Volva (mycology) Volva (mycology) In mycology, a volva is a cup-like structure at the base of a mushroom that is a remnant of the universal veil, or the remains of the peridium that encloses the immature fruit bodies of gasteroid fungi. This macrofeature is important in wild mushroom identification because it is an easily observed, taxonomically significant feature that frequently signifies a member of Amanitaceae. This has particular importance due to the disproportionately high number of deadly poisonous species contained within that family. A mushroom's volva is often partially or completely buried in the ground, and therefore care must be taken to
Philosophy of biology macromolecules to the study of co-operation in social systems. By clarifying and restricting the use of the term to describe and explain systems controlled strictly scientifically by genetic programmes, or other physical systems, teleological questions can be framed and investigated while remaining committed to the physical nature of all underlying organic processes. Similar attention has been given to the concepts of "natural selection" (what is the target of natural selection? - the individual? the environment? the genome? the species?); "adaptation; diversity and classification; species and speciation"; and "macroevolution". Just as biology has developed as an autonomous discipline in full conversation