Rubber toughening a lower limit for rubber-toughening particle diameter at 200 nm; it was then discovered that ultra-fine full-vulcanized powdered rubber particles with diameter of 90 nm show significant toughening of rubber epoxies. This finding underlines how this field is constantly growing and more work can be done to better model the rubber toughening effect. Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer is an application of rubber toughening. The properties of this polymer come mainly from rubber toughening. The polybutadiene rubber domains in the main styrene-acrylonitrile matrix act as a stop to crack propagation. PMMA’s high optical transparency, low cost, and compressibility make it a
Rubber elasticity could be backwards or forwards, so the net time average formula_19 will be zero. However, one can use the root mean square as a useful measure of that distance. Ideally, the polymer chain's movement is purely entropic (no enthalpic, or heat-related, forces involved). By using the following basic equations for entropy and Helmholtz free energy, we can model the driving force of entropy "pulling" the polymer into an unstretched conformation. Note that the force equation resembles that of a spring: "F=kx". Note that the elastic coefficient formula_22 is temperature dependent. If we increase the rubber temperature, the elastic coefficient also