Cardiac muscle cell fatigue. There are two types of cells within the heart: the cardiomyocytes and the cardiac pacemaker cells. Cardiomyocytes make up the atria (the chambers in which blood enters the heart) and the ventricles (the chambers where blood is collected and pumped out of the heart). These cells must be able to shorten and lengthen their fibers and the fibers must be flexible enough to stretch. These functions are critical to the proper form during the beating of the heart. Cardiac pacemaker cells carry the impulses that are responsible for the beating of the heart. They are distributed throughout the heart
Cardiac output cycle that delivers oxygen, nutrients and chemicals to the body's cells and removes cellular waste. Because it pumps out whatever blood comes back into it from the venous system, the quantity of blood returning to the heart effectively determines the quantity of blood the heart pumps out – its cardiac output, "Q". Cardiac output is classically defined alongside stroke volume (SV) and the heart rate (HR) as: In standardizing what CO values are considered to be within normal range independent of the size of the subject's body, the accepted convention is to further index equation () using Body surface area