Dirac equation in the algebra of physical space Dirac equation in the algebra of physical space The Dirac equation, as the relativistic equation that describes spin 1/2 particles in quantum mechanics, can be written in terms of the Algebra of physical space (APS), which is a case of a Clifford algebra or geometric algebra that is based on the use of paravectors. The Dirac equation in APS, including the electromagnetic interaction, reads Another form of the Dirac equation in terms of the Space time algebra was given earlier by David Hestenes. In general, the Dirac equation in the formalism of geometric algebra has the advantage of providing a
IRA Required Minimum Distributions but after-death distributions (below) are required. They can always withdraw more than the minimum amount from their IRA or plan in any year, but if they withdraw less than the required minimum, they will be subject to a federal penalty. The IRS penalty is an excise tax equal to 50% of the amount they should have withdrawn, but did not. This penalty is in addition to ordinary income at the individual's marginal rate and any state income taxes. The RMD rules are designed to spread out the distributions of one's entire interest in an IRA or plan account over one's