Does pain necessarily have an affective component?
Results suggest that it is possible to develop a 'safe' noxious stimulus, which is rated as clearly unpleasant, but lacks physiological indication of negative affect. This divergence might be explained by subjective ratings being influenced by the instructions. The possibility of reducing the pain affect by suggesting 'safety' may be of therapeutic interest.
TLR3 plays a critical role in regulating the degradation of extracellular matrix in lesions, in part by modulation of macrophage MMP-2 and -9 activities.