Seismic retrofit Seismic retrofit Seismic retrofitting is the modification of existing structures to make them more resistant to seismic activity, ground motion, or soil failure due to earthquakes. With better understanding of seismic demand on structures and with our recent experiences with large earthquakes near urban centers, the need of seismic retrofitting is well acknowledged. Prior to the introduction of modern seismic codes in the late 1960s for developed countries (US, Japan etc.) and late 1970s for many other parts of the world (Turkey, China etc.), many structures were designed without adequate detailing and reinforcement for seismic protection. In view of the
Natural beech wood global climate changes can also have a profound effect on what kind of natural woodland can grow and survive in a specific area. European beech is usually more susceptible to climatic changes than soil-composition and the current global climate change are found to affect the geographical distribution of natural beech wood habitats. The term "Natural" is often confusingly used as a synonym for "Primeval". While primeval woodlands that still exists, are indeed natural, natural woodlands does not have to be primeval per se. Secondary or re-established woodlands can also be natural; it is just a matter of whether a given