Optimal tax the optimum. Stipulating this condition results in the following formula for the optimal top tax rate, if incomes are Pareto distributed: formula_1 where: Empirical estimation of the parameters of this equation suggests that the revenue-maximising top tax rate is between approximately 50% and 80%, although this estimate neglects long-run behavioural responses, which would imply higher elasticities and a lower optimal tax rate. Saez's analysis can also be generalised to tax rates other than the top rate. In the late 1970s, Arthur Laffer developed the Laffer curve, which demonstrates that there are two effects of changing tax rates: an arithmetic effect—if
Law of demand higher price.Changes in demand is depicted graphically by a shift in the demand curve. On the other hand, "quantity demanded" refers to the quantity of goods consumers want for a given price, conditional on the other determinants. "Changes in quantity demanded" is depicted graphically by a movement along the demand curve. The law of demand was documented as early as 1892 by economist Alfred Marshall. Due to the law's general agreement with observation, economists have come to accept the validity of the law under most situations. Furthermore, researchers found that the success of the law of demand extends to animals