Graphene smaller amplitude and higher frequency. This phenomenon, named "membrane effect", was predicted by Lifshitz in 1952. A prediction that was published in 2015 suggested a melting point of ≈4125 K. Recent and more sophisticated modelling has increased this temperature to at least 5000 K. At 6000 K (the sun's surface having an effective temperature of 5,777 K) graphene melts into an agglomeration of loosely coupled doubled bonded chains, before becoming a gas. The carbon–carbon bond length in graphene is about 0.142 nanometers. Graphene sheets stack to form graphite with an interplanar spacing of . Graphene is the strongest material ever
Asymmetric carbon atoms are not attached to exactly the same things, there are two different "groups" of atoms that the carbon atom in question is attached to, therefore making it an asymmetric carbon atom: A tetrose with 2 asymmetric carbon atoms has 2 = 4 stereoisomers: An aldopentose with 3 asymmetric carbon atoms has 2 = 8 stereoisomers: An aldohexose with 4 asymmetric carbon atoms has 2 = 16 stereoisomers: The four groups of atoms attached to the carbon atom can be arranged in space in two different ways that are mirror images of each other, and which lead to so-called left-handed