Berliner Gramophone formulations remained the standard disc record material until the first vinyl records – initially made only for radio use and other special applications – were introduced in the 1930s. Beginning in 1896, Berliner's gramophones were made by Philadelphia-based machinist Eldridge Johnson, who added a spring motor to drive the previously hand-rotated turntable. Berliner also opened an office in New York City, staffed by Frank Seaman and O. D. LaDow and organized as the National Gramophone Company. Master recordings were made onto zinc plates, which were then electroplated and a negative-image "mother" made from them to stamp discs. A major reversal
The City Of London Phonograph and Gramophone Society London throughout its history, with meetings presently held at Conway Hall. By the mid 1960s, the interest in radios as a hobby had waned, and the group renamed themselves with their present name to reflect their interest in early recorded sound technology. One of the Society's patrons is Oliver Berliner, grandson of the recording pioneer Emile Berliner. Since 1963, the society has published its magazine, initially named "The Hillandale News" and now called "For the Record". These publications have been a significant vehicle for research on early recordings. The City Of London Phonograph and Gramophone Society The City Of London