Federation of Malaya a single British crown colony known as the Malayan Union. Due to opposition from Malay nationalists, the Union was disbanded and replaced by the Federation of Malaya, which restored the symbolic positions of the rulers of the Malay states. Within the Federation, while the Malay states were protectorates of the United Kingdom, Penang and Malacca remained British colonial territories. Like the Malayan Union before it, the Federation did not include Singapore, despite its traditional connections with Malaya. The Federation achieved independence within the Commonwealth of Nations on 31 August 1957. In 1963, the Federation was reconstituted as "Malaysia" when it
British Equestrian Federation British Equestrian Federation The British Equestrian Federation is the national governing body of equestrian sport in Great Britain and represents the country at the International Federation for Equestrian Sports (FEI). The BEF is an umbrella organisation for equestrian sport in Great Britain, representing 4.2 million equestrian sportspeople. Together with the British Horseracing Authority and the Thoroughbred Breeders Association, the BEF forms the British Horse Industry Confederation. Each BEF chairman stands for a period of three years, with a maximum of two terms. The current chairman is Keith Taylor, with previous chairmen including Badminton Horse Trials organiser Hugh Thomas. The BEF