Scribal abbreviation by "contraction" and was mostly a Christian usage for sacred words, Nomina Sacra; non-Christian sigla usage usually limited the number of letters the abbreviation comprised and omitted no intermediate letter. One practice was rendering an overused, formulaic phrase only as a siglum: DM for "Dis Manibus" ("Dedicated to the Manes"); IHS from the first three letters of "ΙΗΣΟΥΣ"; and RIP for "requiescat in pace" ("Rest in Peace") because the long-form written usage of the abbreviated phrase, by itself, was rare. According to Trabe, these abbreviations are not really meant to lighten the burden of the scribe but rather to shroud
Mute English and the eagerness with which Chinese students strive to practice their English with foreign visitors. Though any language can have its form of "mute" speakers (e.g. "Mute Polish"), the phenomenon of 'Mute English' in China is a massive, acknowledged problem, one which the school systems and students are attempting to address. A related concept is the less-common "Deaf English". Mute English Mute English is a phenomenon, especially common in the People's Republic of China, where people can read and understand English as a second language but cannot speak it well. The phrase is a calque of the Chinese phrase "哑巴英语"