The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals in the laying out of the sandwalk, his "thinking path", at Down House in Kent in 1846. These aspects of Darwin's personal life are discussed in John Bowlby's (1990) psychoanalytic biography of Darwin. Darwin emphasises a shared human and animal ancestry in sharp contrast to the arguments deployed in Charles Bell's "Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression" (1824). Bell claimed that the facial muscles were divinely designed in order to express uniquely human feelings. Eager to stress the differences between human and animal communication, Bell wrote: "Expression is to the passions as language is to thought." In "The Expression", Darwin reformulates
The Constitution of Man The Constitution of Man The Constitution of Man (or more completely, The Constitution of Man Considered in Relation to External Objects) first published in 1828 is a work by George Combe, who is credited with popularizing the science of Phrenology. Combe argues that the human mind is best understood through Phrenology, and that the relative size of the various regions of the brain defined by Phrenology determines a persons behavior and potential interactions with the external world. In "The Constitution of Man" Combe uses Phrenology to create a practical science of morality, proposing that conforming to Natural Laws leads to