Carbon dioxide basic water illustrates this property, in which case hydroxide is the nucleophile. Other nucleophiles react as well. For example, carbanions as provided by Grignard reagents and organolithium compounds react with to give carboxylates: In metal carbon dioxide complexes, serves as a ligand, which can facilitate the conversion of to other chemicals. The reduction of to CO is ordinarily a difficult and slow reaction: Photoautotrophs (i.e. plants and cyanobacteria) use the energy contained in sunlight to photosynthesize simple sugars from absorbed from the air and water: The redox potential for this reaction near pH 7 is about −0.53 V "versus" the
Carbon dioxide clathrate becomes clear that all the above-mentioned speculations rest on extremely unstable bases. On Enceladus decomposition of carbon dioxide clathrate is a possible way to explain the formation of gas plumes. In Europa (moon), clathrate should be important for storing carbon dioxide. In the conditions of the subsurface ocean in Europa, carbon dioxide clathrate should sink, and therefore not be apparent at the surface. The hydrate structures are stable at different pressure-temperature conditions depending on the guest molecule. Here is given one Mars-related phase diagram of CO hydrate, combined with those of pure CO and water (Genov 2005). CO hydrate has