Forces on sails (3 m) = 5-m/s (≈10-knot) wind at 3 m above the water would be approximately "V" (15 m) = 6 m/s (≈12 knots) at 15 m above the water. In hurricane-force winds with "V" (3 m) = 40-m/s (≈78 knots) the speed at 15 m would be "V" (15 m) = 49 m/s (≈95 knots) with "p" = 0.128. This suggests that sails that reach higher above the surface can be subject to stronger wind forces that move the centre of effort ("CE" ) higher above the surface and increase the heeling moment. Additionally, apparent wind direction moves aft with
Forces on sails balance. Integrated over the sailing craft, the total aerodynamic force (F) is located at the centre of effort ("CE"), which is a function of the design and adjustment of the sails on a sailing craft. Similarly, the total hydrodynamic force (F) is located at the centre of lateral resistance ("CLR"), which is a function of the design of the hull and its underwater appendages (keel, rudder, foils, etc.). These two forces act in opposition to one another with F a reaction to F. Whereas ice boats and land-sailing craft resist lateral forces with their wide stance and high-friction contact with