Chilo infuscatellus jungle rice ("Echinochloa colona"), barley ("Hordeum vulgare"), rice ("Oryza sativa"), millet ("Panicum"), pearl millet ("Pennisetum glaucum"), sugarcane ("Saccharum officinarum"), sorghum ("Sorghum bicolor") and maize ("Zea mays"). Young larvae eat small holes in the leaves, particularly the leaf sheaths. As they grow, the larvae feed on the tips of the shoots, killing the growing points, and later still, they bore into the stems, creating galleries and producing frass which drops from the holes. The stems become brittle and the dead hearts of the plants are characteristic of this pest. Control of "Chilo infuscatellus" in sugar plantations is difficult. The plants are
Helitron (biology) Helitron (biology) Helitrons are one of the three groups of eukaryotic class 2 transposable elements (TEs) so far described. They are the eukaryotic rolling-circle transposable elements which are hypothesized to transpose by a rolling circle replication mechanism via a single-stranded DNA intermediate. They were first discovered in plants ("Arabidopsis thaliana" and "Oryza sativa") and in the nematode "Caenorhabditis elegans", and now they have been identified in a diverse range of species, from protists to mammals. Helitrons make up a substantial fraction of many genomes where non-autonomous elements frequently outnumber the putative autonomous partner. Helitrons seem to have a major role