Pungi fifty years ago. However, prior to this it derived from Indian folk music and was used for religious purposes for snake charming. The pungi is traditionally made from a dried bottle gourd. Often, the neck of the gourd is carved for aesthetic reasons. On the other end, two (sometimes one or three) reed or bamboo pipes are connected. These are known as the "jivala". One of the pipes has 5 - 9 holes and plays the melody; the other pipe is for drone. The jivala is fitted to the gourd with beeswax, which can be adjusted for pitch modification. The
Militant activity of Osama bin Laden camps in Khost which the ISI had persuaded the Taliban to return to al-Qaeda control. Several years before bin Laden was well known outside of Saudi and Islamist circles, he assisted and/or funded what he believed to be physical jihad against impiety involving attacks on civilians. While still in Saudi Arabia in 1989, he angered the Saudi royal family by preaching for and financing assassinations of socialist leaders in the neighboring country of Yemen, his father's homeland, where the country was in the process of re-uniting under a coalition government. In 1992 or 1993, bin Laden sent an emissary, Qari