History of economic thought its critics. Socialism emerged in response to the miserable living and working conditions of the working class in the new industrial era, and the classical economics from which it sprang. The economic and political theory published in "The Communist Manifesto" (1848) and "Das Kapital" (1867) combined with the dialectic theory of history inspired by Friedrich Hegel (1770–1831) to provide a revolutionary critique of nineteenth-century capitalism. In 1845 German radical Friedrich Engels (1820–1895) published "The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844", describing workers in Manchester as "the most unconcealed pinnacle of social misery in our day." After Marx
Edgware, Highgate and London Railway to make use of its route (see below). By the 1900s the whole line was under pressure from overcrowding. The populations of areas along the line, particularly at Hornsey, Highgate, Muswell Hill, and Finchley, had increased considerably with the rapid Victorian expansion of London, but the GNR service had not been expanded to cope. The line was also congested with goods traffic, mostly coal and building materials. By 1903 the morning trains from Barnet were full by the time they arrived at East Finchley. As the doors of the compartments in the carriages were in those days locked with aid