Hard water boiling. When this is the case, it is usually caused by the presence of calcium sulphate/calcium chloride and/or magnesium sulphate/magnesium chloride in the water, which do not precipitate out as the temperature increases. Ions causing permanent hardness of water can be removed using a water softener, or ion exchange column. Total Permanent Hardness = Permanent Calcium Hardness + Permanent Magnesium Hardness With hard water, soap solutions form a white precipitate (soap scum) instead of producing lather, because the 2+ ions destroy the surfactant properties of the soap by forming a solid precipitate (the soap scum). A major component of such
Magnesium chromate Magnesium chromate Magnesium chromate is a chemical compound, with the formula MgCrO. It is a white or brownish, odorless, water-soluble solid with several important industrial uses. This chromate can be manufactured as a powder. Before 1940, the literature about Magnesium chromate and its hydrates was sparse, but studies starting in that year looked at its properties and solubility. It is available commercially in a variety of powders, from nanoscale to micron-sized, either as an anhydrous or hydrated form. As a hydrate, it is useful as a corrosion inhibitor and pigment, or as an ingredient in cosmetics. In 2011, an undecahydrate