Gas-phase ion chemistry Gas-phase ion chemistry Gas phase ion chemistry is a field of science encompassed within both chemistry and physics. It is the science that studies ions and molecules in the gas phase, most often enabled by some form of mass spectrometry. By far the most important applications for this science is in studying the thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions. For example, one application is in studying the thermodynamics of the solvation of ions. Ions with small solvation spheres of 1, 2, 3... solvent molecules can be studied in the gas phase and then extrapolated to bulk solution. Transition state theory is
A Girl Called Jules replaced by Esmeralda Ruspoli and all her scenes had to be reshot. The film received mixed reviews. "A Girl Called Jules" was distributed theatrically in Italy by PAC where it was first shown in Italy on 26 June 1970. The film grossed a total of 542.076 million Italian lire domestically. It was entered into the 20th Berlin International Film Festival where it was supposed to be screened on the last day of the festival, but the screening was eventually cancelled as the festival was interrupted on 5 July 1970. A Girl Called Jules A Girl Called Jules () is a