Zen expected to become familiar with the classics of the Zen canon". A review of the early historical documents and literature of early Zen masters clearly reveals that they were well versed in numerous Mahāyāna Buddhist sūtras, including Madhyamaka. Especially the Lotus Sutra played a large role in the development of East Asian Buddhism, including Zen. Nevertheless, Zen is often pictured as anti-intellectual. This picture of Zen emerged during the Song Dynasty (960–1297), when Chán became the dominant form of Buddhism in China, and gained great popularity among the educated and literary classes of Chinese society. The use of koans, which
In vitro muscle testing In vitro muscle testing "In vitro" muscle testing is a method used to characterize properties of living muscle tissue after having removed the tissue from an organism. This allows more extensive and precise quantification of muscle properties than "in vivo" testing. "In vitro" muscle testing has provided the bulk of scientific knowledge on muscle structure and physiology, as well as how both relate to organismal performance. Once an appropriate animal has been selected for experimentation, whether that is for a specific locomotor function (i.e. frogs for jumping) or a specific animal strain, to answer a research question, a specific muscle