Atomic, molecular, and optical physics the origin of the index of refraction treated an electron in an atomic system classically according to the model of Paul Drude and Hendrik Lorentz. The theory was developed to attempt to provide an origin for the wavelength-dependent refractive index "n" of a material. In this model, incident electromagnetic waves forced an electron bound to an atom to oscillate. The amplitude of the oscillation would then have a relationship to the frequency of the incident electromagnetic wave and the resonant frequencies of the oscillator. The superposition of these emitted waves from many oscillators would then lead to a wave which
The Trouble with Physics formulation; and that it has not been mathematically proved finite. Some experts in the theoretical physics community disagree with these statements. Smolin states that to propose a string theory landscape having up to 10 string vacuum solutions is tantamount to abandoning accepted science: The scenario of many unobserved universes plays the same logical role as the scenario of an intelligent designer. Each provides an untestable hypothesis that, if true, makes something improbable seem quite probable. The book generated much controversy and debate about the merits of string theory, and was criticised by some prominent physicists including Sean Carroll and string