Radio-quiet neutron star ten bodies have been proposed as rotation-powered neutron stars that are not visible as radio sources, but are visible as x–ray and gamma ray sources. Indicators that they are indeed neutron stars include them having a high x-ray to lower frequencies emission ratio, a constant x-ray emission profile, and coincidence with a gamma ray source. Quark stars, theoretical neutron star-like objects composed of quark matter, may be radio quiet, according to some theories. More plausibly, however, radio-quiet neutron stars may simply be pulsars which do not pulse in our direction. As pulsars spin, it is theorized they emit radiation from
Gaussian beam exceed the bounds of a laser's resonator (cavity). "Gaussian beam" normally implies radiation confined to the fundamental (TEM) Gaussian mode. The Gaussian beam is a transverse electromagnetic (TEM) mode. The mathematical expression for the electric field amplitude is a solution to the paraxial Helmholtz equation. Assuming polarization in the "x" direction and propagation in the +"z" direction, the electric field in phasor (complex) notation is given by: where There is also an understood time dependence formula_11 multiplying such phasor quantities; the actual field at a point in time and space is given by the real part of that complex quantity.