Escapement eventually became the escapement of choice for turret clocks, because their wheel trains are subjected to large variations in drive force caused by the large exterior hands, with their varying wind, snow, and ice loads. Since in a gravity escapement the drive force from the wheel train does not itself impel the pendulum but merely resets the weights that provide the impulse, the escapement is not affected by variations in drive force. The 'Double Three-legged Gravity Escapement' shown here is a form of escapement first devised by a barrister named Bloxam and later improved by Lord Grimthorpe. It is the
Strain energy release rate a straight path, the mode I stress intensity factor (formula_10) is related to the energy release rate (formula_5) by where formula_13 is the Young's modulus and formula_14 for plane stress (as in a thin tensed elastic sheet) and formula_15 for plane strain (as in a thick elastic slab). Therefore, the energy release rate failure criterion may also be expressed as where formula_17 is the mode I fracture toughness. Strain energy release rate The strain energy release rate (or simply energy release rate) is the energy dissipated during fracture per unit of newly created fracture surface area. This quantity is central