Carbon dioxide basic water illustrates this property, in which case hydroxide is the nucleophile. Other nucleophiles react as well. For example, carbanions as provided by Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds react with to give carboxylates: In metal carbon dioxide complexes, serves as a ligand, which can facilitate the conversion of to other chemicals. The reduction of to CO is ordinarily a difficult and slow reaction: Photoautotrophs (i.e. plants and cyanobacteria) use the energy contained in sunlight to photosynthesize simple sugars from absorbed from the air and water: The redox potential for this reaction near pH 7 is about −0.53 V "versus" the
Carbon dioxide flooding Carbon dioxide flooding Carbon dioxide (CO) flooding is a process whereby carbon dioxide is injected into an oil reservoir in order to increase output when extracting oil. When a reservoir’s pressure is depleted through primary and secondary production, carbon dioxide flooding can be an ideal tertiary recovery method. It is particularly effective in reservoirs deeper than 2,500 ft., where will be in a supercritical state, with API oil gravity greater than 22–25° and remaining oil saturation greater than 20%. Carbon dioxide flooding is not affected by the lithology of the reservoir area, but simply by the reservoir porosity and permeability,