Kinetic isotope effect both results are large enough to be indicative of weakening of the C-N bond in the transition state that would occur in a concerted process. Since kinetic isotope effects arise from differences in isotopic masses, the largest observable kinetic isotope effects are associated with isotopic substitutions of hydrogen with deuterium (100% increase in mass) or tritium (200% increase in mass). Kinetic isotope effects from isotopic mass ratios can be as large as 36.4 using muons. They have produced the lightest hydrogen atom, H (0.113 amu), in which an electron orbits around a positive muon (μ) "nucleus" that has a mass
Inertial confinement fusion the layer to be closely monitored ensuring its "smoothness". Cryogenic targets filled with a deuterium tritium (D-T) mixture are "self-smoothing" due to the small amount of heat created by the decay of the radioactive tritium isotope. This is often referred to as "beta-layering". Certain targets are surrounded by a small metal cylinder which is irradiated by the laser beams instead of the target itself, an approach known as ""indirect drive"". In this approach the lasers are focused on the inner side of the cylinder, heating it to a superhot plasma which radiates mostly in X-rays. The X-rays from this plasma