Vatican Secret Archives popes also survive, including John VIII (pope 872-882) and Gregory VII (pope 1073-1085). Documentation is scant before the 13th century. Since that time, notable documents include items such as Henry VIII of England's request for a marriage annulment, a handwritten transcript of the trial against Galileo for heresy, and letters from Michelangelo complaining he had not been paid for work on the Sistine Chapel. The Archives also support their own photographic and conservation studios. The entrance to the Archives, adjacent to the Vatican Library, is through the Porta di S. Anna in via di Porta Angelica (rione of Borgo). New
History of the Catholic Church in the United States since then have split about 50-50. Typically, Catholics have taken conservative positions on anti-communism and sexual behavior, and liberal positions on the welfare state. "Americanism" was considered a heresy by the Vatican that consisted of too much theological liberalism and too ready acceptance of the American policy of separation of church and state. Rome feared that such a heresy was held by Irish Catholic leaders in the United States, such as Isaac Hecker, and bishops John Keane, John Ireland, and John Lancaster Spalding, as well as the magazines "Catholic World" and "Ave Marie." Allegations came from German American bishops angry