Alpha particle types: eventually named alpha, beta, and gamma by Rutherford, based on penetration of objects and deflection by a magnetic field. Alpha rays were defined by Rutherford as those having the lowest penetration of ordinary objects. Rutherford's work also included measurements of the ratio of an alpha particle's mass to its charge, which led him to the hypothesis that alpha particles were doubly charged helium ions (later shown to be bare helium nuclei). In 1907, Ernest Rutherford and Thomas Royds finally proved that alpha particles were indeed helium ions. To do this they allowed alpha particles to penetrate a very thin
Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy content of nitrogen atoms (tetrazoles, triazines and their annelated analogs) . Insensitive nuclei enhanced by polarization transfer (INEPT) is a signal resolution enhancement method. Because N has a gyromagnetic ratio that is small in magnitude, the resolution is quite poor. A common pulse sequence which dramatically improves the resolution for N is INEPT. The INEPT is an elegant solution in most cases because it increases the Boltzmann polarization and lowers T values (thus scans are shorter). Additionally, INEPT can accommodate negative gyromagnetic ratios, whereas the common nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) cannot. Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy Nitrogen-15 nuclear magnetic resonance