Work-to-rule and holidays, and police officers refusing to issue citations. Refusal to work overtime, travel on duty, or sign up to other tasks requiring employee assent are other manifestations of using work-to-rule as industrial action. It was described by Sir John Donaldson as a decision to "Give the rules a meaning which no reasonable man could give them and work to that." Sometimes the term "rule-book slowdown" is used in a slightly different sense than "work-to-rule": the former involves applying to-the-letter rules that are normally set aside or interpreted less literally to increase efficiency; the latter, refraining from activities which are
Shadow work Shadow work In economics, shadow work refers to unpaid labor in the form of self service. The term was first used by Ivan Illich, in his 1981 book of the same title. An example would be self checkout at a supermarket. Craig Lambert, a former editor of Harvard Magazine wrote about the new trend towards unpaid "shadow work" in 2011 and followed up his research in a book called "Shadow Work: The Unpaid, Unseen Jobs That Fill Your Day" in 2015. In it, he itemizes many of the unpaid tasks ordinary people do now that others used to do, such