Women in Ivory Coast ethnic background and historical circumstance. It has been argued that Ivorian cultures largely had a cultural bias against equality between the sexes, embodied in customary law and codified in the colonial period. But this view has been challenged by Ivorian writers, who argue that in many pre-colonial societies, women held political and /or economic power equal to many men. Looking specifically at the "N'Gongbo" Baoulé people, one writer contrasts Ivorian women's roles the traditional Western tradition where the public and the private spheres are separated, with the superior public sphere reserved for men, and argues that Western intellectuals transpose this
Cheek kissing middle and upper classes, as they are more influenced by French culture. This behaviour was traditionally seen as a French practice. In Pakistan women may kiss female family and close friends, while men typically hug and shake hands with close family and friends when meeting. In Pashtun and Baloch culture in Pakistan both men and women may kiss close family members on both cheeks. In Gilgit Baltistan - family members may kiss on cheeks followed by a kiss on the hand. In the Philippines, cheek kissing or "beso" (also "beso-beso", from the Spanish for "kiss") is a common greeting. The