Avgust Tsivolko gulf in the Kara Sea and a group of islands in the Nordenskiöld Archipelago are named after Avgust Tsivolko. Avgust Tsivolko Avgust Karlovich Tsivolko, also spelled as Tsivolka (, ) (1810 – March 28 (O.S. March 16), 1839) was a Russian navigator and Arctic explorer. In 1834-1835, Avgust Tsivolko took part in the Pakhtusov expedition towards Novaya Zemlya. In 1837, Tsivolko commanded a schooner named "Krotov" during the Baer expedition towards Novaya Zemlya. He was the one to map the Matochkin Strait in the course of this expedition. In 1838 Tsivolko was put in charge of the mapping expedition and
Novaya Zemlya effect gradient. The sunlight must bend to the Earth's curvature at least 400 km to allow an elevation rise of 5° for sight of the solar disk. The first person to record the phenomenon was Gerrit de Veer, a member of Willem Barentsz's ill-fated third expedition into the north polar region in 1596–1597. Trapped by the ice, the party was forced to stay for the winter in a makeshift lodge on the archipelago of Novaya Zemlya and endure the polar night. On January 24, 1597, De Veer and another crew member claimed to have seen the Sun appear above the horizon,