PSR J1614–2230 PSR J1614–2230 PSR J1614–2230 is a neutron star in a binary system with a white dwarf. It was discovered in 2006 with the Parkes telescope in a survey of unidentified gamma ray sources in the Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope catalog. PSR J1614–2230 is a millisecond pulsar, a type of neutron star, that spins on its axis roughly 317 times per second, corresponding to a period of 3.15 milliseconds. Like all pulsars, it emits radiation in a beam, similar to a lighthouse. Emission from PSR J1614–2230 is observed as pulses at the spin period of PSR J1614–2230. The pulsed nature
Electron-beam lithography cold emission sources, in spite of the former's slightly larger beam size, because they offer better stability over typical writing times of several hours. Both electrostatic and magnetic lenses may be used. However, electrostatic lenses have more aberrations and so are not used for fine focusing. There is no current mechanism to make achromatic electron beam lenses, so extremely narrow dispersions of the electron beam energy are needed for finest focusing. Typically, for very small beam deflections electrostatic deflection "lenses" are used, larger beam deflections require electromagnetic scanning. Because of the inaccuracy and because of the finite number of steps