Travel to work area legal status. However, they give planners and geographers an alternate view of urban life as their boundaries are tied not to arbitrary administrative limits but socio-economic ties. Having an idea of where people commute from for work is particularly useful for public transport planning. Travel to Work Areas are defined by the Office for National Statistics using census data for commuting between wards, based on the different locations of individuals' home and work addresses. A Travel to Work Area is a collection of wards for which "of the resident economically active population, at least 75% actually work in the area,
Shadow work Shadow work In economics, shadow work refers to unpaid labor in the form of self service. The term was first used by Ivan Illich, in his 1981 book of the same title. An example would be self checkout at a supermarket. Craig Lambert, a former editor of Harvard Magazine wrote about the new trend towards unpaid "shadow work" in 2011 and followed up his research in a book called "Shadow Work: The Unpaid, Unseen Jobs That Fill Your Day" in 2015. In it, he itemizes many of the unpaid tasks ordinary people do now that others used to do, such