Christianity in the 14th century ever more complex and subtle in its distinctions and arguments. There was a rise to dominance of the nominalist or voluntarist theologies of men like William of Ockham. The 14th century was also a time in which movements of widely varying character worked for the reform of the institutional church, such as conciliarism, Lollardy and the Hussites. Spiritual movements such as the Devotio Moderna also flourished. Notable authors include: Under church tradition the practice of Hesychasm has it beginnings in the bible, Matthew 6:6 and the Philokalia. The tradition of contemplation with inner silence or tranquility is shared by all
English Churchman "English Churchman" began life as an Anglo-Catholic newspaper but it was soon taken into evangelical hands where it has remained ever since. While the doctrinal basis of the English Churchman is the 39 Articles of Religion, the newspaper is not an organ of the Church of England. The current editor is a minister in the Church of England (Continuing) which also holds to the old Evangelical and Reformed Anglican position as won by the Protestant Reformation. At the time of the death of Pope John Paul II the "English Churchman" was one of the first evangelical publications to state that