Indo-European copula copula (with corresponding voiceless and voiced fricatives) existed side by side in Germanic, and the involvement of a separate root "" is unnecessary. The root "*(s)teh-" meant "to stand". From this root comes the present stem of the so-called "substantive verb" in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, "tá" and "tha" respectively. On the absence of the initial s- in Celtic, see Indo-European s-mobile. In Latin, "stō, stare" retained the meaning "to stand", until local forms of Vulgar Latin began to use it as a copula in certain circumstances. Today, this survives in that several Romance languages (Galician-Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan) use it
Name of Afghanistan Name of Afghanistan The name "Afghānistān" (, "Afġānestān" , Pashto: افغانستان, "Afġānistān" ) means ""land of the Afghans"", which originates from the ethnonym ""Afghan"". Historically, the name ""Afghan"" mainly designated the Pashtun people, the largest ethnic group of Afghanistan. The earliest reference to the name is found in the 10th-century geography book known as "Hudud ul-'alam". The last part of the name, "-stān" is a Persian suffix for "place". In the early 19th century, Afghan politicians adopted the name "Afghanistan" for the entire Durrani Empire after its English translation had already appeared in various treaties with Qajarid Persia and British