Mariology of the popes John Paul II), visits to Marian shrines (Benedict XVI in 2007) and by actively supporting the fathers of Vatican II as they highlighted the importance of Marian veneration (Popes John XXIII and Paul VI) in "Lumen gentium". Popular views like the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception developed into papal teaching over time. Popes have also limited and cautioned against some devotional practices. In 1674 Pope Clement X (1670–1676) indexed books on Marian piety. After the Council of Trent, "Marian fraternities" were founded, fostering Marian piety, not all of which were approved. Not all Popes took the same view on Marian
Popes during the Age of Revolution of the dissenting bishops had left Rome before the final vote. The direction in which Pius IX was taking the church was made very plain in a document of 1864 known simply as the Syllabus. It is a list of eighty modern that included such broad topics as socialism, civil marriage and secular education. The final error is the concept that 'the Roman Pontiff can and should reconcile himself to and agree with progress, liberalism and modern civilization'. Popes during the Age of Revolution The modern history of the papacy is shaped by the two largest dispossessions of papal property