Wine vessels kept them fresh and free from a vinegar smell. In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church supported wine because the clergy required it for the Mass. Monks in France made wine for years, aging it in caves. An old English recipe that survived in various forms until the 19th century calls for refining white wine from bastard—bad or tainted "bastardo" wine. The English word "wine" comes from the Proto-Germanic "*winam", an early borrowing from the Latin "vinum", "wine" or "(grape) vine", itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European stem *"win-o-" (cf. , "gini"; Ancient Greek: "oinos"; Aeolic Greek: "woinos"; Hittite: "wiyana";
Wine of a common origin of the word denoting "wine" in these language families. The Georgian word goes back to Proto-Kartvelian *"ɣwino"-, which is either a borrowing from Proto-Indo-European or the lexeme was specifically borrowed from Proto-Armenian *"ɣʷeinyo"-, whence Armenian "gini". An alternate hypothesis by Fähnrich supposes *"ɣwino"- a native Kartvelian word derived from the verbal root *"ɣun"- ('to bend'). See *"ɣwino"- for more. All these theories place the origin of the word in the same geographical location, Trans-Caucasia, that has been established based on archeological and biomolecular studies as the origin of viticulture. The red-wine production process involves extraction of