History of Harvard University "official philosophy" of the more empirical and more deistic Scottish school. Between 1830 and 1870, Harvard became "privatized". While the Federalists controlled state government, Harvard had prospered and the 1824 defeat of the Federalist Party in Massachusetts allowed the renascent Democratic-Republicans to block state funding of private universities. By 1870, the politicians and ministers that heretofore had made up the university's board of overseers had been replaced by Harvard alumni drawn from Boston's upper-class business and professional community and funded by private endowment. During this period, Harvard experienced unparalleled growth that securely placed it financially in a league of its
The Harvard Advocate and artists beyond the Harvard community. When the "Advocate" was founded, it adopted the motto "Dulce est Periculum" (Danger is Sweet) which had been used by an earlier Harvard newspaper, the "Collegian". The magazine originally avoided controversial topics, lest it be shut down by university authorities; by the time the editors were making the then-radical demand for coeducation at Harvard, the magazine had attracted the support of James Russell Lowell and Oliver Wendell Holmes, and its life was less precarious. The founding in 1873 of "The Harvard Crimson" newspaper (originally the "Magenta"), and in 1876, of the "Harvard Lampoon" humor