Lao kip of the Soviet collapse in 1991 and the persistence of chronic inflation, there are no coins currently in circulation in Laos. In 1979, banknotes were introduced in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 kip. 500 kip notes were added in 1988, followed by 1000 kip in 1992, 2000 and 5000 kip in 1997, 10,000 and 20,000 kip in 2002 and 50,000 kip on January 17, 2006 (although dated 2004). On November 15, 2010 a 100,000 kip banknote was issued to commemorate the 450th anniversary of the founding of the capital, Vientiane, and the 35th anniversary of the
CIP/KIP apoptosis via a variety of mechanisms. p21 and p27 cleavage are known to promote apoptosis through activation of CDK2 activation. p57 has also been shown to inhibit apoptosis as p57 null mice show a range of developmental defects including cleft palate and a range of intestinal abnormalities associated with increased apoptosis. CIP/KIP proteins have also been shown to regulate apoptosis via CDK-independent mechanisms. p57 can bind JNK1/SAPK, a stress-related kinase, and block its activity, protecting against JNK1-regulated apoptosis. CIP/KIP proteins can regulate transcription indirectly through stabilization of cyclinD-CDK and uninhibiting cyclin-CDK2 complexes that are crucial for Rb phosphorylation and release