Mail carrier
A mail carrier, also referred to as a mailman, mailwoman, postal carrier, postman, postwoman, postperson, letter carrier (in American English), or colloquially postie (in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom), is an employee of a post office or postal service who delivers mail and parcel post to residences and businesses. The term "mail carrier" came to be used as a gender-neutral substitute for "mailman" soon after women began performing the job.  In the Royal Mail, the official name changed from "letter carrier" to "postman" in 1883, and "postwoman" has also been used for many years.

United States
In the United States, there are three types of mail carriers: City Letter Carriers, who are represented by the National Association of Letter Carriers; Rural Carriers, who are represented by the National Rural Letter Carriers' Association; and Highway Contract Route carriers, who are independent contractors. While union membership is voluntary, city carriers are organized nearly 93 percent nationally.Letter carriers are paid hourly with the potential for overtime. Letter carriers are also subject to "pivoting" on a daily basis. When a carrier's assigned route will take less than 8 hours to complete, management may "pivot" the said carrier to work on another route to fill that carrier up to 8 hours. It is a tool that postal management uses to redistribute and eliminate overtime costs, based on consultation with the carrier about his/her estimated workload for the day and mail volume projections from the DOIS (Delivery Operations Information System) computer program. Routes are adjusted and/or eliminated based on information (length, time, and overall workload) also controlled by this program, consultations with the carrier assigned to the route, and a current PS Form 3999 (street observation by a postal supervisor to determine accurate times spent on actual delivery of mail).

Rural carriers are under a form of salary called "evaluated hours", usually with overtime built into their pay. The evaluated hours are created by having all mail counted for a period of two or four weeks, and a formula used to create the set dollar amount they will be paid for each day worked until the next time the route is counted.
Highway Contract Routes are awarded to the lowest bidder, and that person then either carries the route themselves or hires carriers to fulfill their contract to deliver the mail.
Letter carriers typically work urban routes that are high density and low mileage. Such routes are classified as either "mounted" routes (for those that require a vehicle) or "walking" routes (for those that are done on foot). When working a mounted route, letter carriers usually drive distinctive white vans with the logo of the United States Postal Service on the side and deliver to curbside and building affixed mailboxes.

Carriers who walk generally also drive postal vehicles to their routes, park at a specified location, and carry one "loop" of mail, up one side of the street and back down the other side, until they are back to their vehicle. This method of delivery is referred to as "park and loop". Letter carriers may also accommodate alternate delivery points if "extreme physical hardship" is confirmed. In cases where mail carriers do not have assigned vehicles, they may also get undelivered mail from relay boxes placed along their routes.Rural carriers typically work routes that have a lower density and higher mileage than those of letter carriers. They all work mounted routes, leaving their vehicles only to deliver to group mailboxes or to deliver an article that must be taken to a customer's door. However, now that former rural areas are being urbanized, their routes are growing very similar to mounted "city routes." Rural carriers often use their own vehicles and are not required to wear a uniform. Because of urbanization around cities and because rural carriers deliver mail at less cost to the Postal Service, the rural carrier craft is the only craft in the Postal Service that is growing.
Highway Contract Route carriers work routes that were established with a density of less than one customer per mile driven (some later become denser and can then be converted to rural delivery). They are only mounted routes, and all HCR carriers use their own vehicle. These routes are typically found in outlying areas, or around very small communities.The three types of mail carriers are also hired quite differently. A new letter carrier begins as a City Carrier Assistant (CCA). Rural carriers are hired as Rural Carrier Associate (RCA) carriers, without benefits. There is normally an RCA assigned to each rural route and they usually work less frequently than city CCAs. As a result, there are thousands of RCA positions that go unfilled for a lack of applicants and so are covered by other RCAs until the hiring improves for the hiring process explained). Highway Contract Route carriers are hired by the winning bidder for that route. They are not United States Postal Service employees and normally receive lower pay than carriers on city or rural routes.

