Tonic water and other tropical posts mixed the powder with soda and sugar, and tonic water was created. The first commercial tonic water was produced in 1858. The mixed drink gin and tonic also originated in British colonial India, when the British mixed their medicinal quinine tonic with gin. Since 2010, at least four tonic syrups have been available in the US. Consumers add carbonated water to the syrup to make tonic water, allowing drinkers to adjust the flavor intensity. Medicinal tonic water originally contained only carbonated water and a large amount of quinine. However, most tonic water today contains less quinine
Avian malaria prevalence and host traits such as nesting and foraging height, sexual dimorphism or even incubation time length. So far, the effects of this disease in wild populations is poorly understood. There exists a lot of controversy on what corresponds as a species in avian malaria parasites. The latin binomials nomenclature used to describe "Plasmodium" and "Hemoproteus" parasites is based on a restricted set of morphological characteristics and the restriction to which parasites of birds they are able to infect. Therefore, considering co-speciation events or even species diversity for malaria parasites is surrounded by a lot of disagreement. Molecular tools have