Islam migrants ("Muhajirun"), Muhammad in Medina established his political and religious authority. The Constitution of Medina was formulated, instituting a number of rights and responsibilities for the Muslim, Jewish, Christian and pagan communities of Medina, bringing them within the fold of one community—the Ummah. The Constitution established: All the tribes signed the agreement to defend Medina from all external threats and to live in harmony amongst themselves. Within a few years, two battles took place against the Meccan forces: first, the Battle of Badr in 624 – a Muslim victory, and then a year later, when the Meccans returned to Medina,
Operation Badr (1973) of further attempts to capture Hamutal Hill. By the end of the day Adan's division alone had lost around 100 tanks. Operation "Badr" was the opening battle of the Yom Kippur War in the Sinai, and the first major Arab victory against the Israelis in years. By repelling a division-sized counterattack on October 8, and establishing bridgeheads on the east bank to a depth of around 15 kilometers, the Egyptians had accomplished the objectives of Operation "Badr". At the start of the war, U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger believed that the better-equipped Israelis would secure victory within a few