History of the North Sea great herring fishing industry resulting in Scotland becoming a European leader in that industry. During the First Schleswig War (1848–51), the Crimean War (1854–56) and the Second Schleswig War (1864), belligerents took steps to reduce or eliminate commerce in the North Sea by their enemies. In the first Schleswig War, Denmark was able to halt maritime commerce by Germany in the North Sea and in the second, imposed tolls on ships crossing through the Danish straits between the Baltic and North Seas. The Crimean War saw British and French expeditions sent into the Baltic to prevent Russian ships' egress into
Book of the Consulate of the Sea of the Ribera (seaside), which in 1282 were named "consols de mar" ("consuls of sea"). Many authors believe that the laws specified in the "Book of the Consulate of the Sea" had a big influence on all other compilations of maritime law in Europe, which are partly based on it. Some of these laws specified in the "Book of the Consulate of the Sea" were already adopted in the ninth century in places like the Baltic, the North Sea, the Schleswig sea: Riga, Wisby, Hamburg, Lübeck and other cities of the Hanseatic League, being published since 1407 under the title