Portuguese-based creole languages used to distinguish locally born black people of African descent from those who had been brought from Africa as slaves. In time, however, this generic sense was lost, and the word "crioulo" or its derivatives (like "Creole" and its equivalents in other languages) became the name of several specific Upper Guinean communities and their languages: the Guinean people and their Kriol language, Cape Verdean people and their Kriolu language, all of which still today have very vigorous use, suppressing the importance of official standard Portuguese. The oldest Portuguese-based creole are the so-called "crioulos" of Upper Guinea, born around the Portuguese
Etymology of Kainuu land surrounding the northern coasts Bothnian Gulf. Linguistically this etymology is seen as more acceptable. The area originally known as Kainuu seems to have been the central part of Ostrobothnia where Karelians could access the Gulf of Bothnia in the Middle Ages, giving also conceptual support for the theory. Noteworthy in this context is also the word "kainu", which is only known in lower Satakunta in Finland. It had a completely different meaning being the middle stake in a work sled, also clearly deriving from *gain-. Like the theory one, Koivulehto believes the words "kainu" and Kven to be interconnected.