Peridinin-chlorophyll-protein complex by the CATH database, which systematically classifies protein structures, as an "alpha solenoid" fold; however, elsewhere in the literature the term alpha solenoid is used for open and less compact helical protein structures. Photosynthetic dinoflagellates contain membrane-bound light-harvesting complexes similar to those found in green plants. They additionally contain water-soluble protein-pigment complexes that exploit carotenoids such as peridinin to extend their photosynthetic capacity. Peridinin absorbs light in the blue-green wavelengths (470 to 550 nm) which are inaccessible to chlorophyll by itself; instead the PCP complex uses the geometry of the relative pigment orientations to effect extremely high-efficiency energy transfer from
Photon energy to date, very-high-energy gamma rays, have photon energies of 100 GeV to 100 TeV (10 to 10 electronvolts) or 0.016 microjoules to 0.016 millijoules. This corresponds to frequencies of 2.42 × 10 to 2.42 × 10 Hz. A photon with a wavelength equal to the Planck length would have an energy of about 7.671 × 10 eV or 1.229 × 10 joules (12.29 gigajoules). This is roughly the amount of energy produced by the world's most powerful coal-fired power station, the Taichung Power Plant, during a period of 2.25 seconds. During photosynthesis, specific chlorophyll molecules absorb red-light photons at a