Propagation constant a conductor. The skin effect causes R along the conductor to be approximately dependent on frequency according to Losses in the dielectric depend on the loss tangent (tan "δ") of the material divided by the wavelength of the signal. Thus they are directly proportional to the frequency. The attenuation constant for a particular propagation mode in an optical fiber is the real part of the axial propagation constant. In electromagnetic theory, the phase constant, also called phase change constant, parameter or coefficient is the imaginary component of the propagation constant for a plane wave. It represents the change in phase
Distance between two straight lines equations of two non-vertical parallel lines the distance between the two lines is the distance between the two intersection points of these lines with the perpendicular line This distance can be found by first solving the linear systems and to get the coordinates of the intersection points. The solutions to the linear systems are the points and The distance between the points is which reduces to When the lines are given by the distance between them can be expressed as Distance between two straight lines The distance between two straight lines in the plane is the minimum distance between any