Elbow taken as six handbreadths; three to the elbow and three from the elbow to the shoulder. Another measure was the "cubit" (from "cubital"). This was taken to be the length of a man's arm from the elbow to the end of the middle finger. Though the elbow is similarly adapted for stability through a wide range of pronation-supination and flexion-extension in all apes, there are some minor differences. In arboreal apes such as orangutans, the large forearm muscles originating on the epicondyles of the humerus generate significant transverse forces on the elbow joint. The structure to resist these forces is
Yup'ik clothing the outstreched arm and hand; "cagner" (in Cup'ig) measurement between tips of fingers on opposing hands when arms are extended out from the sides of the body; "ikuyegarneq" (in Yup'ik) "ikuyegarner" (in Cup'ig) measurement from one's elbow to the end of his fist; "ikuyegneq" (in Yup'ik) measurement from one's elbow to end of his outstretched fingertips; "iqelqin" (in Yup'ik) measurement from the tip of one's thumb to the tip of one's index fingers are stretched out from each other; "itegneq" (in Yup'ik) measurement from tip of toes to end of heel; foot (in length); "it’ganeq" (in Yup'ik) measurement from tip