Monopolies in the Philippines (1965–1986) granted PD 1468, which declared the money as private and prevented any government audit. Cojuangco bought San Miguel Corporation (SMC) with the funds from the Coco levy. SMC is one of the oldest and largest beer, food, packaging and livestock conglomerate in the Philippines. President Marcos gave favors to SMC once Cojuangco became its head. Taxes were raised for liquor and cigarettes in January 1986, but excise taxes on beer went down. Beer is one of the main products of SMC, which helped the corporation save as much as $40 million that year. When Marcos was President, he often wrote
Education in the Philippines the Katipunan. Some schools established during this period were founded by non-Spaniards, and were therefore not colonial creations. Damian Domingo, a Chinese mestizo, established in 1823 a fine arts school known as the "Academia de Dibujo y Pintura", which is now the Fine Arts College of the University of the Philippines. In 1868, Doña Margarita Roxas de Ayala, also of Chinese mestizo ancestry, established the girls' school "La Concordia". The defeat of Spain following the Spanish–American War led to the short-lived Philippine Independence movement, which established the insurgent First Philippine Republic. The schools maintained by Spain for more than three