Hydraulic fracturing proppants Hydraulic fracturing proppants A proppant is a solid material, typically sand, treated sand or man-made ceramic materials, designed to keep an induced hydraulic fracture open, during or following a fracturing treatment. It is added to a "fracking fluid" which may vary in composition depending on the type of fracturing used, and can be gel, foam or slickwater–based. In addition, there may be unconventional fracking fluids. Fluids make tradeoffs in such material properties as viscosity, where more viscous fluids can carry more concentrated proppant; the energy or pressure demands to maintain a certain flux pump rate (flow velocity) that will conduct
Hydrochloric acid at 180°). The author suggests that HO may become more important in dilute HCl solutions. ("See" hydronium ion "for further discussion of this issue.") Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid, since it is completely dissociated in water. It can therefore be used to prepare salts containing the Cl anion called "chlorides". As a strong acid, hydrogen chloride has a large "K". Theoretical attempts to assign the p"K" of hydrogen chloride have been made, with the most recent estimate being −5.9. However, it is important to distinguish between hydrogen chloride gas and hydrochloric acid. Due to the leveling effect, except when