Exchange interaction independently by physicists Werner Heisenberg and Paul Dirac in 1926. The exchange interaction is sometimes called the "exchange force". However, it is not a true force and should not be confused with the exchange forces produced by the exchange of force carriers, such as the electromagnetic force produced between two electrons by the exchange of a photon, or the strong force between two quarks produced by the exchange of a gluon. Although sometimes erroneously described as a force, the exchange interaction is a purely quantum mechanical "effect" unlike other forces. Quantum mechanical particles are classified as bosons or fermions. The
Superpartner Superpartner In particle physics, a superpartner (also sparticle) is a class of hypothetical elementary particles. Supersymmetry is one of the synergistic theories in current high-energy physics that predicts the existence of these "shadow" particles. When considering extensions of the Standard Model, the "s-" prefix from "sparticle" is used to form names of superpartners of the Standard Model fermions (sfermions), e.g. the stop squark. The superpartners of Standard Model bosons have an "-ino" (bosinos) appended to their name, e.g. gluino, the set of all gauge superpartners are called the gauginos. According to the supersymmetry theory, each fermion should have a partner