Spanish American wars of independence important change in strategy after three United Provinces campaigns had been defeated in Upper Peru. San Martín's army became the nucleus of the Army of the Andes, which received crucial political and material support in 1816 when Juan Martín de Pueyrredón became Supreme Director of the United Provinces. In January 1817, San Martín was finally ready to advance against the royalists in Chile. Ignoring an injunction from the congress of the Río de la Plata not to move against Chile, San Martín together with General Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme, later Supreme Director of Chile, led the Army over the Andes in
Movement for Democracy and Progress (Republic of the Congo) (MDP), which was officially launched on 18 February 2007 under Ibovi's leadership. Ibovi was the only MDP candidate to obtain a seat in the National Assembly in the 2007 election. Movement for Democracy and Progress (Republic of the Congo) The Movement for Democracy and Progress (French: "Mouvement pour la démocratie et le progrès", MDP) is a political party in the Republic of the Congo, led by Jean-Claude Ibovi. In the parliamentary election held on June 24 and August 5, 2007, the party won one out of 137 seats. It supports the government of President Denis Sassou Nguesso. Originally an organization