Systems theory to social sciences (see David Easton's seminal development of the "political system" as an analytical construct), the original theorists explored the implications of twentieth century advances in terms of systems. People have studied subjects like complexity, self-organization, connectionism and adaptive systems in the 1940s and 1950s. In fields like cybernetics, researchers such as Norbert Wiener, William Ross Ashby, John von Neumann and Heinz von Foerster, examined complex systems mathematically. John von Neumann discovered cellular automata and self-reproducing systems, again with only pencil and paper. Aleksandr Lyapunov and Jules Henri Poincaré worked on the foundations of chaos theory without any computer
An Essay Concerning Human Understanding He also argued that Locke's conception of material substance was unintelligible, a view which he also later advanced in the "Three Dialogues Between Hylas and Philonous". At the same time, Locke's work provided crucial groundwork for future empiricists such as David Hume. John Wynne published "An Abridgment of Mr. Locke's Essay concerning the Human Understanding", with Locke's approval, in 1696. Louisa Capper wrote "An Abridgment of Locke's Essay concerning the Human Understanding", published in 1811. An Essay Concerning Human Understanding An Essay Concerning Human Understanding is a work by John Locke concerning the foundation of human knowledge and understanding. It