Work-to-rule and holidays, and police officers refusing to issue citations. Refusal to work overtime, travel on duty, or sign up to other tasks requiring employee assent are other manifestations of using work-to-rule as industrial action. It was described by Sir John Donaldson as a decision to "Give the rules a meaning which no reasonable man could give them and work to that." Sometimes the term "rule-book slowdown" is used in a slightly different sense than "work-to-rule": the former involves applying to-the-letter rules that are normally set aside or interpreted less literally to increase efficiency; the latter, refraining from activities which are
Speculative work to potential risks of entering into speculative work. The risks of speculative work make some designers feel the repulsion of Crowdsourcing Creative Work. Designers work in the hopes of winning a prize that comes in an unknown form. Designers submit their work as a favor or for the experience without the expectation of being awarded. Designers work in the form of volunteer that involves educational gain which could benefit them in further career development. Designers work for free for the public good. One main attraction of using speculative work is that it can benefit the clients by bringing cheaper cost