Uniforms and insignia of the Schutzstaffel shoulderboards on both sides. In March 1936, the camp "service" was formally established as the third branch of the SS, the "Totenkopfverbände" or skull units. At about this same time, for similar reasons, the military SS formations (the "Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler" and the "SS-Verfügungstruppe") adopted a service uniform in what was termed "earth-grey" ("erdgrau"). This also was based on the black uniform, but without the red "Hakenkreuz" armband, its place on the left sleeve being taken by an eagle-and-swastika patch, and worn with trousers and shoes or calf-high jackboots. In June 1938 this uniform was authorized for full-time "Allgemeine-SS"
Austria – the Nazis' first victim the influx of refugees from Germany. The holocaust started in Austria in July 1941 and, on the whole, finished by the end of 1942. Arrested were took off to ghettos and concentration camps in Belarus, Latvia and Poland via Theresienstadt and eventually killed. At the end of the war slaughters resumed in Austria, where thousands of Hungarian Jews worked at the construction of lines of defence. Extermination of Jews, treated as slaves "privatized" by the local Nazis, continued for several weeks in rural areas of Styria after Germany surrendered. The case of slave-holders from Graz reached the court of British