Cyberman choosing to fill in gaps in the history of the Cybermen or depict new encounters between them and the Doctor. The species also appeared in the "Doctor Who" TV spin-off "Torchwood", appearing in the fourth episode, "Cyberwoman" (2006). The name "Cyberman" comes from cybernetics, a term used in Norbert Wiener's book "Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" (MIT Press, 1948). Wiener used the term in reference to the control of complex systems in the animal world and in mechanical networks, in particular self-regulating control systems. By 1960, doctors were performing research into surgically or mechanically
Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems both printed and electronic forms. "MEMOCS" publishes articles from diverse scientific fields with a specific emphasis on mechanics. Its contents rely on the application or development of rigorous mathematical methods. The journal also publishes original research in related areas of mathematics of well-established applicability, such as variational methods, numerical methods, and optimization techniques, as well as papers focusing on and clarifying particular aspects of the history of mathematics and science. Among the contributors are Graeme Milton, Geoffrey Grimmett, David Steigmann, Mario Pulvirenti and Lucio Russo. Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems (MEMOCS) is a