Papal cross Papal cross The papal cross is a Christian cross, which serves as an emblem for the office of the Pope in ecclesiastical heraldry. It is depicted as a staff with three horizontal bars near the top, in diminishing order of length as the top is approached. The cross is thus analogous to the two-barred archiepiscopal cross used in heraldry to indicate an archbishop, and seems to have been used precisely to indicate an ecclesiastical rank still higher than that of archbishop. In the past, this design of the cross was often used in ecclesiastical heraldry as a distinctive mark of
Horizontal escalation it meant they were now capable of making conventional defense mechanisms in the West. Horizontal escalation could also be used to essentially fix the Soviet forces at a specific location to prevent them from placing reinforcements at the desired location of attack. However, horizontal escalation will only turn out well, if there is a respectable enough bargaining chip like that of the Persian Gulf oil; essentially how valuable is the territory/object to your opponent? However, it was not the United States Navy that dictated where the Soviet Union positioned its forces. It was primarily Chinas forces that dictated where the