Indo-European copula copula (with corresponding voiceless and voiced fricatives) existed side by side in Germanic, and the involvement of a separate root "" is unnecessary. The root "*(s)teh-" meant "to stand". From this root comes the present stem of the so-called "substantive verb" in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, "tá" and "tha" respectively. On the absence of the initial s- in Celtic, see Indo-European s-mobile. In Latin, "stō, stare" retained the meaning "to stand", until local forms of Vulgar Latin began to use it as a copula in certain circumstances. Today, this survives in that several Romance languages (Galician-Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan) use it
-stan as Soviet republics: "Turkmenistan" was frequently "Turkmenia", "Kyrgyzstan" often "Kirghizia", and even "Uzbekistan" was very rarely "Uzbekia". -stan The suffix -"stan" () is Persian for "place of" or "country". It appears in the names of many regions in Iran, Afghanistan, Central and South Asia, but also in the Caucasus and Russia; areas where significant amounts of Persian culture were spread or adopted. The suffix "-stan" is analogous to the suffix "-land", present in many country and location names. The suffix is also used more generally, as in Persian (borrowed into Urdu) "rigestân" () "place of sand, desert", "golestân" () "place