Hammer toe Hammer toe A hammer toe or contracted toe is a deformity of the proximal interphalangeal joint of the second, third, or fourth toe causing it to be permanently bent, resembling a hammer. Mallet toe is a similar condition affecting the distal interphalangeal joint. Claw toe is another similar condition, with dorsiflexion of the proximal phalanx on the lesser metatarsophalangeal joint, combined with flexion of both the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints. Claw toe can affect the second, third, fourth, or fifth toes. Hammer toe most frequently results from wearing poorly fitting shoes that can force the toe into a bent
Names for the human species "Homo", e.g. "Homo paniscus", "Homo sylvestris", or "Homo arboreus". An alternative philosophy suggests that the term "Homo sapiens" is the misnomer and that humans should be reclassified as "Pan sapiens". In either case, a name change of the genus would have implications on the taxonomy of extinct species closely related to humans, including "Australopithecus". A taxonomic name given to the species of the last common ancestors of humans and chimpanzees is "Pan prior". The following names mimick binomial nomenclature, mostly consisting of "Homo" followed by a Latin adjective characterizing human nature. Most of them were coined since the mid 20th