Does intravitreal injection of exendin-4 analogue protect retinal cells in early diabetic rats?
Intravitreal administration of E4a can prevent the retina, functionally and morphologically, from the insults of diabetes in rats. GLP-1R and GLAST were proved to exist in the rat retina, and their lowered expressions in the diabetic retina might be related to retinal damage by increasing the retinal glutamate. E4a might protect the retina by reducing the glutamate level through upregulating GLP-1R and GLAST, as observed in retinal Müller cells in this study, but this protective effect was transient. Thus, this could be a potential approach for the treatment of DR.
Depressed patients had more suicide attempts over time, which could be explained by the higher prevalence of bipolar II subtype in this group, whereas manic/hypomanic patients had a lifelong history of more frequent violent suicide attempts, not explained by any of the variables studied. Our results support the evidence that non-violent suicide attempters and violent suicide attempters tend to belong to different phenotypic groups.