Is urinary NGAL a useful clinical biomarker of HIV-associated nephropathy?
In summary, while HIVAN disease is currently diagnosed only by kidney biopsy, uNGAL can distinguish HIVAN from other proteinuric glomerulopathies in the HIV-infected patient, likely because of its specific expression from characteristic microcysts.
Considering lower IGF-1 concentrations in preterm infants than in adults (factor 20), the IGF-1 in RBC transfusions is equivalent to a single dose of 1 microg/kg IGF-1 (5-10% of the adult dose with proved metabolic responses). Endocrinological relationships between the donor's load and the acceptor's individual features are a new aspect of potential side effects of RBC transfusions. Further research is necessary to clarify the share of the described IGF administration on the development of ROP.