Acronym it. This has become such a problem that it is even evaluated at the level of medical academies such as the American Academy of Dermatology. Acronyms are often taught as mnemonic devices, for example in physics the colors of the visible spectrum are said to be "ROY G. BIV" ("red-orange-yellow-green-blue-indigo-violet"). They are also used as mental checklists, for example in aviation: "GUMPS", which is "Gas-Undercarriage-Mixture-Propeller-Seatbelts". Other examples of mnemonic acronyms are "CAN SLIM", and "PAVPANIC" as well as "PEMDAS". It is not uncommon for acronyms to be cited in a kind of false etymology, called a "folk etymology", for a
Query optimization nest several layers of SPJ blocks (Select-Project-Join), by means of group by, exists, and not exists operators. In some cases such nested SQL queries can be flattened into a select-project-join query, but not always. Query plans for nested SQL queries can also be chosen using the same dynamic programming algorithm as used for join ordering, but this can lead to an enormous escalation in query optimization time. So some database management systems use an alternative rule-based approach that uses a query graph model. One of the hardest problems in query optimization is to accurately estimate the costs of alternative query