BCG vaccine screened for active tuberculosis. BCG is also contraindicated in certain people who have IL-12 receptor pathway defects. BCG is given as a single intradermal injection at the insertion of the deltoid. If BCG is accidentally given subcutaneously, then a local abscess may form (a "BCG-oma") that can sometimes ulcerate, and may require treatment with antibiotics immediately, otherwise without treatment it could spread the infection causing severe damage to vital organs. However, it is important to note an abscess is not always associated with incorrect administration, and it is one of the more common complications that can occur with the vaccination.
Inoculation theory and others had found previously, inoculation was able to confer resistance to arguments that were not specifically mentioned in the inoculation message. Compton and Ivanov (2013) offer a comprehensive review of political inoculation scholarship and outline new directions for future work. Sample studies include: Pfau and some of his colleagues examined inoculation through the use of direct mail during the 1988 presidential campaign. The researchers were specifically interested in comparing inoculation and post hoc refutation. Post hoc refutation is another form of building resistance to arguments, however, instead of building resistance prior to future arguments, like inoculation, it attempts to