Effective mass (solid-state physics) from both sides gives where is the th element of , is the th element of , and are the th and th elements of , respectively, and is the total energy of the particle according to the Planck–Einstein relation. The index is contracted by the use of Einstein notation (there is an implicit summation over ). Since Newton's second law uses the inertial mass (not the gravitational mass), we can identify the inverse of this mass in the equation above as the tensor This tensor expresses the change in group velocity due to a change in crystal momentum. Its
Tensor product of modules "R" of "N". Then the tensor product of "M" and "N" over "R" can be defined as the coequalizer: together with the requirements If "S" is a subring of a ring "R", then formula_1 is the quotient group of formula_155 by the subgroup generated by formula_156, where formula_157 is the image of formula_158 under formula_159 In particular, any tensor product of "R"-modules can be constructed, if so desired, as a quotient of a tensor product of abelian groups by imposing the "R"-balanced product property. In the construction of the tensor product over a commutative ring "R", the "R"-module structure can