Medical thermometer Bahamas, Belize, and the Cayman Islands. Prominent Dutch mathematician, astronomer and physicist Christiaan Huygens created a clinical thermometer in 1665, to which he added an early form of the centigrade scale by setting the scale to the freezing and boiling points of water. By 1742 Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius created the Celsius temperature scale that was the reverse of the modern scale, in that "0" was the boiling point of water, while "100" was freezing. It would later be reversed by Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus (1707–1778) in 1744. Working independently of Celsius, the Lyonnais physicist Jean-Pierre Christin, permanent secretary of
Celsius 41.11 "National Review" stating that the film had done a "solid job" in answering Moore's arguments whilst Maitland McDonagh of "TV Guide" called the film a "shrill, repetitive screed". The production of "Celsius 41.11" was funded by the conservative political organization Citizens United. The organization's president, David Bossie, was surprised at the success of "Fahrenheit 9/11" both at the box office and in rallying support for the Democratic political position. "After seeing Moore's impact, I wanted to counterpunch", he said to the "LA Times" in 2004, adding that, "Documentaries have become a weapon of the left". "Celsius 41.11" took six weeks