Thermal conductivity common use in the construction and textile industries. The construction industry makes use of units such as the R-value (resistance) and the U-value (transmittance). Although related to the thermal conductivity of a material used in an insulation product, R- and U-values are dependent on the thickness of the product. Likewise the textile industry has several units including the tog and the clo which express thermal resistance of a material in a way analogous to the R-values used in the construction industry. There are a number of ways to measure thermal conductivity. Each of these is suitable for a limited range
Building and Construction Authority Building and Construction Authority The Building and Construction Authority (Abbreviation: BCA; ) is a statutory board under the Ministry of National Development of the Singapore Government. It was established on 1 April 1999 through the merger of the Construction Industry Development Board and the Building Control Division of the former Public Works Department. The primary role of BCA is to develop and regulate Singapore's building and construction industry. BCA ensures that buildings in Singapore are designed, constructed and maintained to high standards of safety through its building regulatory system. In October 2004, BCA issued a window retrofitting order, requiring aluminium