Mass in special relativity what causes these particles to be termed "massless." However, even massless particles have a relativistic mass, which varies with their observed energy in various frames of reference, The invariant mass is the ratio of four-momentum (the four-dimensional generalization of classical momentum) to four-velocity: and is also the ratio of four-acceleration to four-force when the rest mass is constant. The four-dimensional form of Newton's second law is: The relativistic expressions for "E" and "p" obey the relativistic energy–momentum relation: where the m is the rest mass, or the invariant mass for systems, and "E" is the total energy. The equation is
Mass in special relativity derived form formula_44 is not valid because formula_45 in formula_46 is generally not a constant (see the section above on transverse and longitudinal mass). Even though Einstein initially used the expressions "longitudinal" and "transverse" mass in two papers (see previous section), in his first paper on formula_47 (1905) he treated "m" as what would now be called the "rest mass". Einstein never derived an equation for "relativistic mass", and in later years he expressed his dislike of the idea: Okun and followers reject the concept of relativistic mass. Also Arnold B. Arons has argued against teaching the concept of relativistic