Gold parting in 1860's Australia. It is able to refine gold up to 99.5% purity. The process involves blowing a stream of chlorine gas over and through a crucible filled with molten impure gold. Impurities in the gold form chlorides before the gold does and these insoluble salts are removed from the melt by skimming the surface. Invented by Emil Wohlwill in 1874, this produces the highest purity gold (99.999%). It is an electrolytic process using pure gold for the cathode (or titanium as a starter cathode) and chloroauric acid (gold chloride-hydrochloric acid) as the electrolyte; this is made by dissolving gold
Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Present Day Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Present Day Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Present Day is a 2014 book by Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama, author of "The Origins of Political Order", written to shed light on political development in different regions. Fukuyama stresses the importance of the three pillars of the modern state, as described in the first volume: These ideas are exemplified throughout the first and the second part of the book via different cases. Fukuyama makes the argument that patronage behavior is rooted in the following biological roots: