President of Tajikistan of his support for the August Coup of 1991 in Moscow and the resulting street demonstrations in Dushanbe. From 1991 to 1992 the post of the president changed hands several times due to the political changes and uncertainty following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and ensuing social unrest and violence in the Tajikistan Civil War. Since 1994, Emomali Rahmonov has held the position of the presidency. The presidential elections were last held in 2013. Presidential elections in Tajikistan have consistently been criticized by international observers as unfair and favoring the ruling party. The President of the Republic of Tajikistan
Anthem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic independence was declared, its melody was still used until 1996. Except, there were no lyrics in the new version. Anthem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic The "State Anthem of the Turkmen SSR" was adopted in 1946 and used until 1991 by the Turkmen SSR. When Turkmenistan became an independent state in 1991, it was retained until 1996 with no lyrics (the Soviet-era lyrics were discontinued). It was used from 1946 to 1996. The music was composed by Veli Mukhatov, who also composed the current national anthem of Turkmenistan; and the lyrics were written by Aman Kekilov and a group