Medical thermometer Bahamas, Belize, and the Cayman Islands. Prominent Dutch mathematician, astronomer and physicist Christiaan Huygens created a clinical thermometer in 1665, to which he added an early form of the centigrade scale by setting the scale to the freezing and boiling points of water. By 1742 Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius created the Celsius temperature scale that was the reverse of the modern scale, in that "0" was the boiling point of water, while "100" was freezing. It would later be reversed by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) in 1744. Working independently of Celsius, the Lyonnais physicist Jean-Pierre Christin, permanent secretary of
Celsius 41.11 and Robert Koehler of "Variety" said that the film preached to the choir. Some reviewers said that "Celsius 41.11" felt like a campaign ad for Bush or, possibly, an attack ad against Kerry. Michael Graham of the "National Review" praised "Celsius 41.11" saying that "unlike Michael Moore’s film, "Celsius 41.11" is an actual documentary" and that the film was "far more logical" than "Fahrenheit 9/11". However, Graham also added that "41.11 isn't nearly as emotionally powerful as Moore’s film", a view with which Duane Dudek of the "Milwaukee Journal Sentinel" concurred. Philip Kennicott of the "Washington Post" described Moore's film,