Tagus Estuary Natural Reserve breed on adjacent farmland. Little bustard ("Tetrax tetrax") occurs all year but is more numerous in winter. Raptors which may be seen over the fields include black-winged kite ("Elanus caeruleus"), short-toed eagle ("Circaetus gallicus") and booted eagle ("Aquila pennatus") Nearby patches of woodland hold short-toed treecreeper ("Certhia brachydactyla"), European nightjar ("Caprimulgus europaeus"), red-necked nightjar ("Caprimulgus ruficollis"), Iberian magpie ("Cyanopica cooki") and many passerines. During the Spring and Autumn many species stopover on the Tagus during their migration these include curlew sandpiper ("Calidris ferruginea") in large numbers with many other shorebirds in smaller numbers, Common redshank and Balck-tailed Godwits reach their
Ascochyta tarda will decrease in future decades because of climate change (Bucker Moraes W., Cintra de Jesus, W.J, de Azevedo Peixoto, L., Bucker Moraes, W., Morra Coser, S., Cecílio, R.A, 2012). This will also be an issue in Ethiopia where coffee farming is the source of income for approximately 15 million farmers in Ethiopia and as much as 60% of the current growing area can become affected (Moat, J., Williams, J., Baena, S., Wilkinson, T., Gole, T.W., Challa, Z.K., Demissew, S., David, A.P., 2017) Ascochyta tarda Ascochyta tarda or Phoma tarda is a fungal plant pathogen that causes dieback and leafspot on