Colleges within universities in the United Kingdom halls" of Durham, are separate corporations, while the colleges of other universities, the "maintained colleges" of Durham, and the "societies of the university" at Oxford are parts of their parent universities and do not have independent corporate existence. In the past, many of what are now British universities with their own degree-awarding powers were colleges which had their degrees awarded by either a federal university (such as Cardiff University) or validated by another university (for example many of the post-1992 universities). Colleges that had (or have) courses validated by a university are not normally considered to be colleges of that
National University of Ireland colleges, and their years of recognition, are: ‡ In accordance with the Universities Act 1997 (Section 48) graduates of the recognised college of St. Patrick's College, Maynooth who received a degree of the National University of Ireland before the commencement of the act are considered graduates of the constituent university known as the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. National University of Ireland The National University of Ireland (NUI) () is a federal university system of "constituent universities" (previously called "constituent colleges") and "recognised colleges" set up under the Irish Universities Act, 1908, and significantly amended by the Universities Act, 1997.