Silver metal. Protected silver has greater optical reflectivity than aluminium at all wavelengths longer than ~450 nm. At wavelengths shorter than 450 nm, silver's reflectivity is inferior to that of aluminium and drops to zero near 310 nm. Very high electrical and thermal conductivity is common to the elements in group 11, because their single s electron is free and does not interact with the filled d subshell, as such interactions (which occur in the preceding transition metals) lower electron mobility. The electrical conductivity of silver is the greatest of all metals, greater even than copper, but it is not widely
Electrical resistivity and conductivity individual matrix elements are not necessarily reciprocals of one another; for example, "σ" may not be equal to 1/"ρ". This can be seen in the Hall effect, where formula_34 is nonzero. In the Hall effect, due to rotational invariance about the z-axis, formula_35 and formula_36, so the relation between resistivity and conductivity simplifies to: If the electric field is parallel to the applied current, formula_34 and formula_40 are zero. When they are zero, one number, formula_41, is enough to describe the electrical resistivity. It is then written as simply formula_9, and this reduces to the simpler expression. According to elementary