Novel in Scotland Disaffection" (1989) were among the first novels to fully utilise a working class Scots voice as the main narrator. In the 1990s major, prize winning, Scottish novels that emerged from this movement included Gray's "Poor Things" (1992), which investigated the capitalist and imperial origins of Scotland in an inverted version of the Frankenstein myth, Irvine Welsh's (b. 1958), "Trainspotting" (1993), which dealt with the drug addiction in contemporary Edinburgh, Alan Warner’s (b. 1964) "Morvern Callar" (1995), dealing with death and authorship and Kelman’s "How Late It Was, How Late" (1994), a stream of consciousness novel dealing with a life of
Rational addiction taken seriously as possibly true explanations and tools for welfare analysis despite being poorly interpreted, empirically unfalsifiable, and based on wildly inaccurate assumptions selectively justified by "ad hoc" stories." Research attempting to apply the rational addiction model to surveys of drug users have found the model inadequate to explain drug-taking behavior. Rational addiction Rational addiction is the hypothesis that addictions can be usefully modeled as specific kinds of rational, forward-looking, optimal consumption plans. The canonical theory comes from work done by Kevin M. Murphy and Gary S. Becker. A theory of addictions in the broad sense—for example, to heroin, tobacco,