Jnana yoga Yoga to attain moksha. It consists of fourfold attitudes, or behavioral qualifications: "Jnanayoga" for Advaitins consists of three practices: "sravana" (hearing), "manana" (thinking) and "nididhyasana" (meditation). This three-step methodology is rooted in the teachings of chapter 4 of the "Brihadaranyaka Upanishad": These practices, with the help of a guru are believed to lead to correct knowledge, which destroys "avidya", psychological and perceptual errors related to Atman and Brahman. Both the theistic and monistic streams of Shaivism include "jnana yoga" ideas, along with those related to "karma yoga", and in the case of Saiva Siddhanta ideas related to "bhakti yoga". The
Bhakti movement concept of the Ultimate Reality as formless, without attributes or quality. "Saguna" Brahman, in contrast, was envisioned and developed as with form, attributes and quality. The two had parallels in the ancient pantheistic unmanifest and theistic manifest traditions, respectively, and traceable to Arjuna-Krishna dialogue in the Bhagavad Gita. It is the same Brahman, but viewed from two perspectives, one from "Nirguni" knowledge-focus and other from "Saguni" love-focus, united as Krishna in the Gita. "Nirguna" bhakta's poetry were "Jnana-shrayi", or had roots in knowledge. "Saguna" bhakta's poetry were "Prema-shrayi", or with roots in love. In Bhakti, the emphasis is reciprocal love