Shadow work as pump gasoline, bag groceries, make travel arrangements, and check baggage at the airport. He includes the rise of technology and robotics as forces leading to the growth of shadow work, and also includes such factors as crowdsourcing and parental over-engagement in their children's' lives. He argues that downloading of tasks to consumers takes away from their time and reduces the amount of casual social interaction in peoples' lives. It also limits the number of opportunities for low skilled entry level work (such as pumping gas). Shadow work In economics, shadow work refers to unpaid labor in the form of
Emotion work term) has been traced back as far as Aristotle: as Aristotle saw, the problem is not with emotionality, but with the "appropriateness" of emotion and its expression. Examples of emotion work include showing affection, apologizing after an argument, bringing up problems that need to be addressed in an intimate relationship or any kind of interpersonal relationship, and making sure the household runs smoothly. Emotion work also involves the orientation of self/others to accord with accepted norms of emotional expression: emotion work is often performed by family members and friends, who put pressure on individuals to conform to emotional norms. Arguably,