Hadith root of why there is no single "fiqh" system, but rather a collection of parallel systems within Islam. Much of early Islamic history available today is also based on the hadith, although it has been challenged for its lack of basis in primary source material and the internal contradictions of the secondary material available. Hadith may be "hadith qudsi" (sacred hadith) — which some Muslims regard as the words of God (Arabic: Allah) — or "hadith sharif" (noble hadith), which are Muhammad's own utterances. According to as-Sayyid ash-Sharif al-Jurjani, the hadith qudsi differ from the Quran in that the former
Hadith Bayad wa Riyad Hadith Bayad wa Riyad Hadith Bayāḍ wa Riyāḍ (, "The Narrative of Bayad and Riyad") is a 13th-century Arabic love story. The main characters of the tale are Bayad, a merchant's son and a foreigner from Damascus, Riyad, a well-educated girl in the court of an unnamed Hajib (vizier or minister) of 'Iraq (Mesopotamia) and a "Lady" (al-sayyida). The "Hadith Bayad wa Riyad" manuscript is believed to be the only illustrated manuscript known to have survived from the more than eight centuries of Muslim medieval life in Spain and Portugal. The sole manuscript is in the Vatican Library, where it