Ionizing radiation a cancer per dose model to assert that such activities cause several hundred cases of cancer per year, an application of the widely accepted Linear no-threshold model (LNT). The International Commission on Radiological Protection recommends limiting artificial irradiation to the public to an average of 1 mSv (0.001 Sv) of effective dose per year, not including medical and occupational exposures. In a nuclear war, gamma rays from both the initial weapon explosion and fallout would be the sources of radiation exposure. Massive particles are a concern for astronauts outside the earth's magnetic field who would receive solar particles from solar
Treatment of infections after exposure to ionizing radiation in humans are available, almost all of the current information is based on animal research. Infections caused by ionizing radiation can be endogenous, originating from the oral and gastrointestinal bacterial flora, and exogenous, originating from breached skin following trauma. The organisms causing endogenous infections are generally gram negative bacilli such as Enterobacteriaceae (i.e. "Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus" spp. ), and "Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Exposure to higher doses of radiation is associated with systemic anaerobic infections due to gram negative bacilli and gram positive cocci. Fungal infections can also emerge in those that fail antimicrobial therapy and stay febrile for over