Ammeter all of the current flows through the shunt, and only a small fraction flows through the meter. This allows the meter to measure large currents. Traditionally, the meter used with a shunt has a full-scale deflection (FSD) of , so shunts are typically designed to produce a voltage drop of when carrying their full rated current. To make a multi-range ammeter, a selector switch can be used to connect one of a number of shunts across the meter. It must be a make-before-break switch to avoid damaging current surges through the meter movement when switching ranges. A better arrangement is
Electrical cardiometry Electrical cardiometry Electrical cardiometry is a method based on the model of "Electrical Velocimetry", and non-invasively measures stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and other hemodynamic parameters through the use of 4 surface ECG electrodes. Electrical cardiometry is a method trademarked by Cardiotronic, Inc., and is U.S. FDA approved for use on adults, children, and neonates. The measured bioimpedance over time can be expressed as the superposition of three components: where Z is the quasi-static portion of the electrical impedance (base impedance), ΔZ are the changes of impedance due to the respiratory cycle, and ΔZ are the changes of impedance