Gold costs were about $317 per troy ounce in 2007, but these can vary widely depending on mining type and ore quality; global mine production amounted to 2,471.1 tonnes. After initial production, gold is often subsequently refined industrially by the Wohlwill process which is based on electrolysis or by the Miller process, that is chlorination in the melt. The Wohlwill process results in higher purity, but is more complex and is only applied in small-scale installations. Other methods of assaying and purifying smaller amounts of gold include parting and inquartation as well as cupellation, or refining methods based on the dissolution
Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Present Day Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Present Day Political Order and Political Decay: From the Industrial Revolution to the Present Day is a 2014 book by Yoshihiro Francis Fukuyama, author of "The Origins of Political Order", written to shed light on political development in different regions. Fukuyama stresses the importance of the three pillars of the modern state, as described in the first volume: These ideas are exemplified throughout the first and the second part of the book via different cases. Fukuyama makes the argument that patronage behavior is rooted in the following biological roots: