Vapour-pressure deficit temperature, the relative humidity and, if possible, the canopy air temperature. We must then compute the saturation pressure. Saturation pressure can be looked up in a psychrometric chart or derived from the Arrhenius equation, a way to compute it directly from temperature is where: To convert between Rankine and degrees Fahrenheit: formula_10 We compute this pressure for both the ambient and canopy temperatures. We then can compute the actual partial pressure of the water vapour in the air by multiplying by the relative humidity [%]: and finally VPD using formula_12 or formula_13 when the canopy temperature is known. Vapour-pressure deficit
Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water balloons. By changing the amount of gas in these swim bladders, fish actively control their density. If they increase the amount of air in their swim bladder, their overall density will become less than the surrounding water, and increased upward buoyancy pressures will cause the fish to rise until they reach a depth at which they are again at equilibrium with the surrounding water. In this way, fish behave essentially as a hot air balloon does in air. Some seabird species utilize surface feeding or plunge diving during foraging in which gravity and/or momentum is used to counteract buoyancy effects