Cardiac pacemaker in adult humans is about 70 beats per minute. Because the sinoatrial node is responsible for the rest of the heart's electrical activity, it is sometimes called the "primary pacemaker". If the SA node does not function properly and is unable to control the heart rate, a group of cells further down the heart will become the ectopic pacemaker of the heart. These cells form the Atrioventricular node (or AV node), which is an area between the left atrium and the right ventricle within the atrial septum, will take over the pacemaker responsibility. The cells of the AV node normally
Cardiac output a function of the rate of blood flow and the rate of oxygen picked up by the red blood cells. Application of the Fick principle involves calculating the oxygen consumed over time by measuring the oxygen concentration of venous blood and arterial blood. "Q" is calculated from these measurements as follows: From these values, we know that: formula_20 where This allows us to say Cardiac output Cardiac output (CO, also denoted by the symbols formula_1 and formula_2), is a term used in cardiac physiology that describes the volume of blood being pumped by the heart, in particular by the left