Is radical surgery feasible in liver hydatid cysts in contact with the inferior vena cava?
Liver hydatid cysts in contact with the IVC are large cysts usually located in the right liver. They do not normally cause clinical symptoms related to IVC contact. Radical surgery is feasible, and was performed in 60 % of our series, but it is technically demanding. We propose a classification of cysts in contact with the IVC.
Treatment with VNS at low stimulus intensities improves daytime sleepiness, even in subjects without reductions in seizure frequency. Daytime REM sleep is enhanced with VNS. These findings support the role of VNS in activating cholinergic and other brain regions that promote alertness.