Carbon dioxide elongatus" has been genetically engineered to produce the fuels isobutyraldehyde and isobutanol from using photosynthesis. Liquid and solid carbon dioxide are important refrigerants, especially in the food industry, where they are employed during the transportation and storage of ice cream and other frozen foods. Solid carbon dioxide is called "dry ice" and is used for small shipments where refrigeration equipment is not practical. Solid carbon dioxide is always below −78.5 °C at regular atmospheric pressure, regardless of the air temperature. The global automobile industry is expected to decide on the next-generation refrigerant in car air conditioning. is one discussed option.(see
Carbon dioxide closed, prefilled chamber containing , or exposure to a gradually increasing concentration of . In 2013, the American Veterinary Medical Association issued new guidelines for carbon dioxide induction, stating that a displacement rate of 10% to 30% of the gas chamber volume per minute is optimal for the humane euthanization of small rodents. However, there is opposition to the practice of using carbon dioxide for this, on the grounds that it is cruel. Carbon dioxide is also used in several related cleaning and surface preparation techniques. Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is a trace gas, currently (mid 2018) having a