History of computer science probability theory to the problem of how to best encode the information a sender wants to transmit. This work is one of the theoretical foundations for many areas of study, including data compression and cryptography . From experiments with anti-aircraft systems that interpreted radar images to detect enemy planes, Norbert Wiener coined the term cybernetics from the Greek word for "steersman." He published "Cybernetics" in 1948, which influenced artificial intelligence. Wiener also compared computation, computing machinery, memory devices, and other cognitive similarities with his analysis of brain waves. The first actual computer bug was a moth. It was stuck in
Paley–Wiener integral Paley–Wiener integral In mathematics, the Paley–Wiener integral is a simple stochastic integral. When applied to classical Wiener space, it is less general than the Itō integral, but the two agree when they are both defined. The integral is named after its discoverers, Raymond Paley and Norbert Wiener. Let "i" : "H" → "E" be an abstract Wiener space with abstract Wiener measure "γ" on "E". Let "j" : "E" → "H" be the adjoint of "i". (We have abused notation slightly: strictly speaking, "j" : "E" → "H", but since "H" is a Hilbert space, it is isometrically isomorphic to