Exploration of Jupiter reach Europa after a 6.5 year cruise. The spacecraft would fly by the moon 32 times to minimize radiation damage. Because of the possibility of subsurface liquid oceans on Jupiter's moons Europa, Ganymede and Callisto, there has been great interest in studying the icy moons in detail. Funding difficulties have delayed progress. The "Europa Orbiter" was a planned NASA mission to Europa, which was canceled in 2002. Its main objectives included determining the presence or absence of a subsurface ocean and identifying candidate sites for future lander missions. NASA's "JIMO" ("Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter"), which was canceled in 2005, and
Atmosphere of Mars atmosphere is thinnest." Spectroscopic observations in the 1860s and 1870s led many to think the atmosphere of Mars is similar to Earth's. In 1894, though, spectral analysis and other qualitative observations by William Wallace Campbell suggested Mars resembles the Moon, which has no appreciable atmosphere, in many respects. In 1926, photographic observations by William Hammond Wright at the Lick Observatory allowed Donald Howard Menzel to discover quantitative evidence of Mars's atmosphere. The main component of the atmosphere of Mars is carbon dioxide () at 95.9%. Each pole is in continual darkness during its hemisphere's winter, and the surface gets so