Emotions and culture society. Therefore, it can be said that culture is a necessary framework for researchers to understand variations in emotions. In Darwin's opening chapter of "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals", (1872/1998) Darwin considered the face to be the preeminent medium of emotional expression in humans, and capable of representing both major emotions and subtle variations within each one. Darwin's ideas about facial expressions and his reports of cultural differences became the foundation for ethological research strategies. Silvan Tomkins' (1962) "Affect Theory" 1963) built upon Darwin's research, arguing that facial expressions are biologically based, and universal manifestations of
Stare-in-the-crowd effect How to build a baby that can read minds: Cognitive mechanisms in mind reading. Cahiers de Psychology Cognitive/Current Psychology of Cognition, 13, 513–552. Darwin C, (1904) The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals (London: Murray) (original work published 1872). Ellsworth, P. C., and Carlsmith, J. M. (1973) Eye contact and gaze aversion in aggressive encounter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 33, 117–122. Emery, N. J. (2000) The eyes have it: The neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 581–604. Gibson, E J. (1969) Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development (New York: Academic Press).