Olympic medal Altius, Fortius" features on four Winter Games medals but does not appear on any Summer Games medal. For three events in a row, hosts of the Winter Games included different materials in the medals: glass (1992), sparagmite (1994), and lacquer (1998). It was not until the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, China that a Summer Olympic host chose to use something different, in this case jade. While every Summer Olympic medal except for the 1900 Games has been circular, the shapes of the Winter Games have been considerably more varied. The Winter Games medals are also generally larger, thicker, and
Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas was adopted by the Church in the 14th century: "Many synods ordered the use of this cap [the "pileus" or skull cap] as a substitute for the hood, and in one instance the synod of Bergamo, 1311, ordered the clergy to wear the "'bireta" on their heads after the manner of laymen'." Herbert Norris, "Church Vestments: Their Origin and Development", 1950, 161). The Olympic motto "Citius, Altius, Fortius" (Faster, Higher, Stronger) was coined by Henri Didon for a Paris youth gathering in 1891, and later proposed as the official Olympic motto by his friend Pierre de Coubertin in 1894 and