Root system inner product is the Killing form. The cosine of the angle between two roots is constrained to be a half-integral multiple of a square root of an integer. This is because formula_32 and formula_33 are both integers, by assumption, and formula_34 Since formula_35, the only possible values for formula_36 are formula_37 and formula_38, corresponding to angles of 90°, 60° or 120°, 45° or 135°, 30° or 150°, and 0° or 180°. Condition 2 says that no scalar multiples of "α" other than 1 and -1 can be roots, so 0 or 180°, which would correspond to 2"α" or −2"α", are
Area of a circle order to arrive at the formula for the area of a disk. Consider unwrapping the concentric circles to straight strips. This will form a right angled triangle with r as its height and 2r (being the outer slice of onion) as its base. Finding the area of this triangle will give the area of the disk The opposite and adjacent angles for this triangle are respectively in degrees 9.0430611..., 80.956939... and in radians 0.1578311... , 1.4129651... Explicitly, we imagine dividing up a circle into triangles, each with a height equal to the circle's radius and a base that is infinitesimally