Seismic magnitude scales by tectonic forces. When this stress becomes great enough to rupture the crust, or to overcome the friction that prevents one block of crust from slipping past another, energy is released, some of it in the form of various kinds of seismic waves that cause ground-shaking, or quaking. "Magnitude" is an estimate of the relative "size" or strength of an "earthquake", and thus its potential for causing ground-shaking. It is "approximately related to the released seismic energy." "Intensity" refers to the strength or force of "shaking" at a given location, and can be related to the peak ground velocity. With
Anomeric effect in the figure above. This prediction is supported by experimental evidence. Furthermore, this preference for the gauche position is still seen in the equatorial conformation. This term refers to the apparent preference of positively charged nitrogen substituents for the equatorial conformation beyond what normal steric interactions would predict in rings containing an electronegative atom, such as oxygen. Substituents containing carbons with partial positive charges are not seen to exhibit the same effect. Theoretical explanations for the reverse anomeric effect include an electrostatic explanation and the delocalization of the sp electrons of the anomeric carbon and oxygen lone pair. There is