Alpha particle types: eventually named alpha, beta, and gamma by Rutherford, based on penetration of objects and deflection by a magnetic field. Alpha rays were defined by Rutherford as those having the lowest penetration of ordinary objects. Rutherford's work also included measurements of the ratio of an alpha particle's mass to its charge, which led him to the hypothesis that alpha particles were doubly charged helium ions (later shown to be bare helium nuclei). In 1907, Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds finally proved that alpha particles were indeed helium ions. To do this they allowed alpha particles to penetrate a very thin
Nitrogen-13 proton needs to carry extra energy to produce the nuclear reaction. The energy difference is actually 5.22 MeV, but if the proton only supplied this energy the reactants would be formed with no kinetic energy. As momentum must be conserved, the true energy that needs to be supplied by the proton is given by: Nitrogen-13 plays a significant role in the CNO cycle, which is the dominant source of energy in stars heavier than the Sun. Lightning may have a role in the production of nitrogen-13. Nitrogen-13 Nitrogen-13 is a radioisotope of nitrogen used in positron emission tomography (PET). It