Isotonic hyponatremia shift of water from cells to the bloodstream after large infusions of mannitol or intravenous immunoglobulin. It is associated with hyperlipidemia more frequently than with elevated protein. Isotonic hyponatremia Isotonic hyponatremia is a form of hyponatremia with mOsm measured between 280 and 295. It can be associated with pseudohyponatremia, or with isotonic infusion of glucose or mannitol. Certain conditions, such as extraordinarily high blood levels of lipid (hyperlipidemia/hypertriglyceridemia) or protein (hyperparaproteinemia), magnify the electrolyte exclusion effect. This interferes with the measurement of serum sodium concentration by certain methods, leading to an erroneously low "measurement" of sodium, or pseudohyponatremia. The methods
Fetal bovine serum the harvesting of blood from the bovine fetus after the fetus is removed from the slaughtered cow. The blood is collected aseptically into a sterile container or blood bag and then allowed to clot. The normal method of collection is cardiac puncture, wherein a needle is inserted into the heart. This minimizes "the danger of serum contamination with micro-organisms from the fetus itself, and the environment". It is then centrifuged to remove the fibrin clot and the remaining blood cells from the clear yellow (straw) colored serum. The serum is frozen prior to further processing that is necessary to make