Notker the Stammerer
Notker the Stammerer (c. 840 – 6 April 912), Notker Balbulus, or simply Notker, was a Benedictine monk at the Abbey of Saint Gall active as a composer, poet and scholar. Described as "a significant figure in the Western Church", Notker made substantial contributions to both the music and literature of his time. He is usually credited with two major works of the Carolingian period: the Liber Hymnorum, which includes an important collection of early musical sequences, and an early biography of Charlemagne, the Gesta Karoli Magni. His other works include a biography of Saint Gall known as the Vita Sancti Galli and a martyrology, among others.
Born near the Abbey of Saint Gall, Notker was educated alongside the monks Tuotilo and Ratpert; all three were composers, making the Abbey an important center of early medieval music. Notker quickly became a central figure of the Abbey and among the leading literary scholars of the Early Middle Ages. A renowned teacher, he taught Solomon III, the bishop of Constance and on occasion advised Charles the Fat. Although venerated by the Abbey of Saint Gall and the namesake of later scholars there such as Notker Physicus and Notker Labeo, Notker was never formally canonized. He was given "the Stammerer" as an epithet, due to his lifelong stutter.

Life and career
Notker was born around 840, near the Abbey of Saint Gall in modern-day Switzerland. His wealthy family was of either Alemannic or Swiss descent and they owned land in Jonschwil of Thurgau. Notker's later biographer Ekkehard V claims he was born in Heiligau—now Elgg—in the Canton of Zürich, but this has been rejected by the historian Gerold Meyer von Knonau, who suggests a birthplace near Jonschwil. Since childhood Notker had a stutter, resulting in the Latin epithet balbulus (lit. 'babbler') or "the Stammerer" in English. He began schooling at Saint Gall early in age and spent the rest of his life in the Abbey. His teachers included the Swiss monk Iso and the Irish monk Moengal, called "Marcellus" by Notker. The later Casus monasterii Sancti Galli of Ekkehard IV "paints a lively picture of the monastery school", and notes that Notker was taught alongside Tuotilo and Ratpert; all three would become teachers and composers at the Abbey.Although first and foremost a scholar, Notker held numerous positions at the Abby including librarian in 890 and master of guests (hospitarius) in 892 and 894. He became established as a well-known teacher and was eventually appointed "master of the monastic school". Among his students was Solomon, who was later Bishop of Constance from  890 until his death in 912. Notker was often called upon for council from outside the Abbey; on occasion he advised Charles the Fat who visited the Abbey from 4–6 December 883. Charles was the dedicatee of Notker's De Carolo Magno, an early biography of Charlemagne. Ekkehard IV lauded him as "delicate of body but not of mind, stuttering of tongue but not of intellect, pushing boldly forward in things Divine, a vessel of the Holy Spirit without equal in his time".Despite his renown in the Abbey, Notker never became an abbot of Saint Gall, and repeatedly declined abbacy offers elsewhere. Notker died in Saint Gall on 6 April 912.

Musical works
Liber Hymnorum
Notker created the Liber Hymnorum during the late 9th century, an important early collection of Sequences dedicated to Liutward, the bishop of Vercelli. Completed in 884, it is essentially a set of melodies and texts organized by the Church calendar. The oldest surviving sources of the Liber Hymnorum date from either Notker's last years or directly after his death.In the preface to his Liber Hymnorum, Notker claimed his musical work was inspired by an antiphoner that was brought to Gall from the Jumièges Abbey, soon after its destruction in 851. Notker was particularly inspired by the Jumièges chant book setting verses to the melodies, making them easier to remember; he goes on to discuss his childhood difficulties in recalling the melodiae longissimae.

Others
Numerous other musical works have been ascribed to Notker, with varying certainty. The sequence melody "Ave beati germinis" is attributed to him in one mid-10th century source.Ekkehard IV's attribution of the melodies "Frigdola" and "Occidentan" is problematic since these appear to have existed before Notker's time.  The hymn Media Vita was erroneously attributed to him by Jodocus Metzler in 1613.

