Do increased gamma-tubulin expression and P16INK4A promoter methylation occur together in preinvasive lesions and carcinomas of the breast?
gamma-Tubulin gene amplification and the concomitant protein overexpression present not only in invasive carcinoma but also in a significant fraction of atypical hyperplasia and in situ carcinomas. P16(INK4a) methylation and gamma-tubulin gene amplification had a synergistic effect on tumor progression. The synergism might arise as a result of the combined influence that p16(INK4a) and gamma-tubulin have on the G1-S cell cycle checkpoints and centrosome.
Limited airless water infusion in the distal colon reduces patients' pain during colonoscopy.