Propagation constant a conductor. The skin effect causes R along the conductor to be approximately dependent on frequency according to Losses in the dielectric depend on the loss tangent (tan "δ") of the material divided by the wavelength of the signal. Thus they are directly proportional to the frequency. The attenuation constant for a particular propagation mode in an optical fiber is the real part of the axial propagation constant. In electromagnetic theory, the phase constant, also called phase change constant, parameter or coefficient is the imaginary component of the propagation constant for a plane wave. It represents the change in phase
Constant-weight code threshold. Most line codes use either a constant-weight code, or a nearly-constant-weight paired disparity code. In addition to use as error correction codes, the large space between code words can also be used in the design of asynchronous circuits such as delay insensitive circuits. Constant-weight codes, like Berger codes, can detect all unidirectional errors. The central problem regarding constant-weight codes is the following: what is the maximum number of codewords in a binary constant-weight code with length formula_1, Hamming distance formula_2, and weight formula_3? This number is called formula_4. Apart from some trivial observations, it is generally impossible to compute