Sapphire jewelry. They also may be created synthetically in laboratories for industrial or decorative purposes in large crystal boules. Because of the remarkable hardness of sapphires – 9 on the Mohs scale (the third hardest mineral, after diamond at 10 and moissanite at 9.5) – sapphires are also used in some non-ornamental applications, such as infrared optical components, high-durability windows, wristwatch crystals and movement bearings, and very thin electronic wafers, which are used as the insulating substrates of very special-purpose solid-state electronics (especially integrated circuits and GaN-based LEDs). Sapphire is the birthstone for September and the gem of the 45th anniversary.
Sapphire-throated hummingbird sapphire-throated hummingbirds are grouped into the genus "Lepidopyga", which includes only two other species; the sapphire-bellied hummingbird and the shining-green hummingbird. Although part of the same genus, the sapphire-throated hummingbird is taxonomically-closer related to the blue-headed sapphire ("Hylocharis grayi") than the shining-green hummingbird. Additionally, the sapphire-throated hummingbird acts as an outgroup for some members of the genus "Amazilia", such as the white-chested emerald ("Amazilia brevirostris") and the plain-bellied emerald ("Amazilia leucogaster"). After first being described in 1851, it was later discovered that there are two other subspecies of the hummingbird based on a difference of distribution and coloration, with the