Computer ethics the 1940s with MIT professor Norbert Wiener, the American mathematician and philosopher. While working on anti-aircraft artillery during World War II, Wiener and his fellow engineers developed a system of communication between the part of a cannon that tracked a warplane, the part that performed calculations to estimate a trajectory, and the part responsible for firing. Wiener termed the science of such information feedback systems "cybernetics," and he discussed this new field with its related ethical concerns in his 1948 book, "Cybernetics". In 1950, Wiener's second book, "The Human Use of Human Beings", delved deeper into the ethical issues surrounding
Paley–Wiener integral Paley–Wiener integral In mathematics, the Paley–Wiener integral is a simple stochastic integral. When applied to classical Wiener space, it is less general than the Itō integral, but the two agree when they are both defined. The integral is named after its discoverers, Raymond Paley and Norbert Wiener. Let "i" : "H" → "E" be an abstract Wiener space with abstract Wiener measure "γ" on "E". Let "j" : "E" → "H" be the adjoint of "i". (We have abused notation slightly: strictly speaking, "j" : "E" → "H", but since "H" is a Hilbert space, it is isometrically isomorphic to