Norbert Wiener firing of anti-aircraft guns caused Wiener to investigate information theory independently of Claude Shannon and to invent the Wiener filter. (To him is due the now standard practice of modeling an information source as a random process—in other words, as a variety of noise.) His anti-aircraft work eventually led him to formulate cybernetics. After the war, his fame helped MIT to recruit a research team in cognitive science, composed of researchers in neuropsychology and the mathematics and biophysics of the nervous system, including Warren Sturgis McCulloch and Walter Pitts. These men later made pioneering contributions to computer science and artificial
Paley–Wiener integral Paley–Wiener integral In mathematics, the Paley–Wiener integral is a simple stochastic integral. When applied to classical Wiener space, it is less general than the Itō integral, but the two agree when they are both defined. The integral is named after its discoverers, Raymond Paley and Norbert Wiener. Let "i" : "H" → "E" be an abstract Wiener space with abstract Wiener measure "γ" on "E". Let "j" : "E" → "H" be the adjoint of "i". (We have abused notation slightly: strictly speaking, "j" : "E" → "H", but since "H" is a Hilbert space, it is isometrically isomorphic to