Charles II of England was a "de facto" republic, led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. A political crisis that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. After 1660, all legal documents
City of London (elections to the Parliament of England) between some of the Parliaments in this period, each members career is sub-divided by Parliament in the tables, even if he served in successive Parliaments." "The elected date is for the City constituency. When an exact general election date is unavailable, the year or years between the dates of the Parliament being summoned and assembling, are used." Notes:- Note:- Notes:- The Long Parliament or the selection of members from it known as the Rump Parliament functioned "de facto" during part of the Commonwealth of England period. It existed (in a sense) "de jure" 1640-1660, as under a pre-English Civil War