Flow turbulence or twinkling artifact?
Flow turbulence and twinkling artifact on intrarenal CDUS are distinguishable by analyzing the manifestations on intrarenal CDUS. Proper color Doppler setting and spectral Doppler play important roles in differentiation between flow turbulence in renal vascular abnormalities and twinkling produced by renal stones.
We conclude that pre-IVF treatment with oral contraceptive pill or gestogen combined with the flare protocol in women at high risk of or with a history of poor ovarian response, as defined in this study, did not appear to result in an improvement in outcome of IVF-embryo transfer.