Newton's laws of motion Newton in his "Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica" ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687. Newton used them to explain and investigate the motion of many physical objects and systems. For example, in the third volume of the text, Newton showed that these laws of motion, combined with his law of universal gravitation, explained Kepler's laws of planetary motion. A fourth law is often also described in the bibliography, which states that forces add up like vectors, that is, that forces obey the principle of superposition. Newton's laws are applied to objects which are idealised as single point masses,
Speed of gravity radiation field or fluid. Changes in the motion of the attracting body are transmitted by some sort of waves. Therefore, the movements of the celestial bodies should be modified in the order "v/c", where "v" is the relative speed between the bodies and "c" is the speed of gravity. The effect of a finite speed of gravity goes to zero as "c" goes to infinity, but not as 1/"c" as it does in modern theories. This led Laplace to conclude that the speed of gravitational interactions is at least 7×10 times the speed of light. This velocity was used by