Indo-European copula copula (with corresponding voiceless and voiced fricatives) existed side by side in Germanic, and the involvement of a separate root "" is unnecessary. The root "*(s)teh-" meant "to stand". From this root comes the present stem of the so-called "substantive verb" in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, "tá" and "tha" respectively. On the absence of the initial s- in Celtic, see Indo-European s-mobile. In Latin, "stō, stare" retained the meaning "to stand", until local forms of Vulgar Latin began to use it as a copula in certain circumstances. Today, this survives in that several Romance languages (Galician-Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan) use it
Tatarstan Republic of Tatarstan are Tatar and Russian. "Tatarstan" derives from the name of the ethnic group—the Tatars—and the Persian suffix "-stan" (meaning "state" or "country" of, an ending common to many Eurasian countries). Another version of the Russian name is "" ("Tatariya"), which was official along with "Tatar ASSR" during the Soviet rule. The republic is located in the center of the East European Plain, approximately east of Moscow. It lies between the Volga River and the Kama River (a tributary of the Volga), and extends east to the Ural mountains. Major rivers include (Tatar names are given in parentheses):