Hatha yoga of self purification), 15 asana (postures: seated, laying down, and non-seated), pranayama (breathing) and kumbhaka (breath retention), mudras (internalized energetic practices), meditation, chakras (centers of energy), kundalini, nadanusandhana (concentration on inner sound), and other topics. "Hatha Yoga Pradipika" is the best known and most widely used Hatha yoga text. It consists of 389 "shlokas" (verses) in four chapters: Post-Hathapradipika texts on Hatha yoga include: Historically, Hatha yoga has been a broad movement across the Indian traditions, openly available to anyone. According to Mallinson, the Hatha yoga represented a trend towards the democratization of yoga insights and religion similar to the
Bhakti has been a common form of religious activity in world religions throughout human history. It is found in Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Judaism. Bhakti (called "bhatti" in Pali language) has been a common aspect of Buddhism, where offerings and group prayers are made to images such the images of the Buddha and the "Bodhisattvas", or to deities such as wrathful deities. Karel Werner notes that Bhakti has been a significant practice in Theravada Buddhism, and states, "there can be no doubt that deep devotion or "bhakti / bhatti" does exist in Buddhism and that it had its beginnings in the