Cyberman choosing to fill in gaps in the history of the Cybermen or depict new encounters between them and the Doctor. The species also appeared in the "Doctor Who" TV spin-off "Torchwood", appearing in the fourth episode, "Cyberwoman" (2006). The name "Cyberman" comes from cybernetics, a term used in Norbert Wiener's book "Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine" (MIT Press, 1948). Wiener used the term in reference to the control of complex systems in the animal world and in mechanical networks, in particular self-regulating control systems. By 1960, doctors were performing research into surgically or mechanically
Scientific law water); although in many systems (notably biomacromolecules and minerals) the ratios tend to require large numbers, and are frequently represented as a fraction. More modern laws of chemistry define the relationship between energy and its transformations. Scientific law The laws of science, also called scientific laws or scientific principles, are statements that describe or predict a range of natural phenomena. Each scientific law is a statement based on repeated experimental observations that describes some aspect of the Universe. The term "law" has diverse usage in many cases (approximate, accurate, broad, or narrow theories) across all fields of natural science (physics,