Does cyclic adenosine monophosphate phosphodiesterase type 4 protect against atrial arrhythmias?
PDE4 is critical in controlling cAMP levels and thereby Ca(2+) influx and release in human atrial muscle, hence limiting the susceptibility to arrhythmias.
The ratios of urinary markers of tubular function, including U-β2MG, U-NAG and U-Ca, to Cr vary by age, being higher in younger children. In contrast, the ratios of urinary markers of glomerular filtration (such as U-Pr)to Cr do not vary by age, making them suitable for corrections relative to Cr.