Albedo reflectance and bi-hemispherical reflectance (e.g.,). These calculations are based on the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF), which describes how the reflectance of a given surface depends on the view angle of the observer and the solar angle. BDRF can facilitate translations of observations of reflectance into albedo. Earth's average surface temperature due to its albedo and the greenhouse effect is currently about 15 °C. If Earth were frozen entirely (and hence be more reflective), the average temperature of the planet would drop below −40 °C. If only the continental land masses became covered by glaciers, the mean temperature of the
To be, or not to be to make a point about "extremism in defense of liberty." P.D. James' dystopian novel "The Children of Men" (1992) refers to expected or forced mass suicides of the elderly as "Quietus". The film adaptation "Children of Men" (2006) portrays a self-administered home suicide kit, labelled "Quietus". "Star Trek"'s was named after the "Undiscovered Country" line from this soliloquy. References are made to Shakespeare during the film including Klingon translations of his works and the use of the phrase "taH pagh, taHbe' ", roughly meaning "whether to continue, or not to continue [existence]." The book (and later film) "What Dreams May