Do cytidine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotides and interferon-alpha-expressing tumor cells effectively induce dendritic cell maturation in vitro?
Since CpG-ODN and IFN-alpha have synergistic effects on DC maturation, they may induce potent antitumor immune responses and combination therapy should be considered for clinical application.
IEGs, IL-1B, and IL-6 were overexpressed in smokers with severe active GO compared to nonsmokers, suggesting that smoking activates pathways associated with adipogenesis and inflammation. This study underlines the importance of IEGs in the pathogenesis of GO, and provides evidence for possible novel therapeutic interventions in GO. The mechanisms activated by smoking may be shared with other conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis.