Does systemic vs. central administration of common hypnotics reveal opposing effects on genioglossus muscle activity in rats?
Lorazepam and zolpidem have an inhibitory effect on GG activity via local effects at the HMN. Following systemic administration, however, this inhibitory effect can be outweighed both by a delay in arousal (allowing greater CO2-mediated respiratory stimulation in sleep) and excitatory influences on baseline GG activity via mechanisms operating outside the HMN.
Because of its lower sensitivity and accuracy, the non-lifting sign will not replace endoscopic assessment. If a lesion does not lift, this can make resection technically difficult, but does not reliably predict deeper cancerous invasion.