Solid angle orientation formula_9, and distance from the viewer as: where the surface area of a sphere is . The solid angle of a cone with its apex at the apex of the solid angle, and with apex angle 2, is the area of a spherical cap on a unit sphere For small such that , this reduces to the area of a circle . The above is found by computing the following double integral using the unit surface element in spherical coordinates: This formula can also be derived without the use of calculus. Over 2200 years ago Archimedes proved that the
Solid sorbents for carbon capture adsorption for solids requires less energy for the CO to desorb from the material surface. Also, two primary or secondary amine molecules are generally required to absorb a single CO molecule in liquids. For solid surfaces, large capacities of CO can be adsorbed. For temperature swing adsorption processes, the lower heat capacity of solids has been reported to reduce the sensible energy required for sorbent regeneration. Many environmental concerns over liquid amines can be eliminated by the use of solid adsorbents. Manufacturing costs are expected to be significantly greater than the cost of simple amines. Because flue gas contains trace