Gas laws 1662 Robert Boyle studied the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas of fixed amount at constant temperature. He observed that volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at a constant temperature. Boyle's law, published in 1662, states that, at constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume of a given mass of an ideal gas in a closed system is always constant. It can be verified experimentally using a pressure gauge and a variable volume container. It can also be derived from the kinetic theory of gases: if a container,
Electron degeneracy pressure "E" is the total energy of the ensemble. Specifically for the electron degeneracy pressure, is substituted by the electron mass and the Fermi momentum is obtained from the Fermi energy, so the electron degeneracy pressure is given by where is the free electron density (the number of free electrons per unit volume). For the case of a metal, one can prove that this equation remains approximately true for temperatures lower than the Fermi temperature, about kelvin. When particle energies reach relativistic levels, a modified formula is required. The relativistic degeneracy pressure is proportional to . For the case of electrons