Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 The Anglo-Ottoman Convention of 1913 (29 July 1913) was an agreement between the Sublime Porte of the Ottoman Empire and the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland which defined the limits of Ottoman jurisdiction in the area of the Persian Gulf with respect to Kuwait, Qatar, Bahrain, and the Shatt al-‘Arab. Signed, but never ratified, the long-lasting impact of the agreement was that of the status of Kuwait; the basis for both formal independence and the frontiers of modern Kuwait were established. Informal negotiations began on 29 July 1911 in a British
Rise of the Ottoman Empire judge ("Kazasker") was created, indicating an increasing level of social stratification between the emerging military-administrative class ("askeri") and the rest of society. Murad I also instituted the practice of appointing particular frontier warriors as "Lords of the Frontier" ("uc begleri"). Such power of appointment indicated that the Ottoman rulers were no longer merely "primus inter pares" but sat at the top of a hierarchy of leadership. As a way of openly declaring this new status, Murad became the first Ottoman ruler to adopt the title of sultan. Beginning at the latest by the 1430s, but most likely earlier, the Ottomans