Fife
Fife ( FYFE, Scottish English: [fɐi̯f]; Scottish Gaelic: Fìobha, IPA: [fiːvə]; Scots: Fife) is a council area, historic county, registration county and lieutenancy area of Scotland. It is situated between the Firth of Tay and the Firth of Forth, with inland boundaries with Perth and Kinross (i.e. the historic counties of Perthshire and Kinross-shire) and Clackmannanshire. By custom it is widely held to have been one of the major Pictish kingdoms, known as Fib, and is still commonly known as the Kingdom of Fife within Scotland. A person from Fife is known as a Fifer. In older documents the county was very occasionally known by the anglicisation Fifeshire.
Fife is Scotland's third largest local authority area by population. It has a resident population of just under 367,000, over a third of whom live in the three principal settlements, Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy and Glenrothes.
The historic town of St Andrews is located on the northeast coast of Fife. It is well known for the University of St Andrews, the most ancient university of Scotland and one of the oldest universities in the world. From the 15th century it was the metropolis of the former Archdiocese of St Andrews, St Andrews Cathedral having been the seat of the most senior bishop of Scotland since the 10th century. St Andrews is also renowned as the home of golf.

History
Fife, bounded to the north by the Firth of Tay and to the south by the Firth of Forth, is a natural peninsula whose political boundaries have changed little over the ages. The Pictish king list and De Situ Albanie documents of the Poppleton manuscript mention the division of the Pictish realm or Albany into seven sub-kingdoms, one being Fife.: 70–72  The earliest known reference to the common epithet The Kingdom of Fife dates from only 1678, in a proposition that the term derives from the quasi-regal privileges of the Earl of Fife.: 132  The notion of a kingdom may derive from a misinterpretation of an extract from Wyntoun.: 133  The name is recorded as Fib in A.D. 1150 and Fif in 1165. It was often associated with Fothriff.
The hill-fort of Clatchard Craig, near Newburgh, was occupied as an important Pictish stronghold between the sixth and eighth centuries AD.Fife was an important royal and political centre from the reign of King Malcolm III onwards, as the leaders of Scotland gradually moved southwards away from their ancient strongholds around Scone. Malcolm had his principal home in Dunfermline and his wife Margaret was the main benefactor of Dunfermline Abbey. The Abbey replaced Iona as the final resting place of Scotland's royal elite, with Robert I amongst those to be buried there.The Earl of Fife was until the 15th century considered the principal peer of the Scottish realm, and reserved the right of crowning the nation's monarchs, reflecting the prestige of the area.
A new royal palace was gradually constructed at Falkland, formerly the stronghold of Clan MacDuff, and was used by successive monarchs of the House of Stuart, who favoured Fife for its rich hunting grounds.King James VI of Scotland described Fife, in Middle Scots, as a: "beggar's mantle fringed wi gowd" the golden fringe being the coast and its chain of little ports with their thriving fishing fleets and rich trading links with the Low Countries. Wool, linen, coal and salt were all traded. Salt pans heated by local coal were historically a feature of the Fife coast. The distinctive red clay pan tiles seen on many old buildings in Fife arrived as ballast on trading boats and replaced the previously thatched roofs.
In 1598, King James VI employed a group of 11 men from Fife, who became known as the Fife adventurers, to colonise the Isle of Lewis in an attempt to begin the "civilisation" and de-gaelicisation of the region. This endeavour lasted until 1609 when the colonists, having been opposed by the native population, were bought out by Kenneth Mackenzie, the clan chief of the Mackenzies.Fife became a centre of heavy industry in the 19th century. Coal had been mined in the area since at least the 12th century, but the number of pits increased ten-fold as demand for coal grew in the Victorian period. Previously rural villages such as Cowdenbeath rapidly swelled into towns as thousands moved to Fife to find work in its mines. The opening of the Forth and Tay rail bridges linked Fife with Dundee and Edinburgh and allowed the rapid transport of goods. Modern ports were constructed at Methil, Burntisland and Rosyth. Kirkcaldy became the world centre for the production of linoleum. Postwar Fife saw the development of Scotland's second new town, Glenrothes. Originally to provide housing for miners at a new coal mine, the town eventually attracted a high number of modern Silicon Glen companies to the region. Fife Council and Fife Constabulary also centre their operations in Glenrothes.
There are numerous notable historical buildings in Fife, some of which are managed by the National Trust for Scotland or Historic Scotland. They include Dunfermline Abbey (the last resting place of Scottish royalty), the palace in Culross, Ravenscraig Castle in Kirkcaldy, Dysart Harbour area, Balgonie Castle near Coaltown of Balgonie, Falkland Palace (hunting palace of the Scottish Kings), Kellie Castle near Pittenweem, Hill of Tarvit (a historical house), St. Andrews Castle, St. Andrews Cathedral and St. Rule's Tower.

