Cybernetics Cybernetics Cybernetics is a transdisciplinary approach for exploring regulatory systems—their structures, constraints, and possibilities. Norbert Wiener defined cybernetics in 1948 as "the scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine." In the 21st century, the term is often used in a rather loose way to imply "control of any system using technology." In other words, it is the scientific study of how humans, animals and machines control and communicate with each other. Cybernetics is applicable when a system being analyzed incorporates a closed signaling loop—originally referred to as a "circular causal" relationship—that is, where action by
Wiener algebra functions on the unit circle. On the other hand an integration by parts, together with the Cauchy–Schwarz inequality and Parseval's formula, shows that More generally, for formula_8 (see ). proved that if has absolutely convergent Fourier series and is never zero, then its inverse also has an absolutely convergent Fourier series. Many other proofs have appeared since then, including an elementary one by . which is equivalent to Wiener's theorem. Wiener algebra In mathematics, the Wiener algebra, named after Norbert Wiener and usually denoted by , is the space of absolutely convergent Fourier series. Here denotes the circle group. The