Indication for spinal fusion and the risk of adjacent segment pathology:  does reason for fusion affect risk?
In the cervical spine, the rate of RASP in patients with fusion for degenerative reasons indications is greater than the rate of RASP in patients with congenital fusion suggesting that the pre-existing health and status of the adjacent level at the time of fusion may play a contributory role in the development of ASP. There is insufficient evidence in the literature to determine whether the indication/reason for fusion affects the risk of RASP in the lumbar spine
In the range between 40 and 70 bpm, an increase in basic pacing rate enhances CO without reducing SV. According to this pilot study, a basic pacing rate between 60 and 70 bpm would appear reasonable.