History of the Republic of Turkey of modern Turkey begins with the foundation of the republic on October 29, 1923, with Kemal as its first president. The government was formed from the Ankara-based revolutionary group, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. The second constitution was ratified by the Grand National Assembly on April 20, 1924. For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education; the discontinuation of religious and other titles; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled
5th cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey of the Executive Ministers in Turkey) except for the fact that the previous chairman Rauf (Orbay) who was displeased with the treaty of Lausanne had resigned and also a new ministry, that of Settlement and Population Exchange which was authorized for the exchange of Turkish and Greek population was included in the cabinet list. In the list below, the name in parathesis is the surname the cabinet members assumed later.(see Surname Law of 1934) This cabinet was the last cabinet of the pre-Republic Turkey. Turkish Republic was proclainmed on 29 October 1923. 5th cabinet of the Executive Ministers of Turkey