Garnet and determine the composition of garnets in terms of percentages of end-member species within an individual gem. Almandine, sometimes incorrectly called almandite, is the modern gem known as carbuncle (though originally almost any red gemstone was known by this name). The term "carbuncle" is derived from the Latin meaning "live coal" or burning charcoal. The name "Almandine" is a corruption of Alabanda, a region in Asia Minor where these stones were cut in ancient times. Chemically, almandine is an iron-aluminium garnet with the formula FeAl(SiO); the deep red transparent stones are often called precious garnet and are used as gemstones
Yttrium aluminium garnet has low heat sensitivity. As a synthetic gemstone YAG has numerous varietal and trade names, as well as a number of misnomers. Synonymous names include: "alexite", "amamite", "circolite", "dia-bud", "diamite", "diamogem", "diamonair", "diamone", "diamonique", "diamonite", "diamonte", "di'yag", "geminair", "gemonair", "kimberly", "Linde simulated diamond", "nier-gem", "regalair", "replique", "somerset", "triamond", "YAIG", and "yttrium garnet". Production for the gem trade decreased after the introduction of synthetic cubic zirconia; there was little production. Some demand exists as synthetic garnet, and for designs where the very high refractive index of cubic zirconia is not desirable. Neodymium-doped YAG (Nd:YAG) was developed in the early 1960s, and