Forces on sails (3 m) = 5-m/s (≈10-knot) wind at 3 m above the water would be approximately "V" (15 m) = 6 m/s (≈12 knots) at 15 m above the water. In hurricane-force winds with "V" (3 m) = 40-m/s (≈78 knots) the speed at 15 m would be "V" (15 m) = 49 m/s (≈95 knots) with "p" = 0.128. This suggests that sails that reach higher above the surface can be subject to stronger wind forces that move the centre of effort ("CE" ) higher above the surface and increase the heeling moment. Additionally, apparent wind direction moves aft with
Forces on sails force component (F), is the most significant rotational effect of total aerodynamic force (F). In stasis, heeling moment from the wind and righting moment from the boat's heel force ("F" ) and its opposing hydrodynamic lift force on hull ("F" ), separated by a distance ("h" = "heeling arm"), versus its hydrostatic displacement weight ("W" ) and its opposing buoyancy force ("Δ"), separated by a distance ("b" = "righting arm") are in balance: Sails come in a wide variety of configurations that are designed to match the capabilities of the sailing craft to be powered by them. They are designed