R-value (insulation) as ASHRAE 90.1 and the IECC prescribe U-values. However, R-value is widely used in practice to describe the thermal resistance of insulation products, layers, and most other parts of the building enclosure (walls, floors, roofs). Other areas of the world more commonly use U-value/U-factor for elements of the entire building enclosure including windows, doors, walls, roof, and ground slabs. The SI (metric) unit of R-value is whereas the I-P (inch-pound) unit is For R-values there is no difference between US customary units and imperial units, so the same I-P unit is used in both. Some sources use ″RSI″ when referring
Construction industry of Japan non-housing structures (see table 19, Appendix). After employment peaking at 9.9% in 2003, the construction industry in Japan has entered a long, steady decline with workers share dropping to 7.0% by 2017. This decline is attributed to gradually slumping demand for the new houses. Japanese construction worker productivity have surpassed US productivity in 2006, but as in 2017, productivity of 0.24 houses/worker*year is still below peak value of 0.32 houses/worker*year in 1992. This downward trend (although less pronounced than in the US) is mostly attributed to the increasing median age of the construction workers. The productivity on concrete-making industry remains