Adrenaline of epinephrine can be seen in autonomic neuropathy or following adrenalectomy. Failure of the adrenal cortex, as with Addisons disease, can suppress epinephrine secretion as the activity of the synthesing enzyme, phenylethanolamine-"N"-methyltransferase, depends on the high concentration of cortisol that drains from the cortex to the medulla. In 1901, Jokichi Takamine patented a purified extract from the adrenal glands, and called it "adrenalin" (from the Latin for "on top of the kidneys" ("ad" and "renal"), which was trademarked by Parke, Davis & Co in the US. The British Approved Name and European Pharmacopoeia term for this drug is hence "adrenaline".
General visceral afferent fibers General visceral afferent fibers The general visceral afferent fibers (GVA) conduct sensory impulses (usually pain or reflex sensations) from the internal organs, glands, and blood vessels to the central nervous system. They are considered to be part of the autonomic nervous system. However, unlike the efferent fibers of the autonomic nervous system, the afferent fibers are not classified as either sympathetic or parasympathetic. GVA fibers create referred pain by activating general somatic afferent fibers where the two meet in the posterior grey column. The cranial nerves that contain GVA fibers include the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) and the vagus nerve