Dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field (MLAT), or geomagnetic latitude, formula_10 is measured northwards from the equator (analogous to geographic latitude) and is related to formula_9 by formula_12. In this case, the radial and azimuthal components of the magnetic field (the latter still in the formula_9 direction, measured from the axis of the north pole) are given by formula_14 formula_15 formula_16 where formula_17 in this case has units of Earth radii (formula_18). Invariant latitude is a parameter that describes where a particular magnetic field line touches the surface of the Earth. It is given by formula_19 or formula_20 where formula_21 is the invariant latitude and formula_22
Total eclipses on the Moon Total eclipses on the Moon Total solar eclipses on the Moon are caused when the Earth passes in front of the Sun, blocking much its light. Viewers on Earth will see a total lunar eclipse. The last total solar eclipse on the Moon was in July 2018. Unlike the Earth which sees its eclipse for up to 2 1/2 hours the longest in one area as the Moon's shadow touches for over 5 1/2 hours the longest. Some of the eclipses on the Moon lasts for about 5 hours in one area the longest as the Earth's shadow touches for