Soil clay loam that begins at 43% water by weight to a field capacity of 22% is six days, whereas a sand loam that is flooded to its maximum of 22% water will take two days to reach field capacity of 11% water. The available water for the clay loam might be 11% whereas for the sand loam it might be only 8% by weight. The above are average values for the soil textures as the percentages of sand, silt and clay vary. Water moves through soil due to the force of gravity, osmosis and capillarity. At zero to one-third bar
Granular material the partitions rather than spread evenly into both partitions as would happen in a conventional gas. This effect, known as the granular Maxwell's demon, does not violate any thermodynamics principles since energy is constantly being lost from the system in the process. Granular systems are known to exhibit jamming and undergo a jamming transition which is thought of as a thermodynamic phase transition to a jammed state. The Lubachevsky-Stillinger algorithm of jamming allows one to produce simulated jammed granular configurations. Excited granular matter is a rich pattern-forming system. Some of the pattern-forming behaviours seen in granular materials are: Some of