Is substance P generated in vivo following nasal challenge of allergic individuals with bradykinin?
Bradykinin induces in vivo a dose-dependent plasma leakage into the nasal cavity without affecting mast cells, but stimulates nerve endings resulting in the release of the neuropeptide substance P.
These results and those of our previous in vivo studies suggest that a major mechanism by which estrogen provides cardioprotection is its ability to modulate synthesis of TNF-α by inflammatory cells, thereby preventing inflammatory cell induction of cardiac fibroblast events that contribute to adverse extracellular matrix remodeling.