Cyberman choosing to fill in gaps in the history of the Cybermen or depict new encounters between them and the Doctor. The species also appeared in the "Doctor Who" TV spin-off "Torchwood", appearing in the fourth episode, "Cyberwoman" (2006). The name "Cyberman" comes from cybernetics, a term used in Norbert Wiener's book "Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" (MIT Press, 1948). Wiener used the term in reference to the control of complex systems in the animal world and in mechanical networks, in particular self-regulating control systems. By 1960, doctors were performing research into surgically or mechanically
Wiener series Wiener series In mathematics, the Wiener series (or "Wiener G-functional expansion") originates from the 1958 book of Norbert Wiener. It is an orthogonal expansion for nonlinear functionals closely related to the Volterra series and having the same relation to it as an orthogonal Hermite polynomial expansion has to a power series. For this reason it is also known as the "Wiener-Hermite expansion". The analogue of the coefficients are referred to as Wiener kernels. The terms of the series are orthogonal (uncorrelated) with respect to a statistical input of white noise. This property allows the terms to be identified in applications