Mariology of the popes John Paul II), visits to Marian shrines (Benedict XVI in 2007) and by actively supporting the fathers of Vatican II as they highlighted the importance of Marian veneration (Popes John XXIII and Paul VI) in "Lumen gentium". Popular views like the Assumption and the Immaculate Conception developed into papal teaching over time. Popes have also limited and cautioned against some devotional practices. In 1674 Pope Clement X (1670–1676) indexed books on Marian piety. After the Council of Trent, "Marian fraternities" were founded, fostering Marian piety, not all of which were approved. Not all Popes took the same view on Marian
Three Popes and the Jews this time he does not claim to be an eyewitness. Zuccotti regards this anecdote as unconvincing because "there is little evidence that [Paul VI] ever did much for the Jews" and the ADSS even contains examples of his refusing requests for assistance. The quote is also inconsistent with his 1963 article in "The Tablet" defending Pius XII which claims not that he directed others to save Jews, but that he refrained because it would have been "not only futile but harmful". Three Popes and the Jews Three Popes and the Jews is a 1967 book by Pinchas Lapide, a former