History of malaria and brain which are the most constant post-mortem indications of chronic malaria infection. He related the prevalence of malaria in swampy areas to the presence of flies and recommended swamp drainage to prevent it. In the nineteenth century, the first drugs were developed to treat malaria and parasites were first identified as its source. French chemist Pierre Joseph Pelletier and French pharmacist Joseph Bienaimé Caventou separated in 1820 the alkaloids cinchonine and quinine from powdered fever tree bark, allowing for the creation of standardized doses of the active ingredients. Prior to 1820, the bark was simply dried, ground to a
Tonic (Tonic album) #50 on the Billboard Rock album chart, and #25 on the Billboard Independent Albums chart. The album did not chart on either one of those listings after its debut week though. Initial critical reception to the album was positive. Allmusic critic Mark Demming rated the album three out of five stars, saying, "Thankfully, Tonic doesn't sound like the work of a band struggling to re-create their past success, and instead finds them confidently embracing their signature sound and doing what they do with a sure hand and genuine inspiration...Tonic is less a comeback than an enthusiastic return to form, and