Portuguese-based creole languages meaning "in" and/or "on", which would come from the Portuguese contraction "na" meaning "in the" (feminine singular). The Portuguese word for "creole" is "crioulo", which derives from the verb "criar" ("to raise", "to bring up") and a suffix "-oulo" of debated origin. Originally the word was used to distinguish the members of any ethnic group who were born and raised in the colonies from those who were born in their homeland. In Africa it was often applied to locally born people of (wholly or partly) Portuguese descent, as opposed to those born in Portugal; whereas in Brazil it was also
Etymology of London derived from the Indo-European roots "*plew-" "to flow, swim; boat" and "*nejd-" "to flow", found in various river names around Europe. Coates does admit that compound names are comparatively rare for rivers in the Indo-European area, but they are not entirely unknown. Lacey Wallace describes the derivation as "somewhat tenuous". The Museum of London is more positive, stating on its web site "philologists now equate the name with the Indo-European word 'plowonida', meaning 'fast-flowing river' and referring to the Thames". The display on Roman London in the museum state the etymology as fact. The earliest account of the toponym's derivation