Indo-European copula copula (with corresponding voiceless and voiced fricatives) existed side by side in Germanic, and the involvement of a separate root "" is unnecessary. The root "*(s)teh-" meant "to stand". From this root comes the present stem of the so-called "substantive verb" in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, "tá" and "tha" respectively. On the absence of the initial s- in Celtic, see Indo-European s-mobile. In Latin, "stō, stare" retained the meaning "to stand", until local forms of Vulgar Latin began to use it as a copula in certain circumstances. Today, this survives in that several Romance languages (Galician-Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan) use it
Name of Croatia the name of the Croats: From the Iranian theses the most widely accepted is the derivation by Oleg Trubachyov from "*xar-va(n)t" (feminine, rich in women, ruled by women), which derives from the etymology of Sarmatians name, the Indo-Aryan "*sar-ma(n)t" "feminine", in both Indo-Iranian adjective suffix "-ma(n)t/wa(n)t", and Indo-Aryan and the Indo-Iranian "*sar-" "woman", which in Iranian gives "*har-". According to Radoslav Katičić this thesis doesn't entirely fit with the Croatian ethnonym, as the original form was "Hrъvate" not "Hъrvate", and the vowel "a" in the Iranian "harvat-" is short, while in the Slavic "Hrъvate" it is long. Katičić concluded that