Orogeny process whereby new mountains and other land-forms were thrust up, or else there would eventually be no land; he suggested that marine fossils in mountainsides must once have been at the sea-floor. Orogeny was used by Amanz Gressly (1840) and Jules Thurmann (1854) as "orogenic" in terms of the creation of mountain elevations, as the term "mountain building" was still used to describe the processes. Elie de Beaumont (1852) used the evocative "Jaws of a Vise" theory to explain orogeny, but was more concerned with the height rather than the implicit structures created by and contained in orogenic belts. His
East African Orogeny supercontinent (today known as Rodinia), a process that eventually culminated in the relatively short-lived Gondwanan supercontinent. Two partly incomparable scenarios have been proposed for this assembly. In one model, the EAO evolved from an accretionary orogeny involving the amalgamation of arcs and evolved into a collisional orogeny when the Neoproterozoic continent Azania collided with the Congo-Tanzania-Bangweulu Block at . In another model, the assembly of East Gondwana was a multiphase process which included two main periods of orogenesis: the older EAO ( ) and the younger Kuunga Orogeny ( ). In the former scenario the Kuunga Orogeny of the latter