Ruy Lopez, Exchange Variation grandmaster play by Emanuel Lasker, and later invigorated with new ideas by Bobby Fischer. The Exchange Variation can be a powerful psychological weapon. Black is forced to play actively, which is psychologically difficult if all one needs is a draw. Lasker's famous win against Jose Raul Capablanca in the St. Petersburg 1914 chess tournament is an example of this. With a lead in the tournament, Capablanca was intent on simplifying the game to obtain a draw, but faced with the Exchange Ruy he played too passively and was routed by Lasker as a result. 4...dxc6 is the main recapture. Black's
Ruy Lopez, Noah's Ark Trap and José Capablanca at the Budapest tournament in 1929: 1. e4 e5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 a6 4. Ba4 d6 5. d4 5... b5 6. Bb3 Nxd4 7. Nxd4 exd4 8. Qxd4?? 8... c5 9. Qd5 Be6 10. Qc6+ Bd7 11. Qd5 c4 (see diagram) A variation of this trap can occur in the Sicilian Defense after the moves 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 (the Rossolimo Variation) a6 4.Ba4?? (4.Bxc6 is necessary and the point of 3.Bb5 itself) b5 5.Bb3 c4 (see diagram) and the bishop is similarly trapped. Bibliography Ruy Lopez, Noah's Ark Trap The Noah's Ark Trap