History of variational principles in physics involves integrals over an interval of time and (for fields) extended region of space. Moreover, in the usual formulation of classical action principles, the initial and final states of the system are fixed, e.g., In particular, the fixing of the "final" state appears to give the action principle a teleological character which has been controversial historically. This apparent teleology is eliminated in the quantum mechanical version of the action principle. History of variational principles in physics A variational principle in physics is an alternative method for determining the state or dynamics of a physical system, by identifying it as an
Minimum Wage in Germany a suitable minimum wage amount. The first minimum wage adjustment was made in June 2016, and was followed two years later by another adjustment, in June 2018, that rose the minimum wage to 9.19€. The minimum wage was one of the most controversial topics during the 2013 legislative election campaign. While the social democratic party - SPD, the green party - die Grünen and the left-wing party - die Linke, were in favor of a general minimum wage, the liberal party – FDP, and the conservative party – CDU, remained skeptical Leading economic research institutions, such as the CESifo Group