Bhakti movement in henotheistic context where the individual is encouraged to discover his own definition and sense of God. The "Bhagavad Gita", a post-Vedic scripture composed in 5th to 2nd century BCE, introduces "bhakti marga" (the path of faith/devotion) as one of three ways to spiritual freedom and release, the other two being "karma marga" (the path of works) and "jnana marga" (the path of knowledge). In verses 6.31 through 6.47 of the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna as an avatar of deity Vishnu, describes "bhakti yoga" and loving devotion, as one of the several paths to the highest spiritual attainments. Shandilya and Narada
Kirtan Hindu scriptures such as the "Bhagavad-gita" where Krishna describes multiple paths to spiritual freedom, including karma marga (way of works), jnana marga (way of knowledge) and bhakti marga (way of loving devotion to god). "Kirtan" relates to the bhakti marga tradition of Hinduism. References to "Kirtan" as a musical recitation are also found in the Bhagavata Purana, an important Vaishnava text. Kirtan is often practiced as a kind of theatrical folk song with call-and-response chanting or antiphon. The ancient sage Narada revered as a musical genius, is called a "kirtankar" (singer of kirtan) in the Padma Purana. The famous story