Natural disasters in China divine retribution: "tianzai" (天災), literally 'heavenly disaster'. In ancient beliefs, natural disasters were seen as Heaven’s response to immoral human behaviour, whereby the conduct of different individuals carried different weights. While the behaviour of common people ranked last, the actions of bureaucrats had a greater effect. Given that in Imperial China the emperor's behaviour was believed to be the most important, popular belief was that the emperor should attempt to prevent disasters by ensuring his conduct was in following with moral codes – and if a disaster should occur, he was responsible for addressing the consequences. According to the Overseas
National Disasters Management Institute natural disasters. The INGC prepares for and responds to both natural disasters, such as droughts, floods, and tropical cyclones—the three natural hazards to which Mozambique is most vulnerable—and man-made disasters, such as the 2008 South Africa riots. The INGC coordinates disaster management efforts with and receives support from public and private institutions, non-governmental organisations, and international organisations, including Concern Worldwide, the government of Germany, and the United Nations. Ad Melkert, the Associate Administrator of the United Nations Development Programme, which provides assistance to the INGC through its Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, lauded the institute in March 2008 as