1 in 60 rule has 90 miles to his next waypoint. He is thus two miles to the left of that and thus the waypoint is 4/3 of a degree (2 × 60/90) to the right, or approximately 1° right. The pilot then adds these two to get 5° and flies 5° right of t his previous heading. One can also use the 1 in 60 rule to approximate distance from a VOR, by flying 90 degrees to a radial and timing how long it takes to fly 10 degrees (the limit of the course deviation indicator). The time in seconds divided by 10
Angular defect to less than 360°, on a spherical triangle the interior angles always add up to more than 180° (the exterior angles add up to "less" than 360°), and the angles in a hyperbolic triangle always add up to less than 180° (the exterior angles add up to "more" than 360°). In modern terms, the defect at a vertex or over a triangle (with a minus) is precisely the curvature at that point or the total (integrated) over the triangle, as established by the Gauss–Bonnet theorem. For a polyhedron, the defect at a vertex equals 2π minus the sum of all