Esophageal pH monitoring developed a dependable external reference electrode. Using this technique to monitor esophageal acid exposure patients for periods up to 24 hours, DeMeester and Johnson were able to identify the most important parameters of esophageal acid exposure, and they developed a composite pH score to quantify gastroesophageal reflux. The initial 24-hour pH studies required hospitalization until the introduction of microcircuits in the 1980s that allowed portable esophageal pH monitoring in an outpatient setting. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disease in western countries. In the United States, 7% of the population experiences heartburn daily and 44% at least once a
Dry ice color show is mixed together with the alkali present in the solution, the solution, overall, becomes neutral. HCO + H + NH + OH NH + HCO + HO (addition of ammonia) HCO + H + Na + OH Na + HCO + HO (addition of sodium hydroxide) The color of the solution changes due to the universal indicator, a pH detector. Once the alkali-to-acid universal indicator is incorporated into the solution, the color of the solution changes corresponding to the acidic color of the universal indicator. The color of ammonia and water only is green. However, once the dry ice is