Criticism of Hadith hadith criticism that has been implemented by the "muhaddithin" [orthodox ahadith evaluators] for the past thousand years, ... is far more scientific and exact than modern orientalist approaches." Traditional Islamic scholars who have endevored to refute the Western criticism of hadith include Mustafa al-Siba'i and Muhammad Mustafa Al-A'zami. Some Western academics have also been critical of this "revisionist" approach as a whole, for instance Harald Motzki, (who according to Jonathan Brown demonstrates "convincingly" that studies of early hadith and law by Joseph Schacht and the late G. H. A. Juynboll "used only a small and selective body of sources", "based
Hadith terminology "hadith" the text of which contradicts established norms of the Prophet's sayings, or its reporters include a liar. There are several factors which may motivate an individual to fabricate a narration: A number of "hadith" specialists have collected fabricated "hadith" separately in order to distinguish them from other "hadith". Examples include: In "hadith" terminology, a "hadith" is divided into two categories based, essentially, upon the number of narrators mentioned at each level in a particular "isnād". Consideration is given to the least number of narrators at any level of the chain of narration; thus if ten narrators convey a "hadith"