Partition of India in the United Provinces (where Muslims were attacked by Hindus), and on to Rawalpindi in March 1947 in which Hindus were attacked or driven out by Muslims. The British Prime Minister Attlee appointed Lord Louis Mountbatten as India's last viceroy, who was given the task to oversee British India's independence by June 1948, with the instruction to "avoid" partition and "preserve" a United India, but with adaptational authority to ensure a British withdrawal with minimal setbacks. Mountbatten hoped to revive the Cabinet Mission scheme for a federal arrangement for India. But despite his initial keenness for preserving the center the
Partition of India of India and Pakistan as a key reason for its founding in December 1947. They included FN Souza, MF Husain, SH Raza, SK Bakre, HA Gade and KH Ara, who went on to become some of the most important and influential Indian artists of the 20th Century. Literature describing the human cost of independence and partition comprises Bal K. Gupta's memoirs "Forgotten Atrocities" (2012), Khushwant Singh's "Train to Pakistan" (1956), several short stories such as "Toba Tek Singh" (1955) by Saadat Hassan Manto, Urdu poems such as "Subh-e-Azadi" (Freedom's Dawn, 1947) by Faiz Ahmad Faiz, Bhisham Sahni's "Tamas" (1974), Manohar