Target-site EPSPS Pro-106 mutations: sufficient to endow glyphosate resistance in polyploid Echinochloa colona?
This study shows that one or two EPSPS Pro-106 mutations are insufficient to confer field-rate glyphosate resistance in polyploidy E. colona at mild temperatures. However, control of these mutant plants at the glyphosate field rate is poor at high temperatures, probably owing to reduced glyphosate efficacy. Therefore, glyphosate should be applied during relatively mild (warm) temperature periods in the summer growing season to improve E. colona control.
Subjects with VI took longer to initiate and to complete the movement. Maximum velocity and grip aperture were not different suggesting that once the target was "seen" by subjects with VI performance was similar to normal subjects. Time after maximum grip aperture was longer in subjects with VI indicating the need for "online" modifications in these subjects. Contrast sensitivity was significantly correlated to more indices than visual acuity.