History of malaria and brain which are the most constant post-mortem indications of chronic malaria infection. He related the prevalence of malaria in swampy areas to the presence of flies and recommended swamp drainage to prevent it. In the nineteenth century, the first drugs were developed to treat malaria and parasites were first identified as its source. French chemist Pierre Joseph Pelletier and French pharmacist Joseph Bienaimé Caventou separated in 1820 the alkaloids cinchonine and quinine from powdered fever tree bark, allowing for the creation of standardized doses of the active ingredients. Prior to 1820, the bark was simply dried, ground to a
Tonic 23 normally fitted with a small outboard motor for docking and maneuvering or optionally an inboard motor could be installed. The design has a hull speed of and the fresh water tank has a capacity of Similar sailboats Tonic 23 The Tonic 23 is a French trailerable sailboat, that was designed by Philippe Harlé as a coastal cruising sailboat and first built in 1985. The design was built by Jeanneau in France from 1985 until 1992, but it is now out of production. During its production run about 750 boats were completed. The Tonic 23 is a small recreational keelboat, built