Soldering (see RoHS), has led to a change in formulation of both solders and fluxes. Water-soluble non-rosin-based fluxes have been increasingly used since the 1980s so that soldered boards can be cleaned with water or water-based cleaners. This eliminates hazardous solvents from the production environment, and from factory effluents. Those regulations have also reduced the use of lead based solders, and caused the melting temperatures of solders in use to increase by up to . "Hot-bar reflow" is a selective soldering process where two pre-fluxed, solder coated parts are heated with heating element (called a thermode) to a sufficient temperature to
C-element slow environment. Note that the definition of C-element can be easily generalized for multiple-valued logic or even for continuous signals: For example, the truth table for a balanced ternary C-element with two inputs is Depending on the requirements to the switching speed and power consumption, the C-element can be realized as a coarse- or fine-grain circuit. Also, one should distinguish between single-output and differential realizations of C-element. Differential realization is possible using only NANDs (only NORs). A single-output realization is workable if and only if: There is a number of different single-output circuits of C-element built on logic gates. In