Cardiovascular disease caused by the women's smaller body size and arterial dimensions which are independent of menopause. Cigarettes are the major form of smoked tobacco. Risks to health from tobacco use result not only from direct consumption of tobacco, but also from exposure to second-hand smoke. Approximately 10% of cardiovascular disease is attributed to smoking; however, people who quit smoking by age 30 have almost as low a risk of death as never smokers. Insufficient physical activity (defined as less than 5 x 30 minutes of moderate activity per week, or less than 3 x 20 minutes of vigorous activity per week)
Karina W. Davidson next generation of medical school and hospital leaders. While working at Dalhousie University, Davidson became keenly interested in the relationship between psychosocial risk factors and their role in the course and outcome of cardiovascular disease. Since then, she has been the recipient of numerous National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants and has authored a number of high impact studies which have contributed to the evidence base of behavioral cardiology, a new frontier in the field of cardiology. In a study of the association between anger expression and coronary heart disease (CHD), Davidson and colleagues found that men who constructively expressed