Pontoon bridge in 638. The army of the Umayyad Caliphate built a pontoon bridge over the Bosporus in 717 during the Siege of Constantinople (717–718). The Carolingian army of Charlemagne constructed a portable pontoon bridge of anchored boats bound together and used it to cross the Danube during campaigns against the Avar Khaganate in the 790s. Charlemagne's army built two fortified pontoon bridges across the Elbe in 789 during a campaign against the Slavic Veleti. The German army of Otto the Great employed three pontoon bridges, made from pre-fabricated materials, to rapidly cross the Recknitz river at the Battle on the Raxa
Junk Ensemble Culture Ireland Touring Award in 2008, and its production "The Rain Party" won the Excellence and Innovation Award in 2007. The Sunday Times (UK) has written that "junk ensemble has created some of the most impressive contemporary dance in Ireland of recent years" and Irish Theatre Magazine said that Junk Ensemble "do not disappoint in artistic experiment with bold visual staging and musical adventuring." Productions are listed with the year and venue of their debut. Junk Ensemble Junk Ensemble (styled junk ensemble) is a dance theater company, working in a genre related to Tanztheater. The company was established in 2004