Pneumatic actuator Pneumatic actuator A pneumatic control valve actuator converts energy (typically in the form of compressed air) into mechanical motion. The motion can be rotary or linear, depending on the type of actuator. A Pneumatic actuator mainly consists of a piston or a diaphragm which develops the motive power. It keeps the air in the upper portion of the cylinder, allowing air pressure to force the diaphragm or piston to move the valve stem or rotate the valve control element. Valves require little pressure to operate and usually double or "triple" the input force. The larger the size of the piston,
Potential energy of protein apart. The potential energy contribution of this interaction is defined over S, set of atoms with van der Waals interaction, as: E = Σ ε [ (σ/r) - 2(σ/r)] where: r distance between atoms σ distance at Van der Waals energy is minimum Potential energy of protein Internal potential energy of a molecule in molecular mechanics is described by a system of functions known as forced field. The potential energy usually includes several terms: E = E+ E+ E + E +E When two atoms are connected by a chemical bond, they tend to maintain a fixed distance. The fixed