Solar panel Solar panel Photovoltaic solar panels absorb sunlight as a source of energy to generate electricity. A photovoltaic (PV) module is a packaged, connected assembly of typically 6x10 photovoltaic solar cells. Photovoltaic modules constitute the photovoltaic array of a photovoltaic system that generates and supplies solar electricity in commercial and residential applications. Each module is rated by its DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 100 to 365 Watts (W). The efficiency of a module determines the area of a module given the same rated output an 8% efficient 230 W module will have twice the
Topological module Topological module In mathematics, a topological module is a module over a topological ring such that scalar multiplication and addition are continuous. A topological vector space is a topological module over a topological field. An abelian topological group can be considered as a topological module over Z, where Z is the ring of integers with the discrete topology. A topological ring is a topological module over each of its subrings. A more complicated example is the "I"-adic topology on a ring and its modules. Let "I" be an ideal of a ring "R". The sets of the form , for