Nobel Prize relevant fields was greater), a greater delay in awarding Nobel Prizes for women's achievements making longevity a more important factor for women (Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously), and a tendency to omit women from jointly awarded Nobel Prizes. Four people have received two Nobel Prizes. Marie Curie received the Physics Prize in 1903 for her work on radioactivity and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure radium, making her the only person to be awarded a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. Linus Pauling was awarded the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the chemical
Michael Nobel of industrialist and humanitarian Ludvig Nobel, the founder of Branobel and one of the world's richest men in his time. Ludvig was also the brother of Alfred Nobel, who invented dynamite and established five prizes in the family name. His legal last name was originally Nobel-Oleinikoff, but his father Sven Nobel-Oleinikoff would eventually change their branch's legal name to simply Nobel, his mother's name (there are no male-line descendants of either of the Nobel brothers alive today). Sven Nobel-Oleinikoff was Chairman of the Nobel Family Society for several years, as was his son. Michael Nobel has a lengthy educational background