Shin Bet did not have the authority, even under the defense of "necessity," to employ such methods. This ruling was hailed as landmark against using torture on Palestinian prisoners. Shabak claims it now uses only psychological means, although B'Tselem and Amnesty International continue to accuse Shabak of employing physical methods that amount to torture under international conventions. In 2015, Physicians for Human Rights–Israel noted that petitions against Shin Bet had quadrupled since 2012, and claimed that over the past several years of 850 complaints against Shin Bet for torture none had yet been investigated. It further claimed that no system of legal
Director of the United States Secret Service Secretary of the Treasury Hugh McCulloch. When the Secret Service was established, its head was called the Chief of the Secret Service. In 1965, the title was changed to the Director of the Secret Service, four years into the term of James Joseph Rowley (1961–1973). The longest serving head of the Secret Service was William H. Moran, who served under five presidents from 1917 to 1936. On March 27, 2013, President Barack Obama appointed Julia Pierson to be the twenty-third Director of the Secret Service. She became the first female director of the agency. On October 1, 2014, the Secret