French Fourth Republic Charles de Gaulle returned from retirement to preside over a transitional administration that was empowered to design a new French constitution. The Fourth Republic was dissolved by a public referendum on 5 October 1958 which established the modern-day Fifth Republic with a strengthened presidency. After the liberation of France in 1944, the Vichy government was dissolved and the Provisional Government of the French Republic () was instituted. With most of the political class discredited and containing many members who had more or less collaborated with Nazi Germany, Gaullism and communism became the most popular political forces in France. Charles deGaulle
The Museum of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan museum recognizes the establishment of the state sovereignty of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the historical role of President Nursultan Nazarbayev in building an independent country as its first president. Tours of the museum are held inside the building, with tours being given in Kazakh, Russian and English. Nowadays the collection of the museum totals 37,733 units of storage, including 2,240 books and printing editions. The museum is also the former residence of the President of Kazakhstan. The Museum of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan The Museum of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: