Bibi-binary express any number, it suffices to enumerate the (hexadecimal) digits that make it up. For example: the number written as "2000" in base ten, which translates to "7D0" in conventionally-written hexadecimal, would in Bibi-binary be spoken aloud as "BIDAHO". Contrary to the numeric conventions used in modern computers, the bibi-binary system represents negative numbers using one's complement, rather than two's complement. Thus: and their sum is written as "1 1111" (one of two representations of zero in this system; zero can also be written as "0 0000"). On modern machines, in classic binary notation, −7 would be written 1 1001,
Binary number as by Bells, by Trumpets, by Lights and Torches, by the report of Muskets, and any instruments of like nature". (See Bacon's cipher.) John Napier in 1617 described a system he called location arithmetic for doing binary calculations using a non-positional representation by letters. Thomas Harriot investigated several positional numbering systems, including binary, but did not publish his results; they were found later among his papers. Possibly the first publication of the system in Europe was by Juan Caramuel y Lobkowitz, in 1700. Leibniz studied binary numbering in 1679; his work appears in his article "Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire" (published