Chandelor v Lopus Chandelor v Lopus Chandelor v Lopus (1603) 79 ER 3 is a famous case in the common law of England. It stands for the distinction between warranties and mere affirmations and announced the rule of "caveat emptor" (buyer beware). A man paid £100 for what he thought was a bezoar stone. This is a stone that forms in animals' intestinal systems, and was believed to have magical healing properties. The seller said it was a bezoar stone, which turned out to be false. The buyer sued for the return of the £100 purchase price. How the claimant discovered that the
Doctrine of the Mean contrary to the course of the Mean." This guideline requires self-education, self-questioning and self-discipline during the process of self-cultivation. This principle was demonstrated in the first chapter of "Doctrine of the Mean": "The superior man does not wait till he sees things to be cautious, nor till he hears things to be apprehensive. There is nothing more visible than what is secret, and nothing more manifest than what is minute. Therefore the superior man is watchful over himself, when he is alone." This guideline requires understanding, concern and tolerance towards one another. Leniency was demonstrated in the 13th chapter: "When