Does a multi-level analysis of cultural experience and gender influence on causal attributions to perceived performance in mathematics?
The findings do not concur with research findings from Western and Asian countries where Effort is considered important in making attributions for either perceived success or failure. The findings, however, agree with research findings from Asian and other non-Caucasian societies where success is attributed to external factors (e.g., task difficulty) and failure to internal factors (e.g., ability). These findings have some implications for cross-cultural research in causal attribution as it relates to academic performance. While certain causal attributions studied in 'Western' and Asian cultures differ in terms of perceived success and failure, the current study indicates that other causal attributions are important and used differently by students from Kenya.
In this study, we observed that diabetic HDL and HDL glycated in vitro both partly lose their protective effects to inhibit cytokines release induced by LPS in macrophages, and nonenzymatic glycation of the protein components of HDL plays key roles in these impairments.