Romanization of Greek Greek numerals which employed the entire alphabet, including the nonstandard letters digamma, stigma, or sigma-tau (placed between epsilon and zeta), koppa (placed between pi and rho), and sampi (placed after omega). As revised in 2001, ELOT 743 provides for the uncommon characters to be given (in Greek) as $ for stigma, + for koppa, and / for sampi. These symbols are not given lower-case equivalents. When used as numbers, the letters are used in combination with the upper "keraia" numeral sign ⟨ʹ⟩ to denote numbers from 1 to 900 and in combination with the lower "keraia" ⟨͵⟩ to denote multiples
Effective torque the gearbox and differential, respectively. Effective torque will often be 5-15% lower than the shaft or crank ratings of an engine due to a loss through the drivetrain. For a general article please see: Machine torque. Effective torque Effective Torque is often referred to as wheel torque or torque to the wheels is primarily associated with automotive tuning. Torque can be measured using a dynamometer. Common units used in automotive applications can include ft·lbf and N·m. For more on units see: Foot-pound force. The formula for effective torque to the wheels is: Tw = Te * Ntf * ηtf Ntf