Nasal spray efficient way of transporting drugs with potential use in crossing the blood–brain barrier. Antihistamines work by competing for receptor sites to block the function of histamine, thereby reducing the inflammatory effect. Antihistamine nasal sprays include: Corticosteroid nasal sprays can be used to relieve the symptoms of sinusitis, hay fever, allergic rhinitis and non-allergic (perennial) rhinitis. They can reduce inflammation and histamine production in the nasal passages, and have been shown to relieve nasal congestion, runny nose, itchy nose and sneezing. Side effects may include headaches, nausea and nose bleeds. Corticosteroid nasal sprays include: Influenza vaccine is available in the form
Nasal reconstruction using a paramedian forehead flap forehead flap is usually required if the nasal defect is larger than 1.5 cm, requires replacement of support or lining, or if it is located within the infratip or columella. If the defect is small and superficial it can be resurfaced with a skin graf or it can heal by secondary intention. Limited alar defects can be resurfaced using a nasolabial flap, however, the amount of tissue available from the nasolabial area is limited and the flap is thicker, less vascular, and hair bearing in males. Nasal defects mostly result from excision of (malignant) skin tumours as basal cell carcinoma,