Argentine War of Independence Chile, allied with the Mapuches. On April 4, Argentine Colonel Juan Gregorio de Las Heras had occupied Concepción, but the Royalists retreated to Talcahuano. In early 1818, Royalist reinforcements from the Viceroyalty of Peru arrived, commanded by general Mariano Osorio, and advanced towards the capital. San Martín then turned to scorched earth tactics and ordered the evacuation of Concepción, which he thought was impossible to defend. On 18 February 1818, the first anniversary of the battle of Chacabuco, Chile declared its independence from the Spanish Crown. On March 18, 1818, Osorio led a surprise attack on the joint Argentine-Chilean army,
Movement for Democracy and Progress (Republic of the Congo) (MDP), which was officially launched on 18 February 2007 under Ibovi's leadership. Ibovi was the only MDP candidate to obtain a seat in the National Assembly in the 2007 election. Movement for Democracy and Progress (Republic of the Congo) The Movement for Democracy and Progress (French: "Mouvement pour la démocratie et le progrès", MDP) is a political party in the Republic of the Congo, led by Jean-Claude Ibovi. In the parliamentary election held on June 24 and August 5, 2007, the party won one out of 137 seats. It supports the government of President Denis Sassou Nguesso. Originally an organization