Meissen porcelain further precaution, very few workers knew the special secret ("arcanum") of how to make porcelain, and then perhaps only part of the process. Thus, for a few years, Meissen retained its monopoly on the production of hard-paste porcelain in Europe. By 1717, however, a competing production was set up at Vienna, as Samuel Stöltzel sold the secret recipe, which involved the use of kaolin, also known as china clay. By 1760 about thirty porcelain manufacturers were operating in Europe, most of them, however, producing frit based soft-paste porcelain. In order to identify the original Meissen products, Meissen developed markings that
Sainte-Famille, Quebec Sainte-Famille, Quebec Sainte-Famille is a parish municipality in the L'Île-d'Orléans Regional County Municipality, Quebec, Canada, part of the administrative region of Capitale-Nationale. It is situated along the western shores of Orléans Island. Founded in 1661, Sainte-Famille is the oldest settlement on the île d'Orléans and has one of the most important concentrations of houses of the old French regime. In 1661, the first parish on Orleans Island was formed, known until 1679 as "Paroisse de l'Île". The parish municipality was first established in 1845 as La Sainte-Famille, abolished in 1847, and reestablished in 1855. It is unclear when the article