Are lung dendritic cells stimulated by ultrafine particles and play a key role in particle adjuvant activity?
Together this study shows the importance of dendritic cells and costimulation in particle adjuvant activity. Furthermore, we show for the first time that CBPs can also directly induce maturation of dendritic cells.
Patients undergoing painful procedures experience more distress when the occurrence of a painful event is unpredictable. Poor predictability increases pain, fear, and associated physiological arousal. Maximizing the predictability of painful events may improve the quality of patient care by minimizing associated levels of pain and fear.