Glial scar brain and spinal cord. FGF2 has also been shown to increase astrocyte proliferation "in vitro". Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) is a cytosolic protein that is not secreted. CNTF has been shown to promote the survival of neuronal cultures "in vitro", and it can also act as a differentiator and trophic factor on glial cells. Further, CNTF has been previously shown to affect the differentiation of glial precursor cells "in vitro"; however, the influence of CNTF in the "in vivo" setting has only recently been determined. Winter "et al." used CNTF over-expressing transgenic mice as well as wildtype controls that had
Guidepost cells set of guidepost cells present for TCA guidance. These GABAergic neurons migrate to the medial ganaglionic eminence (MGE) region to form a "corridor" between proliferation zones of the MGE and globus pallidus (GP). Corridor cells provide TCA growth through MGE-derived regions. However, the Neurgulin1 signaling pathway needs to be activated, with the expression of ErbB4 receptors on the surface of TCAs, for the connection to occur between corridor cells and TCAs. There are subpopulations of glial cells that provide guidance cues for axonal growth. The first set of cells, called the "mid-line glial zipper", regulate the midline fusion and guidance