Atom to the positively charged nucleus by the attraction created from opposite electric charges. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than its atomic number, then it becomes respectively negatively or positively charged as a whole; a charged atom is called an ion. Electrons have been known since the late 19th century, mostly thanks to J.J. Thomson; see history of subatomic physics for details. Protons have a positive charge and a mass 1,836 times that of the electron, at . The number of protons in an atom is called its atomic number. Ernest Rutherford (1919) observed that nitrogen under alpha-particle
Olaf—An Atom he recovers, alone and forgotten by those he has helped. He then moves aimlessly along. Directed by Anthony O'Sullivan and written by William E. Wing, "Olaf—An Atom" was produced by the Biograph Company and released May 19, 1913, in the United States. The drama was released August 4, 1913, in the United Kingdom. The film was retitled "The Wanderer" and re-released by the Aywon Film Corporation, a New York City company formed in early 1919. Aywon reissued films including the Biograph Company short films, which were often lengthened by the addition of intertitles. Olaf—An Atom Olaf—An Atom is a 1913