Karma yoga 11.20 of the "Bhagavata Purana" states that there are only three means to spiritual liberation: "jnana yoga" (knowledge), "karma yoga" (action) and "bhakti yoga" (devotion). Those who are of philosophical bent, prefer the "knowledge path". Those who are inclined to productive application of arts, skills and knowledge, prefer the "karma path". Those who prefer emotional connection, prefer the "devotional path". These three paths overlap, with different relative emphasis. Discussions on Karma yoga are also found in chapter 33 of "Narada Purana". Later, new movements within Hinduism added raja yoga as the fourth spiritual path, but this is not universally accepted
Bhakti of praise to the Tirthankaras" as the second Obligatory Action. It explains this "bhakti" as one of the means to destroy negative karma. According to Paul Dundas, such textual references to devotional activity suggests that "bhakti" was a necessary part of Jainism from an early period. According to Jeffery Long, along with its strong focus on ethics and ascetic practices, the religiosity in Jainism has had a strong tradition of "bhakti" or devotion just like their Hindu neighbors. The Jain community built ornate temples and prided in public devotion for its fordmakers, saints and teachers. "Abhisekha", festival prayers, community recitals