Is duodenal mucosal damage associated with proliferative activity of Brunner 's gland hamartoma : a case report?
Proliferative activity of Brunner's glands was high at the sites with surface erosion and also below the epithelium showing gastric foveolar metaplasia. As gastric foveolar metaplasia occurs along with a mucosal repair process in the duodenum, mucosal damages underlay the hamartomatous proliferation of Brunner's glands and eventually resulted in a formation of large polypoid mass in this case.
IL6 is known to mediate both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, having two distinct ways to induce cell-signaling: either through the membrane bound receptor (anti-inflammatory) or through trans-signaling (pro-inflammatory). We show here that IL6-expressing macrophages are associated to protection from neuroinflammation, suggesting that IL6 anti-inflammatory properties prevail in the CNS, and calling for a general reconsideration of IL6 in macrophage polarization.