Frankenstein (1931 film) the deliberately farcical "Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein" (1948). Though it is unrelated to the Universal series, the later "Frankenstein 1970" has the scientist Frankenstein, here played by Karloff, animate the Monster using a nuclear reactor. Although Frankenstein's hunchbacked assistant is often referred to as "Igor" in descriptions of the films, he is not so called in the earliest films. In both "Frankenstein" and "Bride of Frankenstein", Frankenstein has an assistant who is played both times by Dwight Frye who is crippled. In the original 1931 film the character is named "Fritz" who is hunchbacked and walks with the aid
The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari some of which featured an antagonist using Caligari-like supernatural abilities to control others, such as "Dracula" (1931), "Svengali" (1931) and "The Mad Genius" (1931). Kaes said both "Caligari"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s stylistic elements, and the Cesare character in particular, influenced the Universal Studios horror films of the 1930s, which often prominently featured some sort of monster, such as "Frankenstein" (1931), "The Mummy" (1932), "The Black Cat" (1934), and "Bride of Frankenstein" (1935). The Expressionism of "Caligari" also influenced American avant-garde film, particularly those that used fantastic settings to illustrate an inhuman environment overpowering an individual. Early examples include "The Fall of the House