Centre for Lusophone and European Literatures and Cultures and to reflections on entrepreneurship, regarded as one of the drivers of innovation in Portuguese culture. In 2011, CLEPUL changed its name to Centre for Lusophone and European Literatures and Cultures of the Faculty of Letters of the University of Lisbon, while keeping its acronym, in order to preserve its history while embracing its new scientific landscape. In 2014, CLEPUL is home for 536 researchers and 110 integrated members, organized in 7 Research Groups: Each Research Group has its associated Pole in other universities, including in Brazil and Angola, gathering experts in Literary science, Linguistics, History, Art History, Cultural studies,
Language acquisition by deaf children in the standard spoken language by making parts of it visible to those with hearing loss. According to Goldin-Meadow, reading requires two essential abilities: familiarity with a language and understanding the mapping between that language and the written word. However, reading is possible if deaf children learn ASL. Once they have acquired ASL, deaf children learn how to map between sign language and print so that they can learn English. Several techniques are used to help bridge the gap between ASL and spoken language or the "translation process" such as sandwiching and chaining. Sandwiching consists of alternating between saying the