Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels. Cardiovascular disease includes coronary artery diseases (CAD) such as angina and myocardial infarction (commonly known as a heart attack). Other CVDs include stroke, heart failure, hypertensive heart disease, rheumatic heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart arrhythmia, congenital heart disease, valvular heart disease, carditis, aortic aneurysms, peripheral artery disease, thromboembolic disease, and venous thrombosis. The underlying mechanisms vary depending on the disease. Coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease involve atherosclerosis. This may be caused by high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity,
Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease yet definitive, to say butter is back." Moreover, Walter Willett warned that the conclusions of the meta-analysis are seriously misleading, contains major errors and omissions, and should be retracted. In response to the Chowdhury review, Willett "et al". commented: The 2009 "European Society of Cardiology Textbook of Cardiovascular Medicine" states that, in cohort studies, the positive relationship between fat intake and CVDs was linked to their saturated fatty acid content. 2007's "Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation" states that large epidemiological studies have shown consistent associations between the intake of saturated fatty acids and CHD mortality. According to the 2007 "Critical Pathways