Ancient Greek warfare (important for small city-states), and relatively low cost (enough for each hoplite to provide their own equipment). The Phalanx also became a source of political influence because men had to provide their own equipment in order to be a part of the army. The ancient Greek city-states developed a military formation called the phalanx, which were rows of shoulder-to-shoulder hoplites. The Hoplites would lock their shields together, and the first few ranks of soldiers would project their spears out over the first rank of shields. The Phalanx therefore presented a shield wall and a mass of spear points to the
Thracian language (meaning "up") and based on several Thracic items, would have meant "upon", "up", and "Utaspios" is theorized to have meant "On horse(back)", parallel to ancient Greek "ephippos (epi-hippos)". The early Indo-European languages had more than one word for horse; for example Latin had "equus" from PIE "*ekwo-" and "mannus" ("a pony") from another IE root, later receiving "cabalus" as a loanword. In many cases in current Thracology, there is more than one etymology for a Thracian lexical item. For example, Thracian "Diana Germetitha" ("Diana" is from Latin while the epithet "Germetitha" is from Thracian) has two different proposed etymologies, "Diana