Unified Soil Classification System group symbol. For example, GW-GM corresponds to "well-graded gravel "with silt"." If the soil has more than 15% by weight retained on a #4 sieve (R > 15%), there is a significant amount of gravel, and the suffix "with gravel" may be added to the group name, but the group symbol does not change. For example, SP-SM could refer to "poorly graded SAND with silt" or "poorly graded SAND with silt and gravel." Unified Soil Classification System The Unified Soil Classification System (USCS) is a soil classification system used in engineering and geology to describe the texture and grain size
Granular convection Granular convection Granular convection, or granular segregation, is a phenomenon where granular material subjected to shaking or vibration will exhibit circulation patterns similar to types of fluid convection. It is sometimes described as the Brazil nut effect when the largest particles end up on the surface of a granular material containing a mixture of variously sized objects; this derives from the example of a typical container of mixed nuts, where the largest will be Brazil nuts. The phenomenon is also known as the muesli effect since it is seen in packets of breakfast cereal containing particles of different sizes but