Soviet space dogs after their rocket exploded 28.5 seconds into the launch on 28 July 1960. Bars was also known as Chayka (Чайка, "Seagull"). Other dogs that flew on sub-orbital flights include Dymka (Дымка, "Smoky"), Modnitsa (Модница, "Fashionable") and Kozyavka (Козявка, "Little Gnat"). At least four other dogs flew in September 1951, and two or more were lost. Laika (Лайка, "Barker") became the first living Earth-born creature (other than microbes) in orbit, aboard Sputnik 2 on November 3rd, 1957. Some call her the first living passenger to go into space, but many sub-orbital flights with animal passengers passed the edge of space first.
Strelka Institute of "The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty", is programme director. The program theme, The New Normal, focuses on long-term urban futures in relation to technological, geographic and ecological complexities. KB Strelka provides strategic consulting services in the fields of architecture and urban planning, as well as cultural and spatial programming. The company was founded in 2013 by the executive board of the Strelka Institute. KB’s method is based on the implementation of transparent competition procedures, involving international experts, forecasting of expenses, and risk analysis at the early stages of project realisation. In 2013, KB organised several key international competitions for