Causes of the European debt crisis historian Robert Skidelsky added that it was indeed excessive lending by banks, not deficit spending that created this crisis. Government's mounting debts are a response to the economic downturn as spending rises and tax revenues fall, not its cause. Either way, high debt levels alone may not explain the crisis. According to The Economist Intelligence Unit, the position of the euro area looked "no worse and in some respects, rather better than that of the US or the UK." The budget deficit for the euro area as a whole (see graph) is much lower and the euro area's government debt/GDP
Notional Defined Contributions pension system the pension is based on history of lifetime earnings and is much more heavily influenced by misreporting of one’s income. In Poland NDC pension scheme was introduced in 1996. The country faced serious fiscal challenges with rate of contribution into the pension system having reached 45% of gross wage. The system was implemented in 1999 after long political discussion about its various aspects and was meant as means of both reducing the future pension debt and motivating workers to prolong their careers. Notional Defined Contributions The term Notional Defined Contributions or Non-financial Defined Contributions or NDC refers to