Porcelain single operation. In this process, "green" (unfired) ceramic wares are heated to high temperatures in a kiln to permanently set their shapes. Porcelain is fired at a higher temperature than earthenware so that the body can vitrify and become non-porous. Porcelain originated in China, and it took a long time to reach the modern material. Until recent times, almost all East Asian porcelain was of the hard-paste type. There is no precise date to separate the production of proto-porcelain from that of porcelain. Although proto-porcelain wares exist dating from the Shang dynasty (1600–1046 BC), by the time of the Eastern
Travail, famille, patrie Travail, famille, patrie Travail, famille, patrie (; "") was the tripartite motto of the French State (usually known as Vichy France) during World War II. It replaced the republican motto, "Liberté, égalité, fraternité" of the Third French Republic. The Law of 10 July 1940 gave Marshal Pétain full powers to draw up a constitution before being submitted to the Nation and guaranteeing "the rights of Work, of the Family and of the Homeland ("la Patrie")". That constitution was never promulgated. In the "Revue des deux Mondes" ("Two Worlds Magazine") of 15 September 1940, Marshal Pétain wrote this repudiation of the