Hundred Days' Reform in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895, not long after the First (1839–1842) and Second (1856–1860) Opium Wars; this blow came as a major shock to the Chinese, because Japan had been regarded as a tributary state, was much smaller than China, and was regarded as inferior. China also fought France in the Sino-French War from 1884 to 1885. Moreover, the defeat of China by Japan led to a scramble for "privileges" in China by other foreign powers, notably by the German Empire and Russia, further awakening the conservatives. Before the First Sino-Japanese War, China engaged in technological modernization only,
Copy to China of the Copy to China model. Many of them have evolved to more than a simple clone. Copy to China Copy to China (C2C or C to C) refers to when a company in China copies the business model of a successful foreign company, especially web and other IT companies. Such companies have often been very successful, out-competing the foreign company on the Chinese market. The degree of copying varies, from simply offering a directly competing service to closely mimicking the look and feel and name as pronounced in Chinese. It is a common topic of discussion how the Chinese