Cluster (physics) however, comparatively little is known about the condensed phases (the liquid phase and solid phase.) The study of clusters attempts to bridge this gap of knowledge by clustering atoms together and studying their characteristics. If enough atoms were clustered together, eventually one would obtain a liquid or solid. The study of atomic and molecular clusters also benefits the developing field of nanotechnology. If new materials are to be made out of nanoscale particles, such as nanocatalysts and quantum computers, the properties of the nanoscale particles (the clusters) must first be understood. Cluster (physics) In physics, the term clusters denotes small,
Radiation length Radiation length In physics, the radiation length is a characteristic of a material, related to the energy loss of high energy particles electromagnetically interacting with it. In materials of high atomic number (e.g. W, U, Pu) the electrons of energies >~10 MeV predominantly lose energy by bremsstrahlung, and high-energy photons by pair production. The characteristic amount of matter traversed for these related interactions is called the radiation length , usually measured in g·cm. It is both the mean distance over which a high-energy electron loses all but of its energy by bremsstrahlung, and of the mean free path for pair