Venom types. Among the major classes of toxin in venoms are: Venom is widely distributed taxonomically, being found in both invertebrates and vertebrates; in aquatic and terrestrial animals; and among both predators and prey. The major groups of venomous animals are described below. Venomous arthropods include spiders, which use fangs — part of their chelicerae — to inject venom; and centipedes, which use forcipules — modified legs — to deliver venom; along with scorpions and stinging insects, which inject venom with a sting. In insects such as bees and wasps, the stinger is a modified egg-laying device — the ovipositor. In
Venom "Polistes fuscatus", the female continuously releases a venom that contains a sex pheromone that induces copulatory behavior in males. In "Polistes exclamans", venom is used as an alarm pheromone, coordinating a response with from the nest and attracting nearby wasps to attack the predator. In "Dolichovespula arenaria," the observed spraying of venom out of their sting has been seen from workers in large colonies. In other cases like "Parischnogaster striatula", the venom is applied all over their body as an antimicrobial protection. The venom from "Agelaia pallipes" has inhibitory effects on processes like chemotaxis and hemolysis which can lead to