Apamin therapeutic effect on Parkinson's disease. Dopamine, which is depleted in this disease, will be released from midbrain dopaminergic neurons when these SK channels are inhibited. SK channels have also been proposed as targets for the treatment of epilepsy, emotional disorders and schizophrenia. Apamin Apamin is an 18 amino acid peptide neurotoxin found in apitoxin (bee venom). Dry bee venom consists of 2–3% of apamin. Apamin selectively blocks SK channels, a type of Ca-activated K channel expressed in the central nervous system. Toxicity is caused by only a few amino acids, these are cysteine, lysine, arginine, arginine and histidine. These amino
Venom "Polistes fuscatus", the female continuously releases a venom that contains a sex pheromone that induces copulatory behavior in males. In "Polistes exclamans", venom is used as an alarm pheromone, coordinating a response with from the nest and attracting nearby wasps to attack the predator. In "Dolichovespula arenaria," the observed spraying of venom out of their sting has been seen from workers in large colonies. In other cases like "Parischnogaster striatula", the venom is applied all over their body as an antimicrobial protection. The venom from "Agelaia pallipes" has inhibitory effects on processes like chemotaxis and hemolysis which can lead to