Meteorological instrumentation rain gauge. In 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit creates a reliable scale for measuring temperature with a mercury-type thermometer. In 1742, Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, proposed the 'centigrade' temperature scale, the predecessor of the current Celsius scale. In 1783, the first hair hygrometer is demonstrated by Horace-Bénédict de Saussure. In 1806, Francis Beaufort introduced his system for classifying wind speeds. The April 1960 launch of the first successful weather satellite, TIROS-1, marked the beginning of the age where weather information became available globally. This was also used to measure the temperature of the surrounding air. A thermometer measures air temperature, or
Celsius 41.11 and Robert Koehler of "Variety" said that the film preached to the choir. Some reviewers said that "Celsius 41.11" felt like a campaign ad for Bush or, possibly, an attack ad against Kerry. Michael Graham of the "National Review" praised "Celsius 41.11" saying that "unlike Michael Moore’s film, "Celsius 41.11" is an actual documentary" and that the film was "far more logical" than "Fahrenheit 9/11". However, Graham also added that "41.11 isn't nearly as emotionally powerful as Moore’s film", a view with which Duane Dudek of the "Milwaukee Journal Sentinel" concurred. Philip Kennicott of the "Washington Post" described Moore's film,