Nix v. Hedden one of the first companies to ship produce from Virginia, Florida, and Bermuda to New York. In 1883, President Chester A. Arthur signed the Tariff Act of March 3, 1883, requiring a tax to be paid on imported vegetables, but not fruit. The John Nix & Co. company filed a suit against Edward L. Hedden, Collector of the Port of New York, to recover back duties paid under protest. They argued against the tariff by pointing out that, botanically, a tomato is a fruit due to its seed-bearing structure growing from the flowering part of a plant. At the trial,
Strate v. A-1 Contractors "Montana". Instead, the Court quotes narrowing language from "Montana", asserting that "a tribe's inherent power does not reach beyond what is necessary to protect tribal self-government or to control internal relations.” Strate v. A-1 Contractors Strate v. A-1 Contractors, 520 U.S. 438 (1997), is a United States Supreme Court case addressing Tribal courts' adjudicatory authority over civil matters between nonmembers of the Tribe that take place on public highways in Indian Country. Applying Montana v. US, the Court held that, absent Congressional authorization, Tribal courts cannot adjudicate civil matters between nonmembers that occur on state-maintained public highways passing over reservation