Polymer architecture via abstraction of a hydrogen, can create a mid-chain growth site. Branching can be quantified by the branching index. An effect related to branching is chemical crosslinking - the formation of covalent bonds between chains. Crosslinking tends to increase T and increase strength and toughness. Among other applications, this process is used to strengthen rubbers in a process known as vulcanization, which is based on crosslinking by sulfur. Car tires, for example, are highly crosslinked in order to reduce the leaking of air out of the tire and to toughen their durability. Eraser rubber, on the other hand, is not
Chemical process modeling the physical properties and characteristics of the components of the system, such as tanks, pumps, pipes, pressure vessels, and so on. Chemical process modeling Chemical process modeling is a computer modeling technique used in chemical engineering process design. It typically involves using purpose-built software to define a system of interconnected components, which are then solved so that the steady-state or dynamic behavior of the system can be predicted. The system components and connections are represented as a process flow diagram. Simulations can be as simple as the mixing of two substances in a tank, or as complex as an entire