Fear of mice of both in vivo and in vitro desensitization during treatment. It is also helpful to encourage patients to experience some positive associations with mice: thus, the feared stimulus is paired with the positive rather than being continuously reinforced by the negative. An exaggerated, phobic fear of mice and rats has traditionally been depicted as a stereotypical trait of women, with numerous books, cartoons, television shows, and films portraying women screaming and jumping onto chairs or tables at the sight of a mouse – for example, Mammy Two Shoes in "Tom and Jerry". Despite the gender-stereotype portrayal Western murophobia has always
Abnormal return where: AR - abnormal return for firm i on day t R - actual return for firm i on day t E(R) – expected return for firm i on day t A common practice is to standardise the abnormal returns with the use of the following formula: formula_3 where: SAR - standardised abnormal returns SD – standard deviation of the abnormal returns The SD is calculated with the use of the following formula: formula_4 where: S – the residual variance for firm i, R – the return on the stock market index on day t, R – the average return