Oxygen isotope ratio cycle likely driven by the Lomagundi carbon isotope excursion. Oxygen isotope ratio cycle Oxygen isotope ratio cycles are cyclical variations in the ratio of the abundance of oxygen with an atomic mass of 18 to the abundance of oxygen with an atomic mass of 16 present in some substances, such as polar ice or calcite in ocean core samples, measured with the isotope fractionation. The ratio is linked to water temperature of ancient oceans, which in turn reflects ancient climates. Cycles in the ratio mirror climate changes in geologic history. Oxygen (chemical symbol O) has three naturally occurring isotopes: O, O,
Standard weight in fish relationships representing a species across its range are used. As fish grow in length, they increase in weight. The relationship between weight and length is not linear. The relationship between length ("L") and weight ("W") can be expressed as: When the equation is for standard weight, the standard weight for a given length is written as W. The exponent "b" is close to 3.0 for most species. The coefficient "a" varies between species. If the exponent "b" is greater than three for a certain fish species, that species tends to become relatively fatter or have more girth as it grows