Systems theory to social sciences (see David Easton's seminal development of the "political system" as an analytical construct), the original theorists explored the implications of twentieth century advances in terms of systems. People have studied subjects like complexity, self-organization, connectionism and adaptive systems in the 1940s and 1950s. In fields like cybernetics, researchers such as Norbert Wiener, William Ross Ashby, John von Neumann and Heinz von Foerster, examined complex systems mathematically. John von Neumann discovered cellular automata and self-reproducing systems, again with only pencil and paper. Aleksandr Lyapunov and Jules Henri Poincaré worked on the foundations of chaos theory without any computer
Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems both printed and electronic forms. "MEMOCS" publishes articles from diverse scientific fields with a specific emphasis on mechanics. Its contents rely on the application or development of rigorous mathematical methods. The journal also publishes original research in related areas of mathematics of well-established applicability, such as variational methods, numerical methods, and optimization techniques, as well as papers focusing on and clarifying particular aspects of the history of mathematics and science. Among the contributors are Graeme Milton, Geoffrey Grimmett, David Steigmann, Mario Pulvirenti and Lucio Russo. Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems Mathematics and Mechanics of Complex Systems (MEMOCS) is a