Physiognomy are irascible". The principal promoter of physiognomy in modern times was the Swiss pastor Johann Kaspar Lavater (1741–1801) who was briefly a friend of Goethe. Lavater's essays on physiognomy were first published in German in 1772 and gained great popularity. These influential essays were translated into French and English. Lavater found 'confirmation' of his ideas from the English physician-philosopher Sir Thomas Browne (1605–1682), and the Italian Giambattista Della Porta (1535–1615). Browne in his "Religio Medici" (1643) discusses the possibility of the discernment of inner qualities from the outer appearance of the face, thus: He reaffirmed his physiognomic beliefs in "Christian
Physiognomy doctor Claude Sigaud (1862–1921), incorporating his idea of "dilation and retraction" into morphopsychology. Research in the 1990s indicated that three elements of personality in particular – power, warmth and honesty – can be reliably inferred. Some evidence indicates people can detect male homosexuality by looking at facial characteristics or at the pattern of whorls in the scalp, though subsequent research has largely refuted the findings on hair whorl patterns. A February 2009 article in "New Scientist" magazine reported that physiognomy is living a small revival, with research papers trying to find links between personality traits and facial traits. A study