Nurse education qualification courses have graduate status. Traditionally, from the times prior to Florence Nightingale, nursing was seen as an apprenticeship, often undertaken in religious institutes such as convents by young women, although there has always been a proportion of male nurses, especially in mental health services. In 1860 Nightingale set up the first nurse training school at St Thomas' Hospital, London. Nightingale's curriculum was largely base around nursing practice, with instruction focused upon the need for hygiene and task competence. Her methods are reflected in her "Notes on Nursing", (1898). Some other nurses at that time, notably Ethel Gordon Fenwick, were
Anne Marie Rafferty Pennsylvania, where she worked with Dr Linda Aiken on the role of nursing in the Clinton Administration's health care reform agenda. Her research interests combine history, health policy and health services research. She was appointed Director, Centre for Policy in Nursing Research at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine in 1994, and subsequently Head, Health Services Research Unit. She took up the position of Dean of the Florence Nightingale School of Nursing and Midwifery, King's College London in November 2004 and completed two terms. She is now a Professor of Nursing Policy within the Florence Nightingale Faculty of