Betacoronavirus the Latin “corona” meaning crown or halo, referring to their image under electron microscopy of crown-like spikes on their surface similar to the solar corona. This morphology is created by the viral spike (S) peplomers, which are proteins that populate the surface of the virus and determine host tropism. The order Nidovirales is named for the Latin nidus, which means nest. It refers to this order’s production of a 3' co-terminal nested set of subgenomic mRNA's during infection. Betacoronavirus Betacoronaviruses are one of four genera of coronaviruses of the subfamily "Coronavirinae" in the family "Coronaviridae", of the order "Nidovirales". They
Wastewater discharge standards in Latin America Wastewater discharge standards in Latin America Wastewater discharge standards protect water sources from pollution and mismanagement. Each country in Latin America has its own set of standards, and these vary according to types of water use, agricultural, industrial or recreational use. Water quality is maintained by controlling the physicochemical and bacteriological parameters. The majority of water laws include fines for noncompliance. In many cases fines are inadequate and do not stop offending. In some cases the standards are lax and monitoring inadequate. In this paper is presented a summary of the majority of wastewater discharge standards in Latin America, complemented