Oryza sativa estimated to be 8,200 to 13,500 years ago. This is consistent with known archaeological data on the subject. An older theory, based on one chloroplast and two nuclear gene regions, Londo "et al." (2006) had proposed that "O. sativa" rice was domesticated at least twice—"indica" in eastern India, Myanmar, and Thailand; and "japonica" in southern China and Vietnam—though they concede that archaeological and genetic evidence exist for a single domestication of rice in the lowlands of China. Because the functional allele for nonshattering, the critical indicator of domestication in grains, as well as five other single-nucleotide polymorphisms, is identical in
Saluria inficita the plants show dried up shoots and turn yellow. Damage can controlled by hand picking, pheromone usage, light traps and usage of chemical insecticides such as carabaryl, methyl parathion, phosphomidon or dimethoate. Saluria inficita Saluria inficita, the white stem borer, is a moth of the family Pyralidae. The species was first described by Francis Walker in 1863. It is found in India and Sri Lanka. Its caterpillars are pests of "Eleusine coracana", "Oryza sativa", "Setaria italica" and "Zea mays". The adult has brownish wings. A pale white band runs along the margin of forewings. Hindwings white. The caterpillar is whitish