History of the Republic of Turkey of modern Turkey begins with the foundation of the republic on October 29, 1923, with Kemal as its first president. The government was formed from the Ankara-based revolutionary group, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. The second constitution was ratified by the Grand National Assembly on April 20, 1924. For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education; the discontinuation of religious and other titles; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled
Van, Turkey terminus of the line to Ankara and Istanbul. Van has daily flights to Istanbul, Ankara and other major Turkish cities from Ferit Melen Airport. Near Van, there is a longwave broadcasting station with a guyed mast. It went in service in 1990 and operates on 225 kHz with 600 kW. The Van Cat is a breed of cat native to this town and named after it. It is noted for its white fur, and having differently colored eyes. Van is twinned with: Van, Turkey Van (; ; ; ; , "Eua") is a city in eastern Turkey's Van Province, located