Arthroscopy elbow, wrist, ankle, foot, and hip. Knee arthroscopy, or arthroscopic knee surgery, is an ineffective surgery that uses arthroscopic surgical techniques. People who undergo this surgery for "wear and tear" joint pain, including osteoarthritis and meniscal tears, usually have high hopes for the results, but repeated scientific studies have show that they actually end up with results that are no better than if they had skipped all of the pain, disruption, and risks of the surgery and instead only did the many hours of required post-surgery physical therapy. It has, in many cases, replaced the classic open surgery (arthrotomy) that
Effect of spaceflight on the human body Effect of spaceflight on the human body Venturing into the environment of space can have negative effects on the human body. Significant adverse effects of long-term weightlessness include muscle atrophy and deterioration of the skeleton (spaceflight osteopenia). Other significant effects include a slowing of cardiovascular system functions, decreased production of red blood cells, balance disorders, eyesight disorders and a weakening of the immune system. Additional symptoms include fluid redistribution (causing the "moon-face" appearance typical in pictures of astronauts experiencing weightlessness), loss of body mass, nasal congestion, sleep disturbance, and excess flatulence. The engineering problems associated with leaving Earth and developing