Professional foul Professional foul In various sports, a professional foul is a deliberate act of foul play intended to bring about an advantage for the perpetrator's team. Professional fouls are usually committed to prevent an opponent from scoring. In association football, a professional foul involves a defender fouling an attacking player in order to prevent them from scoring, or a handball offence that denied an obvious goal-scoring opportunity. The resulting free kick or penalty may offer the attacking team a lower chance of scoring than the original playing position, and the defending player therefore has an incentive to tactically foul the attacking
Obtaining pecuniary advantage by deception Obtaining pecuniary advantage by deception Obtaining pecuniary advantage by deception was formerly a statutory offence in England and Wales and Northern Ireland. However, the offence still subsists in certain other common law jurisdictionswhich have copied the English criminal model. The offence was created by section 16 of the Theft Act 1968. At the time of its repeal it read: This offence replaced the offence of obtaining credit by fraud, contrary to section 13(1) of the Debtors Act 1869. The elements of the actus reus are similar to the offence of obtaining property by deception: The expression "pecuniary advantage" was defined