Hierarchy of the Catholic Church distinct from the general apostolate or ministry of the laity described above. The consultative leadership of the church, in both the diocese and the parish, usually comprises a Pastoral Council and a Finance Council, as well as several Commissions usually focusing on major aspects of the church's life and mission, such as Faith Formation or Christian Education, Liturgy, Social Justice, Ecumenism, or Stewardship. Religious—who can be either lay people or clergy—are members of religious institutes, societies in which the members take public vows and live a fraternal life in common. This is a form of consecrated life distinct from other
Persecutions of the Catholic Church and Pius XII houses in the Ukraine were confiscated and their inhabitants either jailed or sent home. All religious houses were confiscated and closed in Lithuania as well. In Albania, all religious orders were forcibly closed. In Bulgaria and Czechoslovakia, all monasteries and religious institutes were erased after 1950. In Hungary, 10,000 members of religious orders were ordered to leave their residences within three months. Some 300 were permitted to remain. The Hungarian hierarchy entered an agreement with the authorities, which permitted the reopening of eight Catholic schools In Yugoslavia, all orders were closed after the war and properties confiscated. In Bosnia, numerous