Free software had become frustrated with the effects of the change in culture of the computer industry and its users. Software development for the GNU operating system began in January 1984, and the Free Software Foundation (FSF) was founded in October 1985. An article outlining the project and its goals was published in March 1985 titled the GNU Manifesto. The manifesto included significant explanation of the GNU philosophy, "Free Software Definition" and "copyleft" ideas. The Linux kernel, started by Linus Torvalds, was released as freely modifiable source code in 1991. The first licence was a proprietary software licence. However, with version 0.12
Security-evaluated operating system in August, 1987. The Unisys OS 2200 operating system includes an implementation of the DoD Orange Book B1, Labeled security protection level specification. OS 2200 first obtained a successful B1 evaluation in September, 1989. Unisys maintained that evaluation until 1994 through the National Computer Security Center Rating Maintenance Phase (RAMP) of the Trusted Product Evaluation Program. Security-evaluated operating system In computing, security-evaluated operating systems have achieved certification from an external security-auditing organization, the most popular evaluations are Common Criteria (CC) and FIPS 140-2. Trusted Solaris 8 was a security-focused version of the Solaris Unix operating system. Aimed primarily at the