Cyberman choosing to fill in gaps in the history of the Cybermen or depict new encounters between them and the Doctor. The species also appeared in the "Doctor Who" TV spin-off "Torchwood", appearing in the fourth episode, "Cyberwoman" (2006). The name "Cyberman" comes from cybernetics, a term used in Norbert Wiener's book "Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" (MIT Press, 1948). Wiener used the term in reference to the control of complex systems in the animal world and in mechanical networks, in particular self-regulating control systems. By 1960, doctors were performing research into surgically or mechanically
William James Sidis of intelligence as "silly, pedantic, absurd, and grossly misleading". Regardless of the exaggerations, Sidis is judged by other high IQ peers such as MIT Physics professor Daniel Frost Comstock and notable American mathematician Norbert Wiener to have had real ability. Sidis' life and work, particularly his ideas about Native Americans, are extensively discussed in Robert M. Pirsig's book "" (1991). Sidis is also discussed in "Ex-Prodigy", an autobiography by mathematician Norbert Wiener (1894–1964), who was a prodigy himself and a contemporary of Sidis at Harvard. A Danish author Morten Brask wrote a fictional novel based on Sidis' life; "The Perfect