Does the presence of muscularis propria on transurethral resection of bladder tumour specimens affect the rate of upstaging in cT1 bladder cancer?
• The lack of MP on TURBT for high grade cT1N0M0 bladder cancer portends a high likelihood of upstaging at RC, although this risk did not translate into a detectable increased risk of disease specific mortality.
This study demonstrates the potential benefit of a locally applied insulin-mimetic agent, such as zinc, in a rat lumbar fusion model. Previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of local insulin application in the same model, and it appears that zinc has similar effects.