Ribes aureum Ribes aureum Ribes aureum, known by the common names golden currant, clove currant, pruterberry and buffalo currant, is a species in the genus "Ribes". It is native to Canada, most of the United States (except the southeast) and northern Mexico. The variety "Ribes aureum" var. "villosum" is sometimes considered a full species, Ribes odoratum. It belongs to the subgenus "Ribes", which contains other currants, such as the blackcurrant and redcurrant ("Ribes nigrum" and "rubrum"), and is the sole member of the section "Symphocalyx". "Ribes aureum" is a small to medium-sized deciduous shrub, tall. Leaves are green, with 3 or 5
Epicoccum nigrum "E. nigrum". Epicocconone is a fluorescent pigment unique to "E. nigrum". Epicocconone is valuable in terms of its ability to pigment cells orange, which then fluoresce red without impacting cell structure or function. Industrially, "E. nigrum" has a variety of broad applications. It has demonstrated a capacity to biosynthesize nanoparticles from silver and gold, which have applications in chemical, industrial, and medical processes. It has been applied as biological treatment for mechanical oily effluent, reducing the content of hydrogen peroxide, phenols, and chemical oxygen demand in the oily effluent. "Epicoccum nigrum" pigments have been considered as natural replacements for artificial