Exchange interaction independently by physicists Werner Heisenberg and Paul Dirac in 1926. The exchange interaction is sometimes called the "exchange force". However, it is not a true force and should not be confused with the exchange forces produced by the exchange of force carriers, such as the electromagnetic force produced between two electrons by the exchange of a photon, or the strong force between two quarks produced by the exchange of a gluon. Although sometimes erroneously described as a force, the exchange interaction is a purely quantum mechanical "effect" unlike other forces. Quantum mechanical particles are classified as bosons or fermions. The
W and Z bosons of its flavour quantum numbers and charges are zero. The exchange of a Z boson between particles, called a neutral current interaction, therefore leaves the interacting particles unaffected, except for a transfer of momentum. boson interactions involving neutrinos have distinctive signatures: They provide the only known mechanism for elastic scattering of neutrinos in matter; neutrinos are almost as likely to scatter elastically (via Z boson exchange) as inelastically (via W boson exchange). The first prediction of Z bosons was made by Brazilian physicist José Leite Lopes in 1958, by devising an equation which showed the analogy of the weak nuclear