Fiat S.p.A. SEAT—Sociedad Española de Automóviles de Turismo (Spanish Touring Car Company)—was established with Fiat assistance in 1950, producing Fiat models under its own brand name until 1981, when Fiat withdrew its support. In 1982 SEAT signed a cooperation agreement with the German manufacturer Volkswagen and by the end of 1986 after a purchase of a majority stake SEAT had become part of the Volkswagen Group. However, production of some Fiat-based models continued, ending with the Fiat-based Marbella in 1998. The Fiat 131, known as the Holland Car DOCC. Following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952, President Gamal Abdel Nasser ordered the EGID
Martín De León established Rancho Chiltipiquin, a cattle ranch in the vicinity of [[San Patricio County, Texas]]. Their cattle brand, with a connected E and J (standing for "Espíritu de Jesús"), became the first registered cattle brand in what was to become Texas. The brand had been modeled after one used by the Jesuits, and brought from [[Spain]] when the De León family emigrated. Martín officially registered it in Texas under the family name in 1807. De León's 1807 and 1809 petitions to act as an [[empresario]] for colonization in Texas were denied by the Spanish government. After [[Mexico]] gained its independence from