Redcurrant in Europe, Asia and North America, also with edible fruit. These include "Ribes spicatum" (northern Europe and northern Asia), "Ribes alpinum" (northern Europe), "R. schlechtendalii" (northeast Europe), "R. multiflorum" (southeast Europe), "R. petraeum" (southwest Europe) and "R. triste" (North America; Newfoundland to Alaska and southward in mountains). While "Ribes rubrum" and "R. nigrum" are native to northern and eastern Europe, large berried cultivars of the redcurrant were first produced in Belgium and northern France in the 17th century. In modern times, numerous cultivars have been selected; some of these have escaped gardens and can be found in the wild across
Solanum nigrum from cardiac arrhythmias and respiratory failure. Livestock have also been poisoned from nitrate toxicity by grazing the leaves of "S. nigrum". All kinds of animals can be poisoned after ingesting nightshade, including cattle, sheep, poultry, and swine. However, in central Spain, the great bustard ("Otis tarda") may act as a seed disperser of European black nightshade ("Solanum nigrum"). Black nightshade is highly variable, and poisonous plant experts advise to avoid eating the berries unless they are a known edible strain. The toxin levels may also be affected by the plant's growing conditions. The toxins in "S. nigrum" are most concentrated