British subject (short-lived) incorporation of Singapore within Malaysia between 1963 and 1965. Similar arrangements also existed for the other states and colonies that made make up the Federation of Malaya from 1948: they too introduced citizenship statuses (which eventually became Malayan and later Malaysian citizenship) before achieving independence in 1957. In most other Commonwealth countries, the term Commonwealth citizen was used instead of British subject. On 1 January 1983, upon the coming into force of the "British Nationality Act" 1981, every citizen of the United Kingdom and colonies became either a British citizen, British Dependent Territories citizen or British Overseas citizen. Use
European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting in welding, from curious learners to welding professionals. European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting The European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF) is an organization dedicated to education, training, qualification and certification in the field of welding and related technologies. In 1992, welding course providers of several EU member countries wanted to harmonise their education, training, qualification and certification procedures. Thus, they set-up the European Federation for Welding, Joining and Cutting (EWF). The objective was that same qualifications could be awarded in any country by using a single syllabus for each level of the training course and a