Hundred Days' Reform in the First Sino-Japanese War in 1894–1895, not long after the First (1839–1842) and Second (1856–1860) Opium Wars; this blow came as a major shock to the Chinese, because Japan had been regarded as a tributary state, was much smaller than China, and was regarded as inferior. China also fought France in the Sino-French War from 1884 to 1885. Moreover, the defeat of China by Japan led to a scramble for "privileges" in China by other foreign powers, notably by the German Empire and Russia, further awakening the conservatives. Before the First Sino-Japanese War, China engaged in technological modernization only,
Responsibility to protect in China diplomats to reinforce national, regional and global efforts to ensure peace, and on more than one occasion to emphasize "the moral obligation" the world has to secure peace in Africa. China has a contributing role in R2Ps operationalisation. China has successfully integrated into the global economy, becoming a significant focal point of trade, investment and production. While Chinese society is still largely non-transparent, Chinese leaders are becoming more and more susceptible to international criticism following its increasing level of integration. No country in the world is immune from peer pressure. Recently China was the subject of international criticism, for its