Hard water boiling. When this is the case, it is usually caused by the presence of calcium sulphate/calcium chloride and/or magnesium sulphate/magnesium chloride in the water, which do not precipitate out as the temperature increases. Ions causing permanent hardness of water can be removed using a water softener, or ion exchange column. Total Permanent Hardness = Permanent Calcium Hardness + Permanent Magnesium Hardness With hard water, soap solutions form a white precipitate (soap scum) instead of producing lather, because the 2+ ions destroy the surfactant properties of the soap by forming a solid precipitate (the soap scum). A major component of such
Hydrated silica an odourless, tasteless, white, gelatinous substance, which is chemically inert. Chemical Formula: SiO · HO Diatomaceous earth, originally mined as "tooth powder" is a naturally occurring hydrated silica. As a fine gel abrasive, frequently combined with softer calcium carbonate (from chalk) it helps to remove plaque. Milled to a slightly larger size, the grains are more aggressive and are used in tooth bleaching formulations. It also has synergetic effects when compounded with traditional flame retardants such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminium hydroxide. Hydrated silica is listed by the US Food and Drug Administration as "Generally Recognized as Safe". Toothpaste: Chemistry: