The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in the James-Lange theory of emotions, James develops Darwin's emphasis on the physical aspects, including the visceral (autonomically mediated) components of emotion. In Walter Cannon's "Bodily Changes in Pain, Hunger, Fear and Rage" (1915), Cannon introduces the famous phrase "fight or flight response", formulating emotions in terms of strategies for interpersonal behaviour. More recent psychological theories of emotion have been set out in the Papez-Maclean hypothesis and the Two factor theory of emotion. On 24 January 1895, James Crichton-Browne delivered a notable lecture in Dumfries, Scotland "On Emotional Expression", presenting some of his reservations about Darwin's views. Crichton-Browne argued for
Body language develop a more personal rapport. Scholars have long debated on whether body language, particularly facial expressions, are universally understood. In Darwin’s (1872) evolutionary theory, he postulated that facial expressions of emotion are inherited. On the other hand, scholars have questioned if culture influences one’s bodily expression of emotions. Broadly, the theories can be categorized into two models: The cultural equivalence model predicts that "individuals should be equally accurate in understanding the emotions of ingroup and outgroup members" (Soto & Levenson, 2009). This model is rooted in Darwin’s (1872) evolutionary theory, where he noted that both humans and animals share similar