Lewis acids and bases ionic bonding. Classically, the term "Lewis acid" is restricted to trigonal planar species with an empty p orbital, such as BR where R can be an organic substituent or a halide. For the purposes of discussion, even complex compounds such as EtAlCl and AlCl are treated as trigonal planar Lewis acids. Metal ions such as Na, Mg, and Ce, which are invariably complexed with additional ligands, are often sources of coordinatively unsaturated derivatives that form Lewis adducts upon reaction with a Lewis base[citation needed]. Other reactions might simply be referred to as "acid-catalyzed" reactions. Some compounds, such as HO, are
Chemical substance research only: The cause of the difference in production volume is the complexity of the molecular structure of the chemical. Bulk chemicals are usually much less complex. While fine chemicals may be more complex, many of them are simple enough to be sold as "building blocks" in the synthesis of more complex molecules targeted for single use, as named above. The "production" of a chemical includes not only its synthesis but also its purification to eliminate by-products and impurities involved in the synthesis. The last step in production should be the analysis of batch lots of chemicals in order to