History of the Republic of Turkey of modern Turkey begins with the foundation of the republic on October 29, 1923, with Kemal as its first president. The government was formed from the Ankara-based revolutionary group, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. The second constitution was ratified by the Grand National Assembly on April 20, 1924. For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education; the discontinuation of religious and other titles; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled
Istanbul Hezarfen Airfield Istanbul Hezarfen Airfield Istanbul Hezarfen Airfield () is a privately owned airport for general aviation located in Çatalca district of Istanbul, Turkey. The facility, one of the four airports in Istanbul, is named after Hezârfen Ahmet Çelebi, a legendary Ottoman aviator, who purportedly flew across the Bosporus in the 17th century, as told by a contemporary traveler Evliya Çelebi. The airfield is situated on a peninsula surrounded by Lake Büyükçekmece to the south and by the motorway O-3 to the north. It is west of Istanbul. It serves, since 1992, as the first internationally acknowledged private airport in Turkey. Its