Numbered musical notation and so on. Dashes after a note lengthen it, each dash by the length of a quarter note. A dot after the plain or underlined note works increases its length by half, and two dots by three quarters. The underline, along with its joining, are analogous to the number of flags and beaming in standard notation. So are dotted notes. But the analogue stops at notes worth three quarter notes and beyond, where dashes are used instead. The number "0" represents the musical rest. The rules for length is similar to that of the note, except that it is customary
Leibniz's notation definite integral. In that way the Leibniz notation is in harmony with dimensional analysis. Suppose a dependent variable represents a function of an independent variable , that is, Then the derivative of the function , in Leibniz's notation for differentiation, can be written as The Leibniz expression, also, at times, written , is one of several notations used for derivatives and derived functions. A common alternative is Lagrange's notation Another alternative is Newton's notation, often used for derivatives with respect to time (like velocity), which requires placing a dot over the dependent variable (in this case, ): Lagrange's "prime" notation