Manganese is also used in portland cement mixtures. Manganese is an important element for human health, essential for development, metabolism, and the antioxidant system. Nevertheless, excessive exposure or intake may lead to a condition known as manganism, a neurodegenerative disorder that causes dopaminergic neuronal death and symptoms similar to Parkinson's disease. The classes of enzymes that have manganese cofactors is large and includes oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, ligases, lectins, and integrins. The reverse transcriptases of many retroviruses (though not lentiviruses such as HIV) contain manganese. The best-known manganese-containing polypeptides may be arginase, the diphtheria toxin, and Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD).
Manganese peroxidase the presence of O, can oxidize lignin or react with water to form HO. The Mn3+ ion itself can degrade lignin by catalyzing alkyl-aryl cleavages and α-carbon oxidation in phenols. MnP activity is controlled via transcriptional regulation. MnP is up-regulated by increases in extracellular Mn(II) and HO concentrations. It has been found that increased O concentration and heat stress also activate MnP. Manganese peroxidase In enzymology, a manganese peroxidase () is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction The 3 substrates of this enzyme are Mn(II), H, and HO, whereas its two products are Mn(III) and HO. This enzyme belongs