Security hacker laws against computer hacking. Neal Patrick testified before the U.S. House of Representatives on September 26, 1983, about the dangers of computer hacking, and six bills concerning computer crime were introduced in the House that year. As a result of these laws against computer criminality, white hat, grey hat and black hat hackers try to distinguish themselves from each other, depending on the legality of their activities. These moral conflicts are expressed in The Mentor's "The Hacker Manifesto", published 1986 in "Phrack". Use of the term hacker meaning computer criminal was also advanced by the title "Stalking the Wily Hacker",
Item analysis Item analysis Within psychometrics, Item analysis refers to statistical methods used for selecting items for inclusion in a psychological test. The concept goes back at least to Guildford (1936). The process of item analysis varies depending on the psychometric model. For example classical test theory or the Rasch model call for different procedures. In all cases, however, the purpose of item analysis is to produce a relatively short list of items (that is, questions to be included in an interview or questionnaire) that constitute a pure but comprehensive test of one or a few psychological constructs. To carry out the