Which office was Nicolas Breakspear the first Englishman to hold, in the twelfth century?
Boso Breakspeare and twelfth century popes, among them the life of his uncle. He was also a poet, examples of his poetry powers still existing in the Cotton MSS. in the British Museum, in the form of metrical lives of saints. He died in 1178, perhaps on 12 September. Boso Breakspeare Boso (death 1178) was an Italian prelate and Cardinal of the Roman Catholic church. According to the older historiography Boso was an Englishman from St Albans and nephew of Nicholas Breakspear, future Pope Adrian IV, on his mother's side. He ostensibly joined the Order of Benedictines at St Albans Abbey in
The Twelfth to public disorder, so much so that the Orange Order and the Twelfth were banned in the 1830s and 40s (see below). In the weeks leading up to the Twelfth, Orange Order and other Ulster loyalist marching bands hold numerous parades in Northern Ireland. The most common of these are lodge parades, in which one Orange lodge marches with one band. Others, such as the "mini-Twelfth" at the start of July, involve several lodges. From June to August, Protestant, unionist areas of Northern Ireland are bedecked with flags and bunting, which are usually flown from lamp-posts and houses. The most