Do abnormal cardiovascular responses to carotid sinus massage also occur in vasovagal syncope - implications for diagnosis and treatment?
An abnormal response to CSM may not indicate syncope caused by CSH and needs to be considered in the light of the patient's age, duration of syncopal episodes and detailed history of provocative stimuli. Differentiating CSH from VVS with an abnormal response to CSM has various implications from advice on driving to treatment strategies.
In the atelectatic ear, cartilage allowed reconstruction of the TM with good anatomical and functional results. Primary insertion of a ventilation tube into the graft is not necessary.