Criticism of Hadith hadith criticism that has been implemented by the "muhaddithin" [orthodox ahadith evaluators] for the past thousand years, ... is far more scientific and exact than modern orientalist approaches." Traditional Islamic scholars who have endevored to refute the Western criticism of hadith include Mustafa al-Siba'i and Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami. Some Western academics have also been critical of this "revisionist" approach as a whole, for instance Harald Motzki, (who according to Jonathan Brown demonstrates "convincingly" that studies of early hadith and law by Joseph Schacht and the late G. H. A. Juynboll "used only a small and selective body of sources", "based
Hadith terminology its source. This provides confirmation that the "hadith" is authentically attributed to its source at a level above reasonable doubt. This is due to its being beyond historical possibility that narrators could have conspired to forge a narration. In contrast, an "ahaad hadith" is a narration the chain of which has not reached a number sufficient to qualify as "mutawatir". "Hadiths" can be "mutawatir" in both actual text and meaning: The second category, "ahaad" ( meaning "singular") narration, refers to any "hadith" not classified as "mutawatir". Linguistically, "hadith ahad" refers to a "hadith" narrated by only one narrator. In "hadith"