Toxic multinodular goitre Toxic multinodular goitre Toxic multinodular goiter (also known as toxic nodular goiter, or Plummer's disease) is an active multinodular goiter associated with hyperthyroidism. It is a common cause of hyperthyroidism in which there is excess production of thyroid hormones from functionally autonomous thyroid nodules, which do not require stimulation from thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). Toxic multinodular goiter is the second most common cause of hyperthyroidism (after Graves' disease) in the developed world, whereas iodine deficiency is the most common cause of hypothyroidism in developing-world countries where the population is iodine-deficient. (Decreased iodine leads to decreased thyroid hormone.) However, iodine deficiency
Trace field of a representation that for Fuchsian groups. One big difference is that the trace field of a group of finite covolume is always a number field. When considering subgroups of general Lie groups (which are not necessarily defined as a matrix groups) one has to use a linear representation of the group to take traces of elements. The most natural one is the adjoint representation. It turns out that for applications it is better, even for groups which have a natural lower-dimensional linear representation (such as the special linear groups formula_30), to always define the trace field using the adjoint representation. Thus we