Japanese Zen expressions of this selfless existence. Zen emphasizes zazen, meditation c.q. dhyana in astting position. In Soto, the emphasis is on shikantaza, 'just sitting', while Rinzai also uses koans to train the mind. In alternation with zazen, there is walking meditation, "kinhin", in which one walks with full attention. To facilitate insight, a Zen teacher can assign a kōan. This is a short anecdote, which seems irrational, but contains subtle references to the Buddhist teachings. An example of a kōan is Joshu's 'Mu': "A monk asked: "Does a dog have buddha-nature?" Joshu responded: "Mu!"" Zen-meditation aims at "non-thinking," in Japanese "fu
Abductive reasoning premise, but the truth of the conclusion is not guaranteed. (Indeed, it turns out that some swans are black.) Abductive reasoning allows inferring formula_2 as an explanation of formula_1. As a result of this inference, abduction allows the precondition formula_2 to be abduced from the consequence formula_1. Deductive reasoning and abductive reasoning thus differ in the direction in which a rule like "formula_2 entails formula_1" is used for inference. As such, abduction is formally equivalent to the logical fallacy of affirming the consequent (or "Post hoc ergo propter hoc") because of multiple possible explanations for formula_1. For example, in a