Foot whipping Foot whipping Foot whipping or bastinado is a method of corporal punishment which consists of hitting the soles of a person's bare feet. Unlike most types of flogging, this punishment was meant to be more painful than it was to cause actual injury to the victim. Blows were generally delivered with a light rod, knotted cord, or lash. The receiving person is required to be barefoot. The uncovered soles of the feet need to be placed in an exposed position. The beating is typically performed with an object in the type of a cane or switch. The strokes are usually
Polar form of the Dirac equation complex equations and therefore eight equations in total, is equivalently written in terms of two real vectorial equations, which are two four-dimensional equations and therefore eight equations in total. This pair of coupled first-order differential equations is the polar form of the Dirac equation. Polar form of the Dirac equation The Dirac field is mathematically described by a spinor, which is an object consisting of four complex components transforming in terms of complex representations of the Lorentz group: a complex function can always be written as the product of a module times a unitary complex phase, and when this is