Acid mine drainage where the ore is a sulfide mineral or is associated with pyrite. In these cases the predominant metal ion may not be iron but rather zinc, copper, or nickel. The most commonly mined ore of copper, chalcopyrite, is itself a copper-iron-sulfide and occurs with a range of other sulfides. Thus, copper mines are often major culprits of acid mine drainage. At some mines, acidic drainage is detected within 2–5 years after mining begins, whereas at other mines, it is not detected for several decades. In addition, acidic drainage may be generated for decades or centuries after it is first detected.
Ore extension which means that "δ" is a homomorphism of abelian groups satisfying Then the Ore extension "R"["x";"σ","δ"], also called a skew polynomial ring, is the noncommutative ring obtained by giving the ring of polynomials "R"["x"] a new multiplication, subject to the identity If "δ" = 0 (i.e., is the zero map) then the Ore extension is denoted "R"["x"; "σ"]. If "σ" = 1 (i.e., the identity map) then the Ore extension is denoted "R"["x","δ"] and is called a differential polynomial ring. The Weyl algebras are Ore extensions, with "R" any commutative polynomial ring, "σ" the identity ring endomorphism, and "δ" the