Princes in the Tower act stated that Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville's marriage was invalid because of Edward's pre-contract of marriage with Lady Eleanor Butler. Gloucester was crowned King Richard III of England on 3 July. The declaration of the boys' illegitimacy has been described by Rosemary Horrox as an ex post facto justification for Richard's accession. Dominic Mancini, an Italian friar who visited England in the 1480s and who was in London in the spring and summer of 1483, recorded that after Richard III seized the throne, Edward and his younger brother Richard were taken into the "inner apartments of the Tower" and
The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir illustrating "The Tale". The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir The Tale of the Princes of Vladimir () is an early 16th-century Muscovite treatise which propounds the conception of Moscow as the Third Rome. The book traces the male-line descent of Muscovy's royal family not only from Rurik, but from a certain Prus, to whom his uncle, Emperor Augustus, gave the northern part of the world, which later came to be known as "Prussia". These claims to imperial heritage are further shored up by the story of Monomakh's Cap, a purported imperial crown which Constantine IX Monomachos of Byzantium is