Hatha yoga are two forms of hatha yoga: one practiced by Yajñavalkya consisting of the eight limbs of ashtanga yoga and another practiced by Kapila consisting of eight mudras. Currently, the oldest dated text to describe hatha yoga, the 11th century CE "Amṛtasiddhi", comes from a tantric Buddhist milieu. The oldest texts to use the actual verbiage of "hatha" are also Vajrayana Buddhist. In the 20th century, hatha yoga, particularly asanas (the physical postures), became popular throughout the world as a form of physical exercise, and is now colloquially termed simply as "yoga." According to the Indologist James Mallinson, some Hatha Yoga
Karma in Jainism propagators of Jainism and the 24th ' (ford-maker), had to bear the brunt of his previous karma before attaining "kevala jñāna" (enlightenment). He attained it only after bearing twelve years of severe austerity with detachment. The "" speaks of how Māhavīra bore his karma with complete equanimity, as follows: Karma forms a central and fundamental part of Jain faith, being intricately connected to other of its philosophical concepts like transmigration, reincarnation, liberation, non-violence ("ahiṃsā") and non-attachment, among others. Actions are seen to have consequences: some immediate, some delayed, even into future incarnations. So the doctrine of karma is not considered