Calcium imaging a single wavelength or two wavelengths expressed as a ratio (ratiometric indicators). The derived fluorescence intensities and ratios are plotted against calibrated values for known Ca levels to learn Ca concentration. Light field microscopy methods extend functional readout of neural activity capabilities in 3D volumes. Calcium imaging Calcium imaging is a scientific technique usually carried out in research which is designed to show the calcium (Ca) status of an isolated cell, tissue or medium. Calcium imaging techniques take advantage of so-called calcium indicators, fluorescent molecules that can respond to the binding of Ca ions by changing their fluorescence properties. Two
Nuclear calcium Nuclear calcium The concentration of calcium in the cell nucleus can increase in response to signals from the environment. Nuclear calcium is an evolutionary conserved potent regulator of gene expression that allows cells to undergo long-lasting adaptive responses. The 'Nuclear Calcium Hypothesis’ by Hilmar Bading describes nuclear calcium in neurons as an important signaling end-point in synapse-to-nucleus communication that activates gene expression programs needed for persistent adaptations. In the nervous system, nuclear calcium is required for long-term memory formation, acquired neuroprotection, and the development of chronic inflammatory pain. In the heart, nuclear calcium is important for the development of cardiac