Surface tension gases. The pressure inside an ideal (one surface) soap bubble can be derived from thermodynamic free energy considerations. At constant temperature and particle number, , the differential Helmholtz energy is given by where is the difference in pressure inside and outside of the bubble, and is the surface tension. In equilibrium, , and so, For a spherical bubble, the volume and surface area are given simply by and Substituting these relations into the previous expression, we find which is equivalent to the Young–Laplace equation when . For real soap bubbles, the pressure is doubled due to the presence of two
Steinmetz solid bicylinder describes a total of 8 pyramids. The volume of the cube (red) minus the volume of the eight pyramids (blue) is the volume of the bicylinder (white). The volume of the 8 pyramids is: formula_12, and then we can calculate that the bicylinder volume is formula_13 The intersection of three cylinders whith perpendicularly intersecting axes generates a surface of a solid with vertices where 3 edges meet and vertices where 4 edges meet. The set of vertices can be considered as the edges of a rhombic dodecahedron. The key for the determination of volume and surface area is the