Velocity the angular speed formula_27 and the magnitude of the displacement. such that Angular momentum in scalar form is the mass times the distance to the origin times the transverse velocity, or equivalently, the mass times the distance squared times the angular speed. The sign convention for angular momentum is the same as that for angular velocity. where The expression formula_33 is known as moment of inertia. If forces are in the radial direction only with an inverse square dependence, as in the case of a gravitational orbit, angular momentum is constant, and transverse speed is inversely proportional to the distance,
Law of mass action formula. The law of mass action also has implications in semiconductor physics. Regardless of doping, the product of electron and hole densities is a constant at equilibrium. This constant depends on the thermal energy of the system (i.e. the product of the Boltzmann constant, formula_20, and temperature, formula_21), as well as the band gap (the energy separation between conduction and valence bands, formula_22) and effective density of states in the valence formula_23 and conduction formula_24 bands. When the equilibrium electron formula_25 and hole formula_26 densities are equal, their density is called the "intrinsic" carrier density formula_27 as this would be