Qubit (game show) lustrous metal is the seventy-fourth element on the periodic table?" If the contestant answers incorrectly or passes, the host reads a clue such as: "Its chemical symbol is W, which stands for" Wolfram, "the German name of this element." If the contestant still answers incorrectly or passes, the host reads two choices, such as: "Is it platinum or tungsten?" Tungsten is the correct answer. The other answer is changed if necessary so it is not an answer already tried by the contestant. If the constant still answers incorrectly at this point, a 10-second time penalty is applied. The contestant with
Melting-point depression during experiment. Melting point depression was predicted in 1909 by Pawlow. Takagi first observed melting point depression of several types of metal nanoparticles in 1954. A variable intensity electron beam from a transmission electron microscope melted metal nanoparticles in early experiments. Diffraction patterns changed from characteristic crystalline patterns to liquid patterns as the small particles melted, allowing Takagi to estimate the melting temperature from the electron beam energy. Nanoparticles have a much greater surface to volume ratio than bulk materials. The increased surface to volume ratio means surface atoms have a much greater effect on chemical and physical properties of