Electric current metal (ideal) resistor (or other ohmic device): where formula_6 is the current, measured in amperes; formula_26 is the potential difference, measured in volts; and formula_27 is the resistance, measured in ohms. For alternating currents, especially at higher frequencies, skin effect causes the current to spread unevenly across the conductor cross-section, with higher density near the surface, thus increasing the apparent resistance. The mobile charged particles within a conductor move constantly in random directions, like the particles of a gas. (More accurately, a Fermi gas.) To create a net flow of charge, the particles must also move together with an average
Coefficients of potential two conductors carry equal and opposite charges, formula_20 Coefficients of potential In electrostatics, the coefficients of potential determine the relationship between the charge and electrostatic potential (electrical potential), which is purely geometric: where "Q" is the surface charge on conductor "i". The coefficients of potential are the coefficients "p". φ should be correctly read as the potential on the i-th conductor, and hence "formula_2" is the p due to charge 1 on conductor 2. or more formally Note that: The physical content of the symmetry is as follows: In general, the coefficients is used when describing system of conductors, such