Inflammatory bowel disease inflammatory changes. Crohn's can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, from mouth to anus ("skip lesions"), although a majority of the cases start in the terminal ileum. Ulcerative colitis, in contrast, is restricted to the colon and the rectum. Microscopically, ulcerative colitis is restricted to the mucosa (epithelial lining of the gut), while Crohn's disease affects the full thickness of the bowel wall ("transmural lesions"). Lastly, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis present with extra-intestinal manifestations (such as liver problems, arthritis, skin manifestations and eye problems) in different proportions. In 10–15% of cases, a definitive diagnosis neither of Crohn's disease
Sickle cell disease that sickle cell disease affects 90,000 Americans. Most infants with SCD born in the United States are now identified by routine neonatal screening. As of 2016 all 50 states include screening for sickle cell disease as part of their newborn screen. Patient advocates for sickle cell disease have complained that it gets less government and private research funding than similar rare diseases like cystic fibrosis, with researcher Elliott Vichinsky saying this shows racial discrimination or the role of wealth in health care advocacy. As a result of population growth in African-Caribbean regions of overseas France and immigration from North and