Isotonic hyponatremia Isotonic hyponatremia Isotonic hyponatremia is a form of hyponatremia with mOsm measured between 280 and 295. It can be associated with pseudohyponatremia, or with isotonic infusion of glucose or mannitol. Certain conditions, such as extraordinarily high blood levels of lipid (hyperlipidemia/hypertriglyceridemia) or protein (hyperparaproteinemia), magnify the electrolyte exclusion effect. This interferes with the measurement of serum sodium concentration by certain methods, leading to an erroneously low "measurement" of sodium, or pseudohyponatremia. The methods affected are the flame-photometric and indirect (but not direct) ion-selective electrode assays. This is distinct from a true dilutional hyponatremia that can be caused by an osmotic
Human serum albumin trauma, burns and surgery patients. A Cochrane systematic review of 37 trials found no evidence that albumin, compared with cheaper alternatives such as saline, reduces the risk of dying. Human serum albumin has been used as a component of a frailty index. It has not been shown to give better results than other fluids when used simply to replace volume, but is frequently used in conditions where loss of albumin is a major problem, such as liver disease with ascites. Human serum albumin may be used to potentially reverse drug/chemical toxicity by binding to free drug/agent. (Tatlow, D, Poothencheri, S,