Obesity and general pain in patients utilizing family medicine: should pain standards call for referral of obese patients to weight management programs?
In our sample of patients utilizing family medicine, BMI greater than 35 is a risk factor for elevated pain scores. This relationship appears to be independent of orthopedic consequences of obesity. Referral to weight management programs might be useful as a quality indicator for obese adults reporting high levels of general pain.
Dysregulated cytokine profiles in UC and CD are associated with specific alterations in cell cycle responses; these effects may be modified by nicotine, and potentially by anticytokine therapies.