Turbine waterwheels. Gas, steam, and water turbines have a casing around the blades that contains and controls the working fluid. Credit for invention of the steam turbine is given both to Anglo-Irish engineer Sir Charles Parsons (1854–1931) for invention of the reaction turbine, and to Swedish engineer Gustaf de Laval (1845–1913) for invention of the impulse turbine. Modern steam turbines frequently employ both reaction and impulse in the same unit, typically varying the degree of reaction and impulse from the blade root to its periphery. The word "turbine" was coined in 1822 by the French mining engineer Claude Burdin from the
Steamship the firm of Maudslay, Sons & Field, producing 750 indicated horsepower between them. The ship proved satisfactory in service and initiated the transatlantic route, acting as a model for all following Atlantic paddle-steamers. The Cunard Line's began her first regular passenger and cargo service by a steamship in 1840, sailing from Liverpool to Boston. In 1847 the revolutionary , also built by Brunel, became the first iron-hulled screw-driven ship to cross the Atlantic. The SS "Great Britain" was the first ship to combine these two innovations. After the initial success of its first liner, SS "Great Western" of 1838, the