Vatican Secret Archives popes also survive, including John VIII (pope 872-882) and Gregory VII (pope 1073-1085). Documentation is scant before the 13th century. Since that time, notable documents include items such as Henry VIII of England's request for a marriage annulment, a handwritten transcript of the trial against Galileo for heresy, and letters from Michelangelo complaining he had not been paid for work on the Sistine Chapel. The Archives also support their own photographic and conservation studios. The entrance to the Archives, adjacent to the Vatican Library, is through the Porta di S. Anna in via di Porta Angelica (rione of Borgo). New
19th-century history of the Catholic Church in the United States mean that Roman Catholics should adapt its teachings to modern civilization. This was too close to the liberalism condemned by the pope. Rumors spread among Europeans that an "Americanist" movement was sweeping the Catholic churches in the United States and would allegedly soon lead to the American Church claiming independence for itself. "Americanism" was considered a serious heresy by the Vatican, meant Catholic endorsement of the policy of separation of church and state. Rome feared that such a heresy was held by Irish Catholic leaders in the United States, such as Isaac Hecker, and bishops John Keane, John Ireland, and