Human rights in Rwanda withdrawal of Belgium from Africa in 1962, Rwanda separated from Rwanda-Urundi by referendum, which also eliminated the Tutsi monarchy, the mwami. In 1963, the Hutu government killed 14 000 Tutsi, after Tutsi guerillas attacked Rwanda from Burundi. The government maintained mandatory ethnic identity cards, and capped Tutsi numbers in universities and the civil service. During the Rwandan genocide in 1994, 800,000 people were murdered. Subsequent governments, including the current government led by President Paul Kagame, have committed grave violations of human rights. On 22 April 1995 the Rwandan Patriotic Army killed more than 4,000 people in the Kibeho massacre. In
Youth in Rwanda in 1962, the new government implemented free and obligatory primary education and kept the colonial system of education intact. Today, the Ministry of Education oversees all public education programs in the country and works "to transform the Rwandese citizen into skilled human capital for socio-economic development of the country by ensuring equitable access to quality education focusing on combating illiteracy, promotion of science and technology, critical thinking and positive values." After 1994, public services had to be recreated and re-imagined to work towards the new goals and ideals of Rwanda. The public pre-primary to secondary education system in Rwanda is