Cybernetics Cybernetics Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems—their structures, constraints, and possibilities. Norbert Wiener defined cybernetics in 1948 as "the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine." In the 21st century, the term is often used in a rather loose way to imply "control of any system using technology." In other words, it is the scientific study of how humans, animals and machines control and communicate with each other. Cybernetics is applicable when a system being analyzed incorporates a closed signaling loop—originally referred to as a "circular causal" relationship—that is, where action by
Paley–Wiener integral Paley–Wiener integral In mathematics, the Paley–Wiener integral is a simple stochastic integral. When applied to classical Wiener space, it is less general than the Itō integral, but the two agree when they are both defined. The integral is named after its discoverers, Raymond Paley and Norbert Wiener. Let "i" : "H" → "E" be an abstract Wiener space with abstract Wiener measure "γ" on "E". Let "j" : "E" → "H" be the adjoint of "i". (We have abused notation slightly: strictly speaking, "j" : "E" → "H", but since "H" is a Hilbert space, it is isometrically isomorphic to