Louis Émile Javal of text, but make short rapid movements (saccades) intermingled with short stops (fixations). Javal's observations were characterised by a reliance on naked-eye observation of eye movement in the absence of technology. Javal's interest in strabismus was due to the disorder affecting his father and sister. Javal himself had heterochromia. At middle-age Javal developed glaucoma, and by 1900 was totally blind. He was a friend of Ludwik Łazarz Zamenhof (1859-1917), the inventor of Esperanto, and he stressed the importance of learning this language by the blind. In addition, he was involved in social reform issues that included education and circumstances surrounding
Ludwik Birkenmajer w przekładzie polskim" (1920) · Mikołaj Kopernik, "O obrotach ciał niebieskich i inne pisma" (2004) · Andrzej Śródka, "Uczeni polscy XIX-XX stulecia". Warszawa 1994, vol. I, p. 155-157 . Paweł Tarasiewicz, Zbigniew Pańpuch, "Birkenmajer Ludwik Antoni", "Powszechna encyklopedia filozofii" vol. I, Lublin 2000 · Władysław Horbacki, "Ludwik Antoni Birkenmajer (1855-1929)". Łódź 1930 Ludwik Birkenmajer Ludwik Antoni Birkenmajer (18 May 1855 - 20 November 1929), Polish historian of science, physicist, astronomer, professor of the Jagiellonian University. Descended from the German family settled in Galicia (Southern Poland) during the time of the Napoleon wars, later a part of the Austrian Habsburg Empire.