African cuisine encompasses within its fold several nations, including Morocco, Algeria, Libya, Tunisia, Egypt and Sudan. The roots of North African cuisine can be traced back to the ancient empires of North Africa, particularly in Egypt, where many of the country's dishes and culinary traditions date back to antiquity. Over several centuries traders, travelers, invaders, migrants and immigrants all have influenced the cuisine of North Africa. The Phoenicians of the 1st century brought sausages, while the Carthaginians introduced wheat and its by-product, semolina. The Berbers adapted semolina into couscous, one of the main staple foods. Olives and olive oil were introduced before
Semolina (horse) "declare to win" with one of their representatives. This meant that other horses in the same ownership could be held back to finish behind the declared horse, allowing the entry to run as a team as well as clarifying the likely result for the betting public. The Duke of Portland declared to win with Semolina, who thus went off the 1/2 favourite while her promising stablemate Memoir went off the 10/1 second choice. Semolina took the lead from start and as she approached the last quarter mile she had most of her opponents struggling although Memoir still looked to be