Charles II of England was a "de facto" republic, led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. A political crisis that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. After 1660, all legal documents
Restoration of the Russian monarchy Restoration of the Russian monarchy A restoration of the Russian monarchy is a hypothetical event in which the Russian monarchy, which has been non-existent since the abdication of the reigning Nicholas II in 1917 and the massacre of him and the rest of his closest family in 1918, is reinstated in today's Russian Federation. The only party as of today which advocates such a restoration is the Monarchist Party. Most proposals for the restoration of the monarchy envision the return to be to a constitutional role. A study conducted by the All-Russian Center for Public Opinion showed that almost one