Numbered musical notation and so on. Dashes after a note lengthen it, each dash by the length of a quarter note. A dot after the plain or underlined note works increases its length by half, and two dots by three quarters. The underline, along with its joining, are analogous to the number of flags and beaming in standard notation. So are dotted notes. But the analogue stops at notes worth three quarter notes and beyond, where dashes are used instead. The number "0" represents the musical rest. The rules for length is similar to that of the note, except that it is customary
Musical notation file formats for purposes other than graphic notation output. According to Philip Tagg and Richard Middleton, musicology and to a degree European-influenced musical practice suffer from a 'notational centricity', a methodology slanted by the characteristics of notation. A variety of 20th- and 21st-century composers have dealt with this problem, either by adapting standard Western musical notation or by using graphic notation. These include George Crumb, Luciano Berio, Krzystof Penderecki, Earl Brown, John Cage, Witold Lutoslawski, and others. Musical notation Music notation or musical notation is any system used to visually represent aurally perceived music played with instruments or sung by