Irish Famine (1740–41) affect economies, energy sources, and politics. Although no barometric or temperature readings for Ireland survive from the Great Frost, a scattered few records survive from Englishmen who made personal readings. The mercury thermometer was invented 25 years earlier by the German pioneer Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit. Indoor values during January 1740 were as low as . The one outdoor reading that has survived was stated as "thirty-two degrees of frost." This did not include the effects of the wind chill factor, which would have been severe. This kind of weather was "quite outside the Irish experience," notes David Dickson, author of
Candy thermometer models have markers for the various stages of sugar cooking. A candy thermometer is similar to a meat thermometer except that it can read higher temperatures (usually 400 °F/200 °C or more). The first candy thermometers were created in 1272 by Bennet Muzilla of Frankfurt, Germany. He used it to measure the temperatures of sugar solutions while making hard candies. Candy thermometer A candy thermometer, also known as a sugar thermometer, or jam thermometer is a cooking thermometer used to measure the temperature and therefore the "stage" of a cooking sugar solution. (See Candy making for a description of sugar