context: Jill Young, as a child, witnesses the death of her mother, Ruth Young and the mother of Joe, an infant mountain gorilla, at the hands of poachers led by Andrei Strasser. Strasser loses his right thumb and trigger finger to Joe, and swears revenge.
  Twelve years later, Jill has raised Joe, now grown to a height of 16Â 1â2 feet (5Â m) weighting 2,200 pounds (1,000Â kg). As a result, other gorillas won't accept him and both are now living in relative peace until a wildlife refuge director, Gregg O'Hara, convinces Jill they would be safer from poachers if they relocate to the United States.
  The trio goes to Los Angeles, and win the hearts of the refuge staff at the conservancy, who put Jill in charge of Joe. Jill is approached by Strasser, now running a fraudulent Animal Preserve in Botswana, while actually selling animal organs on the black market. He saw a news report about Joe and is eager for revenge. At first Jill does not recognize Strasser, since Strasser's right hand is hidden in his coat pocket. He tries to convince Jill that Joe would be better off in his wildlife refuge back in Africa. During a gala, Strasser's henchman, Garth, uses a poacher's noisemaker to scare Joe into a frenzy. Joe in a fit of rage trashes the gala, with the intention of attacking Strasser. Joe is captured and placed in a concrete bunker. Before their departure, Gregg has fallen in love with Jill and kisses her goodbye.
  When Jill learns that Joe may be euthanized, she takes Strasser's offer. She and the refuge staff smuggle Joe out in a truck. On the way to the airport, Jill notices the half-glove covering Strasser's missing fingers, and realizes who he is. She fights Strasser and Garth, then jumps from the truck onto Hollywood Boulevard, leading to several automobile accidents. Joe sees her and rocks the truck over onto its side and escapes.
  Gregg realized that Strasser is a poacher and goes after Jill and Joe. He finds Jill, who reveals to Gregg that Strasser killed her mother and now plans to kill Joe. They locate Joe at a carnival where he is playfully wreaking havoc. Strasser arrives and attempts to shoot Jill, but Garth pushes Strasser's gun away from Jill and causes him to fire at a spotlight, starting a fire and causing the Ferris wheel to break down. Realizing how ruthless Strasser truly is, Garth quits, but Strasser knocks Garth unconscious with his gun. Strasser confronts Jill and attempts to kill her, but Joe sneaks up behind them and tosses Strasser into the air, where he grips onto electrical wires over a transformer. Short two fingers on the hand holding the wire, Strasser is killed when he loses his grip and he falls into the transformer.
  Later, at the Santa Monica Pier, Joe tries to save a child from atop the burning wheel, but the fire burns it down and Joe and the child fall to the ground, where Joe jumps off of the burning wheel, protecting the boy and knocking himself unconscious. Joe survives the fall and awakens and they mention that they need to raise money to open a preserve for him. The young boy Joe saved donates some change to Jill after hearing this, prompting the rest of the crowd to contribute.
  Joe is returned to Uganda where Jill and Gregg open the "Joe Young Preserve." Joe runs off into the jungle, enjoying his freedom.
question: Who has raised Joe?
answer: Jill