Action potential the muscle to contract. Muscle action potentials are provoked by the arrival of a pre-synaptic neuronal action potential at the neuromuscular junction, which is a common target for neurotoxins. Plant and fungal cells are also electrically excitable. The fundamental difference from animal action potentials is that the depolarization in plant cells is not accomplished by an uptake of positive sodium ions, but by release of negative "chloride" ions. Together with the following release of positive potassium ions, which is common to plant and animal action potentials, the action potential in plants infers, therefore, an osmotic loss of salt (KCl), whereas
Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profiling (BEOSP or BEOS) is a technique by which a suspect's participation in a crime is detected by eliciting electrophysiological impulses. It is a non-invasive, scientific technique with a great degree of sensitivity and a neuro-psychological method of interrogation which is sometimes also referred to as ‘brain fingerprinting’. The methodology was developed by Champadi Raman Mukundan (C. R. Mukundan), a Neuroscientist, former Professor & Head of Clinical Psychology at the National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (Bangalore, India), while he worked as a Research Consultant to TIFAC-DFS Project on ‘Normative