Reed water tube boiler straight tubes through which water and steam circulated more freely, it was considered by some contemporary writers on the subject such as Leslie S. Robertson as "behind" in its circulation because of the absence of down-comers. Whereas the Yarrow boilers fitted to the armoured cruiser of 1905 evaporated 11.664 pounds (5.291 kg) of water per pound (454 g) of coal at 100 degrees centigrade (212 degrees Fahrenheit) with natural draught, by the same measure a Reed boiler as fitted to the torpedo boat destroyer of 1896 evaporated 12 pounds (5.44 kg). An advantage of the Yarrow boiler was in weight:
Sea level rise studying the state of frozen water and the ocean on our planet factor in ongoing deformations of the solid Earth, in particular due to landmasses still rising from past ice masses retreating. Additionally, Earth gravitation and rotation have to be accounted for. These factors are dependent on the different layers which make up the Earth (lithosphere, asthenosphere), and the order in which land-based ice melts. Because the involved processes, which are collectively known as the "Sea-level equation", change very slowly, on time scales of thousands of years, they are considered to be constant. Since the 1992 launch of TOPEX/Poseidon, altimetric