Miller process the gold is removed and processed in the manner required for sale or use. The resulting gold is 99.95% pure, but of lower purity than gold produced by the other common refining method, the Wohlwill process, which produces gold to 99.999% purity. The Wohlwill process is commonly used for producing high-purity gold, such as in electronics work and the manufacture of some silicates, where exacting standards of purity are required. When highest purity gold is not required, refiners often utilize the Miller process due to its relative ease, quicker turnaround times, and because it does not tie up the large
Ultra-high-purity steam for oxidation and annealing processes are commonly used to generate TCO layers and modify crystal structures via grain size or defect repair. The ability to deliver water vapor free from atmospheric contaminants is critical to film integrity. The ideal water vapor for industrial manufacturing processes is extremely pure, moderate in temperature and free of extra oxygen or water microdroplets. In addition, this water vapor is ideally delivered in a range of flow rates from sccm to slm, into vacuum or atmosphere pressure environments for days or weeks at a time. Purity is paramount in avoiding contamination. Purity can be achieved by blending pure gases