Does cervicomedullary intrathecal injection of morphine produce antinociception in the orofacial formalin test in the rat?
Cervicomedullary injection of morphine produced antinociception in the orofacial formalin test in the rat. This animal model may be useful to assess analgesics designed for parallel clinical application in humans.
Laparoscopic single-level fusion (L5-S1) is safe and carries the benefits of minimal access surgery. Morbidity after multiple level approach is high, and this procedure cannot be advocated at this time.