Turing test human from the automaton. Descartes fails to consider the possibility that future automata might be able to overcome such insufficiency, and so does not propose the Turing test as such, even if he prefigures its conceptual framework and criterion. Denis Diderot formulates in his "Pensées philosophiques" a Turing-test criterion: "If they find a parrot who could answer to everything, I would claim it to be an intelligent being without hesitation." This does not mean he agrees with this, but that it was already a common argument of materialists at that time. According to dualism, the mind is non-physical (or, at
Turing completeness is that there exist problems for which it is impossible to predict what a (Turing-complete) system will do over an arbitrarily long time. The classic example is the halting problem: create an algorithm which takes as input (a) a program in some Turing-complete language, and (b) some data to be fed to "that" program; and which determines whether the program, operating on the input, will eventually stop or will continue forever. It is trivial to create an algorithm that can do this for "some" inputs, but impossible to do this in general. For any characteristic of the program's eventual output,