Opioid selling Indian opium which was smuggled into China in defiance of Chinese government bans. This led to the First (1839–1842) and Second Opium Wars (1856–1860) between China and Britain. In the 19th century, two major scientific advances were made that had far-reaching effects. Around 1804, German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner isolated morphine from opium. He described its crystallization, structure, and pharmacological properties in a well-received paper in 1817. Morphine was the first alkaloid to be isolated from any medicinal plant, the beginning of modern scientific drug discovery. The second advance, nearly fifty years later, was the refinement of the hypodermic needle
From China to Canada the growing literature on the Chinese in North America." Chan's criticisms were that it included more information than necessary and also was redundant in places. In a book review for the "China Quarterly", Lucie Cheng wrote that the book was both strengthened and weakened by its "comprehensiveness" since "By trying to give us too much, it ends up giving us too little." Kashima wrote "Historians will find this an interesting and sound account which helps to fill the information gap on the Chinese in Canada." Stanford M. Lyman of the New School for Social Research wrote that this book and