Indo-European copula copula (with corresponding voiceless and voiced fricatives) existed side by side in Germanic, and the involvement of a separate root "" is unnecessary. The root "*(s)teh-" meant "to stand". From this root comes the present stem of the so-called "substantive verb" in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, "tá" and "tha" respectively. On the absence of the initial s- in Celtic, see Indo-European s-mobile. In Latin, "stō, stare" retained the meaning "to stand", until local forms of Vulgar Latin began to use it as a copula in certain circumstances. Today, this survives in that several Romance languages (Galician-Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan) use it
Esperanto words with the suffix -um (from "reto" 'net, Internet'), and "urbumi" 'to go into town' (from "urbo" 'town, city'). These latter words are not yet in dictionaries. The following is a fairly complete list of words with a reasonable degree of acceptance and that have not been covered above. Esperanto words with the suffix -um Esperanto derivation is for the most part regular and predictable: One can normally understand new words that are built upon known roots, and can create new words on the fly while speaking. However, there is a suffix "-um-" that has no inherent meaning, but derives words that cannot be readily