Calamine (mineral) crystallographically quite distinct, the two minerals exhibit similar massive or botryoidal external form and are not readily distinguished without detailed chemical or physical analysis. The first person to separate the minerals was the British chemist and mineralogist James Smithson in 1803. In the mining industry the term calamine has been historically used to refer to both minerals indiscriminately. In mineralogy calamine is no longer considered a valid term. It has been replaced by smithsonite and hemimorphite in order to distinguish it from the pinkish mixture of zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron(III) oxide (FeO) used in calamine lotion. In the 16th
Group 11 element silver-plated copper wiring are found in some special applications. Copper occurs in its native form in Chile, China, Mexico, Russia and the USA. Various natural ores of copper are: copper pyrites (CuFeS), cuprite or ruby copper (CuO), copper glance (CuS), malachite, (Cu(OH)CuCO), and azurite (Cu(OH)2CuCO). Copper pyrite is the principal ore, and yields nearly 76% of the world production of copper. Silver is found in native form, as an alloy with gold (electrum), and in ores containing sulfur, arsenic, antimony or chlorine. Ores include argentite (AgS), chlorargyrite (AgCl) which includes horn silver, and pyrargyrite (AgSbS). Silver is extracted using the