Mountains and hills of England the land rises to form the Cheviot Hills, which extend into Scotland and could probably be considered part of the Southern Uplands. They are included in Northumberland National Park, along with Kielder Water and the Kielder Forest. The North Pennines (an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, or AONB) lie south of Hadrian's Wall, and east of the Lake District, from which they are separated by the Eden Valley. These are younger rocks, mostly Carboniferous limestone, and the mountains are characterised by shallower slopes covered with moorland vegetation, culminating in Cross Fell at . South of this, the main line of
North–South divide (England) UK miners' strike (1984–85) polarised public opinion and led to an increase in the divide. The Economist proposed in a 2017 article that the origins of the North-South divide could be traced back to the Norman Conquest, and the Harrying of the North in which William the Conqueror laid waste to many towns and estates in the North. This significantly reduced the wealth of the northern half of the country, laying the foundations for centuries of economic disadvantage. Many Midlands towns and cities appear, at least historically, to have more in common with their northern counterparts than with those in