Rotational Brownian motion (astronomy) of supermassive black holes appear to be randomly aligned with respect to their host galaxies. Rotational Brownian motion (astronomy) In astronomy, rotational Brownian motion is the random walk in orientation of a binary star's orbital plane, induced by gravitational perturbations from passing stars. Consider a binary that consists of two massive objects (stars, black holes etc.) and that is embedded in a stellar system containing a large number of stars. Let formula_1 and formula_2 be the masses of the two components of the binary whose total mass is formula_3. A field star that approaches the binary with impact parameter formula_4
Fractional Brownian motion Friedrich Gauss. Prior to the introduction of the fractional Brownian motion, used the Riemann–Liouville fractional integral to define the process where integration is with respect to the white noise measure "dB"("s"). This integral turns out to be ill-suited to applications of fractional Brownian motion because of its over-emphasis of the origin . The idea instead is to use a different fractional integral of white noise to define the process: the Weyl integral for "t" > 0 (and similarly for "t" < 0). The main difference between fractional Brownian motion and regular Brownian motion is that while the increments in Brownian