Neutron star between 10 and 10 (100 million to 1 quadrillion) times as strong as that of the Earth. The gravitational field at the neutron star's surface is about (200 billion) times that of the Earth. As the star's core collapses, its rotation rate increases as a result of conservation of angular momentum, hence newly formed neutron stars rotate at up to several hundred times per second. Some neutron stars emit beams of electromagnetic radiation that make them detectable as pulsars. Indeed, the discovery of pulsars by Jocelyn Bell Burnell in 1967 was the first observational suggestion that neutron stars exist. The
Gaussian beam Gaussian beam In optics, a Gaussian beam is a beam of monochromatic electromagnetic radiation whose transverse magnetic and electric field amplitude profiles are given by the Gaussian function; this also implies a Gaussian intensity (irradiance) profile. This fundamental (or TEM) transverse gaussian mode describes the intended output of most (but not all) lasers, as such a beam can be focused into the most concentrated spot. When such a beam is refocused by a lens, the transverse "phase" dependence is altered; this results in a "different" Gaussian beam. The electric and magnetic field amplitude profiles along any such circular Gaussian beam