Comparison between objective measures of smoking and self-reported smoking status in patients with asthma or COPD: are our patients telling us the truth?
Our findings suggest that high proportions of smoking pulmonary patients with lung disease falsely declare themselves to be nonsmokers. The accurate classification of smoking status is pivotal to the treatment of lung diseases. Objective measures of smoking could be helpful in improving clinical management and counseling.
The observed differences in NF and the NDI between the two groups showed that ASR to MMC induced by CHX could be a consequence of inhibition of apoptosis. We argue that adaptation (pro-life processes) can overwhelm its positive aspects (antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic) by increasing the population of cells with chromosome aberrations (chromosome instability) by apoptotic inhibition. CHX disturbs the apoptotic signal. Understanding that ASR can act as a pro-survival process leading to inhibition of apoptosis shall enhance in the future our knowledge of anticarcinogenesis, thus utilizing new paths for better treatment of cancer.