Recommended or mandatory pertussis vaccination policy in developed countries: does the choice matter?
The choice of vaccination strategy is based on the national history of pertussis infection, the safety of available whole-cell vaccines and the willingness of health authorities to introduce acellular vaccines into routine use. The strategies adopted in the UK and the USA are two contrasting examples of immunization policies developed on the basis of different epidemiological backgrounds. They attest to the various associations between the type of pertussis vaccine and the type of universal vaccination strategies that can be undertaken for successful pertussis control. The introduction of a mandatory policy generally takes place during a period of low vaccination coverage, and is vindicated by the need for a rapid increase in immunization uptake. Countries that have already succeeded in implementing sustainable and high rates of uptake with a voluntary approach are expected to recommend pertussis vaccination, considering this to be the most justifiable policy.
Uremic serum induced in a BMP-2/4-dependent manner an osteoblast-like phenotype in MSC accompanied by matrix remodeling and calcification.