Economic importance of bacteria are used, too, to form organic acids in pickles and vinegar. Biotechnology bacteria the use of microorganisms including bacteria and fungi in the manufacturing and services industries. These include chemical manufacturing such as ethanol, acetone, organic acid, enzymes, and perfumes. In the chemical industry, bacteria are most important in the production of pharmaceuticals. "Escherichia coli" is used for commercial preparation of riboflavin and vitamin K. Genetic engineering is the manipulation of genes. It is also called recombinant DNA technology. In genetic engineering, pieces of DNA (genes) are introduced into a host by a variety of techniques, one of the earliest
Gasteroid fungi described by Linnaeus in his original "Species Plantarum" of 1753, but the first critical treatment of the group was by Christiaan Hendrik Persoon in his "Synopsis methodica fungorum" of 1801. Until 1981, this book was the starting point for the naming of Gasteromycetes under the "International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants". Although the starting point was subsequently put back to 1753, names of gasteroid fungi used in Persoon's book are still sanctioned and cannot be replaced by earlier names. Elias Magnus Fries introduced the name Gasteromycetes for a class of fungi in his "Systema Mycologicum" of 1821,