History of the Jews in Apulia "Yisrael Nosha" which is included in the Neilah service on the Day of Atonement in the Ashkenazi liturgy. Amittai in Oria, and Silano in Venosa were also well-known poets. Torah scholars are mentioned from the middle of the tenth century in Bari, Oria, and Otranto. The Josippon chronicle, composed sometime in the mid-tenth century, is a product of the southern Italian Jewish/Hebrew culture. The south Italian Jewry contributed to the early Ashkenazi culture in central Europe. The Jews of France and Germany recognized the scholarship of the Apulian center as late as the 12th century. This is acknowledged in a
Substitutionary atonement Substitutionary atonement Substitutionary atonement is the name given to a number of Christian models of the atonement that regard Jesus as dying as a substitute for others, 'instead of' them. It is arguably expressed in the Bible in passages such as "He himself bore our sins in his body on the tree, that we might die to sin and live to righteousness", and "For Christ also died for sins once for all, the righteous for the unrighteous, that he might bring us to God." (although other ways of reading passages like this are also offered). There is also a less