Hatha yoga of self purification), 15 asana (postures: seated, laying down, and non-seated), pranayama (breathing) and kumbhaka (breath retention), mudras (internalized energetic practices), meditation, chakras (centers of energy), kundalini, nadanusandhana (concentration on inner sound), and other topics. "Hatha Yoga Pradipika" is the best known and most widely used Hatha yoga text. It consists of 389 "shlokas" (verses) in four chapters: Post-Hathapradipika texts on Hatha yoga include: Historically, Hatha yoga has been a broad movement across the Indian traditions, openly available to anyone. According to Mallinson, the Hatha yoga represented a trend towards the democratization of yoga insights and religion similar to the
Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth Jnana-Deepa Vidyapeeth (JDV) is a Pontifical institute for philosophy and religion located at Pune, India. Established in 1893, it caters primarily to the formation of future Catholic priests in India JDV is the degree granting "athenaeum" of the Papal Seminary which was founded in 1893 at Kandy, Sri Lanka, which was considered a part of occupied India, to look after the formation of Catholic priests for the whole of India. After Indian Independence, it became difficult for Indians to go to Sri Lanka for studies. In 1955, Papal Seminary along with its Athenaeum moved to Pune. The Athenaeum