Does caspase-3 mediate retinoid-induced apoptosis in the organogenesis-stage mouse limb?
Caspase-3 is a key effector caspase in the apoptotic pathway induced by Vitamin A. While caspases-8 and -9 are not responsible for the activation of caspase-3 in response to the drug, cytochrome-c release from mitochondria may play an upstream role.
Transmission of drug-resistant strains seems to contribute to the spread of resistant TB in this high incidence region. The Beijing genotype should be seen as a major cause of drug-resistant TB in Kazakhstan and was found to be associated with drug resistance.