History of Timbuktu city in 1468. A Moroccan army defeated the Songhai in 1591, and made Timbuktu, rather than Gao, their capital. The invaders established a new ruling class, the Arma, who after 1612 became virtually independent of Morocco. However, the golden age of the city was over, during which it was a major learning and cultural center of the Mali empire, and it entered a long period of decline. Different tribes governed until the French took over in 1893, a situation that lasted until it became part of the current Republic of Mali in 1960. Presently, Timbuktu is impoverished and suffers from
Town & Country (magazine) the past decade, several etiquette, wedding and lifestyle guidebooks have also published by the magazine. Among the most recent books published by the magazine is "Modern Manners: The Thinking Person's Guide to Social Graces," released in 2005 and edited by "Town & Country" senior editor Thomas Farley. In 2003, "Town & Country" released "Town & Country Weddings", which is published twice yearly. The first international version, "Town & Country Philippines", was launched by Summit Media in 2007. A British "Town & Country" magazine was launched by Hearst Magazines UK, a subsidiary of Hearst Corporation, in May 2014. Town & Country