Apium virus Y Apium virus Y "Apium virus Y" (ApVY) is a plant pathogenic virus in the genus "Potyvirus" and the virus family "Potyviridae". Apium virus Y is a recently described member of the potyvirus family. It was first found in Australia in 2002 in poison hemlock ("Conium maculatum": an immigrant weed in Australia). A survey of native and weed species in the family Apiaceae found ApVY to be widespread in Australia. In addition, this survey and others found two other potyviruses. One was a well-known potyvirus infecting the Apiaceae, "Celery mosaic virus" (CeMV). CeMV has been found in celery ("Apium graveolens") crops
Cream-backed poison frog cream-backed poison frog from the rocket frogs, and placed it in another genus entirely, "Hyloxalus". Like many of the genus "Hyloxalus", "H. subpunctatus" possesses fairly weak toxins, compared to those of other dendrobatids. It may be one of the most primitive of dendrobatids, as it has only begun to develop skin alkaloids and is still fairly drab in coloration. Its poison is already an effective defense mechanism; if tasted by a predator, the alkaloids in the frog's skin cause extreme pain and unpleasant taste. This will usually discourage a predator from attacking a cream-backed poison frog more than once. However,