Emotions and culture society. Therefore, it can be said that culture is a necessary framework for researchers to understand variations in emotions. In Darwin's opening chapter of "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals", (1872/1998) Darwin considered the face to be the preeminent medium of emotional expression in humans, and capable of representing both major emotions and subtle variations within each one. Darwin's ideas about facial expressions and his reports of cultural differences became the foundation for ethological research strategies. Silvan Tomkins' (1962) "Affect Theory" 1963) built upon Darwin's research, arguing that facial expressions are biologically based, and universal manifestations of
Emotion in animals could be used to include all the animal kingdom as well as some plants. The second approach, mechanistic, requires an examination of the mechanisms that drive emotions and search for similarities in animals. The mechanistic approach is utilized extensively by Paul, Harding and Mendl. Recognizing the difficulty in studying emotion in non-verbal animals, Paul et al. demonstrate possible ways to better examine this. Observing the mechanisms that function in human emotion expression, Paul et al. suggest that concentration on similar mechanisms in animals can provide clear insights into the animal experience. They noted that in humans, cognitive biases vary according