Hundred Days' Reform in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895, not long after the First (1839–1842) and Second (1856–1860) Opium Wars; this blow came as a major shock to the Chinese, because Japan had been regarded as a tributary state, was much smaller than China, and was regarded as inferior. China also fought France in the Sino-French War from 1884 to 1885. Moreover, the defeat of China by Japan led to a scramble for "privileges" in China by other foreign powers, notably by the German Empire and Russia, further awakening the conservatives. Before the First Sino-Japanese War, China engaged in technological modernization only,
Responsibility to protect in China massive humanitarian atrocities, from international condemnation. In light of this progression, there have been indications that Chinese foreign policy has progressed to incorporate the belief that the international community has a responsibility to intervene in the most extreme circumstances Possible examples of this include: China submit that this will always be conditional on Security Council approval, and be treated on a case-by-case basis. This prevents the creation of customary international law and allows China to block any action. China exercised its right to veto in respect of the Burmese and Zimbabwean conflicts. Nevertheless, it has been the rhetoric of Chinese