AquAdvantage salmon anadromous GM male salmon lack reproductive success and have a reduced number of surviving offspring. GM salmon's lack of fertilization success can be attributed to nest fidelity, quivering frequency, and spawn participation. Under simulated competition environments, 94% of siring occurred by wild-type salmon, while only 5.4% was attributed to GM salmon. This advantage allows more than twice as many wild-type offspring to be produced. Other characteristics that could cause wild-type males to be chosen more frequently could be the lack of growth of the kype, the hooked jaw of a male, and red coloration on anadromous males, which demonstrates sexual
Kokanee salmon spawning in April. The female kokanee creates a nest called a redd. She will lay around 1000 eggs, depending on food availability. Eggs hatch within 110 days, and the juveniles swim out to the lake. During spawning, the males turn bright red and develop a humped back and an elongated jaw similar to the male Sockeye salmon. Females also dawn a dark red hue during the breeding season, which also corresponds with the breeding season of Sockeye salmon. Competition with introduced lake trout can lead to a decline in Kokanee populations during the summer. Lake trout are predatory and will