Breeding of strawberries variety "Old Black", which is of uncertain origin. This variety was created by pollination, not direct manipulation of the plant's genes. Molecular breeding is the application of molecular biology tools in a breeding program. Genetic engineering is typically defined as the introduction of non-native genes into an organism. An excellent example of transgenic modification is in the case of cold resistant strawberries. In one particular variety genes from the arctic flounder, a fish that lives in very cold water, were used to give plants resistance to cold. This modification works because of the genetics of the arctic flounder. It lives
Seabird breeding behavior that does not support the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis. Close inbreeding was observed at low frequencies in the Mediterranean Cory’s shearwater ("Calonectris diomedea diomedea") where two mother-son pairs were reported. Chick-rearing is the most crucial stage of the reproductive cycle in determining final reproductive success during a breeding season. Chick-rearing includes brooding, feeding, defending, and in some cases, teaching the chick skills it will need to know to survive independently. Chick-rearing can be totally absent in some birds (the brush-turkeys of southeast Asia), to a couple weeks long in many passerines, to several months long in larger birds. Seabirds, along with