Charles II of England was a "de facto" republic, led by Oliver Cromwell. Cromwell defeated Charles II at the Battle of Worcester on 3 September 1651, and Charles fled to mainland Europe. Cromwell became virtual dictator of England, Scotland and Ireland. Charles spent the next nine years in exile in France, the Dutch Republic and the Spanish Netherlands. A political crisis that followed the death of Cromwell in 1658 resulted in the restoration of the monarchy, and Charles was invited to return to Britain. On 29 May 1660, his 30th birthday, he was received in London to public acclaim. After 1660, all legal documents
Restoration of the Russian monarchy third of the Russian population favor a restoration as of 2013. In 2017, a survey conducted by "Izvestia" found that 22 percent of all Russians were "not against the monarchy, but . . . did not see a candidate for such a post." The survey also found that of young Russians 37 percent were not opposed to the restoration of the monarchy. The restoration has been proposed by, among others, Vladimir Petrov, a politician of the ruling United Russia and affiliate of President Vladimir Putin. Prominent politician, LDPR ruler Vladimir Zhirinovsky, is also known to express such ideas. There are