Ploughman's lunch way countries and people re-write their own history to suit the needs of the present". The title is a reference to the way the supposed traditional meal was apparently used as a way to get people to eat meals in pubs. Ploughman's lunch A ploughman's lunch (often abbreviated to just ploughman's) is an English cold meal which is based on bread, cheese, and onions, and usually accompanied by butter and some form of pickle. Additional items such as ham, green salad, hard boiled eggs and apple can be added. As its name suggests, a ploughman's lunch is most commonly eaten
No free lunch with vanishing risk If formula_6 is a semimartingale with values in formula_7 then "S" does not allow for a free lunch with vanishing risk if and only if there exists an equivalent martingale measure formula_8 such that "S" is a sigma-martingale under formula_8. No free lunch with vanishing risk No free lunch with vanishing risk (NFLVR) is a no-arbitrage argument. We have "free lunch with vanishing risk" if by utilizing a sequence of time self-financing portfolios which converge to an arbitrage strategy, we can approximate a self-financing portfolio (called the "free lunch with vanishing risk"). For a semimartingale "S", let formula_1 where a