Hatha yoga of self purification), 15 asana (postures: seated, laying down, and non-seated), pranayama (breathing) and kumbhaka (breath retention), mudras (internalized energetic practices), meditation, chakras (centers of energy), kundalini, nadanusandhana (concentration on inner sound), and other topics. "Hatha Yoga Pradipika" is the best known and most widely used Hatha yoga text. It consists of 389 "shlokas" (verses) in four chapters: Post-Hathapradipika texts on Hatha yoga include: Historically, Hatha yoga has been a broad movement across the Indian traditions, openly available to anyone. According to Mallinson, the Hatha yoga represented a trend towards the democratization of yoga insights and religion similar to the
Ashtanga vinyasa yoga and never taught by Sharath. However most of his teachers who claim to have been taught by him will teach the above methods, exercises, & postures, even though none of what they teach is part of the Ashtanga method of instruction under Sharath. Pattabhi Jois also did not require students to independently drop back and come up from back bending before progressing to the 2nd series. Sharath changed the requirements, and has now made this mandatory. However, it is important to note that Pattabhi Jois was the founder of the system, and taught each of his original students differently, instructing