Negative frequency Negative frequency The concept of negative and positive frequency can be as simple as a wheel rotating one way or the other way: a "signed value" of frequency can indicate both the rate and direction of rotation. The rate is expressed in units such as revolutions (a.k.a. "cycles") per second (hertz) or radian/second (where 1 cycle corresponds to 2"π" radians). Let "ω" be a nonnegative parameter with units of radians/sec. Then the angular function (angle vs. time) , has slope −"ω", which is called a negative frequency. But when the function is used as the argument of a cosine operator,
Hartley (unit) digit, a ban corresponds to a decimal digit. A deciban is one tenth of a ban; the name is formed from "ban" by the SI prefix "deci-". One hartley corresponds to log(10) bit = ln(10) nat, or approximately 3.322 Sh, or 2.303 nat. A deciban is about 0.332 Sh. Though not an SI unit, the hartley is part of the International System of Quantities, defined by International Standard IEC 80000-13 of the International Electrotechnical Commission. It is named after Ralph Hartley. The term "hartley" is named after Ralph Hartley, who suggested in 1928 to measure information using a logarithmic base