Islam and antisemitism religious minorities in Muslim lands throughout history. He cites the endorsement of pluralism to explain why violent forms of antisemitism generated in medieval and modern Europe, culminating in the Holocaust, never occurred in regions under Muslim rule. Some verses of the Quran, notably , preach tolerance towards members of the Jewish faith. According to Kramer, Jews are regarded as members of a legitimate community of believers in God, "people of the Book", and therefore legally entitled to sufferance. As one of the five pillars of Islam Muslims perform daily Salat prayers, which involves reciting the first chapter of the Qur'an,
Divisions of the world in Islam law, the major division are "dar al-islam" (lit. territory of Islam), denoting regions where Islamic law prevails, "dar al-sulh" (lit. territory of treaty) denoting non-Islamic lands which have concluded an armistice with a Muslim government, and "dar al-harb" (lit. territory of war), denoting adjoining non-Islamic lands whose rulers are called upon to accept Islam. Early Islamic jurists devised these terms to denote legal rulings for ongoing Muslim conquests almost a century after Muhammad. The first use of the terms was in Iraq by Abu Hanifa and his disciples Abu Yusuf and Al-Shaybani. Among those in the Levant, Al-Awza'i was leading