Administrative history
Fife was one of the ancient provinces of Scotland, under the authority of the Mormaer or Earl of Fife. The early province of Fife appears to have covered only that part of the later county lying east of a line from Newburgh to Scoonie. The western part of the later county was in the province of Fothriff, which also covered areas that would later become Kinross-shire and part of Clackmannanshire, including the town of Clackmannan. By the early thirteenth century Fothriff had been joined to the earldom of Fife. Sometime between the reign of David I (reigned 1124–1153) and the mid-thirteenth century, this part of Scotland was divided into shires, being areas administered by a sheriff. Kinross and Clackmannan were each given their own sheriffs, whilst the rest of the Fife and Fothriff area was placed under the authority of the Sheriff of Fife.Over time, Scotland's shires became more significant than the old provinces, with more administrative functions being given to the sheriffs. The larger earldom of Fife, including Kinross and Clackmannan, was therefore gradually eclipsed in importance by the smaller shire of Fife. In 1667 Commissioners of Supply were established for each shire, which would serve as the main administrative body for the area until the creation of county councils in 1890. Following the Acts of Union in 1707, the English term "county" came to be used interchangeably with the older term "shire".Elected county councils were established in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889, taking most of the functions of the commissioners (which were eventually abolished in 1930). The two burghs of Dunfermline and Kirkcaldy were deemed capable of managing their own affairs and so were excluded from the administrative area of the county council. The 1889 act also led to a review of boundaries, with several exclaves being transferred to a county they actually bordered, and parishes which straddled more than one county being adjusted such that each parish was entirely in a single county. These changes saw some adjustments to Fife's boundaries with Kinross-shire and Perthshire, with the most significant change being that Fife gained the two parishes of Culross and Tulliallan, which had previously formed an exclave of Perthshire. Dunfermline and Kirkcaldy were brought within the administrative area of the county council in 1930, but classed as large burghs, allowing them to continue to deliver many local government functions themselves.
Fife County Council was based at County Buildings in Catherine Street in Cupar, which had been built in 1817 as the county's sheriff court and meeting place for the commissioners of supply, replacing the town's medieval tolbooth which had performed the same functions.Fife County Council was abolished in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which replaced Scotland's counties, burghs and landward districts with a two-tier structure of upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts. Fife region was created covering the same area as the county, divided into three districts: Dunfermline, Kirkcaldy and North-East Fife. In 1996 the district councils were abolished and Fife Regional Council became a unitary authority known as Fife Council. Fife is one of the six local authorities in the city region of Edinburgh and southeast Scotland. 
There was a parliamentary constituency of Fife in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom until 1885 and the Fife constituency in the Parliament of Scotland until the Acts of Union 1707.

Governance
Fife is represented by five constituency members of the Scottish Parliament (MSPs) and four members of the United Kingdom parliament (MPs) who are sent to Holyrood and the British Parliament respectively. Following the 2015 general election, all four of the MPs constituencies were held by the Scottish National Party. In the 2017 general election, Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath was regained by Labour. At the same election, the seat of North East Fife became the closest seat in the country with the SNP holding a majority of 2 over the Liberal Democrats. Three of the Scottish Parliament constituencies are held by the Scottish National Party: Cowdenbeath, Dunfermline and Mid Fife and Glenrothes. One is held by the Scottish Liberal Democrats: North East Fife.Fife Council's administrative  headquarters and Police Scotland's P Division (formerly Fife Constabulary) are based in Glenrothes. The Council meetings take place in Fife House in the town centre. The west wing of the building was built by the Glenrothes Development Corporation (GDC) as their offices in 1969, which was later used as the headquarters of Fife Regional Council from shortly after its creation in 1975.

Geography
Fife is a peninsula in eastern Scotland bordered on the north by the Firth of Tay, on the east by the North Sea and by the Firth of Forth to the south. The route to the west is partially blocked by the mass of the Ochil Hills. Almost all road traffic into and out of Fife has to pass over one of four bridges, south on the Forth Road Bridge (public transport and cyclists only) and Queensferry Crossing, west on the Kincardine Bridge or north-east via the Tay Road Bridge, the exception being traffic headed north on the M90. Tolls were abolished on the Tay Road Bridge and Forth Road Bridge on 11 February 2008.
There are extinct volcanic features, such as the Lomond Hills which rise above rolling farmland, and Largo Law, a volcanic plug in the east. At 522 metres (1,713 ft), the West Lomond is the highest point in Fife. The coast has fine but small harbours, from the industrial docks in Burntisland and Rosyth to the fishing villages of the East Neuk such as Anstruther and Pittenweem. The large area of flat land to the north of the Lomond Hills, through which the River Eden flows, is known as the Howe of Fife.

