History of malaria and brain which are the most constant post-mortem indications of chronic malaria infection. He related the prevalence of malaria in swampy areas to the presence of flies and recommended swamp drainage to prevent it. In the nineteenth century, the first drugs were developed to treat malaria and parasites were first identified as its source. French chemist Pierre Joseph Pelletier and French pharmacist Joseph Bienaimé Caventou separated in 1820 the alkaloids cinchonine and quinine from powdered fever tree bark, allowing for the creation of standardized doses of the active ingredients. Prior to 1820, the bark was simply dried, ground to a
Electric Tonic same venue (though released first in 2000). According to John Zorn's liner notes: Electric Tonic Electric Tonic is a live Jazz album by Medeski Martin & Wood. It consists of completely improvised material recorded as one piece at Tonic in New York City on July 4, 1998. Described by the band's website as "electric improvisational birthday music," it had previously only been made available at their live shows and through the band's online store; It is now sold online through Amazon instead. For the "Electric Tonic" concert, electric keyboards and basses were used by Medeski and Wood respectively, a counterpart