Security hacker that members of the computer underground should be called crackers. Yet, those people see themselves as hackers and even try to include the views of Raymond in what they see as a wider hacker culture, a view that Raymond has harshly rejected. Instead of a hacker/cracker dichotomy, they emphasize a spectrum of different categories, such as white hat, grey hat, black hat and script kiddie. In contrast to Raymond, they usually reserve the term "cracker" for more malicious activity. According to Ralph D. Clifford, a "cracker" or "cracking" is to "gain unauthorized access to a computer in order to commit
Budgerigar colour genetics Budgerigar colour genetics The science of budgerigar colour genetics deals with the heredity of mutations which cause colour variation in the feathers of the species known scientifically as "Melopsittacus undulatus". Birds of this species are commonly known by the terms 'budgerigar', or informally just 'budgie'. The wildtype (natural-coloured or wild occurring) budgerigar's colour is called Lightgreen. The feathers of most parrot species, including budgerigars, contain both a black type of "melanin" named "eumelanin" along with a basic yellow pigment named psittacofulvin (psittacin for short). Some other parrot species produces a third pigment named advanced-psittacin which enables colour & tones ranging