Giordano Bruno motion of the stars to be an illusion caused by the rotation of the Earth on its axis; he also preserved the notion of an immobile center, but it was the Sun rather than the Earth. Copernicus also argued the Earth was a planet orbiting the Sun once every year. However he maintained the Ptolemaic hypothesis that the orbits of the planets were composed of perfect circles—deferents and epicycles—and that the stars were fixed on a stationary outer sphere. Despite the widespread publication of Copernicus' work "De revolutionibus orbium coelestium", during Bruno's time most educated Catholics subscribed to the Aristotelian
Admiralty in the 16th century has organized the fleet into squadrons from at early 13th century and certainly during the 16th century. In 1560 three squadrons were operating in the Channel, Irish Sea and North Sea Until the 16th century, admirals were high officials under kings, and were charged with protecting the realm from sea attack. The English navy's Narrow Seas Squadron also called as the Eastern Squadron mainly operated in the two seas which laying between England and Kingdom of France (the English Channel particularly the Straits of Dover) and England and the Spanish Netherlands later the Dutch Republic (the southern North Sea). Include: