Shadow work as pump gasoline, bag groceries, make travel arrangements, and check baggage at the airport. He includes the rise of technology and robotics as forces leading to the growth of shadow work, and also includes such factors as crowdsourcing and parental over-engagement in their children's' lives. He argues that downloading of tasks to consumers takes away from their time and reduces the amount of casual social interaction in peoples' lives. It also limits the number of opportunities for low skilled entry level work (such as pumping gas). Shadow work In economics, shadow work refers to unpaid labor in the form of
Speculative work to potential risks of entering into speculative work. The risks of speculative work make some designers feel the repulsion of Crowdsourcing Creative Work. Designers work in the hopes of winning a prize that comes in an unknown form. Designers submit their work as a favor or for the experience without the expectation of being awarded. Designers work in the form of volunteer that involves educational gain which could benefit them in further career development. Designers work for free for the public good. One main attraction of using speculative work is that it can benefit the clients by bringing cheaper cost