Meissen porcelain further precaution, very few workers knew the special secret ("arcanum") of how to make porcelain, and then perhaps only part of the process. Thus, for a few years, Meissen retained its monopoly on the production of hard-paste porcelain in Europe. By 1717, however, a competing production was set up at Vienna, as Samuel Stöltzel sold the secret recipe, which involved the use of kaolin, also known as china clay. By 1760 about thirty porcelain manufacturers were operating in Europe, most of them, however, producing frit based soft-paste porcelain. In order to identify the original Meissen products, Meissen developed markings that
Porcelain trade in Qing China use five colors. Furthermore, the Qing focused on different artistic elements when producing their porcelain, like the use of color and putting porcelain at a higher temperature to get a glossier coat. Also, many of the private kilns were trusting their own potters to create freely, a creative freedom that would help to further the creative porcelain pieces. A more creative porcelain piece would bring more profit and boost to the Qing economy. There was a researching of what techniques were better in the production of these porcelain goods, and this would help to further the marketing aspect of business