Michael Pakenham Michael Pakenham Sir Michael Aidan Pakenham, (born 3 November 1943) is a British retired diplomat. Pakenham is the third son of Labour politician Frank Pakenham, 7th Earl of Longford, and Elizabeth Harman. He is the brother of Thomas Pakenham, Lady Antonia Fraser and Lady Rachel Billington. He was educated at Ampleforth College and Trinity College, Cambridge, and was an exchange fellow at Rice University. Pakenham was briefly a reporter for the "Washington Post" before joining the Foreign Office in 1965. He served in Nairobi and Warsaw before being seconded to the Cabinet Office 1971–74 as Assistant Private Secretary, then Private
Evolution from Francis Turbine to Kaplan Turbine speed (N) is directly proportional to Flow (Q) and inversely proportional to Head (H). On the other hand, Francis turbine works on low Specific speeds i.e., high pressure heads. In the figure, it can be seen that the increase in Specific speed (or decrease in Head) have following consequences: Hence, these are the parameter changes that has to be incorporated in converting a Francis turbine to Kaplan turbine. Evolution from Francis Turbine to Kaplan Turbine Francis turbine converts energy at high pressure heads which are not easily available and hence a turbine was required to convert the energy at low