Fiscal year July to the next 30 June and applies also to the budget. The company and personal financial year is 1 April to 31 March and applies to company and personal income tax. The Pakistani government's fiscal year is 1 July of the previous calendar year and concludes on 30 June. Private companies are free to observe their own accounting year, which may not be the same as government's fiscal year. In Portugal, the fiscal year is the calendar year, 1 January to 31 December. In Qatar, the fiscal year is from 1 January to 31 December. In Romania, the fiscal
Fiscal capacity cannot improve fiscal capacity by simply raising taxes if it does not have a political, legal and fiscal history that has supported such state-power. In comparison to Besley and Persson's individual level study, Gordon and Li (2009) focus on the role of businesses and the financial sector in developed versus developing countries. They model businesses' participation in the financial sector—where Gordon and Li specifically refer to participation in the financial sector as using banks—as participation in the formal sector; they assume that tax authorities can monitor bank records, so that mass participation in the financial sector lends the state information