Crystallographic restriction theorem lattice basis, the rotation operation must map every lattice point into an integer number of lattice vectors, so the entries of the rotation matrix in the lattice basis — and hence the trace — are necessarily integers. Similar as in other proofs, this implies that the only allowed rotational symmetries correspond to 1,2,3,4 or 6-fold invariance. For example, wallpapers and crystals cannot be rotated by 45° and remain invariant, the only possible angles are: 360°, 180°, 120°, 90° or 60°. Example The general crystallographic restriction on rotations does "not" guarantee that a rotation will be compatible with a specific lattice.
Schwarz triangle function of the upper half plane. To see how to handle the case when an angle of Δ is a right angle, note that the inequality implies that if one of the angles is a right angle, say "a" = 2, then both "b" and "c" are greater than 2 and one of them, "b" say, must be greater than 3. In this case, reflecting the triangle across the side AB gives an isosceles hyperbolic triangle with angles /"c", /"c" and 2/"b". If 2/"b" ≤ /3, i.e. "b" is greater than 5, then all the angles of the doubled triangle are