The cyclothymic temperament in healthy controls and familially at risk individuals for mood disorder: endophenotype for genetic studies?
Although not all relatives of bipolar probands were studied, our results exhibit an aggregation of CT in families with affective disorder-and more specifically those with bipolar background. These results allow us to propose the importance of including CT for phenotypic characterization of bipolar disorder. Furthermore, our results support a spectrum concept of bipolar disorder, whereby CT is distributed in ascending order in the well-relatives of those with depressive and bipolar disorders. We submit that this temperament represents a behavioral endophenotype, serving as a link between molecular and behavioral genetics.
Intracellular creatine levels do not influence the response to acute ROS challenge in the intact beating heart, arguing against creatine exerting (patho-)physiologically relevant anti-oxidant activity.