Battle of the Tagus of Portugal and abolition of the Constitutional Charter had put the country under the rule of an absolutist monarch. Liberals challenged this usurpation, and the struggle of the Liberal Wars ensued. The government of Miguel I was hostile to France, and became even more so when the popular insurrection of the July Revolution deposited the absolutist Bourbon king Charles X, and established a constitutional monarchy in which Louis-Philippe had become "King of the French". Miguel Refused to recognise the Monarchy of July, while neither the French nor the British government recognised his. In early 1831, a French citizen, Edmond Potentin
The Citizen (South Africa) was named as Steve Motale, who at the time was the executive editor of "Pretoria News". Motale had started off as a reporter at "The Citizen" in 2002, later becoming political editor and then editor of "Citizen Metro". The sport-focused weekly paper formerly known as the "Super Saturday Citizen" is published every Saturday. After the revamp under Dr. Garcia it was titled simply "Saturday Citizen". The Citizen (South Africa) The Citizen is a tabloid-style newspaper distributed nationally in South Africa. While its core readership is mainly in Gauteng, it also distributes to surrounding provinces such as Mpumalanga, Limpopo and the