Niccolò Machiavelli became a term describing someone or something that is "marked by cunning, duplicity, or bad faith". "Machiavellianism" also remains a popular term used in speeches and journalism; while in psychology, it denotes a personality type. While Machiavellianism is notable in the works of Machiavelli, Machiavelli's works are complex and he is generally agreed to have been more than just "Machiavellian" himself. For example, J.G.A. saw him as a major source of the republicanism that spread throughout England and North America in the 17th and 18th centuries and Leo , whose view of Machiavelli is quite different in many ways, agreed
Li Zhi (philosopher) women were inferior to men in native intelligence, and that many historical women such as Wu Zetian were actually superior. However, he did not believe women should be emancipated and commended widows who chose suicide over remarriage. His philosophical works included "A Book to Hide" and "A Book to Burn". He was a notable author of the xiaopin, a form of short essay. Li Zhi (philosopher) Li Zhi (1527–1602), often known by his pseudonym Zhuowu, was a Chinese philosopher, historian and writer of the late Ming Dynasty. A critic of the Neo-Confucianist views espoused by Zhu Xi, which was then