Literary works
Gesta Karoli Magni
The Gesta Karoli Magni ("The Deeds of Charles the Great")—also known as De Carolo Magno ("Concerning Charles the Great")—is among the earliest biographies of Charlemagne, after the Vita Karoli Magni of Einhard. Notker the Stammerer is usually identified as the pseudonymous "Monk of Saint Gall" (Latin: Monachus Sangallensis) to whom the work is attributed. Numerous life details are shared between Notker and the unknown Monk, including their origin, education and long-term stay at Saint Gall. The translator Lewis Thorpe concludes that "the two are "probably the same person, although this cannot be proved".The work is not a linear biography, but instead two books of exempla—anecdotal "moral tales"—relating chiefly to Charlemagne and his family. When discussed by scholars, Notker's work is often compared unfavorably to that of Einhard; the historian Philipp Jaffé derided Notker as one who "took pleasure in amusing anecdotes and witty tales, but who was ill-informed about the true march of historical events", and described the work itself as a "mass of legend, saga, invention and reckless blundering". Similarly, the classical scholar H. W. Garrod dismissed it as a "a largely mythical record". More sympathetically, the historian Matthew Innes has cited Notker's use of "humour and anecdotal style" as encouraging "a negative judgement [of] his abilities", noting that "Recent scholarship [on the Gesta Karoli Magni ] has stressed the underlying clarity of its intellectual vision and found coherent ideas about the correct ordering of society, church and politics."

Martyrology
Among Notker's literary works was the arrangement of a martyrology, which is a catalogue of martyrs or other Christian saints with short biographies. Written around 900, only a single incomplete copy survives, not including some saints born on June 13–17, July 3–6, August 19–26, October 27 and December 31. That the work survives incomplete may suggest Notker simply never finished his "ambitious project".In his martyrology, Notker appeared to corroborate one of St Columba's miracles. St Columba, being an important father of Irish monasticism, was also important to St Gall, which had strong Irish connections. The abbot Adomnán wrote that at one point Columba had—through clairvoyance—seen a city in Italy near Rome being destroyed by fiery sulphur as a divine punishment and that three thousand people had perished. And shortly after Columba saw this, sailors from Gaul arrived to tell the news of it. Notker claimed in his martyrology that this event happened and that an earthquake had destroyed a city which was called 'new'. It is unclear what this city was that Notker was claiming, although some thought it may have been Naples, previously called Neapolis (lit. 'new city'). However Naples was destroyed by a volcano in 512 before Columba was born, and not during Columba's lifetime and the historian Richard Sharpe notes that "Notker was no better placed than anyone since to know what Adomnán intended".

Others
Notker completed the Breviarium Regum Francorum ("Breviary of the Frankish Kings") begun by Erchanbert. A Latin key explaining significative letters (performance instructions in some Gregorian chant) is attributed to Notker, though it is sometimes erronously ascribed to Notker Labeo.

Legacy
Scholars vary on evaluating Notker's main legacy; the priest Alban Butler asserted that his sequences were his most important achievement, while the historian Rosamond McKitterick states that he is best remembered for the Gesta Karoli Magni. Notker and Solomon II were the most important writers educated at Saint Gall, and Notker was among the both leading literary scribes and scholars of his time. He was the namesake of the later scholars Notker Physicus and Notker Labeo, who are referred to as "Notker II" and "Notker III" respectively.On Notker's canonization status, the English cleric John Donne noted that "he is a private Saint, for a few Parishes". According to the 16th century historian Henricus Canisius, Notker' Sainthood was granted by Leo X in 1512 for Saint Gall and nearby churches, and in 1513 for the Diocese of Constance. The Catholic Encyclopedia interprets Leo's action as beatification. In Saint Gall and other churches he is commemorated annually on 6 April. Notker was never formally canonized.In the mid-19th century the Swiss music scholar Anselm Schubiger was the first to transcribe almost all of Notker's extant melodies into modern notation. Many of his transcriptions are still in use, though older manuscript sources are available now that Schubiger did not have access to, meaning that "a more comprehensive approach to the sources will produce readings that are closer to Notker's own use, and better musically".

References
Notes
Citations
Sources
Books
Articles
Online

Further reading
External links
Music

Free scores by Notker Balbulus at the International Music Score Library Project (IMSLP)
Free scores by Notker the Stammerer in the Choral Public Domain Library (ChoralWiki)Literature

Translation of the Gesta Karoli Magni by Arthur James Grant on the Internet Medieval Source Book
Works by Notker the Stammerer at Project Gutenberg
Works by Notker the Stammerer at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)