Variable speed of light with Einstein and stated both speed and direction of light change in a gravity field first published 1923 in English, 1920 in German. Born expressed the magnitude of light speed as the square root of (−"g"/"g") gravity components in general relativity to leave no doubt about his intent. Richard Tolman also agreed with Einstein and expressed the radial speed of light as "dr"/"dt" in a gravity field. where "m" is "MG"/"c" and where natural units are used such that "c" is equal to one. Robert Dicke, in 1957, developed a related VSL theory of gravity. In contrast to Einstein, Dicke
One-way speed of light in agreement with Einstein synchronization. Therefore, testing the equivalence between these clock synchronization schemes is important for special relativity, and some experiments in which light follows a unidirectional path have proven this equivalence to high precision. As demonstrated by Hans Reichenbach and Adolf Grünbaum, Einstein synchronization is only a special case of a more broader synchronization scheme, which leaves the two-way speed of light invariant, but allows for different one-way speeds. The formula for Einstein synchronization is modified by replacing ½ with ε: ε can have values between 0 and 1. It was shown that this scheme can be used