Steam digester Torricelli and further developed by German scientist Otto von Guericke with his Magdeburg hemispheres. Guerike's demonstration was documented by Gaspar Schott, in a book that was read by Robert Boyle. Boyle and his assistant Robert Hooke improved Guericke's air pump design and built their own. From this, through various experiments, they formulated what is called Boyle's law, which states that the volume of a body of an ideal gas is inversely proportional to its pressure. Soon the ideal gas law was formulated. Based on these concepts in 1679 a Boyle's associate, named Denis Papin, built a "bone digester", which is
Francis Hauksbee In 1708, Hauksbee independently discovered Charles's law of gases, which states that, for a given mass of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas is proportional to its temperature. Hauksbee published accounts of his experiments in the Royal Society's journal "Philosophical Transactions". In 1709 he self-published "Physico-Mechanical Experiments on Various Subjects" which collected together many of these experiments along with discussion that summarized much of his scientific work. An Italian translation was published in 1716. A second edition was published posthumously in 1719. There were also translations to Dutch (1735) and French (1754). The Royal Society Hauksbee