Invasive species in Hawaii and health-related problems. The introduction of mosquitoes to Hawaii has resulted in the spread of avian malaria, and increases the risk of dengue and west Nile virus (not known to be in Hawaii yet). Other native species can be affected by invasive species diseases as well, such as the once-dominant koa tree being killed by koa wilt, which is believed to have been brought into Hawaii on an ornamental acacia plant, and the 'ohi'a tree, now being affected by Rapid Ohia Death. Invasive predators can severely reduce the population sizes of native species, or even drive them extinct, because native
Nin Jiom Pei Pa Koa in 1962, and continue to manufacture and sell the product worldwide. "Pei pa koa" had annual sales of HK$350 million in 2014. A study at the China Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine published in a 1994 article, "Pharmacological studies of nin jion pei pa koa", states that Nin Jiom Pei Pa Koa had significant cough relieving and sputum removing effects. In four acute or sub-acute inflammatory models, the anti-inflammatory effect was marked.." "Pei pa koa" is made up of a blend of herbal ingredients including the fritillary bulb ("Bulbus fritillariae cirrhosae", 川貝母), loquat leaf ("Eriobotrya japonica", 枇鈀葉), ladybell root ("Adenophora