History of the papacy finally resulted in mutual denunciations and excommunications. Pope Urban II (1088–99) speech at the Council of Clermont in 1095 became the rallying cry of the First Crusade. Unlike the previous millennium, the process for papal selection became somewhat fixed during this period. Pope Nicholas II promulgated "In nomine Domini" in 1059, which limited suffrage in papal elections to the College of Cardinals. The rules and procedures of papal elections evolved during this period, laying the groundwork for the modern papal conclave. The driving force behind these reforms was Cardinal Hildebrand, who later became Gregory VII. The pope is the bishop
Bertrand de Montredon Bertrand de Montredon Bertrand de Montredon was an 11th-century Catholic bishop. He was consecrated by Pope Urban II, and was bishop of Nîmes from 1095 to 1097 and then of Narbonne from 1097–1106. As Bishop of Nimes he attended the Council of Clermont in 1095, and the synod convened for the blessing of Maguelonne island and the founding of a church there, He was also at the wedding of count Raymond of Saint-Giles. After serving as Archbishop of Narbonne, he was replaced in the dispute between Psalmodi and St. Victor of Marseille by the mediator Raymond William of Montpellier, possibly