United States Ambassador to the United Nations Human Rights Council stationed in New York), the United States Ambassador to the World Trade Organization, and the United States Ambassador to the Conference on Disarmament. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights was formed in April 1946 on a preliminary basis and then in January 1947 on a permanent basis. Former First Lady of the United States Eleanor Roosevelt was chosen as its first chair on both occasions. She played a major role in the formation and 1948 adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. She also served as the U.S. representative to the commission. In 1951 she relinquished the chair
First Amendment to the United States Constitution Hicklin" (1868). The "Hicklin" test defined material as obscene if it tended "to deprave or corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences, and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall". In the early twentieth century, literary works including "An American Tragedy" (Theodore Dreiser, 1925) and "Lady Chatterley's Lover" (D.H. Lawrence, 1928) were banned for obscenity. In the federal district court case "United States v. One Book Called Ulysses" (1933), Judge John M. Woolsey established a new standard to evaluate James Joyce's novel "Ulysses" (1922), stating that works must be considered in their entirety, rather