Harvard University Police Department in and upon all property owned or controlled by Harvard University. Additionally, all officers hold commissions as deputy sheriffs for Middlesex County and Suffolk County, which gives them powers of arrest throughout Cambridge, Somerville, and Boston, where Harvard has facilities. The HUPD has been the target of requests for greater transparency in the records it keeps or publishes about its officers’ actions. This culminated in "The Harvard Crimson v. President and Fellows of Harvard College, et al." in 2003 where the Harvard student daily newspaper filed suit against HUPD in Massachusetts Superior Court. The case was ultimately transferred to the
Harvard University by the 19th century, Harvard had emerged as the central cultural establishment among Boston elites. Following the American Civil War, President Charles W. Eliot's long tenure (1869–1909) transformed the college and affiliated professional schools into a modern research university; Harvard was a founding member of the Association of American Universities in 1900. A. Lawrence Lowell, who followed Eliot, further reformed the undergraduate curriculum and undertook aggressive expansion of Harvard's land holdings and physical plant. James Bryant Conant led the university through the Great Depression and World War II and began to reform the curriculum and liberalize admissions after the war.