North of the Lomond Hills can be found villages and small towns in a primarily agricultural landscape. The areas in the south and west of Fife, including the towns of Dunfermline, Glenrothes, Kirkcaldy and the Levenmouth region are lightly industrial and more densely populated. The only areas which could claim to be heavily industrial are Rosyth, around the naval dockyard and perhaps the Mossmorran Natural Gas Liquids fractionation plant on the outskirts of Cowdenbeath.
The east corner of Fife, along the string of villages between Earlsferry and Kingsbarns, and along with their hinterland, is known as the East Neuk (corner, or projecting point of land) of Fife; small settlements around sheltered harbours, with distinctive vernacular "Dutch" or corbie (crow) stepped gabled and stone-built architecture. The area has amongst the highest concentration of second homes and holiday lets in Scotland. The fishing industry, on which the coastal East Neuk settlements were built, has declined in recent years with the main fishing fleet now operating from Pittenweem and the harbour in Anstruther being used as a marina for pleasure craft.
There are several islands located off the coast of Fife, such as the Isle of May, Inchkeith and Inchcolm. The former Preston Island south of Valleyfield is no longer an island following land reclamation work.

Settlements
Cupar took over as county town from Crail in the early 13th century. Glenrothes is now the administrative centre, after the decision to locate the headquarters of the newly established Fife Regional Council there in 1975. Fife's three major towns are Kirkcaldy, Dunfermline (awarded city status in 2022) and Glenrothes. According to the 2012 estimate, Dunfermline is the largest settlement by population, followed by Kirkcaldy then Glenrothes. The next most sizeable towns by population are St Andrews, Cowdenbeath, Rosyth, Methil and Dalgety Bay.
Largest settlements by population:

Historic parishes
The county was formerly divided into parishes, often but not always based on a town or village:

Communities
Fife is divided into 105 community council areas, 85 of which have community councils as at 2023.

Culture
Fife contains 4,961 listed buildings and 48 conservation areas. Domestic sites of importance include Falkland Palace, Kellie Castle, Dunfermline Palace, St Andrews Castle, Culross Palace and Kirkcaldy's Ravenscraig Castle. Fife also has a number of ecclesiastical sites of historical interest. St Andrews Cathedral was home to the powerful Archbishopric of St Andrews, and later became a centre of the Scottish Reformation, while Dunfermline Abbey was the last resting place of a number of Scottish kings. Balmerino and Culross abbeys were both founded in the 13th century by the Cistercians, while a century before Lindores Abbey was founded by the Tironensians outside Newburgh; all were highly important sites.
The Stanza Poetry Festival, East Neuk Festival, and Pittenweem Arts Festival are events of national cultural importance. Smaller festivals like the Cupar Arts Festival also take place. The Byre Theatre in St Andrews and Adam Smith Theatre in Kirkcaldy are both highly regarded as touring venues, the latter also being the base of the grand opera company Fife Opera.  The Byre has re-opened in Autumn, 2014 following its going into administration in 2012.

Places of interest
Aberdour Castle
Balbirnie Stone Circle
Balfarg
Balgonie Castle
Balmerino Abbey
Bunnet Stane
Cambo Estate
Caves of Caiplie
Church of St Mary on the Rock
Craigtoun Country Park
Culross Abbey
Deep Sea World
Dunfermline Abbey
Dunfermline Palace
Falkland Palace
Fife Coastal Path
Fife Folk Museum
Fife Heritage Railway
Fife Pilgrim Way
Forth Bridge
Inchcolm Abbey
Isle of May
Kellie Castle
Kingsbarns Distillery and Visitor Centre
Kirkcaldy Galleries
Lindores Abbey
Lindores Abbey distillery
Links Market
Lochore Meadows
Lomond Hills Regional Park
Lundin Links standing stones
MacDuff's Cross
Museum of the University of St Andrews
Newark Castle
Norman's Law
Ochil Hills
Old Course at St Andrews
Pittencrieff Park
Ravenscraig Castle
Reaper (sailing vessel)
Riverside Park, Glenrothes
Rosyth Castle
Scotland's Secret Bunker
Scottish Deer Centre
Scottish Fisheries Museum
Seafield Tower
St Andrews Aquarium
St Andrews Castle
St Andrews Cathedral
St Andrews Museum
Swilcan Bridge
Tay Rail Bridge
Tentsmuir National Nature Reserve
R&A World Golf Museum

