Cyberman choosing to fill in gaps in the history of the Cybermen or depict new encounters between them and the Doctor. The species also appeared in the "Doctor Who" TV spin-off "Torchwood", appearing in the fourth episode, "Cyberwoman" (2006). The name "Cyberman" comes from cybernetics, a term used in Norbert Wiener's book "Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" (MIT Press, 1948). Wiener used the term in reference to the control of complex systems in the animal world and in mechanical networks, in particular self-regulating control systems. By 1960, doctors were performing research into surgically or mechanically
Wiener series by Norbert Wiener used in signal processing. Given a system with an input/output pair formula_1 where the input is white noise with zero mean value and power A, we can write the output of the system as sum of a series of Wiener G-functionals formula_2 In the following the expressions of the G-functionals up to the fifth order will be given: formula_3 formula_4 formula_5 formula_6 formula_7 formula_8 formula_9 formula_10 formula_11 Wiener series In mathematics, the Wiener series (or "Wiener G-functional expansion") originates from the 1958 book of Norbert Wiener. It is an orthogonal expansion for nonlinear functionals closely related to