2D computer graphics endowed with a self-rendering method—a procedure which assigns colors to the image pixels by an arbitrary algorithm. Complex models can be built by combining simpler objects, in the paradigms of object-oriented programming. In Euclidean geometry, a translation moves every point a constant distance in a specified direction. A translation can be described as a rigid motion: other rigid motions include rotations and reflections. A translation can also be interpreted as the addition of a constant vector to every point, or as shifting the origin of the coordinate system. A translation operator is an operator formula_1 such that formula_2 If v
Distance from a point to a plane the closest point to the origin may be expressed more succinctly using notation from linear algebra. The expression formula_19 in the definition of a plane is a dot product formula_20, and the expression formula_21 appearing in the solution is the squared norm formula_22. Thus, if formula_23 is a given vector, the plane may be described as the set of vectors formula_24 for which formula_25 and the closest point on this plane is the vector Written in Cartesian form, the closest point is given by formula_27 for formula_28 where and the distance from formula_30 to the hyperplane is Thus in formula_32