Notable Fifers
Robert Adam, architect
Stuart Adamson, musician (Big Country, The Skids)
Robert Hope Moncrieff Aitken, Lieutenant in the 13th, Bengal Native Infantry, awarded the Victoria Cross
William Allan, classicist at the University of Oxford
Ian Anderson, musician, frontman of Jethro Tull
Iain Banks, writer
Lady Anne Barnard, travel writer, artist and socialite of the period
Andrew Whyte Barclay, physician, Lumleian lecturer, and Harveian orator
Jim Baxter, footballer
David Bethune, Archbishop of St Andrews
George Bethune, MSP for Kilrenny
James Bethune, Archbishop of St Andrews
James Bethune, Archbishop of Glasgow
Janet Bethune, noblewoman
Mary Bethune, attendant of Mary, Queen of Scots
Elizabeth Bethune, mistress of King James V of Scotland
Guy Berryman, bassist from the band Coldplay
Sir James Black, pharmacologist and nobel prize winner
Sir Ernley Blackwell, lawyer and civil servant
Edith Bowman, BBC Radio 1/6 DJ
Caroline Brazier, librarian
Gordon Brown, former British Prime Minister and Chancellor of the Exchequer and former MP for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath
Scott Brown, Scotland and Celtic F.C. footballer
Gregory Burke, playwright
Kenn Burke, ballet dancer
Andrew Carnegie, industrialist and philanthropist
Henry Chisholm, steel industry executive
Jim Clark, two-times Formula One World Drivers' Champion
James Clephan, Lieutenant on board HMS Spartiate during the Battle of Trafalgar
Archibald Constable, publisher, bookseller and stationer
Kenneth Cranham, actor
King Creosote, musician
Lawrence Daly, General Secretary of the NUM
David Danskin, principal founding member of Arsenal FC
James Dewar, judge
Barbara Dickson, singer and actress
Thomas Millie Dow, artist, a member of the Glasgow School
Peter Dumbreck, racing driver and 1998 Macau Grand Prix winner
Philip Charles Durham, sailor and captain of HMS Defiance at Trafalgar
Marjorie Fleming, child writer and poet
Sir Sandford Fleming, engineer, who proposed worldwide standard time zones, engineered on the Intercolonial Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway
Valentine Fleming, member of parliament and father of the author Ian Fleming
John Forbes, named the city of Pittsburgh
Chris Fusaro, rugby player
Thomas Lomar Gray, engineer noted for his pioneering work in seismology
Martin Grehan, footballer
Samuel Greig, Russian admiral and "Father of the Russian Navy"
Thomas Hardy, minister of religion, Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland and Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Edinburgh University
Alexander Henderson, theologian, and an important ecclesiastical statesman
Shirley Henderson, actress
Peter Horne, rugby player
Bob Howie and Dave Howie, rugby players
Ninian Imrie, army officer and geologist
Danny Inglis, darts player
Richard Jobson, filmmaker, television presenter, musician, The Skids
Peter Johnstone, Celtic FC footballer
Henrietta Keddie, novelist who wrote under the pseudonym Sarah Tytler
Deborah Knox, Olympic gold medallist in curling
Craig Levein, Scottish former professional footballer and manager
Jackie Leven, singer-songwriter
Wallace Lindsay, classical scholar, palaeographer, Professor of Humanity at St Andrews University
Robert Lindsay of Pitscottie, 16th-century writer
Anne Macaulay musicologist, archaeologist, author and lecturer
Douglas Mackinnon, director
Val McDermid, writer
Ken McNaught, footballer, Aston Villa F.C. centre back, 1982 European Cup Winner
Willie McNaught, footballer, Raith Rovers F.C. defender
Old Tom Morris, greenskeeper St Andrews Links and 4 times champion of The Open Championship
Tom Nairn, political theorist of nationalism
Rab Noakes, singer, songwriter, record producer
Aileen Paterson, author/illustrator
John Philip, missionary in South Africa
David Pitcairn, physician
John Pitcairn, British Marine officer killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill
William Pitcairn, physician
Ian Rankin, writer
Craig and Charlie Reid, singer-songwriters of The Proclaimers
David Rollo, rugby player
Craig Russell (British author), writer
Dougray Scott, actor
John Scrimgeour of Myres, Master of Work for royal buildings for James V and Mary, Queen of Scots
Alexander Selkirk, seafarer and inspiration for Robinson Crusoe
Jimmy Shand, accordion player
Daniel Sloss, comedian
Adam Smith, philosopher and economist
Jordan Smith, actor
Mary Fairfax Somerville, science writer and polymath
Catherine Steele, plant biochemist
David Steel, former Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament and leader of the Liberal party and MSP for Lothian and MP for Tweeddale, Ettrick and Lauderdale
Ian Stewart, co-founder of the Rolling Stones
Lawrence Storione, miner and anarchist organiser
Sir John Struthers, first Regius Professor of Anatomy at the University of Aberdeen
John McDouall Stuart, explorer of Australia's interior
Michaela Tabb, first female snooker referee to appear at the Crucible
William Tennant, scholar and poet
John Thomson, Celtic F.C. and Scotland goalkeeper
KT Tunstall, musician
Jack Vettriano, artist
William Montgomery Watt, historian, Emeritus Professor in Arabic and Islamic Studies at the University of Edinburgh
Sir David Wilkie, painter
Alexander Wilson,  surgeon, type-founder, astronomer, mathematician and meteorologist
James Wilson, signer of US Declaration of Independence, appointed by George Washington to first Supreme Court
Jocky Wilson, darts player
James Yorkston, musician
Douglas Young, poet, scholar, translator, and leader of the Scottish National Party
Angus McFife, fictional prince and wielder of the Gloryhammer.

