Human mission to Mars propellant from the Martian Atmosphere. This proposal drew on concepts developed by the former "Case for Mars" conference series. Over the next decade, Zubrin developed it into a mission concept, Mars Direct, which he presented in a book, "The Case for Mars" (1996). The mission is advocated by the Mars Society, which Zubrin founded in 1998, as practical and affordable. In 1991 in Toulouse, France, the International Space University studied an international human Mars mission. They proposed a crew of 8 traveling to Mars in a nuclear-powered vessel with artificial gravity provided by rotation. On the surface, 40 tonne habitats
Space Exploration Alliance of establishing a permanent lunar base before follow-on efforts are made to move on to the planet Mars and beyond. The organizations involved in supporting the Space Exploration Alliance include: Collectively these groups total almost one million Americans as members or as employees of member companies. The first goal of the SEA was to work toward receiving broad Congressional support for the new national Vision for Space Exploration outside low Earth orbit, which the SEA refers to as "Moon, Mars and Beyond". The SEA began their effort by working together on a "Moon-Mars Blitz" campaign on Capitol Hill in Washington,