Does acute immobilization stress induce clinical and neuroimmunological alterations in experimental murine cutaneous leishmaniasis?
Acute immobilization stress induces an immunosuppressive state that further favours Leishmania invasion in susceptible animals.
Fibrates increase betaine, and to a lesser extent N,N-dimethylglycine and choline, excretion. Other osmolytes are not elevated. Because the increase in betaine excretion depends on the baseline excretion, large increases in excretion in the metabolic syndrome and diabetes (where baseline excretions are high) could be expected. Replacement with betaine supplements may be considered.