Hydraulic fracturing proppants Hydraulic fracturing proppants A proppant is a solid material, typically sand, treated sand or man-made ceramic materials, designed to keep an induced hydraulic fracture open, during or following a fracturing treatment. It is added to a "fracking fluid" which may vary in composition depending on the type of fracturing used, and can be gel, foam or slickwater–based. In addition, there may be unconventional fracking fluids. Fluids make tradeoffs in such material properties as viscosity, where more viscous fluids can carry more concentrated proppant; the energy or pressure demands to maintain a certain flux pump rate (flow velocity) that will conduct
Hydrochloric acid , Bulgarian: солна киселина, Russian: соляная кислота, , Korean: 염산, and Taiwanese: iâm-sng. Gaseous HCl was called "marine acid air". The old (pre-systematic) name "muriatic acid" has the same origin ("muriatic" means "pertaining to brine or salt", hence "muriate" means hydrochloride), and this name is still sometimes used. The name "hydrochloric acid" was coined by the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1814. Hydrochloric acid has been an important and frequently used chemical from early history and was discovered by the alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan around the year 800 AD. Aqua regia, a mixture consisting of hydrochloric and nitric acids,