Town centre development of indoor shopping malls in major towns and cities. Examples include the Manchester Arndale Centre, the St. James Centre in Edinburgh and the Bullring Centre in Birmingham. They tended to be constructed in a Brutalist or Modernist fashion reflecting the architectural styles of the period. During the Thatcher government of the 1980s, a change in planning policy allowed competing out-of-town shopping and leisure centres to be developed. Examples include the Metro Centre in Gateshead, the Merry Hill Shopping Centre in Dudley, and the Gyle Centre in Edinburgh. Developments of this type have, in a number of places, resulted in
Westfield Stratford City Westfield Stratford City Westfield Stratford City is a shopping centre in Stratford, London, which opened on 13 September 2011. With a total retail floor area of , it is one of the largest urban shopping centres in Europe, and the fourth-largest shopping centre in the UK by retail space, behind Westfield London, the MetroCentre, and the Trafford Centre. Taking the surrounding shopping area into account, it is the second largest urban shopping centre in the European Union. Originally fully owned by the Westfield Group, in November 2010 ABP Pension Fund and CPP Investment Board each purchased a 25% shareholding, with