Bordetella parapertussis evolved in a host population that had already developed immunity to "B. pertussis", where being able to evade "B. pertussis" immunity was an advantage. Two lineages of "B. parapertussis" have been described. The first infects humans and is responsible for a minority of cases of the disease pertussis (also known as whooping cough). The second, ovine, lineage causes chronic nonprogressive pneumonia in sheep. Both lineages are thought to have evolved from a "B. bronchiseptica"-like ancestor. This disease can be symptomatic or asymptomatic and may predispose hosts to secondary infection. Bordetella parapertussis Bordetella parapertussis is a small Gram-negative bacterium of the
Fatty liver disease Fatty liver disease Fatty liver disease (FLD), also known as hepatic steatosis, is a condition where excess fat builds up in the liver. There are two types non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease. NAFLD is made up of simple fatty liver and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Risk factors for NAFLD include diabetes, obesity, and older age. The condition is also associated with other diseases that influence fat metabolism. It is difficult to distinguish alcoholic FLD, which is part of alcoholic liver disease, from nonalcoholic FLD (NAFLD), and both show microvesicular and macrovesicular fatty changes at different stages. Fatty