Chutzpah renders others speechless and incredulous ... one cannot quite believe that another person totally lacks common human traits like remorse, regret, guilt, sympathy and insight. The implication is at least some degree of psychopathy in the subject, as well as the awestruck amazement of the observer at the display. The cognate of "chutzpah" in Classical Arabic, "" (), does not mean "impudence" or "cheekiness" or anything similar, but rather "sound judgment". Rabbi Harold M. Schulweis distinguishes the meaning of "chutzpah" as stubbornness and contrariness from what he calls a tradition of "spiritual audacity" or ""chutzpah klapei shmaya"": As an example,
Yiddish the Sephardic counterpart to Yiddish, Judaeo-Spanish or "Ladino", is printed in Hebrew script.) The Western Yiddish dialect—sometimes pejoratively labeled "Mauscheldeutsch", i. e. "Moses German"—declined in the 18th century, as the Age of Enlightenment and the "Haskalah" led to a view of Yiddish as a corrupt dialect. A "Maskil" (from the same root word as "Haskalah") would write about and promote acclimatization to the outside world. Jewish children began attending secular schools where the primary language spoken and taught was German, not Yiddish. Owing to both assimilation to German and the revival of Hebrew, Western Yiddish survived only as a language