Seven Summits Indian Ocean. If excluding the island of New Guinea, then Mount Cook in the South Island of New Zealand is the highest mountain in Australasia at . Sources that list Mount Wilhelm as the Oceania high point or show boundaries putting Puncak Jaya in Asia include: The United Nations, National Geographic, 7 Continent Summits, World Atlas, The CIA World Factbook, Canada Atlas, and Papua New Guinea PNG Trekking. The generally accepted highest summit in Europe is Mount Elbrus () in the Caucasus, appearing on both the Bass and Messner lists. However, because the location of the boundary between Asia and
Volcanic Seven Summits of these cones have a prominence greater than . The volcanoes in the list below all have prominences far exceeding that threshold. "NOTE: Two of the Volcanic Seven Summits, Kilimanjaro and Elbrus, are also members of the Seven Summits. Ojos del Salado is also a member of the Seven Second Summits." Defining the second highest volcanoes on each continent is a bit more complicated, because the continental definitions become critical. The problem between Australia and Oceania: Mount Hagen in Papua New Guinea is certainly the second highest volcano on the Australian continent, but expanding the continental definition to span also