Wave per unit distance (typically per meter), can be associated with the wavelength by the relation The period formula_33 is the time for one complete cycle of an oscillation of a wave. The frequency formula_34 is the number of periods per unit time (per second) and is typically measured in hertz denoted as Hz. These are related by: In other words, the frequency and period of a wave are reciprocals. The angular frequency formula_28 represents the frequency in radians per second. It is related to the frequency or period by The wavelength formula_30 of a sinusoidal waveform traveling at constant speed
Propagation constant is the attenuation of an electromagnetic wave propagating through a medium per unit distance from the source. It is the real part of the propagation constant and is measured in nepers per metre. A neper is approximately 8.7 dB. Attenuation constant can be defined by the amplitude ratio The propagation constant per unit length is defined as the natural logarithmic of ratio of the sending end current or voltage to the receiving end current or voltage. The attenuation constant for copper lines (or ones made of any other conductor) can be calculated from the primary line coefficients as shown above.