Cyberman choosing to fill in gaps in the history of the Cybermen or depict new encounters between them and the Doctor. The species also appeared in the "Doctor Who" TV spin-off "Torchwood", appearing in the fourth episode, "Cyberwoman" (2006). The name "Cyberman" comes from cybernetics, a term used in Norbert Wiener's book "Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" (MIT Press, 1948). Wiener used the term in reference to the control of complex systems in the animal world and in mechanical networks, in particular self-regulating control systems. By 1960, doctors were performing research into surgically or mechanically
Norbert Wiener present formulation, the theorem of Wiener does not have any obvious association with Tauberian theorems, which deal with infinite series; the translation from results formulated for integrals, or using the language of functional analysis and Banach algebras, is however a relatively routine process. The Paley–Wiener theorem relates growth properties of entire functions on C and Fourier transformation of Schwartz distributions of compact support. The Wiener–Khinchin theorem, (or "Wiener – Khintchine theorem" or "Khinchin – Kolmogorov theorem"), states that the power spectral density of a wide-sense-stationary random process is the Fourier transform of the corresponding autocorrelation function. An abstract Wiener space