Incense "joss" is derived from the Latin "deus" (god) via the Portuguese "deos" through the Javanese "dejos", through Chinese pidgin English. The raw materials are powdered and then mixed together with a binder to form a paste, which, for direct burning incense, is then cut and dried into pellets. Incense of the Athonite Orthodox Christian tradition is made by powdering frankincense or fir resin, mixing it with essential oils. Floral fragrances are the most common, but citrus such as lemon is not uncommon. The incense mixture is then rolled out into a slab approximately 1 cm thick and left until the
West African Pidgin English – Pidgin nonetheless remains in widespread use. In Nigeria in 2016 there was an estimated five million individuals who use Pidgin as a primary language for everyday use. As of 2017, about 75 million people in Nigeria, Cameroon, Ghana and Equatorial Guinea use the language. During decolonization, it became a "language of resistance and anti-colonialism", and political activists still use it to criticize their post-colonial political leaders. Over the last hundred years the amount of English-lexifer based creoles in West African countries currently being used as primary and secondary language has increased greatly, with speakers currently exceeding one hundred million.