Surname law matronym from the name of a parent or parent-in-law; these possibilities are not necessarily open to native Icelanders. Reza Shah Pahlavi ordered Iranians to adopt Western style surnames in place of old Islamic names and titles during his reign. A law in Japan dating from 1896 requires a married couple to have a common surname. Most commonly it was the wife who took her husband's name. In 2011, this law was challenged as unconstitutional on gender equality grounds, but the Supreme Court of Japan upheld the law in 2015. Prussia tasked the implementation of surnames to E. T. A. Hoffmann.
Portuguese name Portuguese name A Portuguese name is typically composed of one or two given names, and a number of family names (rarely one, but often two or three, seldom more). The first additional names are usually the mother's family surname(s) and the father's family surname(s). For practicality, usually only the last surname (excluding prepositions) is used in formal greetings. The Portuguese naming system is quite flexible. Portuguese law establishes the need for a child to have at least one given name and one last name (surname) from one of the parents. The law also establishes the maximum number of names allowed: