The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals Darwin notes the universal nature of expressions in the book, writing: "the young and the old of widely different races, both with man and animals, express the same state of mind by the same movements." This connection of mental states to the neurological organization of movement (as the words "motive" and "emotion" suggest) is central to Darwin's understanding of emotion. Darwin himself displayed many biographical links between his psychological life and locomotion, taking long, solitary walks around Shrewsbury after his mother's death in 1817, in his seashore rambles near Edinburgh with the Lamarckian evolutionist Robert Edmond Grant in 1826/1827, and
The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication grown too long, & I think I shall publish separately a very small volume, 'an essay on the origin of mankind'". This "essay" would become two books: "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex" (1871) and "The Expression of Emotions in Man and Animals" (1872). The book had been advertised as early as 1865 with the unwieldy title "Domesticated Animals and Cultivated Plants, or the Principles of Variation, Inheritance, Reversion, Crossing, Interbreeding, and Selection under Domestication" but Darwin agreed to the shorter "The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication" suggested by the compositors. By May he