President Truman's relief of General Douglas MacArthur creation of a professional military. This made civilian control increasingly problematic when coupled with the constitutional division of powers between the President as commander-in-chief, and the Congress with its power to raise armies, maintain a navy, and wage wars. In relieving MacArthur for failing to "respect the authority of the President" by privately communicating with Congress, Truman upheld the President's role as pre-eminent. Harry S. Truman became President of the United States on the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1945, and won an unexpected victory in the 1948 presidential election. He was the only president who served after 1897
President of the Philippines Macapagal-Arroyo but none reached the required endorsement of a third of the House of Representatives. The official title of the Philippine head of state and government is "President of the Philippines." The title in Filipino is "Pangulo" (cognate of Malay "penghulu" "leader", "chieftain"). The honorific for the President is "Your Excellency" or "His/Her Excellency", adopted from the title of the Governor-General of the Philippines during Spanish and American occupation. The term "President of the Republic of the Philippines" used under Japanese occupation of the Philippines distinguished the government of then-President José P. Laurel from the Commonwealth government-in-exile under President Manuel