Chemical element "Sb" (stibium) for antimony. Chemical symbols are understood internationally when element names might require translation. There have sometimes been differences in the past. For example, Germans in the past have used "J" (for the alternate name Jod) for iodine, but now use "I" and "Iod". The first letter of a chemical symbol is always capitalized, as in the preceding examples, and the subsequent letters, if any, are always lower case (small letters). Thus, the symbols for californium and einsteinium are Cf and Es. There are also symbols in chemical equations for groups of chemical elements, for example in comparative formulas.
Chemical ligation by native chemical ligation." "Science". 266:776-9. Muir TW. 2003, "Semisynthesis of proteins by expressed protein ligation." "Annu Rev Biochem". 72:249-89. Nilsson BL, Soellner MB, Raines RT. 2005, "Chemical Synthesis of Proteins." "Annu. Rev. Biophys. Biomol. Struct." 34:91-118 Bang D, Pentelute BL, Kent SB. 2006, "Kinetically controlled ligation for the convergent chemical synthesis of proteins." "Angew Chem Int Ed Engl." 45:3985-8. Kent SB. 2009, "Total chemical synthesis of proteins." "Chem.Soc.Rev." 38, 338-351. . Zhang Y, Xu C, Kam HY, Lee CL, Li X. 2013, "Protein chemical synthesis by serine/threonine ligation." "Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA." 17:6657-6662 Chemical ligation Chemical ligation is