Does electroconvulsive shock ( ECS ) facilitate the development of kindling?
The present study did not show a kindling effect of weekly ECS suggesting that kindling requires more than repeated elicitation of after-discharge.
Neoadjuvant RCT is associated with an increased PD-L1 expression in rectal adenocarcinoma patients, which should prompt clinical trials combining radiotherapy and PD-1/PD-L1 pathway blockade. Combined low PD-L1 expression on tumour and inflammatory cells is an independent negative prognostic marker for OS in RCT of rectal adenocarcinoma.