Yellow fever other feverish illnesses such as malaria. Other viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Marburg virus, and Junin virus, must be excluded as the cause. Personal prevention of yellow fever includes vaccination and avoidance of mosquito bites in areas where yellow fever is endemic. Institutional measures for prevention of yellow fever include vaccination programmes and measures of controlling mosquitoes. Programmes for distribution of mosquito nets for use in homes are providing reductions in cases of both malaria and yellow fever. Use of EPA-registered insect repellent is recommended when outdoors. Exposure for even a short time is enough for
Verminous haemorrhagic dermatitis (cattle) where it can lead to a wide plages of subcutaneous necrosis, with swelling of the arm. Ivermectin is efficient for individual treatments of the illness. But surgical excision, although very haemorrhagic, is far more efficient. A similar disease, sometimes referred to as "Cascado", occurs in Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia) and is caused by "Stephanofilaria" species. Epidemiology differs among the countries in which it has been reported, and is dependent upon temperature and rainfall patterns, and the subsequent multiplication of the fly vectors. In Germany, the verminous nodules start in May and June, 2 to 4 weeks after the beginning of pasture