Opioid selling Indian opium which was smuggled into China in defiance of Chinese government bans. This led to the First (1839–1842) and Second Opium Wars (1856–1860) between China and Britain. In the 19th century, two major scientific advances were made that had far-reaching effects. Around 1804, German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner isolated morphine from opium. He described its crystallization, structure, and pharmacological properties in a well-received paper in 1817. Morphine was the first alkaloid to be isolated from any medicinal plant, the beginning of modern scientific drug discovery. The second advance, nearly fifty years later, was the refinement of the hypodermic needle
Apostolic Nunciature to China Apostolic Nunciature to China The Apostolic Nunciature to China is the diplomatic mission of the Holy See to the Republic of China, now commonly known to most of the world as Taiwan, which as far as the Vatican is concerned, is the state of "China". Due to this difference in diplomatic recognition of "China", unlike most of other countries who recognize the People's Republic of China (PRC) as "China" and whose embassies are located in Beijing, People's Republic of China (PRC), the Apostolic Nunciature to China is located in Taipei, Taiwan. The rank of a nuncio is equivalent to that