National identification number "Teudat Zehut"), bearing an Identity Number, is issued to all residents over 16 years old who have legal temporary or permanent residence status, including non-citizens. Japan's national identification number system, known within the country as "My Number" (Japanese: マイナンバー), went into effect from 2016. The number consists of 12 digits, and one is assigned to each resident of Japan, including non-Japanese long-term residents with valid residency permits. In Kazakhstan there is a 12-digit Individual Identification Number for natural persons (abbreviated in , "ZhSN"; in , "IIN", with first six digits representing person's date of birth in the YYMMDD format) and
Temperature-responsive polymer in transmittance. The sharpness of the phase transition is related to the extent of phase separation but additionally relies on whether all present polymer chains exhibit the same cloud point. This depends on the polymer endgroups, dispersity, or—in the case of copolymers—varying copolymer compositions. Due to the low entropy of mixing, miscibility gaps are often observed for polymer solutions. Many polymers are known that show UCST or LCST behavior in organic solvents. Examples for organic polymer solutions with UCST are polystyrene in cyclohexane, polyethylene in diphenylether or polymethylmethacrylate in acetonitrile. An LCST is observed for, e.g., polypropylene in n-hexane, polystyrene