German fortification of Guernsey reduce the number and quality of troops required to defend the western ocean areas. Whilst the Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine had their roles in protecting the islands from the Allies, the occupying forces put their main effort into land defences aimed at repelling a seaborne or airborne assault. The resulting construction work in the Channel Islands was extensive; it required thousands of workers and massive supplies of cement and steel. Tiny Guernsey received special treatment. It had the largest artillery pieces in the Channel Islands, tanks, and 12,000 troops: one soldier for every two civilians on the island, compared to France
Coastal landforms of Ireland Coastal landforms of Ireland Ireland is an island surrounded by water, with a coastline. This list catalogues about 400 of the coastal landforms of the island including bays, estuaries, harbours, headlands, and many others. Most offshore features such as islands, stags (stacks), and rocks are omitted but are presented at List of islands of Ireland. A list of beaches is available at List of beaches in Ireland. Some landform names appear more than once and an analysis of duplicate names follows the table. The first view of this table shows landforms in an anti-clockwise direction around the Irish coast, starting