Richter magnitude scale from it empirically as a quantity without units, just a number designed to conform to the formula_3 scale. A spectral analysis is required to obtain formula_12, whereas the other magnitudes are derived from a simple measurement of the amplitude of a specifically defined wave. All scales, except formula_5, saturate for large earthquakes, meaning they are based on the amplitudes of waves which have a wavelength shorter than the rupture length of the earthquakes. These short waves (high frequency waves) are too short a yardstick to measure the extent of the event. The resulting effective upper limit of measurement for formula_17
Macroscopic scale particles with lower mass-energies are also part of high energy physics; they also have a mass-energy that is far higher than that at the macroscopic scale (such as electrons), or are equally involved in reactions at the particle level (such as neutrinos). Relativistic effects, as in particle accelerators and cosmic rays, can further increase the accelerated particles' energy by many orders of magnitude, as well as the total energy of the particles emanating from their collision and annihilation. Macroscopic scale The macroscopic scale is the length scale on which objects or phenomena are large enough to be visible almost practically