Opioid selling Indian opium which was smuggled into China in defiance of Chinese government bans. This led to the First (1839–1842) and Second Opium Wars (1856–1860) between China and Britain. In the 19th century, two major scientific advances were made that had far-reaching effects. Around 1804, German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner isolated morphine from opium. He described its crystallization, structure, and pharmacological properties in a well-received paper in 1817. Morphine was the first alkaloid to be isolated from any medicinal plant, the beginning of modern scientific drug discovery. The second advance, nearly fifty years later, was the refinement of the hypodermic needle
Responsibility to protect in China diplomats to reinforce national, regional and global efforts to ensure peace, and on more than one occasion to emphasize "the moral obligation" the world has to secure peace in Africa. China has a contributing role in R2Ps operationalisation. China has successfully integrated into the global economy, becoming a significant focal point of trade, investment and production. While Chinese society is still largely non-transparent, Chinese leaders are becoming more and more susceptible to international criticism following its increasing level of integration. No country in the world is immune from peer pressure. Recently China was the subject of international criticism, for its