Wine vessels kept them fresh and free from a vinegar smell. In medieval Europe, the Roman Catholic Church supported wine because the clergy required it for the Mass. Monks in France made wine for years, aging it in caves. An old English recipe that survived in various forms until the 19th century calls for refining white wine from bastard—bad or tainted "bastardo" wine. The English word "wine" comes from the Proto-Germanic "*winam", an early borrowing from the Latin "vinum", "wine" or "(grape) vine", itself derived from the Proto-Indo-European stem *"win-o-" (cf. , "gini"; Ancient Greek: "oinos"; Aeolic Greek: "woinos"; Hittite: "wiyana";
Congress on the French language in Canada 24 to June 30, 1912. Its stated objective was to "examine the questions raised by the defence, the culture and the development of the French language and literature in Canada." The Second Congress on the French Language in Canada ("Deuxième Congrès de la langue française au Canada") was held at Université Laval in Quebec City from June 27 to 1 July 1937. The theme of the second congress was "The French spirit in Canada, in our language, our laws, our habits" ("L'esprit français au Canada, dans notre langue, dans nos lois, dans nos mœurs"). The Third Congress on the French