Sports
St Andrews in Fife is the home of golf, and the headquarters of The R&A, the governing body of the sport throughout the world, aside from the United States and Mexico. The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews, from which it was devolved in 2004, is the world's oldest golf club.
Fife has four football clubs that play in the Scottish Professional Football League: Dunfermline Athletic, East Fife (based in Methil), Kelty Hearts, and Raith Rovers (based in Kirkcaldy); Cowdenbeath played at this level between 1905 and 2022 but are now members of the Lowland Football League. Fifteen clubs compete in the East of Scotland League while one plays in the SJFA East Region.
Fife Flyers (based in Kirkcaldy) are the UK's oldest ice hockey club and play in Britain's top flight, the Elite Ice Hockey League.
Fife is also home to eight rugby union clubs. Howe of Fife (based in Cupar), and Kirkcaldy play in Scottish Rugby's national leagues while Dunfermline, Rosyth Sharks, Glenrothes, Madras, Waid Academy (based in Anstruther) compete in the Caledonia regional leagues. University of St Andrews – the oldest rugby club in Fife – play in the British Universities & Colleges Sport (BUCS) system.
Kingdom Kangaroos are Fife's only Australian Rules Football team, with training held in Rosyth and Kirkcaldy.
Aberdour Shinty Club have two men's teams, two women's teams and multiple youth squads.
Fife also has two competitive basketball teams; Dunfermline Reign, who play out of St Columba's High School in Dunfermline and compete across a number of national SBC competitions, and Fife Steel, a Kirkcaldy-based team, operating a number of age groups, with a Senior men's and an under 19's team currently playing in Division 3 of the Lothian Men's Basketball League.
Fife is the location of several of the nation's motorsport venues: Knockhill Racing Circuit, Scotland's national motorsport venue and the only FIA-graded venue in the country; Cowdenbeath Racewall, a stock car oval racing venue; Lochgelly Raceway, a venue containing the Driftland drifting course and a 1/4 mile oval; and Crail Raceway, a venue located on a former military aerodrome containing a 1/4 mile drag strip and a karting circuit, operated by the East of Scotland Kart Club.

Media
Locally published newspapers include the Fife Free Press in Kirkcaldy; the Dunfermline Press in Dunfermline; the Glenrothes Gazette in Glenrothes, the East Fife Mail in Leven, the Fife Herald in Cupar / Howe of Fife and the St Andrews Citizen in St Andrews. DC Thomson publishes Fife and West Fife editions of the Dundee Courier & Advertiser, and the Counties Edition of the Evening Telegraph is sold in Fife.
The only Fife-based radio station is Kingdom FM. There is also a community radio station that broadcasts each evening and is run solely by youths, called Fife Youth Radio. Other local radio stations, Tay FM, Greatest Hits Radio Tayside & Fife and Edinburgh's Forth 1 and Greatest Hits Radio Edinburgh, Lothians & Fife, broadcast to the northern and southern parts of the region respectively.

See also
Abbeys and priories in Scotland
Castles in Scotland
Duke of Fife
Earl of Fife
Fire and Rescue Authority (Scotland)
Historic houses in Scotland
Kingdom Housing Association
List of places in Fife
Museums in Scotland

References
External links
Fife at Curlie
Knowfife Dataset
Fife Council