Carmen (1915 Cecil B. DeMille film) so DeMille instructed his screenwriter brother William to base his scenario on the public domain novella "Carmen" by Prosper Mérimée. The novella's Carmen was more wilful and manipulative than the opera version. For instance, William included a cigarette factory fight scene from the book which was not found in the opera. Composer Hugo Riesenfeld arranged the orchestral score, his first of many for film, which "was" based on that of Bizet's opera. It was performed at the premiere and other prestigious screenings. There have been two restorations of Riesenfeld's score: the first was by Gillian Anderson, recorded with the London
Opera in English styles. They were followed by Philip Glass ("Einstein on the Beach"), Mark Adamo, John Adams ("Nixon in China"), and Jake Heggie. Moreover, non-native-English speaking composers have occasionally set English libretti (e.g. Igor Stravinsky, "The Rake's Progress"; Hans Werner Henze, "We Come to the River"). Opera in English The history of opera in the English language commences in the 17th century. In England, one of opera's antecedents in the 16th century was an afterpiece which came at the end of a play; often scandalous and consisting in the main of dialogue set to music arranged from popular tunes. In this respect