Atom to the positively charged nucleus by the attraction created from opposite electric charges. If an atom has more or fewer electrons than its atomic number, then it becomes respectively negatively or positively charged as a whole; a charged atom is called an ion. Electrons have been known since the late 19th century, mostly thanks to J.J. Thomson; see history of subatomic physics for details. Protons have a positive charge and a mass 1,836 times that of the electron, at . The number of protons in an atom is called its atomic number. Ernest Rutherford (1919) observed that nitrogen under alpha-particle
The Universe in a Single Atom wish for in this endeavor to unify science and religion-you may not like what you find." Arthur Zajonc, president of the Mind and Life Institute states, ""The Universe in a Single Atom" is an open-minded engagement between intellectual traditions, an engagement that enriches our shrinking planet." Critic Lisa Liquori states,"Though the Dalai Lama aims to reach a wide audience and offers a fair, nicely written, and thoughtful treatise, the subject matter will primarily appeal to spiritual types and to altruistic, ethical physicists and biologists. The Universe in a Single Atom The Universe in a Single Atom is a book by