Black coal equivalent as a "black coal equivalent" product derived from brown coal was first discovered by Dr R.B. Johns and colleagues at the Organic Chemistry laboratory at Melbourne University following observations made at the Maddingley Mine near Bacchus Marsh, Victoria. Dr Johns and colleagues identified that a process of low-mechanical shear applied to brown coal mixed with a small amount of moisture would trigger a natural exothermic reaction process within the coal, leading to the expulsion of its moisture content. The process fundamentally alters micro chemical bonds within the coal, naturally reducing moisture content to around 11 per cent; boosting calorific value
Coal Island, New Zealand is one of only nine islands in the area that is completely free of introduced mammalian pests. Since then, endangered endemic birds such as tokoeka (Haast brown kiwi) and mōhua (yellowhead) have been released on the island. Coal Island, New Zealand Coal Island is an island in Fiordland, in the southwest of New Zealand's South Island. Its Māori name is Te Puka-Hereka Island, which translated means The Tied Anchor, but the island is commonly known as Coal Island. Situated at the southern end of Fiordland's west coast, Coal Island lies in the entrance to Preservation Inlet, between Puysegur Point and