Volume as the disk radius, the volume of the sphere can be calculated as Now Combining yields formula_15 This formula can be derived more quickly using the formula for the sphere's surface area, which is formula_16. The volume of the sphere consists of layers of infinitesimally thin spherical shells, and the sphere volume is equal to The cone is a type of pyramidal shape. The fundamental equation for pyramids, one-third times base times altitude, applies to cones as well. However, using calculus, the volume of a cone is the integral of an infinite number of infinitesimally thin circular disks of thickness
Vapor–liquid–solid method the metal droplet). More specifically, Δµ is the difference between the chemical potential of the depositing species (Si in the above example) in the vapor and solid whisker phase. Δµ is the initial difference proceeding whisker growth (when formula_7), while formula_8 is the atomic volume of Si and formula_9 the specific free energy of the wire surface. Examination of the above equation, indeed reveals that small diameters (formula_10100 nm) exhibit small driving forces for whisker growth while large wire diameters exhibit large driving forces. Involves the removal of material from metal-containing solid targets by irradiating the surface with high-powered (~100