Security hacker that members of the computer underground should be called crackers. Yet, those people see themselves as hackers and even try to include the views of Raymond in what they see as a wider hacker culture, a view that Raymond has harshly rejected. Instead of a hacker/cracker dichotomy, they emphasize a spectrum of different categories, such as white hat, grey hat, black hat and script kiddie. In contrast to Raymond, they usually reserve the term "cracker" for more malicious activity. According to Ralph D. Clifford, a "cracker" or "cracking" is to "gain unauthorized access to a computer in order to commit
IPv6-to-IPv6 Network Prefix Translation IPv6-to-IPv6 Network Prefix Translation IPv6-to-IPv6 Network Prefix Translation (NPTv6) is an experimental specification for IPv6 to achieve the address-independence at the network edge, given by network address translation (NAT) in Internet Protocol version 4. It has fewer architectural problems than traditional IPv4 NAT; it is for example stateless and preserves the reachability attributed to the end-to-end principle. However, the method still lacks solutions to translate embedding IPv6 addresses, for example in IPsec, and requires a more complex DNS setup (split-horizon DNS). One use case for IPv6-IPv6 Network Prefix Translation is multihoming for small networks; this may also be implemented with