Photovoltaic system and is typically less useful than a calculation of return on investment. While it is typically calculated to be between 10 and 20 years, the financial payback period can be far shorter with incentives. Due to the low voltage of an individual solar cell (typically ca. 0.5V), several cells are wired "(also see copper used in PV systems)" in series in the manufacture of a "laminate". The laminate is assembled into a protective weatherproof enclosure, thus making a photovoltaic module or solar panel. Modules may then be strung together into a photovoltaic array. In 2012, solar panels available for consumers
Radical of a module Radical of a module In mathematics, in the theory of modules, the radical of a module is a component in the theory of structure and classification. It is a generalization of the Jacobson radical for rings. In many ways, it is the dual notion to that of the socle soc("M") of "M". Let "R" be a ring and "M" a left "R"-module. A submodule "N" of "M" is called maximal or cosimple if the quotient "M"/"N" is a simple module. The radical of the module "M" is the intersection of all maximal submodules of "M", Equivalently, These definitions have direct