Extragalactic cosmic ray Extragalactic cosmic ray Extragalactic cosmic rays are very-high-energy particles that flow into the Solar System from beyond the Milky Way galaxy. The energies these particles possess are in excess of 10 eV. Unlike solar or galactic cosmic rays, little is known about the origins of extragalactic cosmic rays. This is largely due to a lack of statistics: only about 1 extragalactic cosmic ray particle per square meter per year reaches the Earth's surface (see figure). There are many ideas about which processes may be responsible for cosmic rays with such high energies. In the 'bottom-up' approach, cosmic rays gain more
Beyond the 11th Zabuli Education Center for girls and young women in Afghanistan. For her work in the organization, Susan Retik was awarded the 2010 President's Citizens Medal, one of the United States' highest civilian honors. Quigley and Retik's work establishing Beyond the 11th and their trip to Afghanistan are the subject of the feature documentary "Beyond Belief", directed by Beth Murphy. The film premiered at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival. Susan Retik accepted the Presidential Citizenship Award in 2010 from President Barack Obama for her work and efforts in Afghanistan. Beyond the 11th Beyond the 11th is a charitable foundation that supports