Force force. Here the strong force acts indirectly, transmitted as gluons, which form part of the virtual pi and rho mesons, which classically transmit the nuclear force (see this topic for more). The failure of many searches for free quarks has shown that the elementary particles affected are not directly observable. This phenomenon is called color confinement. The weak force is due to the exchange of the heavy W and Z bosons. Its most familiar effect is beta decay (of neutrons in atomic nuclei) and the associated radioactivity. The word "weak" derives from the fact that the field strength is some
Exchange operator Such motion is often not carried out in practice. Rather, the operation is treated as a "what if" similar to a parity inversion or time reversal operation. Consider two repeated operations of such a particle exchange: Therefore, formula_1 is not only unitary but also an operator square root of 1, which leaves the possibilities Both signs are realized in nature. Particles satisfying the case of +1 are called "bosons", and particles satisfying the case of −1 are called "fermions". The spin–statistics theorem dictates that all particles with integer spin are bosons whereas all particles with half-integer spin are fermions. The