Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association panel shipments in 2015. Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association Japan Photovoltaic Energy Association (JPEA) is the best-known body for solar photovoltaic energy companies in Japan. Founded on April 23, 1987, it has a number of objectives and activities, one of which is providing the JPEC certification for solar modules in the Japanese market. The association serves as a spokesperson for the photovoltaics energy industry in Japan. JPEA set a pathway for the photovoltaic industry in Japan to reach 100 GW by 2030, from roughly 30 GW in 2015. The group comprises multiple companies in the industry, and reported a 13% drop
Radical of a module dual analogues for soc("M"). Radical of a module In mathematics, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification. It is a generalization of the Jacobson radical for rings. In many ways, it is the dual notion to that of the socle soc("M") of "M". Let "R" be a ring and "M" a left "R"-module. A submodule "N" of "M" is called maximal or cosimple if the quotient "M"/"N" is a simple module. The radical of the module "M" is the intersection of all maximal submodules of "M", Equivalently,