National identification number "Teudat Zehut"), bearing an Identity Number, is issued to all residents over 16 years old who have legal temporary or permanent residence status, including non-citizens. Japan's national identification number system, known within the country as "My Number" (Japanese: マイナンバー), went into effect from 2016. The number consists of 12 digits, and one is assigned to each resident of Japan, including non-Japanese long-term residents with valid residency permits. In Kazakhstan there is a 12-digit Individual Identification Number for natural persons (abbreviated in , "ZhSN"; in , "IIN", with first six digits representing person's date of birth in the YYMMDD format) and
Nonlinear system identification methods, albeit asymptotically optimal, are computationally demanding and their use is limited to specific cases where the fundamental limitations of the employed particle filters can be avoided. An alternative solution is to apply the prediction error method using a sub-optimal predictor. The resulting estimator can be shown to be strongly consistent and asymptotically normal and can be evaluated using relatively simple algorithms. Nonlinear system identification System identification is a method of identifying or measuring the mathematical model of a system from measurements of the system inputs and outputs. The applications of system identification include any system where the inputs and