Prodrug not its intended target. This reduces adverse or unintended effects of a drug, especially important in treatments like chemotherapy, which can have severe unintended and undesirable side effects. Many herbal extracts historically used in medicine contain glycosides (sugar derivatives) of the active agent, which are hydrolyzed in the intestines to release the active and more bioavailable aglycone. For example, salicin is a β-D-glucopyranoside that is cleaved by esterases to release salicylic acid. Aspirin, acetylsalicylic acid, first made by Felix Hoffmann at Bayer in 1897, is a synthetic prodrug of salicylic acid. However, in other cases, such as codeine and morphine,
The Cupboard Under the Stairs generalized statements as to the detailed nature of the work carried on there, emphasizing only that it is experimental." The Cupboard Under the Stairs The Cupboard Under the Stairs is a Miles Franklin Award-winning novel by Australian author George Turner. This novel shared the award with "The Well Dressed Explorer" by Thea Astley. The novel tells the story of Harry White, who attempts to rebuild his life after spending six years in a mental institution. The novel carries the following dedication: "To Betty and Lindsay Bloomfield for one reason and another". The author added the following note: "Kilkalla is not