Crystallographic restriction theorem lattice basis, the rotation operation must map every lattice point into an integer number of lattice vectors, so the entries of the rotation matrix in the lattice basis — and hence the trace — are necessarily integers. Similar as in other proofs, this implies that the only allowed rotational symmetries correspond to 1,2,3,4 or 6-fold invariance. For example, wallpapers and crystals cannot be rotated by 45° and remain invariant, the only possible angles are: 360°, 180°, 120°, 90° or 60°. Example The general crystallographic restriction on rotations does "not" guarantee that a rotation will be compatible with a specific lattice.
Angular defect to less than 360°, on a spherical triangle the interior angles always add up to more than 180° (the exterior angles add up to "less" than 360°), and the angles in a hyperbolic triangle always add up to less than 180° (the exterior angles add up to "more" than 360°). In modern terms, the defect at a vertex or over a triangle (with a minus) is precisely the curvature at that point or the total (integrated) over the triangle, as established by the Gauss–Bonnet theorem. For a polyhedron, the defect at a vertex equals 2π minus the sum of all