What in World War II was 'Operation Torch'?
Operation Kingpin (World War II) Operation Kingpin (World War II) Operation Kingpin was part of the run-up to Operation Torch, the planned Allied invasion of North Africa during World War II. It was a successor to Operation Flagpole, in which a secret meeting between U.S. General Mark W. Clark and diplomat Robert Murphy, representing the Allies, and General Charles E. Mast, the leader of a group of pro-Allied Vichy France officers in French North Africa, was arranged to secure their cooperation with the invasion. In Operation Kingpin, French General Henri Giraud, code-named "Kingpin", was released from confinement and brought to Gibraltar to meet with Operation
Operation Sunrise (World War II) Germans. Victory in Europe Day occurred five days later, on 7 May. Operation Sunrise was depicted in the Soviet TV series "Seventeen Moments of Spring", where it was called "Operation Sunrise Crossword". Operation Sunrise (World War II) Operation Sunrise, or the Bern incident, refers to a series of secret negotiations from February to May 1945 between representatives of Nazi Germany and the Western Allies of World War II to arrange a local surrender of German forces in northern Italy. Most of the meetings took place in the vicinity of Bern, Switzerland, and the lead negotiators were Waffen-SS General Karl Wolff