Bloch wave – MoM method the wave numbers in any of the 3 periodic coordinate directions. This can happen for example when the free space wavelength exactly equals the lattice spacing. This is a statistically rare occurrence in computational practice and corresponds to a propagation anomaly similar to a Wood's reflection anomaly for gratings. To compute bands of the crystal (i.e. "k"-"k" diagrams), successive values of frequency ("k") are tried - in conjunction with pre-selected values of propagation constant ("k") and propagation direction (θ & φ) - until a combination is found which drives the determinant of the matrix to zero. Equation (4.2) has been
Genetic distance and Reynolds, Weir and Cockerham's genetic distance, listed below. In all the formulae in this section, formula_1 and formula_2 represent two different populations for which formula_3 loci have been studied. Let formula_4 represent the formula_5 allele at the formula_6 locus. In 1972, Masatoshi Nei published what came to be known as Nei's standard genetic distance. This distance has the nice property that if the rate of genetic change (amino acid substitution) is constant per year or generation then Nei's standard genetic distance ("D") increases in proportion to divergence time. This measure assumes that genetic differences are caused by mutation and