L. L. Zamenhof Lodwick, who in 1652 had published an early conlang proposal. When his brother Leon became a doctor and started signing his name "Dr L. Zamenhof", Zamenhof reclaimed his birth name "Lazar" and from 1901 signed his name "Dr L. L. Zamenhof" to avoid confusion with his brother. The two L's do not seem to have specifically represented either name, and the order "Ludwik Lazar" is a modern convention. In 1905 Zamenhof received the Légion d'honneur for creating Esperanto. In 1910, Zamenhof was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize, by four British members of parliament (including James O'Grady, Philip Snowden) and
Ludwik Kowalski Ludwik Kowalski Ludwik Kowalski (born 1931) is a Polish-American physicist, anti-communist author, and professor emeritus of Montclair State University in Montclair, New Jersey. Kowalski was born in Poland. His parents, members of the Polish Communist Party (the precursor of Polish United Workers' Party), decided to emigrate to the Soviet Union in 1932. In Moscow, they continued in their careers as an engineer and nurse. His father was arrested in the night during the Great Purge in 1938 as an "enemy of the people," never to be seen again by his family. Kowalski and his mother lost their home and lived