Secretion both DNA and proteins. It was discovered in "Agrobacterium tumefaciens", which uses this system to introduce the T-DNA portion of the Ti plasmid into the plant host, which in turn causes the affected area to develop into a crown gall (tumor). "Helicobacter pylori" uses a type IV secretion system to deliver CagA into gastric epithelial cells, which is associated with gastric carcinogenesis. "Bordetella pertussis", the causative agent of whooping cough, secretes the pertussis toxin partly through the type IV system. "Legionella pneumophila", the causing agent of legionellosis (Legionnaires' disease) utilizes a type IVB secretion system, known as the icm/dot (intracellular
Spinal disease Spinal disease Spinal disease (also known as a dorsopathy) refers to a condition impairing the backbone. These include various diseases of the back or spine ("dorso-"), such as kyphosis. Dorsalgia refers to those conditions causing back pain. An example is scoliosis. Some other spinal diseases include spinal muscular atrophy, ankylosing spondylitis, lumbar spinal stenosis, spina bifida, spinal tumors, osteoporosis and cauda equina syndrome. There are many recognized spinal diseases, some more common than others. Spinal disease also includes cervical spine diseases, which are diseases in the vertebrae of the neck. A lot of flexibility exists within the cervical spine and