Rudolphine Tables and instructive examples for computing planetary positions. For most stars these tables were accurate to within one arc minute, and included corrective factors for atmospheric refraction. The tables were sufficiently accurate to predict a transit of Mercury observed by Pierre Gassendi in 1631 and a transit of Venus observed by Jeremiah Horrox in 1639. Rudolphine Tables The Rudolphine Tables () consist of a star catalogue and planetary tables published by Johannes Kepler in 1627, using some observational data collected by Tycho Brahe (1546–1601). The tables are named as "Rudolphine" in memory of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor. Star tables had
Planetary civilization is planetary, consuming all energy that is available from a neighboring star, or about 10 watts. A Type II civilization is stellar, consuming all the energy that their star emits, or 10 watts. A type III civilization is galactic, consuming the energy of billions of stars, or about 10 watts. Carl Sagan suggested defining intermediate values (not considered in Kardashev's original scale) by interpolating and extrapolating, according to his calculations, the modern state of the present human civilization is expressed by a value about 0.7. Theoretical physicist Michio Kaku, in a book, "Physics of the Future", published in 2011, stated