Isotonic hyponatremia Isotonic hyponatremia Isotonic hyponatremia is a form of hyponatremia with mOsm measured between 280 and 295. It can be associated with pseudohyponatremia, or with isotonic infusion of glucose or mannitol. Certain conditions, such as extraordinarily high blood levels of lipid (hyperlipidemia/hypertriglyceridemia) or protein (hyperparaproteinemia), magnify the electrolyte exclusion effect. This interferes with the measurement of serum sodium concentration by certain methods, leading to an erroneously low "measurement" of sodium, or pseudohyponatremia. The methods affected are the flame-photometric and indirect (but not direct) ion-selective electrode assays. This is distinct from a true dilutional hyponatremia that can be caused by an osmotic
Human serum albumin domain. Serum albumin is commonly measured by recording the change in absorbance upon binding to a dye such as bromocresol green or bromocresol purple. Serum albumin concentration is typically 35–50 g/L (3.5–5.0 g/dL). Hypoalbuminemia means low blood albumin levels. This can be caused by: Hyperalbuminemia is an increased concentration of albumin in the blood. Typically, this condition is due to dehydration. Hyperalbuminemia has also been associated with high protein diets. Human albumin solution or HSA is available for medical use, usually at concentrations of 5–25%. Human albumin is often used to replace lost fluid and help restore blood volume in