Meteorology known as the first "anemometer". In 1607, Galileo Galilei constructed a thermoscope. In 1611, Johannes Kepler wrote the first scientific treatise on snow crystals: "Strena Seu de Nive Sexangula (A New Year's Gift of Hexagonal Snow)". In 1643, Evangelista Torricelli invented the mercury barometer. In 1662, Sir Christopher Wren invented the mechanical, self-emptying, tipping bucket rain gauge. In 1714, Gabriel Fahrenheit created a reliable scale for measuring temperature with a mercury-type thermometer. In 1742, Anders Celsius, a Swedish astronomer, proposed the "centigrade" temperature scale, the predecessor of the current Celsius scale. In 1783, the first hair hygrometer was demonstrated by
Celsius 41.11 and Robert Koehler of "Variety" said that the film preached to the choir. Some reviewers said that "Celsius 41.11" felt like a campaign ad for Bush or, possibly, an attack ad against Kerry. Michael Graham of the "National Review" praised "Celsius 41.11" saying that "unlike Michael Moore’s film, "Celsius 41.11" is an actual documentary" and that the film was "far more logical" than "Fahrenheit 9/11". However, Graham also added that "41.11 isn't nearly as emotionally powerful as Moore’s film", a view with which Duane Dudek of the "Milwaukee Journal Sentinel" concurred. Philip Kennicott of the "Washington Post" described Moore's film,