Michael Caine Bend". In 2005, he was cast as Bruce Wayne's butler Alfred Pennyworth in the first production of the new "Batman" film series, "Batman Begins". Also in 2005, he played as Isabel's (Nicole Kidman) father in Bewitched. In 2006, he appeared in the films "Children of Men" and "The Prestige". In 2007 he appeared in "Flawless", and in 2008 and 2012 he reprised his role as Alfred in Christopher Nolan's critically acclaimed "Batman" sequels, "The Dark Knight" and "The Dark Knight Rises" as well as starring in the British drama "Is Anybody There?", which explores the final days of life. It
Butler–Volmer equation Butler–Volmer equation The Butler–Volmer equation (named after John Alfred Valentine Butler and Max Volmer), also known as Erdey-Grúz–Volmer equation, is one of the most fundamental relationships in electrochemical kinetics. It describes how the electrical current on an electrode depends on the electrode potential, considering that both a cathodic and an anodic reaction occur on the same electrode: or in a more compact form: where: The right hand figure shows plots valid for formula_15. The previous form of Butler–Volmer equation is valid when the electrode reaction is controlled by electrical charge transfer at the electrode (and not by the mass transfer