Opioid selling Indian opium which was smuggled into China in defiance of Chinese government bans. This led to the First (1839–1842) and Second Opium Wars (1856–1860) between China and Britain. In the 19th century, two major scientific advances were made that had far-reaching effects. Around 1804, German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner isolated morphine from opium. He described its crystallization, structure, and pharmacological properties in a well-received paper in 1817. Morphine was the first alkaloid to be isolated from any medicinal plant, the beginning of modern scientific drug discovery. The second advance, nearly fifty years later, was the refinement of the hypodermic needle
Responsibility to protect in China massive humanitarian atrocities, from international condemnation. In light of this progression, there have been indications that Chinese foreign policy has progressed to incorporate the belief that the international community has a responsibility to intervene in the most extreme circumstances Possible examples of this include: China submit that this will always be conditional on Security Council approval, and be treated on a case-by-case basis. This prevents the creation of customary international law and allows China to block any action. China exercised its right to veto in respect of the Burmese and Zimbabwean conflicts. Nevertheless, it has been the rhetoric of Chinese