Argentine War of Independence Chile, allied with the Mapuches. On April 4, Argentine Colonel Juan Gregorio de Las Heras had occupied Concepción, but the Royalists retreated to Talcahuano. In early 1818, Royalist reinforcements from the Viceroyalty of Peru arrived, commanded by general Mariano Osorio, and advanced towards the capital. San Martín then turned to scorched earth tactics and ordered the evacuation of Concepción, which he thought was impossible to defend. On 18 February 1818, the first anniversary of the battle of Chacabuco, Chile declared its independence from the Spanish Crown. On March 18, 1818, Osorio led a surprise attack on the joint Argentine-Chilean army,
Battle of Ochomogo Battle of Ochomogo The Battle of Ochomogo (5 April 1823) was fought in Ochomogo, to the west of Cartago, Costa Rica, shortly after the country became independent from Spain. Republican militia from San José and Alajuela led by Gregorio José Ramírez defeated conservative forces from Cartago, the capital, who supported making Costa Rica part of the new Mexican Empire. The Republicans won and San José became capital of the country, which remained independent within the Federal Republic of Central America. Cartago was the first Spanish settlement in Costa Rica, founded in 1563 by Juan Vázquez de Coronado. It was the