Fiscal incidence also produces regular estimates of the impact of government taxes and spending on household income. Fiscal incidence Fiscal incidence is a concept within public finance, a sub-discipline within economics, that refers to the combined overall economic impact of both government taxation and expenditures on the real economic income of individuals. While taxation reduces the economic well-being of individuals, government expenditures raise their economic well-being. Fiscal incidence is the term for the overall impact of government taxing and spending considered together. In theory, governments withdraw resources from society in the form of taxation, and contribute resources back into society in the
Fiscal transparency efficiency, equity, effectiveness, stability and sustainability of fiscal policies. This in turn enhances the likelihood that fiscal policies will have positive economic, social and environmental impacts. • Global Initiative for Fiscal Transparency (GIFT)<br> - GIFT's Resources and Publications.<br> - High Principles on Fiscal Transparency.<br> - Principles of Public Participation in Fiscal Policy.<br> - GIFT’s Guide on Principles and Mechanisms of Public Participation in Fiscal Policy.<br> • The World Bank - Fiscal Transparency<br> • IMF - Fiscal Transparency: (Fiscal Transparency Code, Fiscal Transparency Evaluation, Fiscal Transparency Manual and Natural Resource Guide)<br> • Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA)<br> • The Extractive