Exotic atom to weak, electromagnetic and gravitational forces, muonic atoms are governed to very high precision by the electromagnetic interaction. Since a muon is more massive than an electron, the Bohr orbits are closer to the nucleus in a muonic atom than in an ordinary atom, and corrections due to quantum electrodynamics are more important. Study of muonic atoms' energy levels as well as transition rates from excited states to the ground state therefore provide experimental tests of quantum electrodynamics. Muon-catalyzed fusion is a technical application of muonic atoms. A "hadronic atom" is an atom in which one or more of the
Atom economy Atom economy Atom economy (atom efficiency) is the conversion efficiency of a chemical process in terms of all atoms involved and the desired products produced. Atom economy is an important concept of green chemistry philosophy, and one of the most widely used metrics for measuring the "greenness" of a process or synthesis. Atom economy can be written as: For a Multi step process, where the intermediates are formed in one step and consumed during a later step % Atom Economy = Mol Weight (G)/ (Mol Wt (A + B+ D + F) Atom economy is a different concern than chemical