Geoffrey Burbidge British astronomer Fred Hoyle, he and his wife were co-authors of "Synthesis of the Elements in Stars", a fundamental paper on stellar nucleosynthesis published in 1957. It is commonly referred to as the BFH paper after the initials of the surnames of the four authors. This paper describes the process of stars burning lighter elements into successively heavier atoms which then are expelled to form other structures in the universe, including other stars and planets. In recent years Burbidge was known mostly for his alternative cosmology "quasi-steady state theory", which contradicts the Big Bang theory. According to Burbidge, the universe
The Whole Shebang: A State-of-the-Universe(s) Report Bang theory were able to move faster than the speed of light. He further explains that "space" itself was being created at the same time as its astronomical objects therein. These objects and "space" together were expanding at this speed greater than light, at least for the first fraction of a second. Ferris writes for the reader to understand that "space" was "created" in the Big Bang and did "not" preexist. He explains that all "space" and matter in the universe were in a "singularity" before the Big Bang even started. This means a "curvature of spacetime" that's immeasurably large.