Phase inversion (chemistry) small pore membranes such as nanofiltration and reverse osmosis. Phase inversion (chemistry) Phase inversion is a chemical phenomenon exploited in the fabrication of artificial membranes. It is performed by removing the solvent from a liquid-polymer solution, leaving a porous, solid membrane. Phase inversion is a common method to form filtration membranes, which are typically formed using artificial polymers. The method of phase inversion is highly dependent on the type of polymer used and the solvent used to dissolve the polymer. Phase inversion can be carried out through one of four typical methods: The rate at which phase inversion occurs and
Racemic mixture Racemic mixture In chemistry, a racemic mixture, or racemate (), is one that has equal amounts of left- and right-handed enantiomers of a chiral molecule. The first known racemic mixture was racemic acid, which Louis Pasteur found to be a mixture of the two enantiomeric isomers of tartaric acid. A sample with only a single enantiomer is an "enantiomerically pure", "enantiopure" or "homochiral" compound. From racemic acid found in grapes; from Latin "racemus", meaning a bunch of grapes. A racemic mixture is denoted by the prefix (±)- or dl- (for sugars the prefix - may be used), indicating an equal