Percival Lowell detail in mid-1896 soon after the Alvan Clark & Sons refracting telescope was installed at his new Flagstaff, Arizona observatory. Lowell observed the planet high in the daytime sky with the telescope's lens stopped down to 3 inches in diameter to reduce the effect of the turbulent daytime atmosphere. Lowell observed spoke-like surface features including a central dark spot, contrary to what was suspected then (and known now): that Venus has no surface features visible from Earth, being covered in an atmosphere that is opaque. It has been noted in a 2003 "Journal for the History of Astronomy" paper and
Lowell Mill Girls longer submit to that arbitrary power which has for the last ten years been so abundantly exercised over us." This conceptualization of labor activity as philosophically linked with the American project in democracy has been instrumental for other labor organizing campaigns, as noted frequently by MIT professor and social critic Noam Chomsky, who has cited this extended quote from the Lowell Mill Girls on the topic of wage slavery: istory" 16 (1975): 99-116. Available online through Lemelson Center, Smithsonian. Lowell Mill Girls The Lowell Mill Girls were young female workers who came to work in industrial corporations in Lowell, Massachusetts,