Charles Francis Richter in southern California. Since 1935, several other magnitude scales have been developed. Richter was an active and avowed naturist. He travelled to many nudist communities with his wife. At his retirement party, a group of colleagues at Caltech, called the "Quidnuncs," played and sang a ditty titled "Richter Scale," which gave examples of earthquakes in American history, told in ballad style. Richter was not amused, however; he was furious. The author of the song, Kent Clark, stated in a 1989 interview that Richter enjoyed the song. The song is played on the Dr. Demento show occasionally. Richter died of congestive
Kardashev scale Kardashev scale The Kardashev scale is a method of measuring a civilization's level of technological advancement based on the amount of energy a civilization is able to use. It was proposed by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Kardashev in 1964. The scale has three designated categories: The scale is hypothetical, and regards energy consumption on a cosmic scale. Various extensions of the scale have since been proposed, including a wider range of power levels (types 0, IV and V) and the use of metrics other than pure power. In 1964, Kardashev defined three levels of civilizations, based on the order of magnitude