Do transforming growth factor β and Ras/MEK/ERK signaling regulate the expression level of a novel tumor suppressor Lefty?
Our data suggest that Lefty is a novel TGF-β target molecule that mediates growth inhibition of pancreatic cancer cells. In addition, activation of the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway serves as a mechanism by which pancreatic cancer escapes from growth inhibition by the TGF-β-Lefty axis. The results imply a novel therapeutic strategy for pancreatic cancer, that is, combination treatment with Ras/MEK/ERK inhibitors and TGF-β.
Alcohol and ED co-administration is relatively common among ED users and seems to be associated with increased alcohol ingestion. It is recommended that this matter receive more clinical and research attention.