Heart Motu Cordis" (1628) by the English physician William Harvey. Harvey's book completely describes the systemic circulation and the mechanical force of the heart, leading to an overhaul of the Galenic doctrines. Otto Frank (1865–1944) was a German physiologist; among his many published works are detailed studies of this important heart relationship. Ernest Starling (1866–1927) was an important English physiologist who also studied the heart. Although they worked largely independently, their combined efforts and similar conclusions have been recognized in the name "Frank–Starling mechanism". Although Purkinje fibers and the bundle of His were discovered as early as the 19th century, their
James VI and I and religious issues pre-Reformation dioceses were re-established, and in 1618, James's bishops forced his Five Articles of Perth through a General Assembly; but they were widely resented and resisted. James was to leave the church in Scotland divided at his death, a store of future problems for his son. James VI and I and religious issues James VI and I (James Stuart) (June 19, 1566 – March 27, 1625), King of Scots, King of England, and king of Ireland, faced many complicated religious challenges during his reigns in Scotland and England. In Scotland, he inherited a developing reformed church, the Kirk, which was