Kinetic isotope effect both results are large enough to be indicative of weakening of the C-N bond in the transition state that would occur in a concerted process. Since kinetic isotope effects arise from differences in isotopic masses, the largest observable kinetic isotope effects are associated with isotopic substitutions of hydrogen with deuterium (100% increase in mass) or tritium (200% increase in mass). Kinetic isotope effects from isotopic mass ratios can be as large as 36.4 using muons. They have produced the lightest hydrogen atom, H (0.113 amu), in which an electron orbits around a positive muon (μ) "nucleus" that has a mass
On-Line Isotope Mass Separator On-Line Isotope Mass Separator The On-Line Isotope Mass Separator, also known as the ISOLDE Radioactive Ion Beam Facility, is a facility located at CERN on the PS Booster. It started operating in 1967 and was rebuilt twice with major upgrades in 1974 and 1992. ISOLDE (Isotope Separator On Line DEtector) is dedicated to producing radioactive nuclei for a number of applications covering nuclear, atomic, molecular and solid-state physics, but also biophysics and astrophysics. The large variety of available species allows the systematic study of atomic and nuclear properties and exotic decays far from the line of stability. As of 2006,