Poaceae with silica phytoliths, which discourage grazing animals; some, such as sword grass, are sharp enough to cut human skin. A membranous appendage or fringe of hairs called the ligule lies at the junction between sheath and blade, preventing water or insects from penetrating into the sheath. Flowers of Poaceae are characteristically arranged in spikelets, each having one or more florets. The spikelets are further grouped into panicles or spikes. The part of the spikelet that bears the florets is called the rachilla. A spikelet consists of two (or sometimes fewer) bracts at the base, called glumes, followed by one or
History of model organisms had been until then invisibly killing tobacco plants across England. It was Stanley who would accomplish this task first by changing the pH to one a more acidic one. In doing so he was able to conclude that the virus was either a protein or closely related to one, thus benefiting experimental research. There are very important reasons why these new, much smaller organisms such as the Tobacco Mosaic Virus and "E. coli" made their way into the molecular biologists’ laboratories. Organisms like "Drosophila" and "Tribolium" were much too large and too complex for the simple quantitative experiments that men