Binary translation where the translated code is instrumented to find out what portions are executed a large number of times, and these portions are optimized aggressively. This technique is reminiscent of a JIT compiler, and in fact such compilers (e.g. Sun's HotSpot technology) can be viewed as dynamic translators from a virtual instruction set (the bytecode) to a real one. Binary translation In computing, binary translation is a form of binary recompilation where sequences of instructions are translated from a "source" instruction set to the "target" instruction set. In some cases such as instruction set simulation, the target instruction set may be
Signed number representations as the largest positive number that can be represented, and vice versa if the word has an odd number of bits. The following table shows the positive and negative integers that can be represented using four bits. Same table, as viewed from "given these binary bits, what is the number as interpreted by the representation system": Google's Protocol Buffers "zig-zag encoding" is a system similar to sign-and-magnitude, but uses the least significant bit to represent the sign and has a single representation of zero. This allows a variable-length quantity encoding intended for nonnegative (unsigned) integers to be used efficiently for