External relations of Guernsey 2013 long term agreements with Électricité de France (EdF) have been signed to supply low carbon electricity for the Channel Islands Electricity Grid. On 22 January 2015, an agreement of cooperation was signed by Guernsey and Jersey with La Manche and Lower Normandy.The purpose of the agreement is to develop institutional partnerships and strengthen exchanges in the areas of economic development, tourism, education and culture between Lower Normandy, La Manche, the Government of Jersey and the States of Guernsey. Guernsey has formed part of the British–Irish Council since it was formed in 1999, as does Ireland. Meetings take place twice
History of water supply and sanitation was invented by Alexander Cummings in 1775 but became known as the U-bend following the introduction of the U-shaped trap by Thomas Crapper in 1880. The first screw-down water tap was patented in 1845 by Guest and Chrimes, a brass foundry in Rotherham. Founders of microscopy, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek and Robert Hooke, used the newly invented microscope to observe for the first time small material particles that were suspended in the water, laying the groundwork for the future understanding of waterborne pathogens and waterborne diseases. Sir Francis Bacon attempted to desalinate sea water by passing the flow through a sand