Yellow fever other feverish illnesses such as malaria. Other viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Marburg virus, and Junin virus, must be excluded as the cause. Personal prevention of yellow fever includes vaccination and avoidance of mosquito bites in areas where yellow fever is endemic. Institutional measures for prevention of yellow fever include vaccination programmes and measures of controlling mosquitoes. Programmes for distribution of mosquito nets for use in homes are providing reductions in cases of both malaria and yellow fever. Use of EPA-registered insect repellent is recommended when outdoors. Exposure for even a short time is enough for
Verminous haemorrhagic dermatitis (cattle) Verminous haemorrhagic dermatitis (cattle) Verminous haemorrhagic dermatitis is a filariasis of cattle marked by a cutaneous haemorrhagic nodule. It is referred sometimes to as "summer wound" (German "Sommerwunden"). It is caused by infestation with the nematode "Parafilaria bovicola". Transmission involves fly vectors of the genus "Musca", which ingest microfilariae when feeding on the skin lesions. The disease has been reported in Bulgaria, France, Germany, Morocco, Sweden, Tunisia, and especially South Africa. In Germany, the nodules are known to develop on the upper side on the body. In Morocco, the haemorrhagic lesions are mainly seen on the belly, neck and forelimbs,