Kinetic Isotope Effects of RuBisCO carbon, oxygen, and/or hydrogen, though currently only a significant isotope effect is seen for carbon isotope substitution. Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but varying numbers of neutrons. "Lighter" isotopes (like the stable Carbon-12 isotope) have a smaller overall mass, and "heavier" isotopes (like the stable Carbon-13 isotope or radioactive Carbon-14 isotope) have a larger overall mass. Stable isotope geochemistry is concerned with how varying chemical and physical processes preferentially enrich or deplete stable isotopes. Enzymes like RuBisCO cause isotopic fractionation because molecules containing lighter isotopes have higher zero-point energies (ZPE), the lowest possible quantum energy
Pertechnetate is found in a Meckel's diverticulum with Meckel's scans. All technetium salts are mildy radioactive, but some of them have explored use of the element for its chemical properties. In these uses, its radioactivity is incidental, and generally the least radioactive (longest-lived) isotopes of Tc are used. In particular, Tc (half-life 211,000 years) is used in corrosion research, because it is the decay product of the easily obtained commercial Tc isotope, which is its nuclear isomer. In theory, the longest-lived technetium isotope, Tc (half-life 4.2 million years), would be the optimal isotope for this use. Solutions of technetate(VII) react with