Lycopene the structure of the molecule was determined by 1931. In its natural, all-"trans" form, the molecule is long and straight, constrained by its system of 11 conjugated double bonds. Each extension in this conjugated system reduces the energy required for electrons to transition to higher energy states, allowing the molecule to absorb visible light of progressively longer wavelengths. Lycopene absorbs all but the longest wavelengths of visible light, so it appears red. Plants and photosynthetic bacteria naturally produce all-"trans" lycopene. When exposed to light or heat, lycopene can undergo isomerization to any of a number of "cis"-isomers, which have a
Cockatiel colour genetics essentially gone. It is only covered up by more grey pigment. There are a tremendous number of colour varieties (combined mutations), including ADMpied Cinnamon, genuine albino, Opaline Cinnamon, Creamino, White-faced Cinnamon, White-faced Opaline. The genuine albino cockatiel is the exact genetic equivalent of any other albino mutation in other parrot species such as the budgerigar, the celestial a.k.a. Pacific parrotlet, the Indian-ringnecked subspecies of rose-ringed parakeet, the splendid a.k.a. scarlet-chested parrot and the white-eye-ringed lovebird species. Throughout all parrot and parakeet species, the genuine albino mutation is always produced by the visual combination of the genuine blue mutation, otherwise known