Female carriers
Women have been transporting mail in the United States since the late 1800s. According to the United States Post Office archive, "the first known appointment of a woman to carry mail was on 3 April 1845, when Postmaster General Cave Johnson appointed Sarah Black to carry the mail between Charlestown Md P.O. & the Rail Road "daily or as often as requisite at $48 per annum". For at least two years Black served as a mail messenger, ferrying the mail between Charlestown's train depot and its post office."At least two women, Susanna A. Brunner in New York and Minnie Westman in Oregon, were known to be mail carriers in the 1880s. Mary Fields, nicknamed "Stagecoach Mary", was the first black woman to work for the USPS, driving a stagecoach in Montana from 1895 until the early 1900s. When aviation introduced airmail, the first woman mail pilot was Katherine Stinson who dropped mailbags from her plane at the Montana State Fair in September 1913.The first women city carriers were appointed in World War I and by 2007, about 59,700 women served as city carriers and 36,600 as rural carriers representing 40 per cent of the carrier force.

Famous carriers
Famous real-life letter carriers include:

Berry van Aerle, Dutch football player (35 caps)
Raymond van Barneveld, who worked as a postman before becoming a professional darts player
Olivier Besancenot, candidate for the French presidential elections in 2002 and 2007
Peter Bonetti, English goalkeeper who played for Chelsea F.C.
Charles Bukowski, novelist and poet
Allan B. Calhamer, the inventor of board game Diplomacy
Jean Cameron, Scottish World War 2 postwoman who changed the uniform to allow trousers.
Steve Carell, American actor
Ferdinand Cheval, who spent 33 years building an "ideal castle"
Ace Frehley, original guitarist for the rock band Kiss, worked as a mailman before he became the "Spaceman"
Domingo French, mailman of the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, turned into revolutionary and soldier during the May Revolution
Vic Godard, English punk musician, founder of the Subway Sect, became a postman midway through his music career
Terry Griffiths, a former postman who became a world-champion snooker player
David Harvey, a goalkeeper who became a postman after leaving football
Rudolph Hass, developer of the Hass avocado
Gladys Hillier, English postwoman, inspiration for the title of an album by Fairport Convention
Brad Hogg, an Australian cricketer who is a former Perth postman
Alan Johnson, the former UK Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer
Kimeru, a famous Japanese pop singer, worked as a mailman before he pursued his singing career
Keith Knox, a Scottish footballer who also worked as a postman throughout his 25-year career
Tom Kruse, MBE (28 August 1914  – 30 June 2011) was a former mailman on the Birdsville Track in the border area between South Australia and Queensland
Stephen Law, philosopher. Expelled from school and worked as a postman until being accepted to Trinity College, Oxford to study philosophy
Jan Nyssen (1957) was a mailman (1977-1997) in Liège (Belgium) and became a Professor of Geography.
John Prine, Grammy winning folk singer
Bon Scott, former lead singer of AC/DC was once a 'postie' in Australia
Allan Smethurst, English singer known as "The Singing Postman"
Snowshoe Thompson, mail delivery on skis
Neil Webb, English footballer who became a postman after leaving professional football

Fictional carriers
Cliff Clavin (John Ratzenberger) was a main character on the NBC series Cheers
Gordon Krantz as The Postman, main character in the novel and film adaptation (Kevin Costner)
Newman (Wayne Knight) was a recurring character on the NBC series Seinfeld
Mister McFeely (David Newell) on the PBS series Mister Rogers' Neighborhood
Mister Sprinkles (William Newman (actor)) in the 1993 film Mrs. Doubtfire
Reba the Mail Lady (S. Epatha Merkerson) from the children's TV series Pee-Wee's Playhouse
Tom Tipper, from The Railway Series book Really Useful Engines, then season 4 of Thomas & Friends episode "Mind That Bike"
Postman Pat, a fictional postman and the title character of the British children's television series, famed for delivering letters in his "bright red van" with Jess, his "black and white cat".

In heraldry
The coat of arms of Daugailiai, Lithuania features a postman playing post horn.

See also
Balloon mail
Jewish letter carriers
List of fictional postal employees
Mail delivery by animal
Mail satchel

References
External links

National Association of Letter Carriers
National Rural Letter Carriers' Association