Carbon-12 Carbon-12 Carbon-12 (C) is the more abundant of the two stable isotopes of carbon (Carbon-13 being the other), amounting to 98.93% of the element carbon; its abundance is due to the triple-alpha process by which it is created in stars. Carbon-12 is of particular importance in its use as the standard from which atomic masses of all nuclides are measured, thus, its atomic mass is exactly 12 daltons by definition. Its nucleus contains 6 protons and 6 neutrons. Before 1959 both the IUPAP and IUPAC used oxygen to define the mole; the chemists defining the mole as the number of
Atomic vapor laser isotope separation since it was uncovered in 2003, Iran has claimed to have dismantled it. The history of AVLIS, as recorded in the open refereed literature, began in the early-mid 1970s in the former Soviet Union and the United States. In the US, AVLIS research was mainly carried out at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory although some industrial laboratories were early players. Tunable laser development for AVLIS, applicable to uranium, has also been reported from several countries including Australia (1982-1984), France (1984), India (1994), and Japan (1996). Atomic vapor laser isotope separation Atomic vapor laser isotope separation, or AVLIS, is a method