Mind–body dualism point into the traditionally viewed closed system, where a scientifically described physically probable/improbable event could be philosophically described as an action of a non-physical entity on physical reality. He states, however, that none of the arguments in his book will rely on this. It should also be noted that, while some interpretations of quantum mechanics consider wave function collapse to be indeterminate, in others this event is defined and deterministic. The argument from physics is closely related to the argument from causal interaction. Many physicists and consciousness researchers have argued that any action of a nonphysical mind on the brain
N-entity the lowest, "i.e.", the physical layer, to the highest, so that the -th layer is above the "n"-th layer and the -th layer is below. N-entity In telecommunication, a "n"-entity is an active element in the "n"-th layer of the Open Systems Interconnection--Reference Model (OSI-RM) that (a) interacts directly with elements, "i.e.", entities, of the layer immediately above or below the "n"-th layer, (b) is defined by a unique set of rules, "i.e.", syntax, and information formats, including data and control formats, and (c) performs a defined set of functions. The "n" refers to any one of the 7 layers