Pasadena orogeny over is caused by the collision of the North American Plate with other geologic structures that are attached to the Pacific Plate. This orogeny has resulted in the uplift of mostly north-south trending mountain chains, although some east-west trending uplifts are also found such as the Channel Islands and the Transverse Ranges; much of the uplift took place at the edge of basins. The Pasadena orogeny is accompanied by earthquake activity, which includes tsunami hazards. Folding accompanying the uplift of the Coast Ranges in Southern California, folding farther north at Morro Bay and the structure of the Santa Barbara Basin
Andean orogeny and then to the opening of the Drake Passage 45 million years ago. The separation from Antarctica changed the tectonics of the Fuegian Andes into a transpressive regime with transform faults. About 15 million years ago in the Miocene the Chile Ridge begun to subduct beneath the southern tip of Patagonia (55° S). The point of subduction, the triple junction has gradually moved to the north and lies at present at 47° S. The subduction of the ridge has created a northward moving "window" or gap in the asthenosphere beneath South America. Andean orogeny The Andean orogeny () is an