Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate (oxyma) is the oxime of ethyl cyanoacetate and finds use as an additive for carbodiimides, such as dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) in peptide synthesis. It acts as a neutralizing reagent for the basicity or nucleophilicity of the DCC due to its pronounced acidity (pKa 4.60) and suppresses base catalyzed side reactions, in particular racemization. Ethyl cyanohydroxyiminoacetate is obtained in the reaction of ethyl cyanoacetate and nitrous acid (from sodium nitrite and acetic acid) in 87% yield. Because of the rapid hydrolysis of the ester, the reaction should be carried out at pH 4.5, in buffered phosphoric acid the
Ethyl caffeate Ethyl caffeate Ethyl caffeate is an ester of an hydroxycinnamic acid, a naturally occurring organic compound. It can be found in "Bidens pilosa", in "Polygonum amplexicaule var. sinense". It is also found in Huáng bǎi, one of the fifty fundamental herbs of traditional Chinese medicine, also known also as "Cortex Phellodendri", the bark of one of two species of Phellodendron tree: "Phellodendron amurense" or "Phellodendron chinense". It is also found in wines such as Verdicchio, a white wine from Marche, Italy. Ethyl caffeate suppresses NF-kappaB activation and its downstream inflammatory mediators, iNOS, COX-2 and PGE2 "in vitro" or in mouse