Glial scar shown to stimulate growth-inhibitory proteoglycans by astrocytes. Experimental reduction of TGFβ-1 and TGFβ-2 has been shown to partially reduce glial scarring. Interleukins are another potential family of scar-inducing cellular messengers. Particularly, interleukin-1, a protein produced by mononuclear phagocytes, helps to initiate the inflammatory response in astrocytes, leading to reactive astrogliosis and the formation of the glial scar. The cytokine family of glial scar inducers include interferon-γ (IFNγ) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). IFNγ has been shown to induce astrocyte proliferation and increase the extent of glial scarring in injured brain models. Further, FGF2 production increases after injury to the
Guidepost cells in the neural tube of Drosophilia available for the binding of growing axons. These studies have defined guidepost cells as non-continuous landmarks located on future paths of growing axons by providing high-affinity substrates to bind to for navigation. Guidepost cells are typically immature glial cells and neuron cells, that have yet to grown an axon. They can either be labeled as short range cells or axon dependent cells. To qualify as a guidepost cell, neurons hypothesized to be influenced by a guidance cell are examined during development. To test the guidance cell in question, neural axon growth and migration is