Introduction to general relativity this energy loss would be too small to be detectable, but this energy loss was observed in 1974 in a binary pulsar called PSR1913+16. In such a system, one of the orbiting stars is a pulsar. This has two consequences: a pulsar is an extremely dense object known as a neutron star, for which gravitational wave emission is much stronger than for ordinary stars. Also, a pulsar emits a narrow beam of electromagnetic radiation from its magnetic poles. As the pulsar rotates, its beam sweeps over the Earth, where it is seen as a regular series of radio pulses, just
Beam divergence minimum beam diameter. The divergence of good-quality laser beams is modeled using the mathematics of Gaussian beams. Gaussian laser beams are said to be diffraction limited when their radial beam divergence formula_5 is close to the minimum possible value, which is given by where formula_7 is the laser wavelength and formula_8 is the radius of the beam at its narrowest point, which is called the "beam waist". This type of beam divergence is observed from optimized laser cavities. Information on the diffraction-limited divergence of a coherent beam is inherently given by the N-slit interferometric equation. Beam divergence In electromagnetics, especially