Persistent vesicocutaneous fistula after repair of classic bladder exstrophy: a sign of failure?
VCF may represent a failed bladder closure. Factors which may suggest failure are a fistula tract in the lower abdominal midline between the pubic rami, a pubic diastasis increased from pre-closure measurement, and cystoscopic evidence of an anteriorly positioned bladder.
Late potentials in patients with ischemic heart disease, ventricular tachycardia, and a negative or indeterminate signal-averaged electrocardiogram may be detected if the NL is reduced to 0.1 μV. Reduction of the NL increased the sensitivity of the test without modifying its specificity.