National Animal Identification System hold one or more heads of livestock including horses, cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, deer and camels, though the NLIS will not confirm ownership of livestock. The system originates from a cattle-tracing system introduced in Australia in the 1960s to help fight bovine tuberculosis. The Australian system has over 11,000,000 phantom livestock in the system that do not exist. This system costs farmers money because of the increased handling time and lost margins when tags do not match in the system resulting in lower payments to farmers. New Zealand is planning a similar National Animal Identification and Tracing system. National Animal
Animal geography "Critical Animal Geographies: Politics, Intersections and Hierarchies in a Multispecies World", and Wilcox and Rutherford's "Historical Animal Geographies". There are presently nine areas of focus within animal geography: 1. "Theorizing animal geography". Two major works addressing how to think about human-animal relations as a whole are Whatmore’s Hybrid Geographies, Hobson’s work on political animals through the practice of bear-file farming, and new scholarship that look at animals' relations with the material world. 2. "Urban animal geography". Researchers in this area seek to understand that cities are, historically and today, multi-species spaces. Theoretical work comes from Wolch et al. on what