Caning Caning Caning is a form of corporal punishment consisting of a number of hits (known as "strokes" or "cuts") with a single cane usually made of rattan, generally applied to the offender's bare or clothed buttocks (see spanking) or hand(s) (on the palm). Caning on the knuckles or shoulders is much less common. Caning can also be applied to the soles of the feet (foot whipping or bastinado). The size and flexibility of the cane and the mode of application, as well as the number of the strokes, vary greatly — from a couple of light strokes with a small
Polar form of the Dirac equation Polar form of the Dirac equation The Dirac field is mathematically described by a spinor, which is an object consisting of four complex components transforming in terms of complex representations of the Lorentz group: a complex function can always be written as the product of a module times a unitary complex phase, and when this is done for all components of the spinor while still respecting the manifest covariance the result is the polar form of the Dirac field. Its mathematical expression can be given by first assigning some preliminary definition. To begin, the gamma matrices formula_1 are introduced as