Deductive reasoning and the argument is “valid”, it is possible for the conclusion to be false (determined to be false with a counterexample or other means). Aristotle started documenting deductive reasoning in the 4th century BC. Deductive reasoning Deductive reasoning, also deductive logic, logical deduction is the process of reasoning from one or more statements (premises) to reach a logically certain conclusion. Deductive reasoning goes in the same direction as that of the conditionals, and links premises with conclusions. If all premises are true, the terms are clear, and the rules of deductive logic are followed, then the conclusion reached is necessarily
Logic of graphs Logic of graphs In the mathematical fields of graph theory and finite model theory, the logic of graphs deals with formal specifications of graph properties using logical formulas. There are several variations in the types of logical operation that can be used in these formulas. The first order logic of graphs concerns formulas in which the variables and predicates concern individual vertices and edges of a graph, while monadic second order graph logic allows quantification over sets of vertices or edges. A sentence formula_1 may be true for some graphs, and false for others; a graph formula_2 is said to