Llama distinguished by the inhabitants of South America are recognized as distinct species, though with difficulties in defining their distinctive characteristics. These are: The llama and alpaca are only known in the domestic state, and are variable in size and of many colors, being often white, brown, or piebald. Some are grey or black. The guanaco and vicuña are wild, the former being endangered, and of a nearly uniform light-brown color, passing into white below. They certainly differ from each other, the vicuña being smaller, more slender in its proportions, and having a shorter head than the guanaco. The vicuña lives
Peru–Chile Trench that defines the Andean slope of southern Peru, northern Chile, and Bolivia. Most of the time, the trade winds drive surface waters offshore near the equator, driving the Humboldt Current from the tip of southern Chile to northern Peru. This current is associated with upwelling of deep, nutrient-rich water off the coast of Peru. At times, El Nino disrupts the usual wind pattern and lessens the upwelling. The consequent loss of nutrient causes fish kills. In 2018, three new species were discovered thriving in the inhospitable depths of the Atacama Trench. The subduction of the Nazca Plate below the South