Kapustin Yar Kapustin Yar Kapustin Yar () is a Russian rocket launch and development site in Astrakhan Oblast, between Volgograd and Astrakhan. It was established by the Soviet Union on 13 May 1946 and in the beginning used technology, material and scientific support from defeated Germany. Numerous launches of test rockets for the Russian military were carried out at the site, as well as satellite and sounding rocket launches. The town of Znamensk was built nearby to serve the missile test range. The 4th Missile Test Range "Kapustin Yar" was established by a decree of the Soviet Government ""On Questions of Jet
Chyorny Yar, Astrakhan Oblast Chyorny Yar, Astrakhan Oblast Chyorny Yar (, lit. "black bluff") is a rural locality (a "selo") and the administrative center of Chernoyarsky District of Astrakhan Oblast, Russia, located on the elevated right bank of the Volga River. Population: 7,642 (1899 est.). It was established as a fort on the left bank of the Volga in 1627. Seven years later, it was moved to the opposite bank. In 1785, it was designated an uyezd town. The "stanitsa" of Chernoyarskaya used to be an important center of the Astrakhan Cossack Host. In 1925, it was demoted in status to that of a