Royal cypher Royal cypher In modern heraldry, a royal cypher is a monogram-like device of a country's reigning sovereign, typically consisting of the initials of the monarch's name and title, sometimes interwoven and often surmounted by a crown. Where such a cypher is used by an emperor or empress, it is called an "imperial cypher". In the system used by various Commonwealth realms, the title is abbreviated as "R" for "rex" or "regina" (Latin for "king" and "queen"). Previously, "I" stood for "imperator" or "imperatrix" (Latin words for "emperor" and "empress") of India. The cypher is displayed on some government buildings, impressed
A priori and a posteriori is metaphysical. The phrases ""a priori"" and ""a posteriori"" are Latin for "from what comes before" and "from what comes later" (or, less literally, "from first principles, before experience" and "after experience"). They appear in Latin translations of Euclid's "Elements", of about 300 , a work widely considered during the early European modern period as the model for precise thinking. An early philosophical use of what might be considered a notion of "a priori" knowledge (though not called by that name) is Plato's theory of recollection, related in the dialogue "Meno" (380 ), according to which something like "a priori"