Pungi fifty years ago. However, prior to this it derived from Indian folk music and was used for religious purposes for snake charming. The pungi is traditionally made from a dried bottle gourd. Often, the neck of the gourd is carved for aesthetic reasons. On the other end, two (sometimes one or three) reed or bamboo pipes are connected. These are known as the "jivala". One of the pipes has 5 - 9 holes and plays the melody; the other pipe is for drone. The jivala is fitted to the gourd with beeswax, which can be adjusted for pitch modification. The
Wind River Indian Reservation the death of an eighth grader at Wyoming Indian Middle School who was killed by voluntary manslaughter in April 2010. Wind River's crime rate is 5-7 times the national average, and has a long history of gang violence. The Wind River Indian Reservation have struggled with an alarming percent of unemployment. According to a 2005 Bureau of Indian Affairs report, the Northern Arapaho Tribe's unemployment rate was 73 percent and Eastern Shoshone's was 84 percent. Sadly, the employment situation on the Wind River reservation is not at all atypical. Other reservations have similar or even higher rates of unemployment. There