Isotope "nuclide", and is still sometimes used in contexts where "nuclide" might be more appropriate, such as nuclear technology and nuclear medicine. An isotope and/or nuclide is specified by the name of the particular element (this indicates the atomic number) followed by a hyphen and the mass number (e.g. helium-3, helium-4, carbon-12, carbon-14, uranium-235 and uranium-239). When a chemical symbol is used, e.g. "C" for carbon, standard notation (now known as "AZE notation" because "A" is the mass number, "Z" the atomic number, and E for element) is to indicate the mass number (number of nucleons) with a superscript at the
Atomic vapor laser isotope separation since it was uncovered in 2003, Iran has claimed to have dismantled it. The history of AVLIS, as recorded in the open refereed literature, began in the early-mid 1970s in the former Soviet Union and the United States. In the US, AVLIS research was mainly carried out at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory although some industrial laboratories were early players. Tunable laser development for AVLIS, applicable to uranium, has also been reported from several countries including Australia (1982-1984), France (1984), India (1994), and Japan (1996). Atomic vapor laser isotope separation Atomic vapor laser isotope separation, or AVLIS, is a method