Louis Émile Javal of text, but make short rapid movements (saccades) intermingled with short stops (fixations). Javal's observations were characterised by a reliance on naked-eye observation of eye movement in the absence of technology. Javal's interest in strabismus was due to the disorder affecting his father and sister. Javal himself had heterochromia. At middle-age Javal developed glaucoma, and by 1900 was totally blind. He was a friend of Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof (1859-1917), the inventor of Esperanto, and he stressed the importance of learning this language by the blind. In addition, he was involved in social reform issues that included education and circumstances surrounding
Ludwik Dorn Ludwik Dorn Ludwik Dorn (, born 5 June 1954 in Warsaw) is a Polish conservative politician, former Deputy Prime Minister and member of Sejm elected on 5 November 2007. He was born Ludwik Dornbaum, to Jewish parents, Henryk Dornbaum, a socialist activist and Alina née Kluger, a doctor. All of his father's family was murdered during the Holocaust. In the 1960s Dornbaum family changed their name to Dorn. He was raised agnostic, but he converted to Roman Catholicism at the age of 51. From 31 October 2005 to 7 February 2007 he was Minister of Interior and Administration, resigned after