Graphene Graphene Graphene is an allotrope (form) of carbon consisting of a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a hexagonal lattice. It is a semimetal with small overlap between the valence and the conduction bands (zero bandgap material).<ref name="10.1002/adma.201502544 p.6519-6525"></ref> It is the basic structural element of many other allotropes of carbon, such as graphite, diamond, charcoal, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes. Graphene has many uncommon properties. It is the strongest material ever tested, conducts heat and electricity efficiently, and is nearly transparent. Graphene shows a large and nonlinear diamagnetism, greater than that of graphite, and can be levitated by neodymium
Reduced dimensions form see for example. RDFs are also constructed more reliably from the data than kinetic schemes. Figure 3 illustrates RDFs, kinetic schemes and two-state trajectories, and the relations among these. Given a two-state trajectory (generated from any mechanism), it is safer to go from the data and construct a RDF, rather than trying to construct the kinetic scheme from the data directly. With the constructed RDF, one can find several possible kinetic schemes very accurately (usually, one eventually tries constructing a kinetic scheme from the data), where these kinetic schemes are all equivalent (with regard to the data). Reduced dimensions form