2D computer graphics endowed with a self-rendering method—a procedure which assigns colors to the image pixels by an arbitrary algorithm. Complex models can be built by combining simpler objects, in the paradigms of object-oriented programming. In Euclidean geometry, a translation moves every point a constant distance in a specified direction. A translation can be described as a rigid motion: other rigid motions include rotations and reflections. A translation can also be interpreted as the addition of a constant vector to every point, or as shifting the origin of the coordinate system. A translation operator is an operator formula_1 such that formula_2 If v
Thermal boundary layer thickness and shape a useful definition of this characteristic, measurable thickness for the thermal boundary layer. Also included in this boundary layer description are some parameters useful in describing the shape of the thermal boundary layer. The thermal boundary layer thickness, formula_8, is the distance across a boundary layer from the wall to a point where the flow temperature has essentially reached the 'free stream' temperature, formula_11. This distance is defined normal to the wall in the formula_12-direction. The thermal boundary layer thickness is customarily defined as the point in the boundary layer, formula_13, where the temperature formula_14 reaches 99% of the free