Euclid and his Modern Rivals Euclid and his Modern Rivals Euclid and his Modern Rivals is a mathematical book published in 1879 by the English mathematician Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832–1898), better known under his literary pseudnym "Lewis Carroll". It considers the pedagogic merit of thirteen contemporary geometry textbooks, demonstrating how each in turn is either inferior to or functionally identical to Euclid's "Elements". In it Dodgson supports using Euclid's geometry textbook "The Elements" as the geometry textbook in schools against more modern geometry textbooks that were replacing it, advocated by the Association for the Improvement of Geometrical Teaching, satirized in the book as the "Association
Ptolemy II of Telmessos of Antipater. Ptolemy II was born and raised in Telmessos in Lycia at an unknown date during his father’s reign of Telmessos. His father Lysimachus ruled as the Ptolemaic Client King of Telmessos from February 240 BC until his death in 206 BC. Little is known on his early life prior to succeeding his father. When his father died in 206 BC, Ptolemy II became the fourth and final ruler from the Lysimachid dynasty, which is also known as the Ptolemaic/Lysimachid dynasty in Lycia to rule the city. Ptolemy II also, was the third and final Ptolemaic Client King of