First Lady of the United States and provided elite women with opportunities to play backstage political roles. Both Martha Washington and Abigail Adams were treated as if they were "ladies" of the British royal court. Dolley Madison popularized the First Ladyship by engaging in efforts to assist orphans and women, by dressing in elegant fashions and attracting newspaper coverage, and by risking her life to save iconic treasures during the War of 1812. Madison set the standard for the ladyship and her actions were the model for nearly every First Lady until Eleanor Roosevelt in the 1930s. She traveled widely and spoke to many groups, often
First Amendment to the United States Constitution Hicklin" (1868). The "Hicklin" test defined material as obscene if it tended "to deprave or corrupt those whose minds are open to such immoral influences, and into whose hands a publication of this sort may fall". In the early twentieth century, literary works including "An American Tragedy" (Theodore Dreiser, 1925) and "Lady Chatterley's Lover" (D.H. Lawrence, 1928) were banned for obscenity. In the federal district court case "United States v. One Book Called Ulysses" (1933), Judge John M. Woolsey established a new standard to evaluate James Joyce's novel "Ulysses" (1922), stating that works must be considered in their entirety, rather