In medicine and biological science, what is the opposite and usual alternative to 'in vitro'?
In vitro to in vivo extrapolation In vitro to in vivo extrapolation In vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) refers to the qualitative or quantitative transposition of experimental results or observations made in vitro to predicts phenomena in vivo, biological organisms. The problem of transposing in vitro results is particularly acute in areas such as toxicology where animal experiments are being phased out and are increasingly being replaced by alternative tests. Results obtained from "in vitro" experiments cannot often be directly applied to predict biological responses of organisms to chemical exposure "in vivo". Therefore, it is extremely important to build a consistent and reliable "in vitro"
Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine on the website Science-Based Medicine pointed out that United States Senator Tom Harkin (who was instrumental in drafting the legislation that funded the Office of Alternative Medicine but later criticized the self-same office's reliance on evidence-based testing) wrote two different commentaries in the journal's inaugural issue:In these two articles, Harkin basically introduced the new journal as a “journey—an exploration into what has been called ‘left-out medicine,’ therapies that show promise but that have not yet been accepted into the mainstream of modern medicine.” and explicitly stated that “mainstreaming alternative practices that work is our next step.” Unfortunately, he had a