Does gross and microscopic pathological changes associated with nonthoracotomy implantable defibrillator lead?
The ICD electrode-myocardial interface is characterized by intense fibrosis. The fibrosis associated with endocardial ICD leads and the cumulative acute damage produced by defibrillation discharges may explain changes in the defibrillation and pacing thresholds and the difficulty of lead extraction that can be encountered with transvenous ICD systems.
Bifid triple viable capsule supplement may benefit patients with IBS. Multistrain probiotic preparation may be a promising candidate for IBS therapy, although the mechanism needs to be further studied.