Iodine deficiency iodate as dough conditioner in bread and baked goods was gradually replaced by the use of other conditioning agents such as bromide. Iodine deficiency resulting in goiter occurs in 187 million people globally (2.7% of the population). It resulted in 2700 deaths in 2013 up from 2100 deaths in 1990. A low amount of thyroxine (one of the two thyroid hormones) in the blood, due to lack of dietary iodine to make it, gives rise to high levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to increase many biochemical processes; the cellular growth and proliferation can result
Pineal gland retina of the lateral eyes of vertebrates. In most vertebrates, exposure to light sets off a chain reaction of enzymatic events within the pineal gland that regulates circadian rhythms. In humans and other mammals, the light signals necessary to set circadian rhythms are sent from the eye through the retinohypothalamic system to the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) and the pineal gland. The fossilized skulls of many extinct vertebrates have a pineal foramen (opening), which in some cases is larger than that of any living vertebrate. Although fossils seldom preserve deep-brain soft anatomy, the brain of the Russian fossil bird "Cerebavis cenomanica"