History of the Republic of Turkey of modern Turkey begins with the foundation of the republic on October 29, 1923, with Kemal as its first president. The government was formed from the Ankara-based revolutionary group, led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and his colleagues. The second constitution was ratified by the Grand National Assembly on April 20, 1924. For about the next 10 years, the country saw a steady process of secular Westernization through Atatürk's Reforms, which included the unification of education; the discontinuation of religious and other titles; the closure of Islamic courts and the replacement of Islamic canon law with a secular civil code modeled
Toumazou v. Republic of Turkey Kocinski, Pat Clarke and Suz Latchford who paid for but have never been given legal title to the villas that they purchased. The named defendants were HSBC Bank USA, N.A., HSBC Group, HSBC Holdings PLC, Mehmet Ali Talat, and TRNC. Turkey was dropped as defendant on 16 February 2010 and the lawsuit name was subsequently revised to "Toumazou et al v. Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus". On 30 September 2014, the court dismissed the case with prejudice for lack of jurisdiction. Toumazou v. Republic of Turkey Toumazou et al. v. Republic of Turkey et al., was a class action suit