Are preferential sphingosine-1-phosphate enrichment and sphingomyelin depletion key features of small dense HDL3 particles : relevance to antiapoptotic and antioxidative activities?
An elevated sphingosine-1-phosphate/sphingomyelin ratio is an integral feature of small dense HDL3, reflecting enrichment in sphingosine-1-phosphate, a key antiapoptotic molecule, and depletion of sphingomyelin, a structural lipid with negative impact on surface fluidity and LCAT activity. These findings further distinguish the structure and antiatherogenic activities of small, dense HDL.
In order to be effective, i.e. to better structure clinical education, a student log should be integrated into the supervision activities.