Trachea them as wider rings shortening the length of the trachea. Slide tracheoplasty is said to be the best option in treating tracheal stenosis. Mounier-Kuhn syndrome is a very rare congenital disorder of an abnormally enlarged trachea. Allowing for variations in the length of the neck, the trachea in other mammals is, in general, similar to that in humans. Generally, it is also similar to the reptilian trachea. In birds, the trachea runs from the pharynx to the syrinx, from which the primary bronchi diverge. Swans have an unusually elongated trachea, part of which is coiled beneath the sternum; this may
Traditional Chinese medicines derived from the human body were successfully making quasi-empirical preparations of active substances with androgens and estrogens, a technique that modern biochemists did not develop until the early 20th century. The physician William C. Cooper and the sinologist Nathan Sivin (1973) chose what the Chinese call "rényào" 人藥 "human drugs" as a pilot experiment sample for pharmacologically analyzing the efficacy of drugs used in TCM. In contrast to many traditional Chinese plant, animal, and mineral pharmaceuticals with uncertain active constituents, the chemical composition of the human body and parts is well known, and "their therapeutic effectiveness, or lack of it, can be objectively, if approximately,