Marxian economics Economy") in three volumes, of which only the first volume was published in his lifetime (1867); the others were published by Friedrich Engels from Marx's notes. One of Marx's early works, "Critique of Political Economy", was mostly incorporated into "Das Kapital", especially the beginning of volume 1. Marx's notes made in preparation for writing "Das Kapital" were published in 1939 under the title "Grundrisse." Marx's economics took as its starting point the work of the best-known economists of his day, the British classical economists Adam Smith, Thomas Robert Malthus and David Ricardo. In "The Wealth of Nations" (1776), Smith argued
The Communist Manifesto publicly owned etc.—the implementation of which would result in the precursor to a stateless and classless society. The third section, "Socialist and Communist Literature", distinguishes communism from other socialist doctrines prevalent at the time—these being broadly categorised as Reactionary Socialism; Conservative or Bourgeois Socialism; and Critical-Utopian Socialism and Communism. While the degree of reproach toward rival perspectives varies, all are dismissed for advocating reformism and failing to recognise the pre-eminent revolutionary role of the working class. "Position of the Communists in Relation to the Various Opposition Parties", the concluding section of the "Manifesto", briefly discusses the communist position on struggles