Sulfur vulcanization are merely the additives used for vulcanisation and that other compounds may also be added to the rubber such as fillers or polymer stabilizers. Ordinary sulfur (octasulfur) is rarely used despite its low cost. Because of the low melting point of S vs the cure temperatures, attempted vulcanization with ordinary results in sulfur bloom. Instead, various forms of polymeric sulfur are used instead. It is also possible to replace sulfur with other sulfur-donating compounds, for example accelerators bearing disulphide groups, in what is often termed 'efficient vulcanization' (EV). Disulfur dichloride may also be used for 'cold vulcanization'. Under normal circumstances,
Rubber toughening viable option for practical applications in architecture and car manufacturing as a substitute for glass when high transparency is necessary. Incorporating a rubber filler phase increases the toughness. Such fillers need to form strong interfacial bonds with the PMMA matrix. In applications where optical transparency is important, measures must be taken to limit light scattering. It is common in toughening PMMA, and in other composites, to synthesize core-shell particles via atom-transfer radical-polymerization that have an outer polymer layer that has properties similar to those of the primary phase that increases the particle’s adhesion to the matrix. Developing PMMA compatible core-shell