Macaroni penguin of the body, and head and neck hunched, and general hunching of head and neck when incubating or standing at the nest. The macaroni penguin's predators consist of birds and aquatic mammals. The leopard seal ("Hydrurga leptonyx"), Antarctic fur seal ("Arctocephalus gazella"), Subantarctic fur seal ("A. tropicalis"), and killer whale ("Orcinus orca") hunt adult macaroni penguins in the water. Macaroni colonies suffer comparatively low rates of predation if undisturbed; predators generally only take eggs and chicks that have been left unattended or abandoned. Skua species, the snowy sheathbill "(Chionis alba"), and kelp gull ("Larus dominicanus") prey on eggs, and skuas
Macaroni and cheese has remained popular in the United States. A recipe called "macaroni and cheese" appeared in the 1824 cookbook "The Virginia Housewife" written by Mary Randolph. Randolph's recipe had three ingredients: macaroni, cheese, and butter, layered together and baked in a hot oven. The cookbook was the most influential cookbook of the 19th century, according to culinary historian Karen Hess. Similar recipes for macaroni and cheese occur in the 1852 "Hand-book of Useful Arts", and the 1861 "Godey's Lady's Book". By the mid-1880s, cookbooks as far west as Kansas and Festus, Missouri, included recipes for macaroni and cheese casseroles. Factory production