Does cocaine-mediated induction of microglial activation involve the ER stress-TLR2 axis?
xThe current study demonstrates that cocaine-mediated activation of microglia involves up-regulation of TLR2 through the ROS-ER stress-ATF4-TLR2 axis. Understanding the mechanism(s) involved in cocaine-mediated up-regulation of ROS-ER stress/TLR2 expression and microglial activation could have implications for the development of potential therapeutic targets aimed at resolving neuroinflammation in cocaine abusers.
Our results show better repaired tissue was observed for quality and quantity when chondral fractures were treated with bone screws than when treated with PLLA screws.