Nineteen Eighty-Four the novel, Winston Smith, is a rank-and-file Party member. Smith is an outwardly diligent and skillful worker, but he secretly hates the Party and dreams of rebellion against Big Brother. Smith rebels by entering a forbidden relationship with fellow employee Julia. As literary political fiction and dystopian science-fiction, "Nineteen Eighty-Four" is a classic novel in content, plot, and style. Many of its terms and concepts, such as "Big Brother", "doublethink", "thoughtcrime", "Newspeak", "Room 101", "telescreen", "2 + 2 = 5", and "memory hole", have entered into common usage since its publication in 1949. "Nineteen Eighty-Four" popularised the adjective "Orwellian", which
Nineteen Eighty-Four a facial expression, can result in immediate arrest and imprisonment. Thus, citizens, particularly party members, are compelled to obedience. "The Principles of Newspeak" is an academic essay appended to the novel. It describes the development of Newspeak, the Party's minimalist artificial language meant to ideologically align thought and action with the principles of Ingsoc by making "all other modes of thought impossible". (A linguistic theory about how language may direct thought is the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis.) Whether or not the Newspeak appendix implies a hopeful end to "Nineteen Eighty-Four" remains a critical debate, as it is in Standard English and refers