Thomas Pakenham, 2nd Earl of Longford Thomas Pakenham, 2nd Earl of Longford Thomas Pakenham, 2nd Earl of Longford, (14 May 1774 – 28 May 1835), known as The Lord Longford between 1792 and 1794, was an Anglo-Irish peer. Pakenham was the eldest son of Edward Pakenham, 2nd Baron Longford, by Catherine Rowley, daughter of Hercules Rowley. His sister, the Honourable Catherine Pakenham, was the wife of the Duke of Wellington. One of his younger brothers was the Honourable Sir Edward Pakenham, a British Army officer who served under Wellington in the Peninsular War. A younger brother was Sir Hercules Robert Pakenham CB, KCB, a lieutenant-general of
Evolution from Francis Turbine to Kaplan Turbine speed (N) is directly proportional to Flow (Q) and inversely proportional to Head (H). On the other hand, Francis turbine works on low Specific speeds i.e., high pressure heads. In the figure, it can be seen that the increase in Specific speed (or decrease in Head) have following consequences: Hence, these are the parameter changes that has to be incorporated in converting a Francis turbine to Kaplan turbine. Evolution from Francis Turbine to Kaplan Turbine Francis turbine converts energy at high pressure heads which are not easily available and hence a turbine was required to convert the energy at low