Boson Boson In quantum mechanics, a boson (, ) is a particle that follows Bose–Einstein statistics. Bosons make up one of the two classes of particles, the other being fermions. The name boson was coined by Paul Dirac to commemorate the contribution of Indian physicist and professor of physics at University of Calcutta and at University of Dhaka, Satyendra Nath Bose in developing, with Albert Einstein, Bose–Einstein statistics—which theorizes the characteristics of elementary particles. Examples of bosons include fundamental particles such as photons, gluons, and W and Z bosons (the four force-carrying gauge bosons of the Standard Model), the recently discovered
3 Quarks Daily had reached thirty-five thousand. Since then, "3 Quarks Daily" has culled content from hundreds of sources, from blogs such as Salon, Science Daily, and The Huffington Post, from major publications such as "The New York Times", "Nature", and "The Guardian", to smaller outlets such as "Guernica Magazine", "The Awl", and "The American Scholar". The name "3 Quarks Daily" comes from the elementary nuclear particles of physics which in turn were named after the word "quark" which James Joyce had used in Finnegans Wake. The confluence of references to both science and literature in a single word suited the intent of