Is ascending urethrogram mandatory for all urethral strictures?
The study concluded that Ascending Urethrogram does not completely rule out urethral stricture (Negative Predictive Value 76%). It was also observed that urethral stricture may be non-existent even though suggested in Ascending Urethrogram (Positive Predictive Value 89%). With a sensitivity of 91% and a low specificity of 72% of the ascending urethrogram for diagnosing urethral stricture, it would be advisable to subject the patient to cystourethroscopy proceed Optical Internal Urethrotomy in cases of urethral stricture. This will save cost, avoid infection reduce risk of radiation and contrast related hypersensitivity reaction.
Overall, the consequences of an external penetrating injury become more serious in the descending levels of the funnel formed by the hypopharynx and cervical esophagus. Injuries located in the upper portion of the hypopharynx can be routinely managed without surgical intervention. Neck exploration and adequate drainage of the deep neck spaces are, however, mandatory for all penetrating injuries into the cervical esophagus and most injuries into the lower portion of the hypopharynx.