Constitution of Kenya texts since gaining independence: in 1969 and in 2010. In 1969, the 1963 independence constitution was replaced with a new text that entrenched amendments already made to the system of government that the independence constitution had contemplated. These changes included: changing the structure of the state from a federal, or Majimbo system, to a unitary system; creating a unicameral instead of bicameral legislature; changing from a parliamentary to a semi-presidential system with a powerful presidency; and reducing the protections of the bill of rights. Further amendments to the 1969 constitution were later effected, including, in 1982, the institution of a
A. A. Hamidhan at the Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (Panitia Persiapan Kemerdekaan Indonesia, or PPKI) in Jakarta (renamed during the occupation). Before leaving, he spoke with local figures regarding their hopes and aspirations for an independent nation. When Indonesia proclaimed its independence on 17 August 1945, Hamidhan was one of the witnesses. He later wrote "Sekitar Mukaddimah UUD 1945: Untuk Memperlengkap Kebenaran Sejarah" ("Regarding the Constitution of 1945: To Complete History's Recordings"), which dealt with his experiences around the period and decried claims that there was conflict over parts of the constitution relating to God's role in the country. On 18 August