The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals typically accompanies blushing. A German translation of "The Expression" appeared in 1872; Dutch and French versions followed in 1873 and 1874. A second edition of the book, with only minor alterations, was published in 1890. Before Darwin, human emotional life had posed problems to the western philosophical categories of "mind" and "body". Darwin's interest can be traced to his time as a medical student and the 1824 reprint of Sir Charles Bell's "Anatomy and Philosophy of Expression" which argued for a spiritual dimension to the subject. In contrast, Darwin's biological approach links mental states to the coordination of movement, and
The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals the actor Henry Siddons in his "Practical Illustrations of Rhetorical Gesture and Action" (1807) and by the anatomist Robert Knox in his "Manual of Artistic Anatomy" (1852) – but abandoned them as unreliable, although the text of "The Expression" is littered with quotations from Shakespeare. Darwin opens the book with three chapters on "the general principles of expression", introducing the rather Lamarckist phrase "serviceable associated habits". With this phrase, Darwin seeks to describe the initially voluntary actions which come together to constitute the complex expressions of emotion. He then invokes a principle of "antithesis", through which opposite states of mind