Income tax in the United States increase complexity, irrespective of the system's flatness or lack thereof. Income tax is also levied by most U.S. states and many localities on individuals, corporations, estates, and trusts. These taxes are in addition to federal income tax and are deductible for federal tax purposes. State and local income tax rates vary from 1% to 16% of taxable income. Some state and local income tax rates are flat (single rate) and some are graduated. State and local definitions of what income is taxable vary highly. Some states incorporate the federal definitions by reference. Taxable income is defined separately and differently for
Citizens for Tax Justice CTJ is generally considered a liberal organization, but its research has also been cited by Republican politicians (including President Ronald Reagan) and right-wing tax reform organizations when favorable to their policies. The organization's 2013 Form 990 Tax Return states its purpose is "to promote social welfare." The organization's president, Wayne Cox, is Executive Director of Minnesota Citizens for Tax Justice. CTJ, a 501(c4) organization, is directed by Robert S. McIntyre. Many of the reports written by Citizens for Tax Justice rely on analyses produced by the "ITEP Microsimulation Tax Model", which is housed at its partner organization, the Institute on