Norbert Wiener the amount of noise present in a signal by comparison with an estimate of the desired noiseless signal. Wiener developed the filter at the Radiation Laboratory at MIT to predict the position of German bombers from radar reflections. It is necessary to predict the future, because by the time the shell reaches the vicinity of the target, the target has moved, and maybe has changed direction slightly. They even modeled the muscle response of the pilot, which led eventually to cybernetics. The unmanned V1's were particularly easy to model, and on a good day, American guns fitted with Wiener filters
Giovanni Forni (mathematician) American Mathematical Society. Giovanni Forni (mathematician) Giovanni Forni is an Italian mathematician at the University of Maryland known for his research in dynamical systems. After graduating from the University of Bologna in 1989, he obtained his PhD in 1993 from Princeton University, under the supervision of John Mather. He was an invited speaker at the 2002 International Congress of Mathematicians in Beijing. For his work on solutions of cohomological equations for flows on surfaces, and on the Kontsevich–Zorich conjecture concerning deviation of ergodic averages, he was awarded the 2008 Michael Brin Prize in Dynamical Systems. In 2012, he became a