Does localization of pacing and defibrillator lead using standard x-ray views is frequently inaccurate and is not reproducible?
Conventional roentography is limited in its ability to accurately and reliably determine pacing lead tip position.
We administered the same small dose of ketamine before or after surgery. The preoperative administration of 0.15 mg/kg ketamine in patients undergoing total mastectomy did not elicit a preemptive analgesic effect. Ketamine given at closure reduced the patient-controlled analgesia morphine requirement in the first 2 h after surgery.