Financial centre of the 19th century. After 1870, Berlin and New York grew to become major financial centres mainly serving their national economies. An array of smaller international financial centers found market niches, such as Amsterdam, Brussels, Zurich, and Geneva. London remained the leading international financial center in the four decades leading up to World War I. Since then, London and New York have developed leading positions in different activities and some non-Western financial centres have grown in prominence, notably Tokyo, Hong Kong and Singapore. In Asia, Tokyo emerged as a major financial centre in the 1980s as the Japanese economy became
Financial centre rankings have been developed and published. Two of the most relevant are the "Global Financial Centres Index" and the "Xinhua–Dow Jones International Financial Centres Development Index". The Global Financial Centres Index ("GFCI") is compiled semi–annually by the London–based British think tank Z/Yen in conjunction with the Shenzen–based think tank China Development Institute. New York City led as of September 2018, although the list has demonstrated volatility in the rankings. As of September 2018, the top ten global financial centres per the GFCI article containing a ranked list of 100 financial centres were: (Δ) Appears on the FSF–IMF Offshore Financial Centre