Gas laws 1662 Robert Boyle studied the relationship between volume and pressure of a gas of fixed amount at constant temperature. He observed that volume of a given mass of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at a constant temperature. Boyle's law, published in 1662, states that, at constant temperature, the product of the pressure and volume of a given mass of an ideal gas in a closed system is always constant. It can be verified experimentally using a pressure gauge and a variable volume container. It can also be derived from the kinetic theory of gases: if a container,
Electron degeneracy pressure temperature. Electrons are part of a family of particles known as fermions. Fermions like the proton or the neutron follow Pauli's principle and Fermi–Dirac statistics. In general, for an ensemble of non-interacting fermions, also known as Fermi gas, each particle can be treated independently with an energy given by the purely kinetic term, where is the momentum of one particle and its mass. Every possible momentum state of an electron within this volume up to the Fermi momentum being occupied. The degeneracy pressure at zero temperature can be computed as where "V" is the total volume of the system and