Keyboard layout 10 includes its own implementation of a mnemonic QWERTY-based input method for Russian, which does not fully rely on assigning a key to every Russian letter, but uses the sh, sc, ch, ya (ja), yu (ju), ye (je), yo (jo) combinations to input ш, щ, ч, я, ю, э, and ё respectively. Virtual (on-screen) Russian keyboards allow entering Cyrillic directly in a browser without activating the system layout. This virtual keyboard offers YaZhERT (яжерт) variant. Another virtual keyboard supports both traditional ("MS Windows" and Typewriter) and some phonetic keyboard layouts, including AATSEEL "Student", Mac OS X Phonetic Russian layout and
QWERTY studies administered by Dvorak himself before and after World War II. Economists Stan Liebowitz and Stephen Margolis have noted that rigorous studies are inconclusive as to whether they actually offer any real benefits, and some studies on keyboard layout have suggested that, for a skilled typist, layout is largely irrelevant – even randomized and alphabetical keyboards allow for similar typing speeds to QWERTY and Dvorak keyboards, and that switching costs always outweigh the benefits of further training on whichever keyboard you already use. The most widely used such alternative is the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard; another alternative is Colemak, which is