History of the Republic of Turkey of modern Turkey begins with the foundation of the republic on October 29, 1923, with Kemal as its first president. The government was formed from the Ankara-based revolutionary group, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. The second constitution was ratified by the Grand National Assembly on April 20, 1924. For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education; the discontinuation of religious and other titles; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled
150 personae non gratae of Turkey 150 personae non gratae of Turkey The 150 personae non gratae of Turkey () is a list of high-ranking personages of the Ottoman Empire who were exiled from the Republic of Turkey shortly after the end of the Turkish War of Independence with the Armistice of Mudanya on 11 October 1922. The Sultanate was abolished by the Grand National Assembly of Turkey in Ankara on 1 November 1922, and the last Ottoman Sultan, Mehmed VI, was declared "persona non grata". Leaving Istanbul aboard the British warship HMS "Malaya" on 17 November 1922, he went into exile and died in Sanremo,