Wilbur Scoville was first published in 1895 and has gone through at least 8 editions. The book was used as a pharmacological reference up until the 1960s. Scoville also wrote "Extracts and Perfumes", which contained hundreds of formulations. For a time he was a professor at the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences. In 1912, he devised the test and scale known as the "Scoville Organoleptic Test" while working at the Parke-Davis pharmaceutical company. It measured piquancy, or "spiciness", of various chili peppers. It is now standardized as the Scoville scale. In 1922, Scoville won the Ebert prize from the American
Scale of temperature and has simple relation with microscopic quantities like the average kinetic energy of particles (see equipartition theorem). In experiments ITS-90 is used to approximate thermodynamic scale due to simpler realization. Lord Kelvin devised the thermodynamic scale based on the efficiency of heat engines as shown below: The efficiency of an engine is the work divided by the heat introduced to the system or where w is the work done per cycle. Thus, the efficiency depends only on q/q. Because of Carnot theorem, any reversible heat engine operating between temperatures "T" and "T" must have the same efficiency, meaning, the efficiency