Deductive reasoning and the argument is “valid”, it is possible for the conclusion to be false (determined to be false with a counterexample or other means). Aristotle started documenting deductive reasoning in the 4th century BC. Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning, also deductive logic, logical deduction is the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion. Deductive reasoning goes in the same direction as that of the conditionals, and links premises with conclusions. If all premises are true, the terms are clear, and the rules of deductive logic are followed, then the conclusion reached is necessarily
Logical connective negation and one disjunction. There are sixteen Boolean functions associating the input truth values and with four-digit binary outputs. These correspond to possible choices of binary logical connectives for classical logic. Different implementations of classical logic can choose different functionally complete subsets of connectives. One approach is to choose a "minimal" set, and define other connectives by some logical form, as in the example with the material conditional above. The following are the minimal functionally complete sets of operators in classical logic whose arities do not exceed 2: See more details about functional completeness in classical logic at Functional completeness