Indo-European copula copula (with corresponding voiceless and voiced fricatives) existed side by side in Germanic, and the involvement of a separate root "" is unnecessary. The root "*(s)teh-" meant "to stand". From this root comes the present stem of the so-called "substantive verb" in Irish and Scottish Gaelic, "tá" and "tha" respectively. On the absence of the initial s- in Celtic, see Indo-European s-mobile. In Latin, "stō, stare" retained the meaning "to stand", until local forms of Vulgar Latin began to use it as a copula in certain circumstances. Today, this survives in that several Romance languages (Galician-Portuguese, Spanish, Catalan) use it
Suffix (name) retain their late husband's full names and suffixes, but divorcees may not continue to style themselves with a former husband's full name and suffix, even if they retain the surname. Juniors sometimes go by their first initials and "J" for Jr., regardless of middle initial. Examples include American football players Terrell Ray Ward, Jr. (who goes by T.J. Ward) and Erick R. Manuel, Jr., who is better known as E.J. Manuel. Common nicknames for a junior or II include "Chip" (as in "chip off the old block"); e.g., President James Earl "Jimmy" Carter Jr.'s second son James Earl Carter III