Is the multiple bottle effect overridden in male and female rats by simultaneous presentation of two oral nicotine solutions?
Our findings suggest rats will readily and voluntarily ingest considerably higher doses of nicotine than previously reported resulting in initial systemic cotinine, and trends toward sex differences are mitigated by solution concentration.
TRISS and PS fail to identify a significant proportion of avoidable deaths and miss important opportunities for process and system improvement. Based on this, all trauma deaths should be subjected to expert panel review in order to aim at a maximal output of performance improvement programs.