Portuguese-speaking African countries postcolonial discourse that attempts to explain the development of the modern nation-state in Lusophone Africa and shed light on its failures. Portuguese-speaking African countries The Portuguese-speaking African countries (also referred to as Lusophone Africa) consist of six African countries in which the Portuguese language is an official language: Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, São Tomé and Príncipe and, since 2011, Equatorial Guinea. The six countries are former colonies of the Portuguese Empire. From 1778 until independence, Equatorial Guinea was also a colony of the Spanish Empire. In 1992, the five Lusophone African countries formed an interstate organisation called PALOP, a
Brazil–Uruguay relations and in 1828 the Treaty of Montevideo, fostered by the British Empire, gave birth to Uruguay as an independent state. The political scene in Uruguay following its independence from Brazil became split between two parties, the conservative "Blancos" and the liberal "Colorados". The "Colorados" were led by Fructuoso Rivera and represented the business interests of Montevideo; the "Blancos" were headed by Manuel Oribe, who looked after the agricultural interests of the countryside and promoted protectionism. In 1838, the Kingdom of France started a naval blockade over the port of Buenos Aires, in support of the Peru–Bolivian Confederation, who had declared