Photovoltaic system and is typically less useful than a calculation of return on investment. While it is typically calculated to be between 10 and 20 years, the financial payback period can be far shorter with incentives. Due to the low voltage of an individual solar cell (typically ca. 0.5V), several cells are wired "(also see copper used in PV systems)" in series in the manufacture of a "laminate". The laminate is assembled into a protective weatherproof enclosure, thus making a photovoltaic module or solar panel. Modules may then be strung together into a photovoltaic array. In 2012, solar panels available for consumers
Localization of a module of flatness in algebraic geometry, saying in particular that the inclusion of the open set Spec("S""R") into Spec("R") (see spectrum of a ring) is a flat morphism. In terms of localization of modules, one can define quasi-coherent sheaves and coherent sheaves on locally ringed spaces. In algebraic geometry, the quasi-coherent "O"-modules for schemes "X" are those that are locally modelled on sheaves on Spec("R") of localizations of any "R"-module "M". A coherent "O"-module is such a sheaf, locally modelled on a finitely-presented module over "R". Any textbook on commutative algebra covers this topic, such as: Localization of a module In