Treaty of Paris (1815) notably Prussia, initially demanded that France cede significant territory in the East, rivalry among the powers and the general desire to secure the Bourbon restoration made the peace settlement less onerous than it might have been. The treaty was signed for Great Britain by Lord Castlereagh and the Duke of Wellington and by the duc de Richelieu for France; parallel treaties with France were signed by Austria, Russia, and Prussia, forming in effect the first confederation of Europe. The Quadruple Alliance was reinstated in a separate treaty also signed 20 November 1815, introducing a new concept in European diplomacy, the
Marie-France Garaud centralized power because of decentralization and the Maastricht Treaty which monopolizes the sovereignty and so makes France an area of the European continent instead of a free nation. She defines a free nation in the capacities to coin (France can't any more because of the Eurozone), to make the law (the European law is integrated in the French constitution and is above the French code), to do peace and war (France returned to NATO's military command under the presidency of Nicolas Sarkozy) and to provide Justice (European Court of Justice). She voted "no" in the French Maastricht Treaty referendum and