Cell culture molecular biology primarily involves cultures of cells on flat plastic dishes. This technique is known as two-dimensional (2D) cell culture, and was first developed by Wilhelm Roux who, in 1885, removed a portion of the medullary plate of an embryonic chicken and maintained it in warm saline for several days on a flat glass plate. From the advance of polymer technology arose today's standard plastic dish for 2D cell culture, commonly known as the Petri dish. Julius Richard Petri, a German bacteriologist, is generally credited with this invention while working as an assistant to Robert Koch. Various researchers today also
Apraxia of Lid Opening Apraxia of Lid Opening Apraxia of lid opening (ALO) is an inability to initiate voluntary eyelid opening following a period of eyelid closure, with normal function at other times. Manual lifting of the eyelid often resolves the problem and the lid is able to stay open. ALO was first clearly described as a distinct entity in 1965 as “a nonparalytic motor abnormality characterized by the patient’s difficulty in initiating the act of lid elevation… present only momentarily at the start of lid opening.” A review of reported cases has shown a 2:1 female to male occurrence, and onset usually in