Marcel Duchamp the Broken Arm", followed soon after. His "Fountain", a urinal signed with the pseudonym "R. Mutt", shocked the art world in 1917. "Fountain" was selected in 2004 as "the most influential artwork of the 20th century" by 500 renowned artists and historians. In 1919, Duchamp made a parody of the "Mona Lisa" by adorning a cheap reproduction of the painting with a mustache and goatee. To this he added the inscription "L.H.O.O.Q.", a phonetic game which, when read out loud in French quickly sounds like ""Elle a chaud au cul"". This can be translated as "She has a hot ass,"
Marcel Duchamp a broader American audience. Duchamp's influence on the art world remained behind the scenes until the late 1950s, when he was "discovered" by young artists such as Robert Rauschenberg and Jasper Johns, who were eager to escape the dominance of Abstract Expressionism. He was a co-founder of the international literary group Oulipo in 1960. Interest in Duchamp was reignited in the 1960s, and he gained international public recognition. In 1963, the Pasadena Art Museum mounted his first retrospective exhibition, and there he appeared in an iconic photograph playing chess opposite nude model Eve Babitz. The photograph was later described by