Acid throwing and readily available in many instances. For example, often acid throwers can purchase a liter of concentrated sulfuric acid at motorbike mechanic shops for about 40 U.S. cents. Nitric acid costs around $1.50 per liter and is available for purchase at gold or jewelry shops, as polishers generally use it to purify gold and metals. Hydrochloric acid is also used for polishing jewelry, as well as for making soy sauce, cosmetics, and traditional medicine/amphetamine drugs. Due to such ease of access, many organizations call for a stricter regulation on the acid economy. Specific actions include required licenses for all acid
Malic acid the racemic mixture, and the (S)- enantiomer may be specifically obtained by fermentation of fumaric acid. Self-condensation of malic acid with fuming sulfuric acid gives the pyrone coumalic acid: Malic acid was important in the discovery of the Walden inversion and the Walden cycle, in which (−)-malic acid first is converted into (+)-chlorosuccinic acid by action of phosphorus pentachloride. Wet silver oxide then converts the chlorine compound to (+)-malic acid, which then reacts with PCl to the (−)-chlorosuccinic acid. The cycle is completed when silver oxide takes this compound back to (−)-malic acid. Malic acid Malic acid is an organic