Emotions and culture society. Therefore, it can be said that culture is a necessary framework for researchers to understand variations in emotions. In Darwin's opening chapter of "The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals", (1872/1998) Darwin considered the face to be the preeminent medium of emotional expression in humans, and capable of representing both major emotions and subtle variations within each one. Darwin's ideas about facial expressions and his reports of cultural differences became the foundation for ethological research strategies. Silvan Tomkins' (1962) "Affect Theory" 1963) built upon Darwin's research, arguing that facial expressions are biologically based, and universal manifestations of
The Constitution of Man The Constitution of Man The Constitution of Man (or more completely, The Constitution of Man Considered in Relation to External Objects) first published in 1828 is a work by George Combe, who is credited with popularizing the science of Phrenology. Combe argues that the human mind is best understood through Phrenology, and that the relative size of the various regions of the brain defined by Phrenology determines a persons behavior and potential interactions with the external world. In "The Constitution of Man" Combe uses Phrenology to create a practical science of morality, proposing that conforming to Natural Laws leads to