History of the Republic of Turkey of modern Turkey begins with the foundation of the republic on October 29, 1923, with Kemal as its first president. The government was formed from the Ankara-based revolutionary group, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. The second constitution was ratified by the Grand National Assembly on April 20, 1924. For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education; the discontinuation of religious and other titles; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled
Republic of Macedonia–Turkey relations Republic of Macedonia by Turkey is predicated on Macedonia upholding the free movement and rights of the Albanian community in the country. In February 2018, Turkish president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan expressed support of the Republic of Macedonia's position during negotiations over the Macedonia naming dispute, saying that Greece's position is wrong. Turkey supports the Republic of Macedonia's bid to join both NATO and the EU. There are 77,959 citizens declared as Turkish in Macedonia, forming 3.85% of the population of the country. The Turks of Macedonia serve as a bridge between the two states, and were part of a program