Ribena pure fruit syrups for the manufacture of milkshakes had been done at the Long Ashton Agriculture and Horticulture Research Station in North Somerset using a pectinase enzyme process; Ribena was essentially invented there by Vernon Charley, a scientist at the University of Bristol in 1933. The blackcurrant variety was found to contain high levels of vitamin C. The drink was launched in 1938 under the name Ribena (from the botanical name for the blackcurrant, "Ribes nigrum"). During the Second World War, other fruits rich in vitamin C, like oranges, became almost impossible to obtain in the United Kingdom, due to
Acer nigrum more deeply grooved bark, slightly smaller seeds, and thicker petioles. Hybrids are intermediate in their characteristics. The geographic range of "A. nigrum" is slightly more limited than the sugar maple, encompassing much of the Midwestern United States, portions of the Eastern United States, and the southeast of Canada in southern Ontario. The black maple's mature height ranges from 21 to 34 meters (70 to 110 feet). This species is used similarly to the "A. saccharum", for timber as hard maple, for landscaping, and for maple syrup production. Acer nigrum Acer nigrum (black maple) is a species of maple closely related