Thermodynamics the work of French physicist Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot (1824) who believed that engine efficiency was the key that could help France win the Napoleonic Wars. Scots-Irish physicist Lord Kelvin was the first to formulate a concise definition of thermodynamics in 1854 which stated, "Thermo-dynamics is the subject of the relation of heat to forces acting between contiguous parts of bodies, and the relation of heat to electrical agency." The initial application of thermodynamics to mechanical heat engines was extended early on to the study of chemical compounds and chemical reactions. Chemical thermodynamics studies the nature of the role of
Laws of thermodynamics third law of thermodynamics is sometimes stated as follows: At zero temperature the system must be in a state with the minimum thermal energy. This statement holds true if the perfect crystal has only one state with minimum energy. Entropy is related to the number of possible microstates according to: Where "S" is the entropy of the system, "k" Boltzmann's constant, and "Ω" the number of microstates (e.g. possible configurations of atoms). At absolute zero there is only 1 microstate possible ("Ω"=1 as all the atoms are identical for a pure substance and as a result all orders are identical