Wales Beaumaris, Caernarfon and Conwy. His son, the future Edward II, was born at Edward's new castle at Caernarfon in 1284. He became the first English Prince of Wales in 1301, which at the time provided an income from northwest Wales known as the Principality of Wales. The title is granted by the monarch to the heir apparent as a personal honour or dignity, and is not heritable, merging with the Crown on accession to the throne. After the failed revolt in 1294–95 of Madog ap Llywelyn – who styled himself Prince of Wales in the Penmachno Document – and the
King of Wales only one to truly rule over all the (independent) Britons. For by this time, if not earlier, Wales was the only part of Britain remaining under Brittonic rule. According to Dr Sean Davies, “in these straitened circumstances, and with outside observers ridiculing the status of Welsh kings, ambitious native nobles adopted the novel title of prince (W. tywysog, L. princeps) in order to set them apart from their fellow ‘kings’. However, the title King of Wales was later used by at least one other Welsh ruler, Owain Gwynedd. "In his first two letters to Louis, Owain described himself as 'king