Sea can cause individual (unexpected) rogue waves much higher than normal. Most waves are less than high and it is not unusual for strong storms to double or triple that height; offshore construction such as wind farms and oil platforms use metocean statistics from measurements in computing the wave forces (due to for instance the hundred-year wave) they are designed against. Rogue waves, however, have been documented at heights above . The top of a wave is known as the crest, the lowest point between waves is the trough and the distance between the crests is the wavelength. The wave is
Genetic distance and Reynolds, Weir and Cockerham's genetic distance, listed below. In all the formulae in this section, formula_1 and formula_2 represent two different populations for which formula_3 loci have been studied. Let formula_4 represent the formula_5 allele at the formula_6 locus. In 1972, Masatoshi Nei published what came to be known as Nei's standard genetic distance. This distance has the nice property that if the rate of genetic change (amino acid substitution) is constant per year or generation then Nei's standard genetic distance ("D") increases in proportion to divergence time. This measure assumes that genetic differences are caused by mutation and