Indo-European copula copula (with corresponding voiceless and voiced fricatives) existed side by side in Germanic, and the involvement of a separate root "" is unnecessary. The root "*(s)teh-" meant "to stand". From this root comes the present stem of the so-called "substantive verb" in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, "tá" and "tha" respectively. On the absence of the initial s- in Celtic, see Indo-European s-mobile. In Latin, "stō, stare" retained the meaning "to stand", until local forms of Vulgar Latin began to use it as a copula in certain circumstances. Today, this survives in that several Romance languages (Galician-Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan) use it
Romanian name and French "-esque", but its pervasiveness in Romanian may have come from Slavic influence, by way of Old Slavonic -ьskъ (which is in fact cognate to Latin "-iscum" via Proto-Indo-European). Another common derivation was to append the suffix "-eanu" or the simpler forms "-anu" and "-an" to the name of a place, river, village, or region, e.g. "Ardeleanu" (from "Ardeal"), "Moldoveanu" (from "Moldova"), "Mureșanu" (from "Mureș"), "Sadoveanu" etc. (cognate to Italian "-(i)ano"). They may indicate a country or ethnic origin (e.g. "Grecu" - from Greece, "Ungureanu" - from Hungary, "Rusu" - from Russia). The suffix "-cea" (as in "Mihalcea", "Grigorcea",