Exotic atom to weak, electromagnetic and gravitational forces, muonic atoms are governed to very high precision by the electromagnetic interaction. Since a muon is more massive than an electron, the Bohr orbits are closer to the nucleus in a muonic atom than in an ordinary atom, and corrections due to quantum electrodynamics are more important. Study of muonic atoms' energy levels as well as transition rates from excited states to the ground state therefore provide experimental tests of quantum electrodynamics. Muon-catalyzed fusion is a technical application of muonic atoms. A "hadronic atom" is an atom in which one or more of the
Embedded atom model a simulation, the potential energy of an atom, formula_1, is given by where formula_3 is the distance between atoms formula_1 and formula_5, formula_6 is a pair-wise potential function, formula_7 is the contribution to the electron charge density from atom formula_5 of type formula_9 at the location of atom formula_1, and formula_11 is an embedding function that represents the energy required to place atom formula_1 of type formula_13 into the electron cloud. Since the electron cloud density is a summation over many atoms, usually limited by a cutoff radius, the EAM potential is a multibody potential. For a single element system