Chutzpah renders others speechless and incredulous ... one cannot quite believe that another person totally lacks common human traits like remorse, regret, guilt, sympathy and insight. The implication is at least some degree of psychopathy in the subject, as well as the awestruck amazement of the observer at the display. The cognate of "chutzpah" in Classical Arabic, "" (), does not mean "impudence" or "cheekiness" or anything similar, but rather "sound judgment". Rabbi Harold M. Schulweis distinguishes the meaning of "chutzpah" as stubbornness and contrariness from what he calls a tradition of "spiritual audacity" or ""chutzpah klapei shmaya"": As an example,
Chutzpah Schulweis cites a case where Moses argues with God about the justice of His commands: Judge Alex Kozinski and Eugene Volokh in an article entitled "Lawsuit Shmawsuit", note the rise in use of Yiddish words in legal opinion. They note that "chutzpah" has been used 231 times in American legal opinions, 220 of those after 1980. "Chutzpah" first appeared in a Supreme Court decision in 1998, in National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley, when Justice Antonin Scalia used it to describe the NEA's brazenness in asking for government funding. In the movie Haider (2014) by Vishal Bharadwaj, a modern-day