Ottoman lira para denominations were struck in copper, the kuruş in silver and the lira in gold. The 1 para was discontinued in 1859, with the higher copper denominations ceasing production between 1863 and 1879. In 1899, billon 5 and 10 para were introduced, followed by nickel 5, 10, 20 and 40 kuruş in 1910. Gold coins continued to be minted after the abolition of the gold standard, even into the 1920s, but their value far exceeded the value of the equivalent denominations in paper currency. The central Ottoman Bank first issued paper currency Kaime in 1862, in the denomination of 200
Kuru (disease) Gajdusek in 1976. Subsequently, E. J. Field spent large parts of the late 1960s and early 1970s in New Guinea investigating the disease, connecting it to scrapie and multiple sclerosis. He noted similarities in the diseases interactions with glial cells, including the critical observation that the infectious process may depend on structural rearrangement of the host's molecules. This was an early observation of what was to later become the prion hypothesis. Kuru (disease) Kuru is a very rare, incurable and invariably fatal neurodegenerative disorder that was formerly common among the Fore people of Papua New Guinea. Kuru is caused by