Currency of Venezuela then closed for good (October 1830). copper: silver: Peso (Peso sencillo) = 8 Reales = 100 Centavos or 80 Centavos fuertes Peso fuerte = 10 Reales = 100 Centavos fuertes (from 1832) The currency in 1830 was chaotic. Circulation consisted of old silver macuquina minted at Caracas under both royalists and republicans and of silver and gold coin from the various American states, especially from Colombia. Good quality silver coin tended to disappear from circulation (being used to pay for imports). Macuquina and worn coin remained to serve retail trade. The government published a table December 30, 1830 fixing the
Silver and gold diadem from the tomb of Philip II able to fill it with the metals they wished to use. The gilding process that most likely would have been used on this diadem would have involved gold leaf being burnished to the silver. The adhesion of gold with the use of heat helps promote interdiffusion with the underlying metals which usually consist silver or copper. While examining the diadem the most notable feature is the Herakles knot located on the front imitating a cloth headband. The knot is a reminder that the Macedonian king was a religious leader and direct descendant of the Greek hero and his father Zeus,