Belief of religious thought, "belief-that" instead belonged to epistemological considerations. To "believe in" someone or something is a distinct concept from "believing-that." There are at least these types of belief-in: Economic beliefs are beliefs which are reasonably and necessarily contrary to the tenet of rational choice or instrumental rationality. Studies of the Austrian tradition of the economic thought, in the context of analysis of the influence and subsequent degree of change resulting from existing economic knowledge and belief, has contributed the most to the subsequent holistic collective analysis. Insofar as the truth of belief is expressed in sentential and propositional form
Ethics of belief extensively on norms of intellectual inquiry in his "Discourse on Method" (1637), as did John Locke in Book 4 of his "Essay Concerning Human Understanding" (1690). Three important thinkers--Blaise Pascal, Immanuel Kant, and Søren Kierkegaard—anticipated James in rejecting evidentialism and arguing that there are important matters on which, for practical or existential grounds, we should believe even if we lack sufficient evidence. Rules or standards that properly govern responsible belief-formation and the pursuit of intellectual excellence are what philosophers call epistemic (or "doxastic") norms. Widely accepted epistemic norms include: Ethics of belief The ethics of belief refers to a cluster