Isotope fractionation Isotope fractionation Isotope fractionation describes processes that affect the relative abundance of isotopes, often used in isotope geochemistry. Normally, the focus is on stable isotopes of the same element. Isotopic fractionation in the natural environment can be measured by isotope analysis, using isotope-ratio mass spectrometry, to separate different element isotopes on the basis of their mass-to-charge ratio, an important tool to understand natural systems. For example, in biochemistry processes cause a fluctuation in the amount of isotopes of carbon ratios incorporated into a biological being. The difference between the true amount of carbon and the amount in the plant is
Isotopes of livermorium Isotopes of livermorium Livermorium (Lv) is an artificial element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all artificial elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was Lv in 2000. There are four known radioisotopes from Lv to Lv, as well as a few suggestive indications of a possible heavier isotope Lv. The longest-lived of the four well-characterised isotopes is Lv with a half-life of 53 ms. The below table contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with atomic number 116. In 1998, the team