Is subarachnoid extension of primary intracerebral hemorrhage associated with poor outcomes?
SAHE is associated with worse modified Rankin Scale independent of traditional ICH severity measures. Underlying mechanisms and potential treatments of SAHE require further study.
Costunolide is an effective HO-1 inducer capable of inhibiting macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines. CH2-BL moiety of costunolide is essential for Nrf2 activation leading to HO-1 expression.