Chemical substance identity of benzene, until the correct structure was described by Friedrich August Kekulé. Likewise, the idea of stereoisomerism – that atoms have rigid three-dimensional structure and can thus form isomers that differ only in their three-dimensional arrangement – was another crucial step in understanding the concept of distinct chemical substances. For example, tartaric acid has three distinct isomers, a pair of diastereomers with one diastereomer forming two enantiomers. An element is a chemical substance made up of a particular kind of atom and hence cannot be broken down or transformed by a chemical reaction into a different element, though it
Magic cube classes Perfect magic cube. Nasik; A. H. Frost (1866) referred to all but the simple magic cube as Nasik!<br> C. Planck (1905) redefined "Nasik" to mean magic hypercubes of any order or dimension in which all possible lines summed correctly.<br> i.e. Nasik is a preferred alternate, and less ambiguous term for the "perfect" class.<br>Minimum correct summations required = 13"m". All pan-"r"-agonals sum correctly for "r" = 1, 2 and 3. Alternate Perfect Note that the above is a relatively new definition of "perfect". Until about 1995 there was much confusion about what constituted a "perfect" magic cube (see the discussion under