Recruitment in the British Army from families with a military tradition. (This contrasted with the Navy, whose officers were more often from a middle-class background.) The second son of King George III, Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, did much to improve the standard of officer recruitment from his position as Commander in Chief of the Army (from 1795 to 1809, then from 1811 to 1827). The sale of commissions, finally abolished in the Cardwell reforms in 1868–1874, and the further Childers Reforms. In spite of its abolition, the status of an officer being from a privileged background and that of another rank being
Kapitan (rank) Major-rank was abolished in May 1884, the Kapitan-rank was upgraded to level VIII in the rank table. However, the "Guards kapitan" became equivalent to generic Podpolkovnik in the Army. In the civil administration "Kapitan of the infantry" was equivalent to the "Council assessor" (ru: "Коллежский асессор; Kolleshsky assessor") from 1884, and "Titular adviser" (ru: "Титулярный советник, Tituljarny sovetnik") until 1884. Some examples of rank insignia (epaulette, shoulder board), used by RIA IRA, are shown below: In the armed forces of the Soviet Union (later Russian Federation) the "Kapitan´s" rank (to Army, Air Force, and Navy land services) was introduced by