Single-window system Single-window system The single-window system is a trade facilitation idea. As such, the implementation of a single window system enables international (cross-border) traders to submit regulatory documents at a single location and/or single entity. Such documents are typically customs declarations, applications for import/export permits, and other supporting documents such as certificates of origin and trading invoices. The main value proposition for having a single window for a country or economy is to increase the efficiency through time and cost savings for traders in their dealings with government authorities for obtaining the relevant clearance and permit(s) for moving cargoes across national
Single-use bioreactor validation procedures can be made easier, and will finally lead to significant cost reductions. The application of single-use bioreactors reduces the risk of cross contamination and enhances the biological and process safety. Single-use applications are especially suitable for any kind of biopharmaceutical product. Single-use bioreactors contain fewer parts compared with conventional bioreactors, so the initial and maintenance costs are reduced. Limiting factor for the use of "some" single-use bioreactors is the achievable oxygen transfer, represented by the specific mass transfer coefficient (k) for the specific phase area (a), resulting in the volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient (ka). Theoretically this can