Particle physics strong, weak, and electromagnetic fundamental interactions, using mediating gauge bosons. The species of gauge bosons are eight gluons, , and bosons, and the photon. The Standard Model also contains 24 fundamental fermions (12 particles and their associated anti-particles), which are the constituents of all matter. Finally, the Standard Model also predicted the existence of a type of boson known as the Higgs boson. Early in the morning on 4 July 2012, physicists with the Large Hadron Collider at CERN announced they had found a new particle that behaves similarly to what is expected from the Higgs boson. The world's major
Gauge theory Lagrangian. In the quantized version of the obtained classical field theory, the quanta of the gauge field "A"("x") are called gauge bosons. The interpretation of the interaction Lagrangian in quantum field theory is of scalar bosons interacting by the exchange of these gauge bosons. The picture of a classical gauge theory developed in the previous section is almost complete, except for the fact that to define the covariant derivatives "D", one needs to know the value of the gauge field formula_29 at all space-time points. Instead of manually specifying the values of this field, it can be given as the