Zamenhof Day Zamenhof Day Zamenhof Day (), also called Esperanto Book Day, is celebrated on 15 December, the birthday of Esperanto creator L. L. Zamenhof. It is the most widely celebrated day in Esperanto culture. On this day, Esperantists hold information sessions and cultural gatherings to promote literature in Esperanto. The history of celebrating Esperanto on Zamenhof's birthday can be traced back to 17 December 1878, when at a birthday party for his 19th birthday he presented to his friends his "Lingwe uniwersala", the first version of his international language. By 1887, this language had evolved into what is now recognized as
Ludwik Marteau Czaplic, Michał Jerzy Mniszech, Ignacy Potocki, Andrzej Mokronowski, Stanisław Poniatowski, Stanisław Trembecki, Andrzej Hieronim Zamoyski, Grzegorz Piramowicz, Franciszek Bohomolec and (one of his best-known) Hugo Kołłątaj. In 1831, following the November Uprising, most of his portraits were transported to Saint Petersburg by order of Tsar Nicholas I. Three years later, they were burned in an effort to destroy significant records of Polish culture. Ludwik Marteau Ludwik Marteau, originally Louis-François Marteau (c.1715, Paris - 2 November 1804, Warsaw) was a French-born Polish court painter who served under kings Augustus III and Stanisław August Poniatowski. All of his known works are portraits;