Because `emptyUpperBound` is an instance method of the `TypeBounds` class, and creating that instance is what I want to avoid. As an alternative, we could re-define the method as a function, close to the `TypeBounds` class. For instance, in its companion object:      ```Scala  def isEmptyUpperBound(hi: Type): Boolean = typeIsAny(hi) || hi.isWildcard  ```