Judaism roots as an organized religion in the Middle East during the Bronze Age. Judaism is considered one of the oldest monotheistic religions. The Hebrews and Israelites were already referred to as "Jews" in later books of the Tanakh such as the Book of Esther, with the term Jews replacing the title "Children of Israel". Judaism's texts, traditions and values strongly influenced later Abrahamic religions, including Christianity, Islam and the Baha'i Faith. Many aspects of Judaism have also directly or indirectly influenced secular Western ethics and civil law. Hebraism was just as important a factor in the ancient era development of
Islam and antisemitism "negative assessments and even condemnation of prior religions and their adherents occur in all three scriptures of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam." Scholars have studied and debated Muslim attitudes to, and treatment of, Jews in Islamic thought and societies throughout history. The Quran makes forty-three specific references to ""Bani Isrāīl"" (meaning the Children of Israel). The Arabic term "yahud", denoting Jews, and "yahudi" occur eleven times and the verbal form "hāda" (meaning "to be a Jew/Jewish") occurs ten times. According to Khalid Durán, the negative passages use "Yahūd", while the positive references speak mainly of the "Banī Isrā’īl". In Quran Jews