Graphene smaller amplitude and higher frequency. This phenomenon, named "membrane effect", was predicted by Lifshitz in 1952. A prediction that was published in 2015 suggested a melting point of ≈4125 K. Recent and more sophisticated modelling has increased this temperature to at least 5000 K. At 6000 K (the sun's surface having an effective temperature of 5,777 K) graphene melts into an agglomeration of loosely coupled doubled bonded chains, before becoming a gas. The carbon–carbon bond length in graphene is about 0.142 nanometers. Graphene sheets stack to form graphite with an interplanar spacing of . Graphene is the strongest material ever
Turkish economic boom of the 2000s an economic boom throughout the 2000s. Along with having one of the highest growth rates in the world in the 2000s, Turkey also saw a decrease in unemployment rates, an increase in education rates, and higher life expectancies across the country. Overall, Turkey saw great economic growth throughout the 2000s and this was due to a number of different reasons. In the Spring of 2001, the Turkish government launched a number of macroeconomic policies under the new economic program. These new medium-term policies led to recovery within the country, and ultimately a rise of real GDP beginning in the second