Fiscal federalism relevant for all kinds of government: unitary, federal and confederal. The concept of fiscal federalism is not to be associated with fiscal decentralization in officially declared federations only; it is applicable even to non-federal states (having no formal federal constitutional arrangement) in the sense that they encompass different levels of government which have de facto decision-making authority. This, however, does not mean that all forms of governments are 'fiscally' federal, only that 'fiscal federalism' is a set of principles that can be applied to all countries attempting 'fiscal decentralization'. In fact, fiscal federalism is a general normative framework for assignment
Fiscal transparency efficiency, equity, effectiveness, stability and sustainability of fiscal policies. This in turn enhances the likelihood that fiscal policies will have positive economic, social and environmental impacts. • Global Initiative for Fiscal Transparency (GIFT)<br> - GIFT's Resources and Publications.<br> - High Principles on Fiscal Transparency.<br> - Principles of Public Participation in Fiscal Policy.<br> - GIFT’s Guide on Principles and Mechanisms of Public Participation in Fiscal Policy.<br> • The World Bank - Fiscal Transparency<br> • IMF - Fiscal Transparency: (Fiscal Transparency Code, Fiscal Transparency Evaluation, Fiscal Transparency Manual and Natural Resource Guide)<br> • Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability (PEFA)<br> • The Extractive