History of the Jews in Poland Polish Jews who gained international recognition are Moses Schorr, Ludwik Zamenhof (the creator of Esperanto), Georges Charpak, Samuel Eilenberg, Emanuel Ringelblum, and Artur Rubinstein, just to name a few from the long list. The term "genocide" was coined by Rafał Lemkin (1900–1959), a Polish-Jewish legal scholar. Leonid Hurwicz was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Economics. The YIVO (Jidiszer Wissenszaftlecher Institute) Scientific Institute was based in Wilno before transferring to New York during the war. In Warsaw, important centers of Judaic scholarship, such the Main Judaic Library and the Institute of Judaic Studies were located, along with numerous Talmudic Schools
Mark Zamenhof of Zamenhof would be bound with the dismissal of many Polishes, that happened after 1863. Then Russian authorities sacked many Polish teachers. One reckons that in 1873 the Zamenhof family abandoned Bialystok. Even so unanswered is the question about the real cause of the transfer of Zamenhofs in Warsaw, where Mark surely advanced as a teacher of the German language in the Veterinary Institute and in the actual school, being that time only one from between three (!) Hebrews, that deserved to instruct in the Warsaw state schools . Because of what the local teacher received like this important position?