Abrahamic religions "Abrahamic traditions" has been challenged. In 2012, Alan L. Berger, Professor of Judaic Studies at Florida Atlantic University, in his Preface to "Trialogue and Terror: Judaism, Christianity, and Islam after 9/11" wrote that there are "commonalities", but "there are essential differences between the Abrahamic traditions" both "historical and theological". Although "Judaism birthed both Christianity and Islam", the "three monotheistic faiths went their separate ways". The three faiths "understand the role of Abraham" in "differing ways", and the relationships between Judaism and Christianity and between Judaism and Islam are "uneven". Also, the three traditions are "demographically unbalanced and ideologically diverse". Also
Ishmael in Islam Ishmael in Islam Ishmael (, ) is the figure known in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam as Abraham's (Ibrahim) son, born to Hagar (Hajar). In Islam, Ishmael is regarded as a prophet ("nabi") and an ancestor to Muhammad. He also became associated with Mecca and the construction of the "Kaaba." Stories of Ishmael are not only found in Jewish and Christian texts, such as the Bible and rabbinic "Midrash", but also Islamic sources. These sources include the Quran, Quranic commentary (tafsir), "hadith", historiographic collections like that of Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, and "Isra'iliyat" (Islamic texts about Biblical or ancient Israelite figures