Kingdom of England Norman conquest of England, however, some Norman lords began to attack Wales. They conquered and ruled parts of it, acknowledging the overlordship of the Norman kings of England but with considerable local independence. Over many years these "Marcher Lords" conquered more and more of Wales, against considerable resistance led by various Welsh princes, who also often acknowledged the overlordship of the Norman kings of England. Edward I defeated Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, and so effectively conquered Wales, in 1282. He created the title Prince of Wales for his heir, the future Edward II, in 1301. Edward I's conquest was brutal and
Prince of Wales the 12th and 13th centuries, this title evolved into "Prince of Wales" (see "Brut y Tywysogion"). In Latin, the new title was ', and in Welsh it was '. The literal translation of ' is "leader" (compare the cognate Irish word "taoiseach"; the verb ' means "to lead"). Only a handful of native princes had their claim to the overlordship of Wales recognised by the English Crown. The first known to have used such a title was Owain Gwynedd, adopting the title Prince of the Welsh around 1165 after earlier using "rex Waliae" ("King of Wales"). His grandson Llywelyn the