Natural disasters in China divine retribution: "tianzai" (天災), literally 'heavenly disaster'. In ancient beliefs, natural disasters were seen as Heaven’s response to immoral human behaviour, whereby the conduct of different individuals carried different weights. While the behaviour of common people ranked last, the actions of bureaucrats had a greater effect. Given that in Imperial China the emperor's behaviour was believed to be the most important, popular belief was that the emperor should attempt to prevent disasters by ensuring his conduct was in following with moral codes – and if a disaster should occur, he was responsible for addressing the consequences. According to the Overseas
National Disasters Management Institute "an example of effective management of natural disasters". It received "unanimous" praise from international organisations for its response to the 2007 Mozambican flood. National Disasters Management Institute The National Disasters Management Institute (, INGC) is the disaster relief agency of Mozambique. The INGC was formed in 1999 by Government decree no. 37 and operates under the Ministry of State Administration (MAE). Prior to its creation, disaster management in Mozambique was under the purview of the Department for the Prevention and Combat of Natural Disasters (, DPCCN), a subunit of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation that mainly served as