19 Aquarii 19 Aquarii 19 Aquarii is a star in the constellation of Aquarius. With an apparent magnitude of about 5.7, the star is barely visible to the naked eye (see Bortle scale). Parallax estimates made by the Hipparcos spacecraft put it at a distance of about 300 light years (92 parsecs) away from the Earth. 19 Aquarii has a spectral type of A8V, meaning it is an A-type main-sequence star. These types of stars are bluish-white colored, and have effective temperatures between 7100 and 11500 K. It rotates fairly fast, as its projected rotational velocity is about 155 km/s, so it
Wolfram's 2-state 3-symbol Turing machine universal, though the proof was initially disputed. The following table indicates the actions to be performed by the Turing machine depending on whether its current state is A or B, and the symbol currently being read is 0, 1 or 2. The table entries indicate the symbol to be printed, the direction in which the tape head is to move, and the subsequent state of the machine. The (2,3) Turing machine: Minsky (1967) briefly argued that standard (2,2) machines cannot be universal and M. Margenstern (2010) provided a mathematical proof based on a result by L. Pavlotskaya in 1973 (not