Prudence, Justice, Temperance and Fortitude are the Four Cardinal ‘what’?
Cardinal virtues 4 Maccabees 1:18–19 relates: “Now the kinds of wisdom are right judgment, justice, courage, and self-control. Right judgment is supreme over all of these since by means of it reason rules over the emotions.” Catholic moral philosophy drew from all of these sources when developing its thought on the virtues. Ambrose (AD 330s–397) was the first to use the expression “cardinal virtues.” “And we know that there are four cardinal virtues temperance, justice, prudence, fortitude.” ("Commentary on Luke", V, 62) Augustine of Hippo, discussing the morals of the church, described them: The "cardinal" virtues are not the same as the
Mellini Chapel (Santa Maria del Popolo) by the usual attributes: Justice - scale and sword; Fortitude - lion, column, helmet, mace; Temperance - glass of wine, chalice (?); Prudence - mirror, snake. In case of "The Allegory of Temperance" the 18th-century layer was totally different, depicting an angel mixing water with wine and the personification holding a bridle. "The Allegory of Prudence" was also heavily repainted, the 18th-century version was showing an additional angel. The entrance of the chapel is barred by a marble balustrade with richly carved wooden doors that are decorated with the coat-of-arms of Cardinal Mellini (the letter M and diagonal stripes). Giovanni