Pulsar star. The neutron star retains most of its angular momentum, and since it has only a tiny fraction of its progenitor's radius (and therefore its moment of inertia is sharply reduced), it is formed with very high rotation speed. A beam of radiation is emitted along the magnetic axis of the pulsar, which spins along with the rotation of the neutron star. The magnetic axis of the pulsar determines the direction of the electromagnetic beam, with the magnetic axis not necessarily being the same as its rotational axis. This misalignment causes the beam to be seen once for every rotation
Beam divergence minimum beam diameter. The divergence of good-quality laser beams is modeled using the mathematics of Gaussian beams. Gaussian laser beams are said to be diffraction limited when their radial beam divergence formula_5 is close to the minimum possible value, which is given by where formula_7 is the laser wavelength and formula_8 is the radius of the beam at its narrowest point, which is called the "beam waist". This type of beam divergence is observed from optimized laser cavities. Information on the diffraction-limited divergence of a coherent beam is inherently given by the N-slit interferometric equation. Beam divergence In electromagnetics, especially