Indigenous peoples of the Americas Smallpox killed from one third to half of the native population of Hispaniola in 1518. By killing the Incan ruler Huayna Capac, smallpox caused the Inca Civil War of 1529–1532. Smallpox was only the first epidemic. Typhus (probably) in 1546, influenza and smallpox together in 1558, smallpox again in 1589, diphtheria in 1614, measles in 1618—all ravaged the remains of Inca culture. Smallpox killed millions of native inhabitants of Mexico. Unintentionally introduced at Veracruz with the arrival of Pánfilo de Narváez on April 23, 1520, smallpox ravaged Mexico in the 1520s, possibly killing over 150,000 in Tenochtitlán (the heartland of
Indigenous health in Australia partner violence. The 26% of Indigenous Australians living in remote areas experience 40% of the health gap of Indigenous Australians overall. The effects of colonisation on the health of Indigenous Australians are due to factors such as land dispossession, social marginalisation, political oppression, incarceration, acculturation, and population decline. European colonisation in Australia began with the arrival of the British in 1788. Their arrival introduced foreign diseases, warfare, and violence to the Indigenous population, and the immediate effect was widespread mortality and disease. By the end of the 19 century, Indigenous Australians were confined to remote reserves and missions. They were