Ottoman lira para denominations were struck in copper, the kuruş in silver and the lira in gold. The 1 para was discontinued in 1859, with the higher copper denominations ceasing production between 1863 and 1879. In 1899, billon 5 and 10 para were introduced, followed by nickel 5, 10, 20 and 40 kuruş in 1910. Gold coins continued to be minted after the abolition of the gold standard, even into the 1920s, but their value far exceeded the value of the equivalent denominations in paper currency. The central Ottoman Bank first issued paper currency Kaime in 1862, in the denomination of 200
Russia–Turkey relations Russia–Turkey relations Russia–Turkey relations (; ) is the bilateral relationship between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Turkey and their predecessor states. From the late 16th until the early 20th centuries, relations between the Ottoman and Russian empires were normally adverse and the two powers were engaged in a number of Russo-Turkish wars. However, in the early 1920s, as a result of the Bolshevik Russian government′s assistance to Turkish revolutionaries during the Turkish War of Independence, the governments of Moscow and Ankara developed warm relations. Relations turned sour at the end of WWII as the Soviet government laid territorial