Fortified wine because he was inspired by a German wine flavoured with wormwood, an herb most famously used in distilling absinthe. However, wine flavoured with wormwood goes back to ancient Rome. The modern German word "Wermut" ("Wermuth" in the spelling of Carpano's time) means both "wormwood" and "vermouth". The herbs were originally used to mask raw flavours of cheaper wines, imparting a slightly medicinal "tonic" flavor. Vins doux naturels are lightly fortified wines typically made from white Muscat grapes or red Grenache grapes in the south of France. The production of vins doux naturels was perfected by Arnaud de Villeneuve at the
Additive smoothing Additive smoothing In statistics, additive smoothing, also called Laplace smoothing (not to be confused with Laplacian smoothing as used in image processing), or Lidstone smoothing, is a technique used to smooth categorical data. Given an observation formula_1 from a multinomial distribution with formula_2 trials, a "smoothed" version of the data gives the estimator: where the "pseudocount" "α" > 0 is a smoothing parameter. "α" = 0 corresponds to no smoothing. (This parameter is explained in below.) Additive smoothing is a type of shrinkage estimator, as the resulting estimate will be between the empirical probability (relative frequency) formula_4, and the uniform