Nobel Prize in Literature publicly available at The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Literature. Currently, only nominations submitted between 1901 and 1968 are available for public viewing. This secrecy has led to speculation about the next Nobel laureate. According to Göran Malmqvist of the Swedish Academy, Chinese writer Shen Congwen was to have been awarded the 1988 Nobel Prize in Literature, had he not suddenly died that year. From 1901 to 1912, the committee, headed by the conservative Carl David af Wirsén, weighed the literary quality of a work against its contribution towards humanity's struggle 'toward the ideal'. Tolstoy, Ibsen, Zola, and
Man Booker International Prize brings the total prize fund to £62,000 per year, compared to the previous £37,500 for the Man Booker International Prize. Judges select a longlist of 12 or 13 books in March, followed by a shortlist of six in April, with the winner announced in May. The inaugural winner was Albanian writer Ismail Kadare. He was followed by Nigerian writer Chinua Achebe in 2007, and two years later the Canadian writer Alice Munro won the award. In 2011 the prize was awarded to American Philip Roth. Praising its concerted judgement, the journalist Hephzibah Anderson noted that the Man Booker International Prize