Forces on sails (3 m) = 5-m/s (≈10-knot) wind at 3 m above the water would be approximately "V" (15 m) = 6 m/s (≈12 knots) at 15 m above the water. In hurricane-force winds with "V" (3 m) = 40-m/s (≈78 knots) the speed at 15 m would be "V" (15 m) = 49 m/s (≈95 knots) with "p" = 0.128. This suggests that sails that reach higher above the surface can be subject to stronger wind forces that move the centre of effort ("CE" ) higher above the surface and increase the heeling moment. Additionally, apparent wind direction moves aft with
Sailing into the wind head to the wind it loses steerage and is said to be "in irons." Thus boats sailing into the wind are actually sailing "Close Hauled" (i.e., with sails tightly trimmed). When one "sails too close to the wind" it is called "pinching." This phrase is also a colloquial expression meaning "to be reckless." Sailing into the wind Sailing into the wind is a sailing expression that refers to a sail boat's ability to move forward despite being headed into (or very nearly into) the wind. A sailboat cannot make headway by sailing directly into the wind ("see" "Discussion," below), so