Macaroni penguin of the body, and head and neck hunched, and general hunching of head and neck when incubating or standing at the nest. The macaroni penguin's predators consist of birds and aquatic mammals. The leopard seal ("Hydrurga leptonyx"), Antarctic fur seal ("Arctocephalus gazella"), Subantarctic fur seal ("A. tropicalis"), and killer whale ("Orcinus orca") hunt adult macaroni penguins in the water. Macaroni colonies suffer comparatively low rates of predation if undisturbed; predators generally only take eggs and chicks that have been left unattended or abandoned. Skua species, the snowy sheathbill "(Chionis alba"), and kelp gull ("Larus dominicanus") prey on eggs, and skuas
Bird of prey the young. In this species, the smaller the kestrels are, the less food is needed and thus, they can survive in environments that are harsher. This is particularly true in the male kestrels. It has become more energetically favorable for male kestrels to remain smaller than their female counterparts because smaller males have an agility advantage when it comes to defending the nest and hunting. Larger females are favored because they can incubate larger numbers of offspring, while also being able to breed a larger clutch size. Bird of prey Birds of prey, or raptors, include species of bird that