University of Portsmouth a £15,000 grant to work with elderly residents in the city. The university has four main media outlets. "The Galleon" the student newspaper, "Pugwash" the student magazine and is the oldest student media attached to the university, "Victory Studios" the student television station and Victory Radio the student radio station, which works alongside local radio stations including Express FM. Notable students of the University of Portsmouth and its predecessor institutions include University of Portsmouth The University of Portsmouth is a public university in the city of Portsmouth, Hampshire, England. The history of the university dates back to 1908, when the
Effective number of parties of parties equals the effective number of parties only when all parties have equal strength. In any other case, the effective number of parties is lower than the actual number of parties. The effective number of parties is a frequent operationalization for the fragmentation of a party system. There are two major alternatives to the effective number of parties-measure. John K. Wildgen's index of "hyperfractionalization" accords special weight to small parties. Juan Molinar's index gives special weight to the largest party. Dunleavy and Boucek provide a useful critique of the Molinar index. According to Laakso and Taagepera (1979) the "effective