Animal mesoderm forms by enterocoelic pouching, through invagination of the endoderm. The main deuterostome phyla are the Echinodermata and the Chordata. Echinoderms are exclusively marine and include starfish, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers. The chordates are dominated by the vertebrates (animals with backbones), which consist of fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. The deuterostomes also include the Hemichordata (acorn worms). The Ecdysozoa are protostomes, named after their shared trait of ecdysis, growth by moulting. They include the largest animal phylum, the Arthropoda, which contains insects, spiders, crabs, and their kin. All of these have a body divided into repeating segments, typically
Kina (animal) can be entirely eaten away, leaving bare rocks, also known as Kina Barrens. Larval stages can feed on different species of unicellular algae in a size range between 5 and 50 µm (MacEdward and Miner 2007). Molluscs such as the cymatiid gastropods "Charonia capax" and "C. rudicunda", starfish, and benthic feeding fishes can feed on individuals of "E. chloroticus" (Dix 1970a). The most important predators are the eleven-armed sea star, "Coscinasterias calamaria", the seven-armed prickly starfish, "Astrostole scabra", and the spiny lobster, "Jasus edwardsii" (Andrew and MacDiarmid 1991, Barker 2007). "Evechinus chloroticus" has an annual breeding cycle (Dix 1970b). It