Jules Verne magazine. (The manuscript, believed lost for some time after Verne's death, was finally published in 1994.) The relationship between publisher and writer changed significantly around 1869, when Verne and Hetzel were brought into conflict over the manuscript for "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea". Verne had initially conceived of the submariner Captain Nemo as a Polish scientist whose acts of vengeance were directed against the Russians who had killed his family during the January uprising. Hetzel, not wanting to alienate the lucrative Russian market for Verne's books, demanded that Nemo be made an enemy of the slave trade, a situation
Nautilus (1800 submarine) Nautilus (1800 submarine) Nautilus was a submarine first tested in 1800. Though preceded by Cornelis Drebbel's vessel of 1620, "Nautilus" is often considered to be the first practical submarine. "Nautilus" was designed between 1793 and 1797 by the American inventor Robert Fulton, then living in the French First Republic. He unsuccessfully proposed to the Directory that they subsidize its construction as a means to balance British seapower. His second, also unsuccessful, proposal to them was that he be paid nothing until "Nautilus" had sunk British shipping, and then only a small percentage of the prize money. Fulton directed his next