Mare Nostrum to Egypt, and "mare nostrum" began to be used in the context of the whole Mediterranean Sea. Other names were also employed, including "mare internum" ("Internal Sea"), but these did not include "mare mediterraneum", which was a late Latin creation only attested to well after the Fall of Rome. The rise of Italian nationalism during the "Scramble for Africa" of the 1880s led to calls for the establishment of an Italian colonial empire. The phrase was first revived by the Italian poet Gabriele d'Annunzio. The term was again taken up by Benito Mussolini for use in fascist propaganda, in a
Exultavit cor nostrum campaigns such as against the Assassins, and suggested joint efforts between the Mongols and the Christians against their common enemy, the Egyptian Mamluks. The letter also expressed Hulagu's desire to return Jerusalem to the Christians. King Louis sent John and the letter along to Pope Urban, and John probably returned to Maragha in late 1262. Exultavit cor nostrum Exultavit cor nostrum is a letter, also known as a Papal bull, from Pope Urban IV to the Mongol Ilkhanate leader Hulagu in 1263/1264. The letter was evidently in response to a message brought to Urban by John the Hungarian, who claimed