Opioid selling Indian opium which was smuggled into China in defiance of Chinese government bans. This led to the First (1839–1842) and Second Opium Wars (1856–1860) between China and Britain. In the 19th century, two major scientific advances were made that had far-reaching effects. Around 1804, German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner isolated morphine from opium. He described its crystallization, structure, and pharmacological properties in a well-received paper in 1817. Morphine was the first alkaloid to be isolated from any medicinal plant, the beginning of modern scientific drug discovery. The second advance, nearly fifty years later, was the refinement of the hypodermic needle
From China to Canada "" "are welcome additions to the continuing and changing Chinese phase in social science and history." Roy wrote that it "is an impressive work of scholarship and is an essential resource for anyone doing research on the Chinese in Canada or comparing the experience of the Chinese with that of other ethnic communities." Roy stated that the footnotes have some "careless" mistakes, and that the large amount of organizations mentioned may give too much detail for the readers. From China to Canada From China to Canada: A History of the Chinese Communities in Canada is a 1982 book edited by