Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collectors, also known as hybrid PV/T (PVT) or solar cogeneration systems, are power generation technologies that convert solar radiation into usable thermal and electrical energy. Such systems combine a solar cell, which converts sunlight into electricity, with a solar thermal collector, which captures the remaining energy and removes waste heat from the PV module. These technologies can be more energy efficient overall than solar photovoltaic (PV) or solar thermal alone. Significant research has gone into developing a diverse range of PV/T technologies since the 1970s.. While many collector types have been
Localization of a module of flatness in algebraic geometry, saying in particular that the inclusion of the open set Spec("S""R") into Spec("R") (see spectrum of a ring) is a flat morphism. In terms of localization of modules, one can define quasi-coherent sheaves and coherent sheaves on locally ringed spaces. In algebraic geometry, the quasi-coherent "O"-modules for schemes "X" are those that are locally modelled on sheaves on Spec("R") of localizations of any "R"-module "M". A coherent "O"-module is such a sheaf, locally modelled on a finitely-presented module over "R". Any textbook on commutative algebra covers this topic, such as: Localization of a module In