Berliner Gramophone formulations remained the standard disc record material until the first vinyl records – initially made only for radio use and other special applications – were introduced in the 1930s. Beginning in 1896, Berliner's gramophones were made by Philadelphia-based machinist Eldridge Johnson, who added a spring motor to drive the previously hand-rotated turntable. Berliner also opened an office in New York City, staffed by Frank Seaman and O. D. LaDow and organized as the National Gramophone Company. Master recordings were made onto zinc plates, which were then electroplated and a negative-image "mother" made from them to stamp discs. A major reversal
Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research The Leibniz Institute for Polymer Research in Dresden () – in short IPF Dresden – is a non-university research institute and a member of the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Scientific Community. The IPF is carrying out fundamental as well as application-oriented research in all areas of polymer science and investigates polymer materials with new or improved characteristics. In the material development, emphasis is given to nanotechnological aspects as well as to biosystem interfaces. The IPF’s research program is jointly set up and implemented by scientists of the different IPF institutes. It comprises the following four research