Chutzpah interpretation of Hamlet set against the backdrop of Kashmir in the midst of political conflict, the protagonist uses the word chutzpah which they pronounce as /'tʃʊtspə/ instead of /ˈhʊtspə/ or /ˈxʊtspə/ to describe India's way of treating the people of Kashmir since the beginning of the conflict. This pronunciation sounds more like Indian slang. The Polish word "hucpa" (pronounced [ˈxut͜spa]) is also derived from this term, although its meaning is closer to "insolence" or "arrogance", and so it is typically used in a more negative sense instead of denoting a positive description of someone's audacity. Similarly, the German form of
Yiddish orthography (Niborski 2012). All other Yiddish words are represented with a phonemic orthography. Both forms can appear in a single word—for example, where a Yiddish affix is applied to a Hebrew stem. Yiddish pointing may also be applied to words that are otherwise written entirely with traditional orthography. In the early 20th century, for cultural and political reasons, efforts were initiated toward the development of a uniform Yiddish orthography. A specimen initial practice was described in detail by the Yiddish lexicographer Alexander Harkavy in a "Treatise on Yiddish Reading, Orthography, and Dialectal Variations" first published in 1898 together with his Yiddish-English