Peru Antonio José de Sucre they defeated the larger Spanish army in the Battle of Junín on 6 August 1824 and the decisive Battle of Ayacucho on 9 December of the same year, consolidating the independence of Peru and Alto Peru. Alto Peru was later established as Bolivia. During the early years of the Republic, endemic struggles for power between military leaders caused political instability. From the 1840s to the 1860s, Peru enjoyed a period of stability under the presidency of Ramón Castilla, through increased state revenues from guano exports. However, by the 1870s, these resources had been depleted, the country
Tertiary Hill Country Tertiary Hill Country The Tertiary Hill Country ( or "Tertiäres Hügelland"), also called the Tertiary Hills, is an upland area with a moderate climate in the northern Alpine Foreland, which extends northwards as far as the River Danube. It is divided into two simple contiguous regions that are separated by the valley of the Lower Inn which itself is not usually counted as part of the Tertiary Hills. In Germany (Bavaria), the Lower Bavarian Upland is its larger northwestern element; in Upper Austria it forms the Hausruckviertl Mountain and Hill Country (also called the Upper Austrian Hill Country or "Oberösterreichisches