How Many Licks? remaining on the chart for 20 weeks. "How Many Licks?" also charted in several other countries. It peaked at number six on the Dutch Top 40 chart, and remained on the chart for 13 weeks. The single reached number seven on the Ultratop chart in the Flanders region of Belgium, also remaining on that chart for 13 weeks. It further peaked at number 58 on the German Singles Chart, remaining for eight editions. The song's music video, directed by Francis Lawrence, was shot in the Sylmar, Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Angeles on October 3 and 4, 2000, and premiered
Plant–fungus horizontal gene transfer ancient, they have been difficult to detect and remain relatively unknown. Plant–fungus interactions could play a part in a multi-horizontal gene transfer pathway among many other organisms. Fungus–plant-mediated horizontal gene transfer can occur via phagotrophic mechanisms (mediated by phagotrophic eukaryotes) and nonphagotropic mechanisms. Nonphagotrophic mechanisms have been seen in the transmission of transposable elements, plastid-derived endosymbiotic gene transfer, prokaryote-derived gene transfer, "Agrobacterium tumefaciens"-mediated DNA transfer, cross-species hybridization events, and gene transfer between mitochondrial genes. Horizontal gene transfer could bypass eukaryotic barrier features like linear chromatin-based chromosomes, intron–exon gene structures, and the nuclear envelope. Horizontal gene transfer occurs between microorganisms sharing