Neutron star of the neutron star is different to the magnetic axis, external viewers will only see these beams of radiation whenever the magnetic axis point towards them during the neutron star rotation. Therefore, periodic pulses are observed, at the same rate as the rotation of the neutron star. In addition to pulsars, neutron stars have also been identified with no apparent periodicity of their radiation. This seems to be a characteristic of the X-ray sources known as Central Compact Objects in Supernova remnants (CCOs in SNRs), which are thought to be young, radio-quiet isolated neutron stars. In addition to radio emissions,
Proximity effect (electron beam lithography) 50 nanometers) that ultimately affects the practical resolution of the EBL process. The model described above can be extended for these effects. Proximity effect (electron beam lithography) The proximity effect in electron beam lithography (EBL) is the phenomenon that the exposure dose distribution, and hence the developed pattern, is wider than the scanned pattern, due to the interactions of the primary beam electrons with the resist and substrate. These cause the resist outside the scanned pattern to receive a non-zero dose. Important contributions to weak-resist polymer chain scission (for positive resists) or crosslinking (for negative resists) come from electron forward