Universal key fractions (e.g. an A natural in the scale above becomes ) or, more commonly in written text, by inserting an accidental before the number (e.g. the same note becomes 5 or 4). In music theory aimed towards jazz and popular music, all triads are represented by upper case numerals, followed by a symbol to indicate if it is not a major chord (e.g. "m" for minor or "ø" for half-diminished): When representing the triads rooted in a minor key, accidentals are used to indicate the chromatic alteration from the assumed major key roots indicated by numerals that don't have accidentals:
Blind signature the signer's public key which the attacker wants to learn more about. When the attacker removes the blindness the signed version they will have the clear text: where formula_3 is the encrypted version of the message. When the message is signed, the cleartext formula_11 is easily extracted: Note that formula_17 refers to Euler's totient function. The message is now easily obtained. This attack works because in this blind signature scheme the signer signs the message directly. By contrast, in an unblinded signature scheme the signer would typically use a padding scheme (e.g. by instead signing the result of a cryptographic