Negative frequency Negative frequency The concept of negative and positive frequency can be as simple as a wheel rotating one way or the other way: a "signed value" of frequency can indicate both the rate and direction of rotation. The rate is expressed in units such as revolutions (a.k.a. "cycles") per second (hertz) or radian/second (where 1 cycle corresponds to 2"π" radians). Let "ω" be a nonnegative parameter with units of radians/sec. Then the angular function (angle vs. time) , has slope −"ω", which is called a negative frequency. But when the function is used as the argument of a cosine operator,
Einstein (unit) Einstein (unit) The einstein is a unit defined as one mole () of photons. As such, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) was formerly often reported in microeinsteins per second per square meter (μE m s). This usage is also not part of the International System of Units and when used this way it is redundant with the mole. Since the unit does not have a standard definition and is not part of the SI system, it is usually better to avoid its use. The same information about photosynthetically active radiation can be conveyed using the SI convention by stating something such