Meissen porcelain further precaution, very few workers knew the special secret ("arcanum") of how to make porcelain, and then perhaps only part of the process. Thus, for a few years, Meissen retained its monopoly on the production of hard-paste porcelain in Europe. By 1717, however, a competing production was set up at Vienna, as Samuel Stöltzel sold the secret recipe, which involved the use of kaolin, also known as china clay. By 1760 about thirty porcelain manufacturers were operating in Europe, most of them, however, producing frit based soft-paste porcelain. In order to identify the original Meissen products, Meissen developed markings that
Porcelain trade in Qing China private kilns. Once again the porcelain trade was thriving, and helped to boost the economy of the early Qing empire. There is a difference in the way the Qing porcelain was created and why it was thriving in the trading atmosphere. The Ming, prior to the overthrowing by the Qing, were using two color glazes for their porcelain. The two color porcelain was something that many connoisseurs from Europe sought after, but at one point were done buying. Once the Qing came into power and began to change the artistic aspect of the porcelain there were experiments and techniques to