Elbow taken as six handbreadths; three to the elbow and three from the elbow to the shoulder. Another measure was the "cubit" (from "cubital"). This was taken to be the length of a man's arm from the elbow to the end of the middle finger. Though the elbow is similarly adapted for stability through a wide range of pronation-supination and flexion-extension in all apes, there are some minor differences. In arboreal apes such as orangutans, the large forearm muscles originating on the epicondyles of the humerus generate significant transverse forces on the elbow joint. The structure to resist these forces is
Yup'ik clothing of toes to end of heel; foot (in length); "malruneq" (in Yup'ik) measurement of the width at their ends of the index finger and the middle finger held next to each other; "naparneq" (in Yup'ik) measurement from tip of extended thumb to opposite side fist; "patneq" (in Yup'ik) measurement, the width of the four fingers (thumb excluded) of one's hand; "pingayuneq" (in Yup'ik) measurement of the width at their ends of the index finger, the middle finger, and the ring finger held next to each other; "pupsuneq" (in Yup'ik) measurement from the thumb (outer edge of nail) to the second