Agonopterix alstroemeriana alkaloids obtained from its host plant. They also have the advantage of local predators being less familiar with the species because they are non-native. The caterpillar may also benefit from the toxic alkaloids present in the poison hemlock host plant because they may increase the ability of "A. alstroemeriana" to recognize "Conium maculatum" as the correct location for oviposition. They pupate for 2 weeks in the soil, usually from late May to early June. The color of pupa is red-brown, with fine hairs densely located. The length of pupae is approximately 6–7 mm. After pupating, the moths emerge from the
Golden poison frog semiopaca", "C. rugiceps" and "C. sp. A". Other related toxins, histrionicotoxin and pumiliotoxin, are found in frog species from the genus "Dendrobates". The golden poison frog, like most other poisonous frogs, stores its poison in skin glands. Due to their poison, the frogs are deterrent to predators; "P. terribilis" poison probably kills any predator, except for one snake species, "Liophis epinephelus". This snake may be resistant to the frog's poison, but is not immune (Myers & Daly, 1978). The poisonous frogs and birds themselves are perhaps the only creatures to be immune to this poison. Batrachotoxin attacks the sodium channels