Hatha Yoga Pradipika In the twenty-first century, research on the history of yoga has led to a more developed understanding of hatha yoga. In analyzing the "Hatha Yoga Pradīpikā", as well as other works by Svātmārāma, researchers better understand the origins of hatha yoga. James Mallinson has thoroughly studied the origins of hatha yoga and has worked with classic yoga texts such as the "Khecarīvidyā". He has identified a collection of eight works that introduce early hatha yoga and contribute directly to its official formation in the "Hatha Yoga Pradipika". Many of his conclusions from these early works revise earlier understandings about the
Karma in Jainism propagators of Jainism and the 24th ' (ford-maker), had to bear the brunt of his previous karma before attaining "kevala jñāna" (enlightenment). He attained it only after bearing twelve years of severe austerity with detachment. The "" speaks of how Māhavīra bore his karma with complete equanimity, as follows: Karma forms a central and fundamental part of Jain faith, being intricately connected to other of its philosophical concepts like transmigration, reincarnation, liberation, non-violence ("ahiṃsā") and non-attachment, among others. Actions are seen to have consequences: some immediate, some delayed, even into future incarnations. So the doctrine of karma is not considered