Ionization energy The sciences of physics and chemistry use different measures of ionization energy. In physics, the unit is the amount of energy required to remove a single electron from a single atom or molecule, expressed as electronvolts. In chemistry, the unit is the amount of energy required for all of the atoms in a mole of substance to lose one electron each: molar ionization energy or enthalpy, expressed as kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) or kilocalories per mole (kcal/mol). Comparison of "E" of elements in the periodic table reveals two periodic trends: The latter trend results from the outer electron shell being
Dobson unit Dobson unit should eventually be replaced by an appropriate SI unit and that the unit mmol m-2 was the most convenient and least cumbersome option. It expressed the hope that this unit would eventually supplant the Dobson Unit. However, as of March 2017, there is little evidence that this has occurred; for example the Dobson unit is still used by NASA and by the World Ozone and Ultraviolet Radiation Data Center in their reporting of total ozone amount. NASA uses a baseline value of 220 DU for ozone. This was chosen as the starting point for observations of the Antarctic