Financial centre of the 19th century. After 1870, Berlin and New York grew to become major financial centres mainly serving their national economies. An array of smaller international financial centers found market niches, such as Amsterdam, Brussels, Zurich, and Geneva. London remained the leading international financial center in the four decades leading up to World War I. Since then, London and New York have developed leading positions in different activities and some non-Western financial centres have grown in prominence, notably Tokyo, Hong Kong and Singapore. In Asia, Tokyo emerged as a major financial centre in the 1980s as the Japanese economy became
International Financial Services Centre double Irish, single malt, capital allowances for intangible assets and section 110 spvs) to legally route funds to 24 global sink OFCs (the main offshore tax havens). It coincides with Ireland's 2016 leprechaun economics moment (and concern on the level of distortion that IFSC activities were having on Irish GDP, GNP and even GNI), and growing reputation as a corporate tax haven/offshore financial centre and potentially unregulated shadow banking centre. Dublin (via IFSC) ranks 37th of 45 financial centres in the 2014 Xinhua-Dow Jones International Financial Centers Development Index, and ranks 31st (March 2018) on the Global Financial Centres Index