Photovoltaic system in northern climes to 5.61 kWh/m²/day in the sunniest regions. For large systems, the energy gained by using tracking systems can outweigh the added complexity (trackers can increase efficiency by 30% or more). For very large systems, the added maintenance of tracking is a substantial detriment. Tracking is not required for flat panel and low-concentration photovoltaic systems. For high-concentration photovoltaic systems, dual axis tracking is a necessity. Pricing trends affect the balance between adding more stationary solar panels versus having fewer panels that track. When solar panel prices drop, trackers become a less attractive option. Systems designed to deliver alternating
Semisimple module if the Jacobson radical is zero. Every ring that is semisimple as a module over itself has zero Jacobson radical, but not every ring with zero Jacobson radical is semisimple as a module over itself. A J-semisimple ring is semisimple if and only if it is an artinian ring, so semisimple rings are often called "artinian semisimple rings" to avoid confusion. For example, the ring of integers, Z, is J-semisimple, but not artinian semisimple. Semisimple module In mathematics, especially in the area of abstract algebra known as module theory, a semisimple module or completely reducible module is a type of