Bhakti yoga with the Divine (the universal Being) and all creatures, a constant delight". Bhakti yoga is one of three "yoga" taught in "Bhagavad Gita". "Bhakti yoga" is, according to Peter Bishop, a devotee's loving devotion to a personal god as the path for spirituality. The other two paths are "jnana yoga", the path of wisdom where the individual pursues knowledge and introspective self-understanding as spiritual practice, while "karma yoga" is path of virtuous action (karma) neither expecting a reward nor consequences for doing the right thing, or "nishkama karma". Later, new movements within Hinduism added raja yoga as the fourth spiritual
Kirtan Hindu scriptures such as the "Bhagavad-gita" where Krishna describes multiple paths to spiritual freedom, including karma marga (way of works), jnana marga (way of knowledge) and bhakti marga (way of loving devotion to god). "Kirtan" relates to the bhakti marga tradition of Hinduism. References to "Kirtan" as a musical recitation are also found in the Bhagavata Purana, an important Vaishnava text. Kirtan is often practiced as a kind of theatrical folk song with call-and-response chanting or antiphon. The ancient sage Narada revered as a musical genius, is called a "kirtankar" (singer of kirtan) in the Padma Purana. The famous story