L. L. Zamenhof Esperanto, usually rendered as "humanitism" in English, sometimes rendered loosely as humanitarianism or humanism), based on the principles and teachings of Hillel the Elder. He said of Homaranismo: "It is indeed the object of my whole life. I would give up everything for it." Zamenhof came from and lived a very-much multilingual life. His name is/was variously translitterated, depending on the language: At his birth Zamenhof was given the Hebrew name "Eliezer" by his parents, the equivalent of the Latinized "Lazarus". However Zamenhof was born under Russian domination, and so his birth certificate records his name as "Leyzer Zamengov", using
Ludwik Fleck Ludwik Fleck Ludwik Fleck (11 July 1896 – 5 June 1961) was a Polish and Israeli physician and biologist who did important work in epidemic typhus in Lwów, Poland, with Rudolf Weigl and in the 1930s developed the concepts of the ""Denkstil"" ("thought style") and the ""Denkkollektiv"" ("thought collective"). The concept of the "thought collective" defined by him is important in the philosophy of science and in logology (the "science of science"), helping to explain how scientific ideas change over time, much as in Thomas Kuhn's later notion of the "paradigm shift" and in Michel Foucault's concept of the "episteme".