Cold War tensions and the polio vaccine Sabin vaccine from the Soviet side. However other Soviet virologists argued that the Salk vaccine could be considered safe, since the Americans tested it on their own people. They considered that the Sabin vaccine must be potentially dangerous because the Americans did not wish to test it on their own society. The documented achievement of the Sabin-Chumakov collaboration eventually trumped the ideological differences of the Cold War. Their oral live-virus vaccine became federally licensed in 1962, and used for over three decades to help eliminate polio globally, replacing the Salk vaccine. Using these vaccines, the threat of polio remains only
How the Riddler Got His Name Amanda Bell of "EW" gave the episode a "B+" and wrote, "The content of Nygma's riddles was paralleled not just by his own experience coming into his big badness, but also in the episode's other two story lines. 514A is, obviously, a literal reflection of Bruce Wayne, and the loneliness referred to in the first riddle applies to both Nygma and Gordon. Gordon's quest for truth and family, compounded by his current isolation, makes him vulnerable to Frank’s ploy right now — if that's what it actually is. For a segment devoted to such a cunning wordsmith, this episode quite