Venom organ failure. Many caterpillars have defensive venom glands associated with specialized bristles on the body, known as urticating hairs, which can be lethal to humans (e.g., that of the "Lonomia" moth), although the venom's strength varies depending on the species. Bees synthesize and employ an acidic venom (apitoxin) to cause pain in those that they sting to defend their hives and food stores, whereas wasps use a chemically different alkaline venom designed to paralyze prey, so it can be stored alive in the food chambers of their young. The use of venom is much more widespread than just these examples.
Venom "Polistes fuscatus", the female continuously releases a venom that contains a sex pheromone that induces copulatory behavior in males. In "Polistes exclamans", venom is used as an alarm pheromone, coordinating a response with from the nest and attracting nearby wasps to attack the predator. In "Dolichovespula arenaria," the observed spraying of venom out of their sting has been seen from workers in large colonies. In other cases like "Parischnogaster striatula", the venom is applied all over their body as an antimicrobial protection. The venom from "Agelaia pallipes" has inhibitory effects on processes like chemotaxis and hemolysis which can lead to