Haram (site) the "ijmā‘" (, consensus of neighbors within Islam) and practice "khilâfah" (, stewardship of nature under Allah). It may or may not reflect actual means of decision making historically. As a protected and inviolate zone, "haram" is also employed referring to the consecrated space in a mosque where rituals and prayer take place: it is the prayer hall. "Ḥaram" can also mean a site of high sanctity. The two sites whose Islamic sanctity are unchallengeably the highest of all are Al-Haram Mosque in Mecca (which is called "Ḥaraman Āminan" (, "Sanctuary (which is) Secure") in the Quran (28:57; 29:67)), and
Herem (censure) Herem (censure) Herem (, also Romanized "chērem, ḥērem") is the highest ecclesiastical censure in the Jewish community. It is the total exclusion of a person from the Jewish community. It is a form of shunning and is similar to "vitandus" "excommunication" in the Catholic Church. Cognate terms in other Semitic languages include the Arabic terms "ḥarām" "forbidden, taboo, off-limits, or immoral" and haram "set apart, sanctuary", and the Ge'ez word "ʿirm" "accursed". Arguably the most famous case of a herem is that of Baruch Spinoza, the seventeenth century philosopher. Other famous subjects of a herem were early Russian communists Leon