Climate change in Japan of crude oil annually must reduce emissions by 15–20% of the average volume from the three years before this bylaw. Even with emissions trading or cap-and-trade, if the targeted reduction not is achieved by 2020, a penalty of up to JPY500,000 will be charged. This penalty chargeable regulation is the first in Japan. Japan created the Kyoto Protocol Target Achievement Plan to lay out the necessary measures required to meet their 6% reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol. It was first established as an outcome of the evaluation of the Climate Change Policy Program carried out in 2004. The main
Climate change in Vietnam by 2030. There are other critics on the government's climate change adaptive strategy. Some people believe that up to now government policies have focused on sector-wide assessments for the whole country and on “hard” adaptation measures—such as sea dikes, reinforced infrastructure, and durable buildings. Little attention has been paid to “soft” adaptation measures like increasing institutional capacity or the role of collective action and social capital in building resilience. Moreover, François Fortier(School of International Development and Global Studies, University of Ottawa) claims, in his essay, "Taking a climate chance: A procedural critique of Vietnam’s climate change strategy", that the government's