Ampere Ampere The ampere (; symbol: A), often shortened to "amp", is the base unit of electric current in the International System of Units (SI). It is named after André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836), French mathematician and physicist, considered the father of electrodynamics. The International System of Units defines the ampere in terms of other base units by measuring the electromagnetic force between electrical conductors carrying electric current. The earlier CGS measurement system had two different definitions of current, one essentially the same as the SI's and the other using electric charge as the base unit, with the unit of charge defined by
Unit commitment problem in electrical power production turn, very significantly increased the impact of uncertainty in the system, so that ignoring it (as traditionally done by taking average point estimates) risks significant cost increases. This had made it necessary to resort to appropriate mathematical modeling techniques to properly take uncertainty into account, such as: The combination of the (already, many) traditional forms of UC problems with the several (old and) new forms of uncertainty gives rise to the even larger family of "Uncertain Unit Commitment" (UUC) problems, which are currently at the frontier of applied and methodological research. Unit commitment problem in electrical power production The unit