Inferior mesenteric arterial type II endoleaks after endovascular repair of abdominal aortic aneurysm: are they predictable?
Cross-sectional area of the contrast-enhanced aortic lumen at the level of the IMA ostium and the number of additional patent aortic side branches are associated with the development of IMA type II endoleaks.
Activation of the ALK-5 pathway is not sufficient for the antiproliferative effect of TGF-β. The presence of undetermined permissive conditions or absence of undetermined inhibitory conditions seems to be necessary for this effect. The ALK-5 pathway appears to provide targets to modulate fibrosis, but further research is necessary to identify critical circumstances allowing or inhibiting its role at modulating tubule epithelial cell proliferation and tubule regeneration in the context of CKD progression.