Is surgical fixation for stress-positive unstable ankle fractures cost effective?
From a single-payer governmental perspective, ORIF does not seem to be cost effective in the 1-year time horizon; however, if operative fixation decreases the lifetime incidence of posttraumatic ankle arthrosis by>3%, then ORIF becomes the economically preferred treatment.
The obtained results suggest that in the ethanol-addicted rats combined exposure to smoke and alcohol differentially modulate endogenous antioxidant defense system and reactions to oxidative stress.