Chutzpah renders others speechless and incredulous ... one cannot quite believe that another person totally lacks common human traits like remorse, regret, guilt, sympathy and insight. The implication is at least some degree of psychopathy in the subject, as well as the awestruck amazement of the observer at the display. The cognate of "chutzpah" in Classical Arabic, "" (), does not mean "impudence" or "cheekiness" or anything similar, but rather "sound judgment". Rabbi Harold M. Schulweis distinguishes the meaning of "chutzpah" as stubbornness and contrariness from what he calls a tradition of "spiritual audacity" or ""chutzpah klapei shmaya"": As an example,
Yiddish dialects the period of reforms [i.e. the movements toward Jewish emancipation] following the Enlightenment." Western Yiddish is no longer spoken natively. Eastern Yiddish is split into Northern and Southern dialects. Northeastern Yiddish, also known as "Litvish" or "Lithuanian Yiddish", was spoken in modern-day Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, and portions of northeastern Poland, northern and eastern Ukraine, and western Russia. The Southern dialects are again subdivided: "Mideastern" or "Polish Yiddish" was spoken in Poland, western Galicia and much of Hungary, while "Southeastern" or "Ukrainian Yiddish" was spoken in Volhynia, Podolia, and Bessarabia (Romania). Ukrainian Yiddish was the basis for standard theater Yiddish, while