Is shoulder pain for three months or longer correlated with depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance?
Our study demonstrated high prevalence and close relationships of depression, anxiety, and sleep disturbance in patients with shoulder pain for 3 months or longer. These results may indicate importance of the psychologic approach as well as adequate pain control.
Our study shows that localized perturbations are unlikely to affect the dynamics of real metapopulations, a finding that has cautionary implications for ecologists and conservation biologists faced with the problem of stabilizing unstable metapopulations in nature.