Dysphoric milk ejection reflex sense of depression and this feeling can range from mild homesickness or wistfulness to more intense feelings of hopelessness and self-loathing. Similarly, anxiety may range from restlessness to more intense panic and dread. Anger, the least likely of the three, may range from tension and agitation to more intense feelings of hostility and aggression. The mechanism is not clear. In a mother with D-MER, dopamine may fall inappropriately with milk release, causing the negative feelings. Among the hormones involved in milk production and release are oxytocin, prolactin, and dopamine. Oxytocin, released in pulsatile "spikes" from the posterior pituitary in response
KCNE2 less milk (hypothyroidism of the dams impairs milk ejection), the milk they receive is deficient in T, and they themselves cannot adequately transport iodide into the thyroid. "Kcne2"-/- pups exhibit stunted growth, alopecia, cardiomegaly and reduced cardiac ejection fraction, all of which are alleviated by thyroid hormone supplementation of pups or dams. Surrogating "Kcne2"-/- pups with "Kcne2"+/+ dams also alleviates these phenotypes, highlighting the influence of maternal genotype in this case. As observed for hERG mutations, KCNE2 loss-of-function mutations are associated with inherited LQTS, and hERG-KCNE2 channels carrying the mutations show reduced activity compared to wild-type channels. In addition, some