M69 incendiary M69 incendiary The M69 incendiary bomblet was used in air raids on Japan and China during World War II. They were nicknamed "Tokyo calling cards". The M69 was a plain steel pipe with a hexagonal cross section in diameter and long. It weighed about . The bomblet used napalm (jelled gasoline) as an incendiary filler, improving on earlier designs which used thermite or magnesium fillers that burned more intensely, but were less energy- and weight-efficient, and were easier to extinguish. In Germany they were filled with jellied oil and dropped in clusters of 36 in the non-aerodynamic M19 bomb. Over
Naphthenic acid The nature, occurrence, recovery and commercial uses of naphthenic acid have been reviewed. Crude oils from fields in Romania, Russia, Venezuela, the North Sea, China, and West Africa are known to be high in acidic compounds as compared to most American crude oils. The carboxylic acid content of certain California crude oils is particularly high (up to 4%) where the most abundant classes of carboxylic acids are reported to be cycloaliphatic and aromatic acids. The composition varies with the crude oil composition and the conditions during refining and oxidation. Fractions that are rich in naphthenic acids can cause corrosion damage