Root system inner product is the Killing form. The cosine of the angle between two roots is constrained to be a half-integral multiple of a square root of an integer. This is because formula_32 and formula_33 are both integers, by assumption, and formula_34 Since formula_35, the only possible values for formula_36 are formula_37 and formula_38, corresponding to angles of 90°, 60° or 120°, 45° or 135°, 30° or 150°, and 0° or 180°. Condition 2 says that no scalar multiples of "α" other than 1 and -1 can be roots, so 0 or 180°, which would correspond to 2"α" or −2"α", are
Special right triangle within a regular icosahedron of side length "c": the shortest line segment from any vertex "V" to the plane of its five neighbors has length "a", and the endpoints of this line segment together with any of the neighbors of "V" form the vertices of a right triangle with sides "a", "b", and "c". Special right triangle A special right triangle is a right triangle with some regular feature that makes calculations on the triangle easier, or for which simple formulas exist. For example, a right triangle may have angles that form simple relationships, such as 45°–45°–90°. This is called