History of the Republic of Turkey of modern Turkey begins with the foundation of the republic on October 29, 1923, with Kemal as its first president. The government was formed from the Ankara-based revolutionary group, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. The second constitution was ratified by the Grand National Assembly on April 20, 1924. For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education; the discontinuation of religious and other titles; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled
Cabinet of Turkey Cabinet of Turkey The Cabinet of Turkey () or Council of Ministers () is the body that exercises supreme executive authority in Turkey. It is composed of the heads of the major ministries. From 1923 to 2018, Ministers were ceremonially appointed by the President on the advice of the Prime Minister. From 2018, Turkey adopts an Executive Presidency meaning that the President has the full responsibility to appoint and relinquish Ministers from their duties. The cabinet is the executive power and is responsible for the management of the state. The current cabinet is the 66th cabinet of Turkey and is