caused by PVL-positive S. aureus strains were associated with more-exacerbated skin manifestations and a greater systemic inflammatory response, compared with those cases caused by PVL-negative S. aureus. Clinical improvement after incision and drainage was achieved for most children with SSF caused by PVL-positive MRSA strains, despite treatment with an ineffective antibiotic.
This study demonstrated that anti-CD4 mAb therapy did not inhibit activation and infiltration of Th1 and CD8+ effector T cells. Preferential induction of Th2 responses, especially IL-4, was not essential for the induction of tolerance. Our studies also found no evidence to support induction of anergy or transforming growth factor-beta as mechanisms of tolerance induction. These results question whether IL-4 is required for induction of transplantation tolerance.