Violin musical styles may be translated as "filling" (or "stuffing" in the culinary sense), since multiple instruments "fill out" the sound. The Indian violin, while essentially the same instrument as that used in Western music, is different in some senses. The instrument is tuned so that the IV and III strings (G and D on a western-tuned violin) and the II and I (A and E) strings are sa-pa (do-sol) pairs and sound the same but are offset by an octave, resembling common "scordatura" or fiddle cross-tunings such as CGCG or AEAE. The tonic sa (do) is not fixed, but variably tuned to
Concert pitch D-flat), and are often tuned to match B brass instruments when the two are required to play together. The Stuttgart Conference of 1834 recommended C264 (A440) as the standard pitch based on Scheibler's studies with his Tonometer. For this reason A440 has been referred to as Stuttgart pitch or Scheibler pitch. In 1939, an international conference recommended that the A above middle C be tuned to 440 Hz, now known as "concert pitch". As a technical standard this was taken up by the International Organization for Standardization in 1955 and reaffirmed by them in 1975 as ISO 16. The difference