Islam in Burkina Faso and order and by stimulating trade. They also tended to regard Muslims as culturally and educationally more advanced than non-Muslim Africans, and appointed Muslim chiefs and clerks as administrators in non-Muslim areas. In Upper Volta at the end of the 19th century there were only some 30,000 Muslims, but by 1959 there were 800,000, approximately 20 percent of the population. In 1984, Upper Volta was renamed Burkina Faso. After a succession of military coups, a constitutional republic was established in 1991. In Burkina Faso the Arabist and Islamist movement is viewed a counter-culture to the European style of modernity, and
Republic of Upper Volta dressés" "Promesses d'avenir caressées" Refrain: "Le travail de ton sol brûlant" "Sans fin trempera les cœurs ardents," "Et les vertus de tes enfants" "Le ceindront d'un diadème triomphant." Refrain: "Que Dieu te garde en sa bonté," "Que du bonheur de ton sol aimé," "L'Amour des frères soit la clé," "Honneur, Unité et Liberté." In English: Verse: Proud Volta of my ancestors, Your ardent and glorious sun Takes you with gold and pride O Queen draped with loyalty! Refrain: We will make you stronger and more beautiful To your love we will remain faithful And our hearts vibrant with pride Will