Period 5 element in South Africa, the Stillwater Complex in Montana, United States, the Thunder Bay District of Ontario, Canada, and the Norilsk Complex in Russia. Recycling is also a source of palladium, mostly from scrapped catalytic converters. The numerous applications and limited supply sources of palladium result in the metal attracting considerable investment interest. Silver is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag (, from the Indo-European root "*arg-" for "grey" or "shining") and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal.
Electrical conductivity meter develop a model to calculate concentration of the liquid. Concentration of pure liquids can be calculated when the conductivity and temperature is measured. The preset curves for various acids and bases are commercially available. For example, it is possible to measure the concentration of high purity hydrofluoric acid using conductivity based concentration measurement [Zhejiang Quhua Fluorchemical, China Valmet Concentration 3300]. Benefit of conductivity and temperature based concentration measurement is the superior speed of inline measurement compared to on-line analyzer. Conductivity based concentration measurement has limitations. The concentration-conductivity dependence of most acids and bases is not linear. Conductivity based measurement can’t