Goitre the Heavenly Husbandman", asserted that iodine-rich sargassum was used to treat goitre patients by the 1st century BC, but this book was written much later. In the 12th century, Zayn al-Din al-Jurjani, a Persian physician, provided the first description of Graves' disease after noting the association of goitre and a displacement of the eye known as exophthalmos in his "Thesaurus of the Shah of Khwarazm", the major medical dictionary of its time. Al-Jurjani also established an association between goitre and palpitation. The disease was later named after Irish doctor Robert James Graves, who described a case of goitre with exophthalmos
Trace field of a representation Trace field of a representation In mathematics, the trace field of a linear group is the field generated by the traces of its elements. It is mostly studied for Kleinian and Fuchsian groups, though related objects are used in the theory of lattices in Lie groups, often under the name "field of definition". Fuchsian groups are discrete subgroups of formula_1. The trace of an element in formula_1 is well-defined up to sign (by taking the trace of an arbitrary preimage in formula_3) and the "trace field" of formula_4 is the field generated over formula_5 by the traces of all elements