Riefler escapement Riefler escapement The Riefler escapement is a mechanical escapement for precision pendulum clocks invented and patented by German instrument maker Sigmund Riefler in 1889. It was used in the astronomical regulator clocks made by his German firm Clemens Riefler from 1890 to 1965, which were perhaps the most accurate all-mechanical pendulum clocks made. An escapement is the mechanism in a mechanical clock that gives the pendulum precise impulses to keep it swinging, and allows the gear train to advance a set amount with each pendulum swing. The Riefler escapement was an improvement of the deadbeat escapement, the standard used in
Strain energy release rate a straight path, the mode I stress intensity factor (formula_10) is related to the energy release rate (formula_5) by where formula_13 is the Young's modulus and formula_14 for plane stress (as in a thin tensed elastic sheet) and formula_15 for plane strain (as in a thick elastic slab). Therefore, the energy release rate failure criterion may also be expressed as where formula_17 is the mode I fracture toughness. Strain energy release rate The strain energy release rate (or simply energy release rate) is the energy dissipated during fracture per unit of newly created fracture surface area. This quantity is central