Dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field (MLAT), or geomagnetic latitude, formula_10 is measured northwards from the equator (analogous to geographic latitude) and is related to formula_9 by formula_12. In this case, the radial and azimuthal components of the magnetic field (the latter still in the formula_9 direction, measured from the axis of the north pole) are given by formula_14 formula_15 formula_16 where formula_17 in this case has units of Earth radii (formula_18). Invariant latitude is a parameter that describes where a particular magnetic field line touches the surface of the Earth. It is given by formula_19 or formula_20 where formula_21 is the invariant latitude and formula_22
The Middle-Earth Album The Middle-Earth Album The Middle-Earth Album is the fifth studio album by American progressive rock band Glass Hammer, released on June 15, 2001. It is the band's second album based on J.R.R. Tolkien's novel "The Lord of the Rings", after their 1993 debut album "Journey of the Dunadan", and their second release not to be concept album, after 1998's "On to Evermore". It is the first album to feature singer Susie Bogdanowicz after she joined as band member, and as such the first album to feature the band's longest and steadiest line-up, which would last until their tenth studio album,