Protocol relating to the status of refugees (1967) Protocol relating to the status of refugees (1967) The protocol relating to the status of refugees of 1967 broadens the definition of the Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of 1951. The main point of the protocol was to "grant all refugees the same status irrespective of the effective date of the 1st of January 1951." The protocol was completed on the 31st of January 1967 in New York City. Switzerland ratified the protocol on the 20th of May 1968. Germany ratified it on the 5th of November, 1969, and Austria ratified it on the 5th of September 1973.
Ti-sapphire laser Ti-sapphire laser Ti:sapphire lasers (also known as Ti:AlO lasers, titanium-sapphire lasers, or Ti:sapphs) are tunable lasers which emit red and near-infrared light in the range from 650 to 1100 nanometers. These lasers are mainly used in scientific research because of their tunability and their ability to generate ultrashort pulses. Lasers based on Ti:sapphire were first constructed and invented in June 1982 by Peter Moulton at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory. Titanium-sapphire refers to the lasing medium, a crystal of sapphire (AlO) that is doped with titanium ions. A Ti:sapphire laser is usually pumped with another laser with a wavelength of 514