Proton the particles in the solar wind are electrons and protons, in approximately equal numbers. Protons also have extrasolar origin from galactic cosmic rays, where they make up about 90% of the total particle flux. These protons often have higher energy than solar wind protons, and their intensity is far more uniform and less variable than protons coming from the Sun, the production of which is heavily affected by solar proton events such as coronal mass ejections. Research has been performed on the dose-rate effects of protons, as typically found in space travel, on human health. To be more specific, there
Plasma arc welding triple degrees of ionization. Such states exist as more electrons are pulled from their orbits. The energy of the plasma jet and thus the temperature is dependent upon the electrical power employed to create arc plasma. A typical value of temperature obtained in a plasma jet torch may be of the order of 28000 °C (50000 °F ) against about 5500 °C (10000 °F) in ordinary electric welding arc. Actually all welding arcs are (partially ionized) plasmas, but the one in plasma arc welding is a constricted arc plasma. Plasma arc welding is an arc welding process wherein coalescence is