History of economic thought its critics. Socialism emerged in response to the miserable living and working conditions of the working class in the new industrial era, and the classical economics from which it sprang. The economic and political theory published in "The Communist Manifesto" (1848) and "Das Kapital" (1867) combined with the dialectic theory of history inspired by Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) to provide a revolutionary critique of nineteenth-century capitalism. In 1845 German radical Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) published "The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844", describing workers in Manchester as "the most unconcealed pinnacle of social misery in our day." After Marx
Urban planning in communist countries Urban planning in communist countries Urban planning in the Soviet Bloc countries during the Cold War era was dictated by ideological, political, social as well as economic motives. Unlike the urban development in the Western countries, Soviet-style planning often called for the complete redesigning of cities. This thinking was reflected in the urban design of all communist countries extending as far as China and North Korea. Most socialist systems exercised a form of centrally controlled development and simplified methods of construction outlined in the Soviet guidelines already at the end of the Stalinist period. The communist planning resulted in the