Mustafa Kemal Atatürk system. The one-party regime was established "de facto" in 1925 after the adoption of the 1924 constitution. The only political party of the GNA was the "Peoples Party", founded by Mustafa Kemal on 9 September 1923. (But according to the party culture the foundation date was the opening day of Sivas Congress on 4 September 1919). On 10 November 1924 it was renamed "Cumhuriyet Halk Fırkası" or Republican People's Party (the word "fırka" was replaced by the word "parti" in 1935). Abolition of the Caliphate was an important dimension in Mustafa Kemal's drive to reform the political system and to
Concentration of media ownership in Turkey owners except for one (Burak Akbay) have major investments outside of media that depend on state contracts. "BirGün" and "Cumhuriyet"- two critical newspapers with an independent editorial policy- are owned, respectively: by various unions, NGOs and sponsors and by the Cumhuriyet Foundation. With regard to online media, most of the alternative online news platforms survive with the assistance of European Union’s funds and by raising donations. For instance, the Independent Communication Network "Bianet", is mainly funded by the EU Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights. As to news agencies, the largest news agency in Turkey- Anadolu Agency (AA)- is a