Altruism (biology) most common mechanism of reciprocity in nature, this kind is present in humans, primates, and many other mammals. Also known as, "If you're nice, I'll be nice too." This mechanism of reciprocity is similar to the heuristic of the golden rule, "Treat others how you would like to be treated." Parties mirror one another's attitudes, exchanging favors on the spot. Instant attitudinal reciprocity occurs among monkeys, and people often rely on it with strangers and acquaintances. Also known as, "what have you done for me lately?" Individuals keep track of the benefits they exchange with particular partners, which helps them
Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education at the University of Kiel Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education at the University of Kiel The Leibniz Institute for Science and Mathematics Education at the University of Kiel (IPN) is a scientific institute in the field of Education Research as well as the Didactic method of Natural science in Germany. It is a member of the Leibniz Association and located in Kiel, Germany. Although it is not part of the University of Kiel, the two maintain a strong relationship. The institute was founded in 1966 by physicist Karl Hecht (with participation of Werner Krobel), who remained director until 1970. Its main purpose is