Is repeat testing essential when estimating chronic kidney disease prevalence and associated cardiovascular risk?
Repeat testing for CKD after 3 months significantly reduces the estimated prevalence of disease and identifies a population with true CKD and a cardiovascular risk significantly in excess of the general population.
The availability and coordinated use of the latest ureteroscopic instruments have resulted in better treatment outcomes, thus expanding the use of ureteroscopy as a first-line option for the treatment of calculi in appropriate cases. Urologists should be familiar with currently available instrumentation in order to optimize their equipment.