Valles Caldera Valles Caldera dates back to the prehistoric times: spear points dating to 11,000 years ago have been discovered. Several Native American tribes frequented the caldera, often seasonally for hunting and for obsidian, used for spear and arrow points. Obsidian from the caldera was traded by tribes across much of the Southwest. Eventually, Spanish and later Mexican settlers as well as the Navajo and other tribes came to the caldera seasonally for grazing with periodic clashes and raids. Later as the United States acquired New Mexico as part of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, the caldera became the backdrop
Cambridge Institute of Criminology from the Wolfson Foundation and the Howard League for Penal Reform. The Institute offers a number of different courses, including a nine-month taught MPhil Degree in Criminology (the largest full-time postgraduate Criminology course in the UK); a twelve-month MPhil degree in Criminological Research; a 2-year MSt Degree in Applied Criminology and Police Management open to potential chief police officers and personnel working in senior positions within police forces and other parts of the criminal justice system; a 2-year MSt Degree in Applied Criminology, Penology and Management open to senior prison officers and others who work, or have interest in criminal