Thermal conductivity electrons. In this case the mean velocity is the Fermi velocity which is temperature independent. The mean free path is determined by the impurities and the crystal imperfections which are temperature independent as well. So the only temperature-dependent quantity is the heat capacity "c", which, in this case, is proportional to "T". So with "k" a constant. For pure metals such as copper, silver, etc. "l" is large, so the thermal conductivity is high. At higher temperatures the mean free path is limited by the phonons, so the thermal conductivity tends to decrease with temperature. In alloys the density of
Electrical conductivity meter the way temperature affects the conductivity "of a solution" can be modeled linearly using the following formula: where The temperature compensation slope for most naturally occurring waters is about 2%/°C, however it can range between 1 and 3%/°C. The compensation slope for some common water solutions are listed in the table below. Conductivity measurement is a versatile tool in process control. The measurement is simple, fast and most advanced sensors require only a little maintenance. The measured conductivity reading can be used to make various assumptions on what is happening in the process. In some cases it is possible to