Ribena pure fruit syrups for the manufacture of milkshakes had been done at the Long Ashton Agriculture and Horticulture Research Station in North Somerset using a pectinase enzyme process; Ribena was essentially invented there by Vernon Charley, a scientist at the University of Bristol in 1933. The blackcurrant variety was found to contain high levels of vitamin C. The drink was launched in 1938 under the name Ribena (from the botanical name for the blackcurrant, "Ribes nigrum"). During the Second World War, other fruits rich in vitamin C, like oranges, became almost impossible to obtain in the United Kingdom, due to
Idiosoma nigrum Idiosoma nigrum Idiosoma nigrum, also called Black rugose trapdoor spider, occurs only in south-western Australia, in dry woodlands east of the Darling Scarp and north to Moore River. Females can reach a length of about 30mm, males about 18mm. "I. nigrum" digs burrows up to 32 cm deep. The species name is derived from Latin "Niger" "black". The Black Rugose Trapdoor Spider is adapted for life in semi-arid habitats. They live in burrows up to 32 cm deep. These spiders construct an arrangement of leaves and twigs radiating out from the burrow entrance to serve as remote sensing device -