Cyberman choosing to fill in gaps in the history of the Cybermen or depict new encounters between them and the Doctor. The species also appeared in the "Doctor Who" TV spin-off "Torchwood", appearing in the fourth episode, "Cyberwoman" (2006). The name "Cyberman" comes from cybernetics, a term used in Norbert Wiener's book "Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" (MIT Press, 1948). Wiener used the term in reference to the control of complex systems in the animal world and in mechanical networks, in particular self-regulating control systems. By 1960, doctors were performing research into surgically or mechanically
Norbert Wiener Center for Harmonic Analysis and Applications Norbert Wiener Center for Harmonic Analysis and Applications The Norbert Wiener Center for Harmonic Analysis and Applications (NWC) is a division of the Mathematics Department in the University of Maryland College of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences devoted to research and education in pure and applied harmonic analysis. The center, named after acclaimed scientist Norbert Wiener was founded in 2004 and is based out of the Mathematics Building on the University of Maryland, College Park campus. It is supported by the University of Maryland, the National Science Foundation, and local industries with which it interacts. Currently, the Norbert Wiener Center